Environmental Health Environmental Health Photo of 2 African boys
Google Groups
household-water-treatment
Visit this group

Bibliography on Point-of-Use Water Disinfection

| Recent Reports | USAID Sponsored Activities, Reports | Links |

New Reports/Studies/Links

  • WHO Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Network Conference Presentations
    • Presentations Home Page, includes conference/meeting presentations from:
      • Istanbul 2009
      • Jakarta 2008
      • Accra 2008
      • Addis Ababa 2007
      • Nairobi 2007
      • London 2006
      • Nairobi 2004

        Small girl getting drinking water
  • Household Water Treatment presentations: Disinfection 2009 Conference - The presentations listed below can be viewed or downloaded from the Environmental Health at USAID Household-Water-Treatment Google Group.
    • Baker-Scaling up hwt.pdf, 720.5 KB
    • Brunson-Arsenic and fluoride removal.pdf, 2.4 MB
    • Ceramic filters workshop report.pdf, 392.8 KB
    • Chatterley-UVLEDs for water treatment.pdf, 557.0 KB
    • Duke-Sand Media and Biosand Filter.pdf, 5.5 MB
    • Dyck-Samaritans Purse biosand implementation.pdf, 2.0 MB
    • Eleveld-Water treatment as a business opportunity.pdf, 3.7 MB
    • Elliott-Treatment of waterborne viruses by biosand filter.pdf, 628.8 KB
    • Fisher-Sunlight inactivation of E. coli.pdf, 1.9 MB
    • Hiser-Efficacy of One Drop disinfectant.pdf, 380.2 KB
    • Household Water Treatment Track-DIS2009.pdf, 80 KB
    • Kallman-Evaluation of ceramic filters in Guatemala.pdf, 1.1 MB
    • Kremer-Evaluations of Water Treatment Adoption.pdf, 713.4 KB
    • Kuechler-Alternate source of chlorine.pdf, 1.6 MB
    • Kumpel-Safe water & hygiene in slums.pdf, 6.3 MB
    • Kwak-Social marketing in Madagascar.pdf, 899.2 KB
    • Mburu-Chujio filters in Kenya.pdf, 2.3 MB
    • Miller-Coagulation methods.pdf, 2.8 MB
    • Mosler-SODIS behavior change processs.pdf, 907.1 KB
    • Nelson-Cationic antimicrobial surface coatings.pdf, 848.6 KB
    • Null-Measuring diarrhea.pdf, 902.2 KB
    • Oneil-Safe water systems in Afghanistan.pdf, 283.7 KB
    • Page-Improving the control of viruses.pdf, 906.7 KB
    • Poulos-Perceived water quality and microbial contamination.pdf, 249.9 KB
    • Preston-Turbidity and chlorine demand reduction.pdf, 365.2 KB
    • Ritter-Adoption of chlorination in Haiti.pdf, 4.4 MB
    • Shrestha-Promotion of Point of Use Water Treatment in Nepal.pdf, 2.2 MB
    • Stauber-Performance of biosand filter in Dominican Republic.pdf, 1.4 MB
    • Younger-Point of use water treatment in Peru.pdf, 2.4 MB
  • Boiling: Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries. January 2009. CDC Safewater/USAID. (pdf, 538KB). Boiling is arguably the oldest and most commonly practiced household water treatment method, and it has been widely promoted for decades. Organizations recommend boiling both for water treatment in developing countries and to provide safe drinking water in emergency situations throughout the world.

  • Filtration & Chlorination Systems: Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries. January 2009. CDC Safewater/USAID. (pdf, 150KB). Several household water treatment systems incorporate both a physical filtration step for particle removal and a chlorination step for disinfection. This dual approach leads to high quality treated water.

  • Safe Storage of Drinking Water: Preventing Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries. January 2009. CDC Safewater/USAID. (pdf, 254KB). Safe storage options fall into three general categories: 1) existing water storage containers in the home; 2) water storage containers used in the community and modified by an intervention program; or, 3) commercial safe storage containers purchased by the program and distributed to users.

  • Simple Options to Remove Turbidity: Preventing Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries. January 2009. CDC Safewater/USAID. (pdf, 173KB). Filtration or flocculation remove particles and reduce turbidity. These pretreatment methods may also increase the efficacy of household water treatment products by removing contaminants that interfere with disinfection and physical filtration processes.

  • Targeting Appropriate Interventions to Minimize Deterioration of Drinking-water Quality in Developing Countries, IN: J HEALTH POPUL NUTR 2008, (pdf, full-text) - This paper proposes a semi-quantified ‘disease risk index’ (DRI) designed to identify communities or households that are ‘most at risk’ from consuming recontaminated drinking-water.

  • A Community-based Bacteriological Study of Quality of Drinking-water and Its Feedback to a Rural Community in Western Maharashtra, India, IN:
    J HEALTH POPUL NUTR 2008 (pdf, full-text) - A longitudinal study of the bacteriological quality of rural water supplies was undertaken for a move­ment towards self-help against diseases, such as diarrhoea, and improved water management through in­creased community participation. Three hundred and thirteen water samples from different sources, such as well, tank, community standpost, handpumps, percolation lakes, and streams, and from households were collected from six villages in Maharashtra, India, over a one-year period.

  • Point of Use Household Drinking Water Filtration: A Practical, Effective Solution for Providing Sustained Access to Safe Drinking Water in the Developing World (pdf, 103KB) IN: Environmental Science & Technology, May 13, 2008 - Web Release Date. by Mark D. Sobsey, Christine E. Stauber, Lisa M. Casanova, Joseph M. Brown, and Mark A. Elliott - The lack of safe water creates a tremendous burden of diarrheal disease and other debilitating, life-threatening illnesses for people in the developing world. Point-of-use (POU) water treatment technology has emerged as an approach that empowers people and communities without access to safe water to improve water quality by treating it in the home. Several POU technologies are available, but, except for boiling, none have achieved sustained, large-scale use. Sustained use is essential if household water treatment technology (HWT) is to provide continued protection, but it is difficult to achieve. The most effective, widely promoted and used POU HWTs are critically examined according to specified criteria for performance and sustainability. Ceramic and biosand household water filters are identified as most effective according to the evaluation criteria applied and as having the greatest potential to become widely used and sustainable for improving household water quality to reduce waterborne disease and death.

  • Water Quality Interventions to Prevent Diarrhoea: Cost and Cost-Effectiveness. 2008. T. Clasen and L. Laurence Haller. Geneva: World Health Organization. (pdf, full-text) - Building on our recent Cochrane review of the effectiveness of water quality interventions to prevent diarrhoea, we collected cost information from 28 country programmes and computed the cost-effectiveness of conventional improvements of water quality at the source (well, borehole, communal stand post) and four interventions to improve water quality at the household level (chlorination, filtration, solar disinfection and combined flocculation/disinfection).

  • Microbiological Effectiveness and Cost of Boiling to Disinfect Drinking Water in Rural Vietnam, by T. Clasen, et. al. IN: Env Sci Tech June 2008. (pdf, full-text) - We assessed the microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling among a vulnerable population relying on unimproved water sources and commonly practicing boiling as a means of disinfecting water. In a 12 week study among 50 households from a rural community in Vietnam, boiling was associated with a 97% reduction in geometric mean thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs) (p < 0.001). Despite high levels of faecal contamination in source water, 37% of stored water samples from self-reported boilers met the WHO standard for safe drinking water (0 TTC/100 mL), and 38.3% fell within the low risk category (1–10 TTC/100 mL). Nevertheless, 60.5% of stored drinking water samples were positive for TTC, with 22.2% falling into the medium risk category (11–100 TTC/100 mL).

  • Difficulties in Bringing Point-of-Use Water Treatment to Scale in Rural Guatemala. Stephen P. Luby, Carlos Mendoza, Bruce H. Keswick, Tom M. Chiller, AND R. Mike Hoekstra. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 78(3), March 2008, pp. 382-387. In an earlier study in rural Guatemala, 257 households that received flocculant-disinfectant to treat their drinking water had 39% less diarrhea than 257 control households. Three weeks after completion of the study, national marketing of the flocculant-disinfectant was extended into the study communities. Six months later, we assessed frequency of and characteristics associated with purchase and use of the flocculant-disinfectant by revisiting the original study households and administering a questionnaire. Four hundred sixty-two households (90%) completed the follow-up survey; 22 households (5%) purchased the flocculant-disinfectant within the preceding 2 weeks and used it within the last week. Neither being randomized to the intervention group during the efficacy study nor combined spending on laundry soap, toothpaste, and hand soap in the preceding week was associated with active repeat use. Even after efficacy was demonstrated within their community and an aggressive sophisticated marketing approach, few households purchased flocculant-disinfectant for point-of-use water treatment.

  • Household water treatment and safe storage: a review of current implementation practices. by D. Lantagne, R. Quick and E. Mintz. IN: Water Stories: Expanding Opportunities in Small-Scale Water and Sanitation Projects, a report by the Wilson Center's Navigating Peace Initiative, examines alternatives to large-scale infrastructure projects in the water and sanitation sectors. Woodrow Wilson Center, August 2007.

USAID Sponsored Activities/Reports

Links