• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

To address the 15 hypotheses formulated for this research, several subject groups will be studied. The functional activation patterns of normal right-handed adults will be compared with normally developing right-handed children and adolescents (ages 6-17) during tasks involving speech segmentation (into phonemes) and speech formulation. All will be native speakers of American English without foreign language use in the home.

Corresponding subject groups will be adults and children with stuttering or phonological processing disorders who are right-handed native speakers of American English. Our aim will be to determine how brain function for speech perception and production change during completion of the critical period for speech development and how these systems differ in children with disorders of speech control and phonology who continue to have problems during this period.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

A subject will be excluded if he/she has a contraindication to MR scanning such as the following: aneurysm clip; implanted neural stimulator; implanted cardiac pacemaker or autodefibrillator; cochlear implant; ocular implant or foreign body (e.g. metal shavings or splinters); insulin pump; shrapnel, bullet or shot wound; artificial heart valve; tattooed makeup; prostheses of ferromagnetic material; surgical metal clips in the brain, eye or on blood vessels; implanted drug infusion device. The LSS otolaryngologist, Pamela Kearney, M.D., or LSS nurse practitioner Patti Henshel, C.R.N.P., will screen participants with the NMR Center Safety Screening Questionnaire, which also includes additional items such as intraventricular shunts, transdermal medication patches, wire sutures, bone/joint pins, screws, nails, plates, and body piercings. Dr. Kearney or Ms. Henshel will approve or disapprove participation in the study based on her judgement of the MR compatibility of these items, using published guides including Shellock & Kanal (1994) and Shellock (2001). Other exclusion criteria are claustrophobia, pregnancy (as determined by pregnancy testing at NIH's Clinical Center on the day of scanning); aphasia or dysarthria, language and/or cognitive functioning lower than 2 standard deviations below the age-adjusted mean value on screening tests, speech reception thresholds greater than dB; non-native American English speech development; developmental exposure to a language other than English in the home, and medications that affect central nervous system function at time of fMRI scanning. If a potential participant elects to withdraw from medications, this must be done under the care of the participant's own physician prior to participation in this protocol. Medication withdrawal is not part of this study.

Additional exclusion criteria for developmental stuttering only include: language and/or cognitive functioning lower than 1 standard deviation below the age-adjusted mean value on screening tests, left-handedness on the Edinburgh handedness questionnaire; movement disorders (e.g., Huntington disease, chorea, myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and neuroleptic-induced syndromes), brain tumors, history of traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness, genetic diseases of the CNS (e.g., chromosomal diseases, metabolic disorders, diffuse sclerosis), chronic infections of the nervous system (e.g., bacterial, vial, parasitic, fungal and yeast), ataxias (inherited and acquired), myopathies (e.g., progressive muscular dystrophies, familial periodic paralysis, congenital disorders of muscle, myoglobinuria, polymyositis), disorders of the neuromuscular junction (e.g., myasthenia gravis), demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, central pontine myelinolysis), other brain abnormalities, schizophrenia, alcoholism, long-lasting drug dependence, major and/or bipolar depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, vocal fold paralysis or paresis, joint abnormality, or neoplasm, and history of swallowing disorders, airway obstruction.