DESIGN NARRATIVE:

There were two specific aims. The first was to test the hypothesis that controlled physical training (PT) reduced blood pressure, at rest and in reaction to forehead cold and exercise stressors, in 8-9 year olds who were high in both blood pressure and body fatness. Subjects were divided equally on gender and blood pressure and body fatness. Subjects were divided equally on gender and ethnicity (black/white). Both resting and reactive blood pressure were correlated with left ventricular mass and were predictive of future essential hypertension. The underlying hemodynamic regulators of blood pressure, cardiac output and the total peripheral resistance, were measured with impedance cardiography to explore hemodynamic mechanisms through which training had a favorable influence on blood pressure and left ventricular mass.

The second aim tested the hypothesis that physical training reduced percent body fat, as measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Children above the 70th percentile in both blood pressure and fatness were randomly assigned, within ethnicity and gender, to a physical training or waiting list control group. After the physical training group underwent four months of training, all subjects were retested and these data were used to test the primary hypotheses. The initial control subjects then performed four months of physical training, after which they were retested. The data from this second phase were added to the data of the initial physical training group to explore interactions of training with gender and ethnicity. The initial physical training group was brought back four months after cessation of training to see if the changes elicited by the training were reversible. To document the stimulation provided by the training, heart rate was monitored during training sessions. To observe the time course of changes between the full lab testing sessions, skinfolds and resting blood pressure were measured monthly. Diet and free living physical activity were assessed to help explain changes in body composition. Aerobic fitness was measured with treadmill tests of maximal oxygen consumption.