The Global Invasive Species Team | ||
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Regional Lists of Pests
- Faith Campbell1 - - September 2004 -
Introduction
Forests cover approximately one-third of the land area in the United States. These forests are comprised of approximately 500 species of trees plus thousands of identified species of terrestrial and aquatic animals and non-woody plants (USDA APHIS and Forest Service, 2000) and likely thousands of undescribed species (http://www.discoverlife.org). Representatives of almost every type of vegetation that occurs worldwide can be found within the United States or its protectorates (cf. USDA APHIS & Forest Service, 2000). Additionally, many exotic plant species are grown for horticulture, Christmas trees, and other uses. Approximately 4,000 exotic plants are established outside cultivation in the United States (Kartesz, 1999; United States Geological Survey, 1998). This combination of native and exotic species across the United States provides ample opportunities for imported pests to find suitable hosts (USDA APHIS and Forest Service, 2000; Niemala & Mattson, 1996). The estimated 4000 exotic insects and 200 pathogens that are permanently established in North America (USDA APHIS & Forest Service, 2000) demonstrate the vulnerability of our natural resources to exotic organisms. Forest ecosystems vary in their susceptibility to exotic pests. Forest ecosystems comprised of relatively few tree species, e.g., forests dominated by Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest, are more affected by species-specific pests than forests which have more diversity. Conversely, the diverse eastern and Californian forests have greater opportunities for exotic pests to find suitable hosts. Damage to host species may range from negligible to potential extinction. The impact of some exotic pests is noticeable in a relatively short period after introduction, e.g., Asian longhorned beetle, or can be delayed as with Asiatic oak weevil (Triplehorn, 1955). Although some generalizations can be made, there is an uncertainty about how an exotic species will react in a new environment, what impact it will have on host species, and when it will be recognized as a problem species (USDA APHIS & Forest Service, 2000). Sources for introduction Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A Synonimized Checklist and Atlas with Biological Attributes for the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First Edition. In: Kartesz, J.T. and C.A. Meacham, Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill. Niemela P. and W.J. Mattson. 1996. Invasion of North American Forests by European Phytophagous Insects. Bioscience Vol. 46, No. 10 (November 1996), pp. 741-753). Triplehorn, C. A. 1955. The Asiatic oak weevil in Delaware. J. Econ. Entomol. 48: 289 293. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and Forest Service, 2000. (Pasek, J.E., H.H. Burdsall, J.F. Cavey, A. Eglitis, R.A. Haack, D.A. Haugen, M.I. Haverty, C.S. Hodges, D.R. Kucera, J.D. Lattin, W.J. Mattson, D.J. Nowak, J.G. O'Brien, R.L. Orr, R.A. Sequeira, E.B. Smalley, B.M. Tkacz, W.W. Wallner) Pest Risk Assessment for Importation of Solid Wood Packing Materials into the United States. United States Department of Interior. United States Geological Survey 1998. Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources. Washington, D.C.
TNC Regions
For organizational (and not scientific) reasons, The Nature Conservancy has divided the world into a number of geographic regions. On this page we have present the pests in the Gallery of Pests regionally, using the TNC geographic regions. If you are uncertain of your geographic region, look at this pdf map for clarification.
Northeast (and neighboring Canada) Established exotic forest insects and pathogens with major impacts American beech: Beech bark disease American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin: Chestnut blight American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin: Phytophthora root rot American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin: Chestnut gall wasp American elm and other elm species: Dutch elm disease Ash species: Emerald ash borer Butternut: Butternut canker Eastern hemlock: Hemlock woolly adelgid Eastern white pine: White pine blister rust Flowering dogwood: Dogwood anthracnose Oaks and various hardwood species: European gypsy moth (Apparently) lesser impacts Balsam fir: Balsam woolly adelgid Pine species: Common or larger pine shoot beetle Tamarack: Larch casebearer Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they spread from sites in North America where they are already present Maple and various hardwood species: Asian longhorned beetle Oak species and other woody plants: Sudden oak death pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) Pines: Red-haired or golden-haired pine bark beetle Red spruce: Brown longhorned spruce beetle Walnuts: Twig beetle & Black walnut disease Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they are introduced Alder, birch, willow, other hardwoods and conifers: Pine flat bug Alders: Alder dieback Beech, rhododendron, tulip tree, magnolia: Unnamed Phytophthora disease Hardwood and coniferous species: Eurasian nun moth Hardwood and coniferous species: Asian gypsy moth Maples and various hardwood species: Citrus longhorned beetle Oaks and other hardwoods: European oak bark beetle Oaks: Oak dieback Oaks, alder, willows, elms, other hardwoods: Chilean carpenter worm Pine species: Woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) and its associated fungus Spruce forests: European spruce beetle Southeast Established exotic forest insects and pathogens with major impacts American beech: Beech bark disease American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin: Chestnut blight American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin: Phytophthora root rot American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin: Chestnut gall wasp American elm and other elm species: Dutch elm disease Butternut: Butternut canker Eastern & Carolina hemlocks: Hemlock woolly adelgid Eastern white pine: White pine blister rust Flowering dogwood: Dogwood anthracnose Fraser fir: Balsam woolly adelgid Oaks and various hardwood species: European gypsy moth Prickly pear cacti: Cactus moth Wax myrtle, cocoplum, myrsine, tropical woody diots: Lobate lac scale (Apparently) lesser impacts Myrtaceae: Ohi'a rust Oaks, elms, sweetgum, and other hardwoods in NC-LA: Ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus Pines, hardwood trees, and shrubs in MS: Ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus mutilatus Sassafras, redbay and other Lauraceae: Laurel wilt & Ambrosia beetle, Ophiostoma sp. & Xyleborus glabratus Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they spread from sites in North America where they are already present Ash species: Emerald ash borer Maple and various hardwood species: Asian longhorned beetle Oak species and other woody plants: Sudden oak death pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) Pine species: Common or larger pine shoot beetle Red spruce: Brown longhorned spruce beetle Walnuts: Twig beetle & Black walnut disease Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they are introduced Alder, birch, willow, other hardwoods and conifers: Pine flat bug Alders: Alder dieback Beech, rhododendron, tulip tree, magnolia: Unnamed Phytophthora disease Hardwood and coniferous species: Eurasian nun moth Hardwood and coniferous species: Asian gypsy moth Maples and various hardwood species: Citrus longhorned beetle Oaks and other hardwoods: European oak bark beetle Oaks, alder, willows, elms, other hardwoods: Chilean carpenter worm Oaks: Oak dieback Pine species: Woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) and its associated fungus Midwest Established exotic forest insects and pathogens with major impacts American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin: Chestnut blight American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin: Phytophthora root rot American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin: Chestnut gall wasp American elm and other elm species: Dutch elm disease Ash species: Emerald ash borer Butternut: Butternut canker Eastern white pine: White pine blister rust Flowering dogwood: Dogwood anthracnose Oaks and various hardwood species: European gypsy moth (Apparently) lesser impacts Balsam fir: Balsam woolly adelgid Broad range of hardwoods and pines in TX: Shot-hole borer, Xyleborus similis Oaks, elms, sweetgum, and other hardwoods in TX: Ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus Pine species: Common or larger pine shoot beetle Tamarack: Larch casebearer Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they spread from sites in North America where they are already present American beech: Beech bark disease Eastern hemlock: Hemlock woolly adelgid Maple and various hardwood species: Asian longhorned beetle Oak species and other woody plants: Sudden oak death pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) Prickly pear cacti in TX: Cactus moth Red spruce: Brown longhorned spruce beetle Walnuts: Twig beetle & Black walnut disease Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they are introduced Alder, birch, willow, other hardwoods and conifers: Pine flat bug Alders: Alder dieback Beech, rhododendron, tulip tree, magnolia: Unnamed Phytophthora disease Hardwood and coniferous species: Eurasian nun moth Hardwood and coniferous species: Asian gypsy moth Maples and various hardwood species: Citrus longhorned beetle Oaks: Oak dieback Oaks and other hardwoods: European oak bark beetle Oaks, alder, willows, elms, other hardwoods: Chilean carpenter worm Pine species: Woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) and its associated fungus Spruce forests: European spruce beetle Rocky Mountain States (and neighboring Canada) Established exotic forest insects and pathogens with major impacts Engelmann spruce, Colorado blue spruce: Spruce aphid (Elatobium abietinum) Various elms: Dutch elm disease White & 5-needle pines (Pinus subgenus Strobus): White pine blister rust (Apparently) lesser impacts Tamarack: Larch casebearer True firs (Abies): Balsam woolly adelgid Various elms: Introduced banded elm bark beetle (Scolytus schevyrewi) Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they spread from sites in North America where they are already present Ash species: Emerald ash borer Maple and various hardwood species: Asian longhorned beetle Pine species: Common or larger pine shoot beetle Prickly pear cacti in NM, AZ: Cactus moth Red spruce: Brown longhorned spruce beetle Various hardwood species: European gypsy moth Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they are introduced Alders: Alder dieback Alder, birch, willow, other hardwoods and conifers: Pine flat bug Hardwood and coniferous species: Eurasian nun moth Hardwood and coniferous species: Asian gypsy moth Maples and various hardwood species: Citrus longhorned beetle Oaks: Oak dieback Oaks and other hardwoods: European oak bark beetle Oaks, alder, willows, elms, other hardwoods: Chilean carpenter worm Pine species: Woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) and its associated fungus Rhododendron: Unnamed Phytophthora disease Spruce (especially Picea engelmannii): European spruce beetle Pacific States (and neighboring Canada) Established exotic forest insects and pathogens with major impacts Conifers, especially Pines (CA): Mediterranean pine engraver beetle Oak species and other woody plants: Sudden oak death pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) Pines (CA-OR): Pine Pitch Canker Port-Orford-cedar: Port-Orford-cedar root disease (Phytophthora lateralis) Various elms: Dutch elm disease Western dogwoods: Dogwood anthracnose White & 5-needle pines (Pinus subgenus Strobus): White pine blister rust (Apparently) lesser impacts Douglas-fir, redwood, grand fir: Sudden oak death pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) Larch: Larch casebearer and European larch canker Sitka spruce (OR, WA): Spruce aphid (Elatobium abietinum) True firs (Abies): Balsam woolly adelgid Various elms: Introduced banded elm bark beetle (Scolytus schevyrewi) Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they spread from sites in North America where they are already present Ash species: Emerald ash borer Maple and various hardwood species: Asian longhorned beetle Pine species: Common or larger pine shoot beetle Red spruce: Brown longhorned spruce beetle Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they spread from sites in North America where they are already present Prickly pear cacti in CA: Cactus moth Exotic forest pests and pathogens that could threaten forests in this region if they are introduced Alders: Alder dieback Alder, birch, willow, other hardwoods and conifers: Pine flat bug Hardwood and coniferous species: Eurasian nun moth Hardwood and coniferous species: Asian gypsy moth Maples and various hardwood species: Citrus longhorned beetle Oaks: Oak dieback Oaks and other hardwoods: European oak bark beetle Oaks, alder, willows, elms, other hardwoods: Chilean carpenter worm Pine species: Woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) and its associated fungus Rhododendron: Unnamed Phytophthora disease Spruce (especially Picea sitchensis ): European spruce beetle Asia Pacific Established exotic forest insects and pathogens with major impacts Cycads: Cycad aulacaspis scale Wiliwili: Erythrina gall wasp Impacts yet to be determined Metrosideros (ohi'a) and Eugenia: Ohi'a rust Sources Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A Synonimized Checklist and Atlas with Biological Attributes for the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First Edition. In: Kartesz, J.T. and C.A. Meacham, Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill. Niemela P. and W.J. Mattson. 1996. Invasion of North American Forests by European Phytophagous Insects. Bioscience Vol. 46, No. 10 (November 1996), pp. 741-753). Triplehorn, C. A. 1955. The Asiatic oak weevil in Delaware. J. Econ. Entomol. 48: 289 293. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and Forest Service, 2000. (Pasek, J.E., H.H. Burdsall, J.F. Cavey, A. Eglitis, R.A. Haack, D.A. Haugen, M.I. Haverty, C.S. Hodges, D.R. Kucera, J.D. Lattin, W.J. Mattson, D.J. Nowak, J.G. O'Brien, R.L. Orr, R.A. Sequeira, E.B. Smalley, B.M. Tkacz, W.W. Wallner) Pest Risk Assessment for Importation of Solid Wood Packing Materials into the United States. United States Department of Interior. United States Geological Survey 1998. Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources. Washington, D.C. 1Note: The GIST published this list, by Faith Campbell, in September 2004. Information on additional species was added later by GIST staff. |
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Updated September 2008 ©The Nature Conservancy, 2004 |