References

1. Lynn E. Taylor, MD, Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI. Personal communication; 2005.
2. Sherman KE, Rouster SD, Chung RT, Rajicic N. Hepatitis C virus prevalence among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a cross-sectional analysis of the US adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:831-7.
3. Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL. Hepatitis C in the HIV-infected person. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(3):197-207.
4. Thomas DL. Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Hepatology. 2002;36(5 suppl 1):S201-9.
5. Graham CS, Koziel MJ. First things first: balancing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(3):368-9.
6. Armstrong GL, Simard EP, Wasley A, McQuillan GM, Kuhnert WL, Alter MJ. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the United States, 1999-2002. Paper presented at: 55th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; 2004; Boston, MA.
7. Alter MJ. Prevention of spread of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002;36(5 suppl 1):S93-8.
8. Ruys TA, den Hollander JG, Beld MG, van der Ende ME, van der Meer JT. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C in homosexual men. [Article in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2003;148:2309-12.
9. Fletcher S. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C and early intervention. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2003;14(5 suppl):87S-94S.
10. Thomas DL, Zenilman JM, Alter HJ, et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics in Baltimore—an analysis of 309 sex partnerships. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:768-75.
11. Shev S, Hermodsson S, Lindholm A, Malm E, Widell A, Norkrans G. Risk factor exposure among hepatitis C virus RNA positive Swedish blood donors—the role of parenteral and sexual transmission. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995;27:99-104.
12. Alberti A, Chemello L, Benvegnu L. Natural history of hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 1999;31(suppl 1):17-24.
13. Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K, et al. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. The Sentinel Counties Chronic non-A, non-B Hepatitis Study Team. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1899-905.
14. Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:556-62.
15. Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, et al. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:80-8.
16. Kenny-Walsh E. Clinical outcomes after hepatitis C infection from contaminated anti-D immune globulin. Irish Hepatology Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1228-33.
17. Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 1997;26 (3 suppl 1):34S-38S.
18. Dore GJ, Freeman AJ, Law M, Kaldor JM. Is severe liver disease a common outcome for people with chronic hepatitis C? Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17:423-30.
19. Freeman AJ, Law MG, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ. Predicting progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2003;10:285-93.
20. Lauer GM, Walker BD. Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:41-52.
21. Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet. 1997;349(9055):825-32.
22. Poynard T, Ratziu V, Benmanov Y, Di Martino V, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: detection and significance. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20:47-55.
23. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V, et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology. 1999;30:1054-8.
24. Martinez-Sierra C, Arizcorreta A, Diaz F, et al. Progression of chronic hepatitis C to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:491-8.
25. Mohsen AH, Easterbrook PJ, Taylor C, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the progression of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Gut. 2003;52:1035-40.
26. Soto B, Sanchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1997;26:1-5.
27. Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatitis C. Lancet. 1998;351 (9099):351-5.
28. Marcellin P. Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of the disease. J Hepatol. 1999;31(suppl 1):9-16.
29. Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Bell BP, et al. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(RR19):1-39.
30. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Management of Hepatitis C: 2002. http://consensus.nih.gov/cons/116/091202116cdc_statement.htm.
31. Shruti Mehta, MD, Johns Hopkins University. Personal communication; 2005.
32. Tedaldi EM, Hullsiek KH, Malvestutto CD, Arduino RC, Fisher EJ, Gaglio PJ, et al.; Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. Prevalence and characteristics of hepatitis C virus coinfection in a human immunodeficiency virus clinical trials group: the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1313-7.
33. Hare CB, Peters MJ, Watson JJ, Mark DG, Jacobson MA. Viral hepatitis, liver damage, and antiretroviral prescribing patterns in an HIV community network. Paper presented at: Ninth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2002; Seattle, WA. Abstract 662-M.
34. Anderson KB, Guest JL, Rimland D. Hepatitis C virus coinfection increases mortality in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: data from the HIV Atlanta VA Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1507-13.
35. Strasfeld L, Lo Y, Netski D, Thomas DL, Klein RS. The association of hepatitis C prevalence, activity, and genotype with HIV infection in a cohort of New York City drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:356-64.
36. Goedert JJ, Eyster ME, Lederman MM, et al. End-stage liver disease in persons with hemophilia and transfusion-associated infections. Blood. 2002;100(5):1584-9.
37. Martin-Carbonero L, Benhamou Y, Puoti M, et al. Incidence and predictors of severe liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: a European collaborative study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:128-33.
38. Ragni MV, Belle SH. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on progression to end-stage liver disease in individuals with hemophilia and hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:1112-5.
39. Sulkowski M, Mehta S, Higgins Y, Torbenson M, Moore R, Thomas D. Unexpected significant liver disease among HIV/HCV coinfected persons with minimal fibrosis on initial liver biopsy. Paper presented at: 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2005; Boston, MA. Abstract 121.
40. Ryder SD, Irving WL, Jones DA, Neal KR, Underwood JC; Trent Hepatitis C Study Group. Progression of hepatic fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C: a prospective repeat liver biopsy study. Gut. 2004;53:451-5.
41. Graham CS, Baden LR, Yu E, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:562-9.
42. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. 2005. Available at: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/default_db2.asp?id=50.
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(RR 15):1-112. Available at: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5315a1.htm.
44. Strader DB, Wright T, Thomas DL, Seeff LB; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2004;39:1147-71. Available at: www.aasld.org/eweb/docs/hepatitisc.pdf.
45. Department of Veterans Affairs. Management and Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus in HIV-1 Infected Adults: Recommendations from the Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C Resource Center Program and the National Hepatitis C Program Office. September 1, 2005. Available at: http://hepatitis.va.gov/vahep?page=tp04-gd-01.
46. Augenbraun M, Goedert JJ, Thomas D, et al. Incident hepatitis C virus in women with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1357-64.
47. Bhagani S, Danta M, Hui C, Slapak G, Dusheiko G, Johnson MA. Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a cohort of HIV positive men: outcomes and response to pegylated interferon-alfa 2B (PEG-IFN-alfa 2B) and ribavirin. Paper presented at: 10th Anniversary Conference of the British HIV Association; 2004; Cardiff, United Kingdom.
48. Danta M, Brown D, Jacobs M, Dusheiko G, Bhagani S. Epidemiology of acute HCV infection in a London cohort of HIV positive homosexual males. Paper presented at: 54th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; 2003; Boston, MA. Abstract 561.
49. Mehta SH, Cox A, Hoover DR, et al. Protection against persistence of hepatitis C. Lancet. 2002;359(9316):1478-83.
50. Nelson M, Browne R, Asboe D, Gilleece Y, Atkins M, Gazzard B. Increasing incidence of acute hepatitis C in HIV positive men secondary to sexual transmission, epidemiology and treatment. In: Program and Abstracts of the Ninth European AIDS Conference; 2003; Warsaw, Poland. Abstract F12/3.
51. Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Rai RM, et al. The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral, and environmental factors. JAMA. 2000;284:450-6.
52. Alter HJ. Descartes before the horse: I clone, therefore I am: the hepatitis C virus in current perspective. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:644-9.
53. Berggren R, Jain M, Hester J, Vinson G, Dawson B, Keiser P. False-negative hepatitis C antibody is associated with low CD4 cell counts in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Paper presented at: Eighth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2001; Chicago, IL. Abstract 562.
54. Busch MP, Laycock ME, Mohr B, et al. Failure of serologic assays for diagnosis of hepatitis B and C virus infections in patients with advanced HIV. Paper presented at: Eighth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2001; Chicago, IL. Abstract 235.
55. Fleming CA, Tumilty S, Murray JE, Nunes D. Challenges in the treatment of patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus: need for team care. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(suppl 5):S349-54.
56. Taylor LE. Delivering care to injection drug users coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(suppl 5):S355-61.
57. Michael Harank, RN, Alameda County Medical Center, Oakland, CA. Personal communication, 2005.
58. Department of Veteran’s Affairs. Treatment of Patients with Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension. Available at: www.hepatitis.va.gov/vahep?page=tp03-03-02-01.
59. Federal Bureau of Prisons. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis. 2003. Available at: http://nicic.org/Library/016972.
60. Koff RS. Risks associated with hepatitis A and hepatitis B in patients with hepatitis C. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;33:20-6.
61. Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:286-90.
62. Liaw YF. Hepatitis C virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Gastroenterol. 2002;37(suppl 13):65-8.
63. Koretz RL, Brezina M, Polito AJ, et al. Non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis: comparing C and non-C hepatitis. Hepatology. 1993;17:361-5.
64. Tedaldi EM, Baker RK, Moorman AC, et al. HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators. Hepatitis A and B vaccination practices for ambulatory patients infected with HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1478-84.
65. Hess G, Clemens R, Bienzle U, Schonfeld C, Schunck B, Bock HL. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in anti-HIV positive and negative homosexual men. J Med Virol. 1995;46:40-2.
66. Weissman S, Feucht C, Yarmohammadi H. Response to Hepatitis A Vaccination in HIV+ Patients. Paper presented at: 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2004; San Francisco, CA. Abstract 830.
67. Litwin AH, Soloway I, Gourevitch MN. Integrating services for injection drug users infected with hepatitis C virus with methadone maintenance treatment: challenges and opportunities. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(suppl 5):S339-45.
68. Clanon KA, Johannes Mueller J, Harank M. Integrating treatment for hepatitis C virus infection into an HIV clinic. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(suppl 5):S362-6.
69. Edlin BR, Kresina TF, Raymond DB, et al. Overcoming barriers to prevention, care, and treatment of hepatitis C in illicit drug users. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(suppl 5):S276-85.
70. Margaret Hoffman-Terry, MD, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA. Personal communication; 2005.
71. Monto A, Patel K, Bostrom A, et al. Risks of a range of alcohol intake on hepatitis C-related fibrosis. Hepatology. 2004;39:826-34.
72. Westin J, Lagging LM, Spak F, et al. Moderate alcohol intake increases fibrosis progression in untreated patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2002;9:235-41.
73. Cooper CL, Cameron WD. Effect of alcohol use and highly active antiretroviral therapy on plasma levels of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients coinfected with HIV and HCV. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(suppl 1):105-9.
74. Cromie SL, Jenkins PJ, Bowden DS, Dudley FJ. Chronic hepatitis C: effect of alcohol on hepatitic activity and viral titre. J Hepatol. 1996;25:821-6.
75. Oshita M, Hayashi N, Kasahara A, et al. Increased serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels among alcoholic patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1994;20:1115-20.
76. Kranzler HR, Van Kirk J. Efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate for alcoholism treatment: a meta-analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25:1335-41.
77. Kresina TF, Bruce DR, Cargill VA, Cheever LW. Integrating care for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and primary care for HIV for injection drug users coinfected with HIV and HCV. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(suppl 1):S83-8.
78. Littleton J, Zieglgansberger W. Pharmacological mechanisms of naltrexone and acamprosate in the prevention of relapse in alcohol dependence. Am J Addict. 2003;12(suppl 1):S3-11.
79. Department of Veterans Affairs. National Hepatitis C Case Registry. Fiscal Year 2003 Report. Available at: www.hepatitis.va.gov/vahep?page=tp03-03-09-03.
80. Sulkowski MS, Mast EE, Seeff LB, Thomas DL. Hepatitis C virus infection as an opportunistic disease in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30 (suppl 1)S77-84.
81. Briat A, Dulioust E, Galimand J, et al. Hepatitis C virus in the semen of men coinfected with HIV-1: prevalence and origin. AIDS. 2005;19(16):1827-35.
82. Pasquier C, Bujan L, Daudin M, et al. Intermittent detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in semen from men with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HCV. J Med Virol. 2003;69(3):344-9.
83. Nowicki MJ, Laskus T, Nikolopoulou G, et al. Presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the genital tracts of HCV/HIV-1-coinfected women. J InfectDis. 2005; 192(9): 1557-65.
84. Thomas DL, Villano SA, Riester KA, et al. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected mothers. Women and Infants Transmission Study. J Infect Dis. 1998;177(6):1480-8.
85. Roberts EA, Yeung L. Maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2002;36(5 suppl 1):S106-13.
86. Pembreya L, Newella ML, Tovob PA; EPHN Collaborators. The management of HCV infected pregnant women and their children European paediatric HCV network. J Hepatol. 2005; 43(3):515-25.
87. Carrat F, Bani-Sadr F, Pol S, et al. ANRS HCO2 RIBAVIC Study Team. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b vs standard interferon alfa-2b, plus ribavirin, for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292: 2839-48.
88. Chung RT, Andersen J, Volberding P, et al. AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5071 Study Team. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:451-9.
89. Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK, et al. APRICOT Study Group. Peginterferon Alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:438-50.
90. Taylor LE, Rich JD, Tashima KT. Peginterferon plus ribavirin for hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2340-2; author reply 2340-2.
91. Torriani FJ, Dieterich DT. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2340-2; author reply 2340-2.
92. Chung RT, Anderson J, Volberding P. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2340-2; author reply 2340-2.
93. Opravil M, Sasadeusz J, Cooper D, et al. [Abstract 926]. Effect of baseline CD4 cell count on efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon a-2a, (Pegasys) plus ribavirin in HIV/HCV coinfection: The AIDS Pegasys Ribavirin International Co-infection Trial (APRICOT). Paper presented at: 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2005; Boston, MA.
94. Blatt LM, Mutchnick MG, Tong MJ, et al. Assessment of hepatitis C virus RNA and genotype from 6807 patients with chronic hepatitis C in the United States. J Viral Hepat. 2000;7:196-202.
95. Laguno M, Murillas J, Blanco JL, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for treatment of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. AIDS. 2004;18:F27-36.
96. Perez-Olmeda M, Nunez M, Romero M, et al. Pegylated IFN-alpha2b plus ribavirin as therapy for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2003;17:1023-8.
97. Cribier B, Rey D, Schmitt C, Lang JM, Kirn A, Stoll-Keller F. High hepatitis C viraemia and impaired antibody response in patients coinfected with HIV. AIDS. 1995;9:1131-6.
98. Di Martino V, Rufat P, Boyer N, et al. The influence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection on chronic hepatitis C in injection drug users: a long-term retrospective cohort study. Hepatology. 2001;34:1193-9.
99. Thomas DL, Rich JD, Schuman P, et al. Multicenter evaluation of hepatitis C RNA levels among female injection drug users. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:973-6.
100. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. 2003;15:1-46. Available at: www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/2003surveillancereport.pdf.
101. Daniel S. Chronic hepatitis C treatment patterns in African American patients: an update. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:716-22.
102. Jeffers LJ, Cassidy W, Howell CD, Hu S, Reddy KR. Peginterferon alfa-2a (40 kd) and ribavirin for black American patients with chronic HCV genotype 1. Hepatology. 2004;39:1702-8.
103. Muir AJ, Bornstein JD, Killenberg PG; Atlantic Coast Hepatitis Treatment Group. Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in blacks and non-Hispanic whites. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2265-71.
104. Reddy SI ,Ukomadu C. Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in African Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12:248s-251s.
105. Wiley TE, Brown J, Chan J. Hepatitis C infection in African Americans: its natural history and histological progression. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:700-6.
106. Mochida S, Ohnishi K, Matsuo S, Kakihara K, Fujiwara K. Effect of alcohol intake on the efficacy of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C as evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(9 suppl):371A-377A.
107. Ohnishi K, Matsuo S, Matsutani K, et al. Interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C in habitual drinkers: comparison with chronic hepatitis C in infrequent drinkers. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1374-9.
108. Okazaki T ,Yoshihara H ,Suzuki K ,et al. Efficacy of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Comparison between non-drinkers and drinkers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1994;29:1039-43.
109. Tabone M, Sidoli L, Laudi C, et al. Alcohol abstinence does not offset the strong negative effect of lifetime alcohol consumption on the outcome of interferon therapy. J Viral Hepat. 2002;9:288-94.
110. Schaefer M, Schmidt F, Folwaczny C, et al. Adherence and mental side effects during hepatitis C treatment with interferon alfa and ribavirin in psychiatric risk groups. Hepatology. 2003;37:443-51.
111. Sylvestre DL. Approaching treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in substance users. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(suppl 1):S79-82.
112. Churchill DR, Mann D, Coker RJ, et al. Fatal haemorrhage following liver biopsy in patients with HIV infection. Genitourin Med. 1996;72:62-4.
113. McGill DB, Rakela J, Zinsmeister AR, Ott BJ. A 21-year experience with major hemorrhage after percutaneous liver biopsy. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:1396-400.
114. Piccinino F, Sagnelli E, Pasquale G, Giusti G . Complications following percutaneous liver biopsy. A multicentre retrospective study on 68,276 biopsies. J Hepatol. 1986;2:165-73.
115. Bedossa P, Dargere D, Paradis V. Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38:1449-57.
116. Regev A, Berho M, Jeffers LJ, et al. Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2614-8.
117. Alberti A, Clumeck N, Collins S, et al; The ECC Jury. Short Statement of the first European Consensus Conference on the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV co-infected patients. J Hepatol. 2005;42:615-24.
118. Mauss S, Valenti W, DePamphilis J, et al. Risk factors for hepatic decompensation in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection and liver cirrhosis during interferon-based therapy. AIDS. 2004;18:F21-5.
119. Fung J, Eghtesad B, Patel-Tom K, DeVera M, Chapman H, Ragni R. Liver transplantation in patients with HIV infection. Liver Transpl. 2004;10(suppl 2):S39-53.
120. Ragni MV, Belle SH, Im K, et al. Survival of human immunodeficiency virus-infected liver transplant recipients. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1412-20.
121. Roland ME, Adey D, Carlson LL, Terrault NA. Kidney and liver transplantation in HIV-infected patients: case presentations and review. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2003;17:501-7.
122. Cooper CL. Therapeutic interventions for HIV infection and chronic viral hepatitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:S69-72.
123. Fleischer R, Boxwell D, Sherman KE. Nucleoside analogues and mitochondrial toxicity. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:e79-80.
124. Brau N, Rodriguez-Torres M, Prokupek D, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV/HCV-coinfection with interferon alpha-2b+ full-course vs. 16-week delayed ribavirin. Hepatology. 2004;39:989-98.
125. Roche Pharmaceuticals. Pegasys (peg-interferon alfa-2a). Product information. 2003-2005. Available at: www.rocheusa.com/products/pegasys/.
126. Schering-Plough. Peg-Intron (peg-interferon alfa-2b). Product information. 2005. Available at: www.schering-plough.com/schering_ plough/pc/hepatitis.jsp.
127. Fried MW. Side effects of therapy of hepatitis C and their management. Hepatology. 2002;36(5 suppl 1):S237-44.
128. Chung RT, Anderson J, Volberding P, et al., AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5071 Study Team. A randomized, controlled trial of PEG-interferon-alfa-2a plus ribavirin vs interferon-alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-co-infected persons: follow-up results of ACTG A5071. Paper presented at: 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2004; San Francisco, CA. Abstract 110.
129. Rodriguez-Torres M, Torriani FJ, Lissen E, et al. Predictability of sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with HCV/HIV co-infection during combination therapy with peginterferon alfa-2A (40KD) (Pegasys) plus ribavirin (Copegus) in the APRICOT trial. Paper presented at: XV International AIDS Conference; 2004; Bangkok, Thailand. Abstract MoPeB3304.
130. Lau DT, Kleiner DE, Ghany MG, Park Y, Schmid P, Hoofnagle JH. 10-year follow-up after interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1998;28:1121-7.
131. Marcellin P, Boyer N, Gervais A, et al. Long-term histologic improvement and loss of detectable intrahepatic HCV RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C and sustained response to interferon-alpha therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:875-81.
132. Sim H, Yim C, Krajden M, Heathcote J. Durability of serological remission in chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon-alpha-2B. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:39-43.
133. Imazeki F, Yokosuka O, Fukai K, Saisho H. Favorable prognosis of chronic hepatitis C after interferon therapy by long-term cohort study. Hepatology. 2003;38:493-502.
134. Yoshida H, Arakawa Y, Sata M, et al. Interferon therapy prolonged life expectancy among chronic hepatitis C patients. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:483-91.
135. Soriano V, Maida I, Nunez M, et al. Long-term follow-up of HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with interferon-based therapies. Antivir Ther. 2004;9:987-92.
136. Lissen E, Clumeck N, Sola R, et al. [Abstract 174]. Histological response to peginterferon alfa-2A (40KD) (Pegasys) plus ribavirin (Copegus) in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection: results of the AIDS Pegasys Ribavirin International Co-infection Trial (APRICOT). Paper presented at: 55th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; 2004; Boston, MA.
137. Uberti-Foppa C, De Bona A, Morsica G, et al. Pretreatment of chronic active hepatitis C in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus reduces the hepatotoxicity associated with subsequent antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:146-52.
138. Jaeckel E, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, et al. German Acute Hepatitis C Therapy Group. Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alfa-2b. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1452-7.
139. Gileece Y, Brown RE, Ashboe D, et al. Transmission of viral hepatitis C among HIV-positive men and response to a 24 week course of pegylated interferon and ribavirin. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40:41-6.
140. Chaix M-L, Serpaggi J, Batisse D, et al. Homosexually transmitted HCV acute infection related to a clustered genotype 4 HCV in HIV-1-infected men and inefficacy of early antiviral therapy. Paper presented at: 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2005; Boston, MA. Abstract 122.
141. Dominguez S, et al. Evaluation of a 24-week pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy in HIV patients with acute HCV. Paper presented at: First International Workshop on HIV and HCV Co-infection; 2004; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
142. Nelson M, Browne R, Asboe D, Gilleece Y, Atkins M, Gazzard B. Increasing incidence of acute hepatitis C in HIV positive men secondary to sexual transmission, epidemiology and treatment. Paper presented at: Ninth European AIDS Conference; 2003; Warsaw, Poland. Abstract F12/3.
143. Vogel M, Bieniek B, Jessen H, et al. Treatment of acute hepatitis C infection in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective analysis of eleven cases. J Viral Hepat. 2005;12:207-11.
144. Alain Litwin, MD, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY. Personal communication; 2005.
145. Michael Rigsby, MD, VA National HIV and Hepatitis C Program, West Haven, CT. Personal communication; 2005.
146. Marian Kerbleski, RN, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA. Personal communication; 2005.
147. Kathleen Clanon, MD, Alameda County Medical Center, Oakland, CA. Personal communication; 2005.
148. Zucker SD, Sherman KE. Beyond interferon for hepatitis C: living in the present while hoping for the future. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1487-8.
149. Backmund M, Meyer K, Von Zielonka M, Eichenlaub D. Treatment of hepatitis C infection in injection drug users. Hepatology. 2001;34:188-93.
150. Van Thiel DH, Anantharaju A, Creech S. Response to treatment of hepatitis C in individuals with a recent history of intravenous drug abuse. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2281-8.
151. Dalgard O. Follow-up studies of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(suppl 5):S336-8.
152. Johnson ME, Brems C, Burke S. Recognizing comorbidity among drug users in treatment. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2002;28(2):243-61.
153. Soto TA, Sadowski LS. The prevalence of hepatitis C among HIV patients with psychiatric and substance abuse diagnoses. Paper presented at: XIV International AIDS Conference; 2002; Barcelona, Spain. Abstract ThPeC7516.
154. Thorberg FA, Lyvers M. Negative mood regulation (NMR) expectancies, mood, and affect intensity among clients in substance disorder treatment facilities. Addict Behav. 2005. In press.
155. Valente SM. Depression and HIV disease. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2003;14:41-51.
156. Watkins KE, Hunter SB, Wenzel SL, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of clients with co-occurring disorders in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2004;30:749-64.
157. Zdilar D, Franco-Bronson K, Buchler N, Locala JA, Younossi ZM. Hepatitis C, interferon alfa, and depression. Hepatology. 2000;31:1207-11.
158. Yun LW, Maravi M, Kobayashi JS, Barton PL, Davidson AJ. Antidepressant treatment improves adherence to antiretroviral therapy among depressed HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38:432-8.
159. Bini EJ, Currie S, Shen H, et al. Abstract 1064260. Interferon and ribavirin therapy in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C. Paper presented at Digestive Disease Week; 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana.
160. Rauch A, Egger M, Reichen J, Furrer H; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: low eligibility and applicability of therapy with pegylated interferon-alpha plus ribavirin. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38:238-40.
161. Wong JB, Buti M, Casado MA, Fosbrook L, Soriano V, Esteban R. [Abstract 622]. Cost-effectiveness of peginterferon a-2b plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-HCV-co-infected patients. Paper presented at: 40th Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; 2005; Paris, France.
162. Wong JB, McGovern B, Sulkowski MS, Dieterich DT, Poynard T. [Abstract 225]. Cost-effectiveness implications of the timing of peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-HCV co-infected patients. Paper presented at: Digestive Disease Week; 2004; New Orleans, LA.
163. National Association of State and Territorial AIDS Directors. Upublished data; 2005.
164. Linda Anders, Maryland ADAP Program, Baltimore, MD. Personal communication; 2005.
165. Cheever L. HIV and HCV: HAB’s Role. Slide 14: ADAP HCV treatment claims (9/01). Slide presentation. Rockville, MD: HIV/AIDS Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration; 2004.
166. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, NASTAD. National ADAP Monitoring Project. 2006 Annual Report. April 2006. Available at: www.kff.org/hivaids/hiv033006pkg.cfm.
167. National Association of State and Territorial AIDS Directors. ADAP Funding Watch; 2006, March. Available at: www.nastad.org/documents/public/publicpolicy/ADAP-Watch-Apr-06.pdf
168. Backus LI, Boothroyd D, Deyton LR. HIV, hepatitis C and HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection in vulnerable populations. AIDS. 2005;19(suppl 3):S13-9.
169. Goulet JL, Fultz SL, McGinnis KA, Justice AC. Relative prevalence of comorbidities and treatment contraindications in HIV-mono-infected and HIV/HCV-co-infected veterans. AIDS. 2005;19(suppl 3):S99-105.
170. Rosenberg SD, Drake RE, Brunette MF, Wolford GL, Marsh BJ. Hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infection in people with severe mental illness and substance use disorders. AIDS. 2005;19(suppl 3):S26-33.
171. Taylor LE, Gholam PM, Schwartzapfel B, Rich JD. Hepatitis C treatment in an HIV-HCV-coinfected patient with drug addiction and psychiatric illness: a case report. AIDS Read. 2005;15(11):629-31, 634-6, 638.