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Aï Khanum. The end of the royal Greek city of Aï Khanum (meaning "Lady Moon") came suddenly around 145 B.C. at the hands of nomads from the northeast, who set fire to the palace and robbed the treasury. Photo © Musée Guimet/DAFA

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Corinthian capital. Aï Khanum, palace main courtyard, 1970. Photo © Musée Guimet/DAFA

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Moving a column capital. Aï Khanum, southern portico, palace main courtyard.
Photo © Musée Guimet/DAFA

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Aï Khanum, palace, reception rooms. Photo © Musée Guimet/DAFA

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Archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi (left) and Terkesh Khodzhanyanov inspecting gold objects excavated from Tillya Tepe, Tomb IV, 1978
Photograph courtesy of Viktor Sarianidi

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Begram, 1939, excavations of Room 13. Photo © Musée Guimet/DAFA

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Excavations from Tillya Tepe, Tomb IV
Second quarter of the 1st century AD
An Afghan archaeologist carefully uncovers the golden dagger from Tomb IV, 1978. Photograph courtesy Viktor Sarianidi

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Excavations at Tillya Tepe 1978 by Russian archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi
Six golden burials from the second quarter of the 1st century AD were found amongst the ruins of an older Bronze Age fortress
Photograph courtesy Viktor Sarianidi

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Joseph Hackin, 1931. Photo © Musée Guimet.

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Begram, 1939, removal of the ivories from Room 13. Photo © Musée Guimet

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Kabul, view of the citadel, Charles Masson, 1842. © Musée Guimet

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Images from explorer Jules Barthoux’s mission report to Aï Khanum, "Travels in Turkestan and Badakshan," 1926. © Musée Guimet

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Architectural rendering of the excavations at Begram. © Musée Guimet/Pierre Hamelin.

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Aï Khanum, 2004. Since the 1980s, it has become impossible to continue excavating at Aï Khanum. Civil war raged, and the location of the site, at the confluence of two major rivers, once again became a strategic place as a base for military operations. This photo shows the result of looting of the ancient city: Soldiers systematically pockmarked the site searching for antiquities. The remaining DAFA excavations are visible only in the distance.Today, site guards protect the site, but the looting has caused extensive damage. © DAFA.

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Balkh. The massive walls of this ancient city are built in an architectural tradition going back to the Bronze Age. © DAFA/David Jurie

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A farmer overlooks his terraced wheat fields descending to the Kunar.
Photo by Frank & Helen Schreider ©2008 National Geographic

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Balkh, the major city of ancient Bactria, at the foot of the central highlands in northern Afghanistan, is said to have been home to legendary prophet Zoroaster, residing here centuries before the arrival of Alexander the Great. Photo © Kenneth Garrett, National Geographic Society.

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National Museum, Kabul, 2002. Photo © Pierre Cambon.

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Fredrik Hiebert, National Geographic Archaeology Fellow and curator of "Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul," and Carla Grissmann, a specialist of the collections in the museum, working with Afghan officials in 2003 to inventory artifacts discovered in 1978 and thought lost.
Photo © Kenneth Garrett, National Geographic Society.

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Minister of Information and Culture Sayeed Makhdoom Raheen (center) turns to Viktor Sarianidi (left, front) as the inventory team opens the first safe of Bactrian gold in the presidential bank vault, Kabul, 2004. Photo © Kenneth Garrett, National Geographic Society.

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Terracotta Buddha statue from the site of Hadda. The statue was photographed at the moment of unwrapping in the presidential palace, Kabul, 2004. Photo © Fredrik Hiebert, National Geographic Society.