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Warning:
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome -- United States, 1992
MMWR 42(28);547-551,557
Publication date: 07/23/1993
Table of Contents
SUMMARY
Reported by
Editorial Note
TABLE 1 Characteristics Of Reported Persons With AIDS And Percentag
TABLE 2 Rate Of AIDS Among Women In 10 Metropolitan Statistical Area
FIGURE 1 AIDS Cases Among Women Attributed To Injecting-Drug Use (ID
FIGURE 2 Rate Of Heterosexually Acquired AIDS Among 20-29-Year-Old W
POINT OF CONTACT FOR THIS DOCUMENT:
Tables
Characteristics Of Reported Persons With AIDS
Rate Of AIDS Among Women In 10 Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Figures
AIDS Cases Among Women Attributed To Injecting-Drug Use
Rate Of Heterosexually Acquired AIDS Among 20-29-Year Old Women
SUMMARY
During 1992, state and territorial health departments reported 47,095 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to CDC, an increase of 3.5% over the 45,499 cases reported in 1991. As in previous years, most (50.8%) cases were attributable to
transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among homosexual/bisexual men (Table 1). This report summarizes the characteristics of persons reported with AIDS in 1992, compares them with data from 1991 (Table 1), and describes selected trends since 1988. *From 1991 through 1992, larger proportionate increases in reported cases occurred among women (9.8%) than among men (2.5%). For women, rates were higher for non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics (31.3 and 14.6 per 100,000 population, respectively) than for non-Hispanic whites (1.8). Ten metropolitan statistical areas ** accounted for more than half (51.5%) of reported cases among women (Table 2).
The number of reported cases among homosexual/bisexual men decreased during 1992, sustaining a trend noted first in 1991 (1); the number of cases attributable to injecting-drug use (IDU)
increased slightly, representing nearly one fourth of reported cases. Heterosexual contact accounted for the largest proportionate increase (17.1%) in reported cases. The proportionate increase in cases attributed to heterosexual contact was greater for men
(26.3%) than for women (11.5%); however, women accounted for most persons infected through heterosexual contact (59.4%). The second largest proportionate increase was in perinatal transmission
(13.4%).Because cases reported in a year may have been diagnosed in earlier years, long-term trends in the occurrence of AIDS are
reflected more accurately by analyses based on year of diagnosis with adjustment for reporting delays (2). From 1988 through 1991, the number of cases diagnosed among women infected through IDU exceeded those among women infected through heterosexual contact. However, in 1992, the number of AIDS cases among women infected through heterosexual contact exceeded those infected through IDU for the first time (Figure 1). This pattern varied by region: IDU was the predominant mode of transmission among women in the
Northeast ***; however, heterosexual transmission equaled orsurpassed IDU among women in the South ****, the Midwest *****, the West ******, and the U.S. territories. Among those cases attributed to heterosexual transmission, most (56.8%) involved sex with an injecting-drug user.
Heterosexual transmission accounted for a greater proportion of AIDS cases among women aged 20-29 years than among women aged greater than or equal to 30 years (60.0% and 46.5%, respectively). The annual number of cases diagnosed among all persons aged 20-29 years increased by 15.5% since 1988; however, the annual number of women aged 20-29 years with heterosexually acquired AIDS increased by 96.7% since 1988. This trend primarily reflects a larger
increase among non-Hispanic black women than among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanic women (Figure 2). In addition, the greatest increase among women aged 20-29 years with heterosexually acquired AIDS was in the South (165.5% since 1988).
(*) Single copies of this report will be available free until July 23, 1994, from the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse, P.O. Box 6003, Rockville, MD 20849-6003; telephone (800) 458-5231.
(**) Metropolitan statistical areas typically include the main city as well as the surrounding urban and suburban areas.
(***) New England and Middle Atlantic regions.
(****) South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central regions.
(*****) East North Central and West North Central regions.
(******) Mountain and Pacific regions.
Reported by
Local, state, and territorial health depts. Div of
HIV/AIDS, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC.Editorial Note
The findings in this report reflect the evolving
nature of the HIV epidemic in the United States, which is acomposite of multiple epidemics in different regions and among different population subgroups. During 1992, the rate of increase in AIDS cases was again higher for women than for men, and
heterosexual contact became the predominant mode of HIV exposure among women in whom AIDS was diagnosed; most heterosexual
transmission occurred among women who were sex partners of injecting-drug users. The increase in AIDS among women is reflected by an increase in cases among infants and children aged 0-4 years, most (95.8%) of whom were infected perinatally.The increase in cases among women aged 20-29 years primarily reflects persons who were infected as adolescents. Many
adolescents, like adults, practice behaviors that increase their risk for HIV infection (3). However, even though adolescents have adequate levels of knowledge about AIDS (4), they may be
particularly resistant to behavior change because of feelings of invulnerability that are characteristic of adolescence. Developing and implementing educational programs specific to adolescents
should remain a high priority.Because race and ethnicity are likely risk markers and not risk factors for HIV infection, these markers may assist in
identifying groups at highest risk for HIV infection and targeting prevention efforts. The higher incidence of AIDS among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics than among non-Hispanic whites probably
reflects a combination of such risk factors, including
socioeconomic status and access to medical care.Because of the hierarchical classification of risk (5), and because risk information may not always be complete or verified, AIDS surveillance probably approximates the actual frequency of heterosexual transmission. During 1992, 10.2% of men and 23.5% of women who reported IDU also reported heterosexual contact with a person at risk. Therefore, some of these persons may have acquired HIV through heterosexual contact. Conversely, some persons with AIDS attributed to heterosexual contact may have other unreported or undetermined risk factors (6).
The steady increase in heterosexually acquired AIDS cases among men and women underscores the need to improve understanding of factors that influence the adoption of safer sexual practices among heterosexuals and how these factors vary in different
population subgroups. Although some surveys have documented reduced number of sex partners among high school students and persons who attend sexually transmitted diseases clinics (7,8), a survey of the general heterosexual population (9) found low rates of condom use for persons with multiple partners and for persons with partners at risk for HIV infection, indicating that behavioral changes
sufficient to decrease HIV transmission may not yet have occurred.
The findings in this report indicate that the number of AIDS cases attributed to male-to-male sexual transmission has decreased slightly, and the proportionate increase in cases attributed to IDU was less than that in cases attributed to heterosexual contact. However, because injecting-drug users and men who have sex with men continue to account for 80.3% of AIDS cases, prevention efforts that target these populations must remain a high priority while interventions targeted at persons at increased risk for
heterosexual transmission are strengthened.
REFERENCES
- CDC. Update: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome -- United States, 1991. MMWR 1992;41:463-8.
- Karon JM, Devine OJ, Morgan WM. Predicting AIDS incidence by extrapolating from recent trends. In: Castielo-Chavez C, ed. Mathematical and statistical approaches to AIDS epidemiology: lecture notes in biomathematics. Vol 83. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
- CDC. Selected behaviors that increase risk for HIV infection, other sexually transmitted diseases, and unintended pregnancy among high school students -- United States, 1991. MMWR 1992;41:945-50.
- Diclemente RJ, Lanier MM, Horan PF, Lodico M. Comparison of AIDS attitudes and behaviors among incarcerated adolescents and a public school sample in San Francisco. Am J Public Health 1991;81:628-30.
- CDC. HIV/AIDS surveillance report. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, May 1993:18-9.
- Nwanyanwu OC, Conti L, Ciesielski CA, et al. Increasing frequency of heterosexually transmitted AIDS in southern Florida: artifact or reality? Am J Public Health 1993;83:571-3.
- CDC. HIV instruction and selected HIV-risk behaviors among high school students -- United States, 1989-1991. MMWR 1992;41:866-8.
- CDC. Sexual risk behaviors of STD clinic patients before and after Earvin "Magic" Johnson's HIV-infection announcement -- Maryland, 1991-1992. MMWR 1993;42:45-8.
- Catania JA, Coates TJ, Stall R, et al. Prevalence of AIDS-related risk factors and condom use in the United States. Science 1992;258:1101-6.
TABLE 1 Characteristics Of Reported Persons With AIDS And Percentag
In The Number Of Cases, By Year Of Report--United States, 1991-1992 (Table 1)
TABLE 2 Rate Of AIDS Among Women In 10 Metropolitan Statistical Area
Reporting The Highest Numbers of AIDS Cases Among Women, By Race/Ethnicity-- United States, 1992
(Table 2)
FIGURE 1 AIDS Cases Among Women Attributed To Injecting-Drug Use (ID
Heterosexual Contact, By Half Year Of Diagnosis--United States, 1988-1992 (Figure 1)
FIGURE 2 Rate Of Heterosexually Acquired AIDS Among 20-29-Year-Old W
Race/Ethnicity and Year of Diagnosis--United States, 1988-1992 (Figure 2)
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Table 1
TABLE 1. Characteristics of reported persons with AIDS and percentage change in the number of cases, by year of report -- United States, 1991-1992 ============================================================================================================= 1991 1992 Reported cases Reported % Change Characteristic No. (%) Rate* cases 1991-1992 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sex Male 40,453 (85.9) 32.6 39,450 2.5 Female 6,642 (14.1) 5.1 6,049 9.8 Age (yrs) O-4 624 (1.3) 3.2 535 16.6 5-12 146 (0.3) 0.5 157 -7.0 13-19 159 (0.3) 0.6 159 0 20-29 7,982 (16.9) 19.5 8,094 -1.4 30-39 21,212 (45.0) 49.1 20,764 2.2 40-49 11,963 (25.4) 36.7 11,022 8.5 50-59 3,515 (7.5) 16.0 3,357 4.7 >=60 1,494 (3.2) 3.5 1,411 5.9 Race/Ethnicity+ White, non-Hispanic 22,328 (47.4) 11.8 22,197 0.6 Black, non-Hispanic 15,890 (33.8) 53.7 14,610 8.8 Hispanic 8,282 (17.6) 31.0 8,197 1.0 Asian/Pacific Islander 314 (0.7) 4.3 282 11.3 American Indian/ Alaskan Native 113 (0.2) 6.1 82 37.8++ Region** Northeast 13,507 (28.7) 26.5 13,418 0.7 Midwest 5,296 (11.2) 8.9 4,492 17.9 South 15,788 (33.5) 18.3 15,743 0.3 West 10,881 (23.1) 20.2 10,048 8.3 U.S. territories 1,623 (3.5) 45.6 1,798 -9.7 HIV-exposure category Male homosexual/ bisexual contact 23,933 (50.8) -- 24,209 -1.1 History of injecting- drug use Women and heterosexual men 11,423 (24.3) -- 11,313 1.0 Male homosexual/ bisexual contact 2,429 (5.2) -- 2,549 -4.7 Persons with hemophilia Adult/Adolescent 316 (0.7) -- 316 0 Child (aged <13 yrs) 21 (<0.1) -- 25 -16.0++ Transfusion recipients Adult/Adolescent 673 (1.4) -- 695 -3.2 Child (aged <13 yrs) 19 (<0.1) -- 39 -51.3++ Heterosexual contacts*** 4,111 (8.7) -- 3,510 17.1 Perinatal 696 (1.5) -- 614 13.4 No identified risk 3,474 (7.3) -- 2,229 -- Total 47,095 (100.0) 18.5 45,499 3.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Per 100,000 population. 1992 population counts were estimated from 1990 U.S. Census Bureau data. For categories of sex, age, race/ethnicity, and HIV exposure, denominator was population in 50 states and Puerto trico (excluding other U.S. territories). +Excludes persons with unspecified race/ethnicity (168 [0.4%] in 1992, 131 [0.3%] in 1991). ++Estimate of percentage change in cases may be less reliable because of small number of cases. **Northeast=New England and Middle Atlantic regions; Midwest=East North Central and West North Central regions; South=South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central regions; West=Mountain and Pacific regions. ***Includes persons born in countries where heterosexual transmission is believed to be the predominant mode of transmission. =============================================================================================================
Table 2
TABLE 2. Rate* of AIDS among women in 10 metropolitan statistical areas+ reporting the highest numbers of AIDS cases among women, by race/ethnicity& -- United States, 1992 ========================================================================================= Rate White, Black, City No. non-Hispanic non-Hispanic Hispanic Overall ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- New York City 1581 10.2 90.9 71.7 41.5 West Palm Beach, Fla. 147 7.5 295.4 24.3 38.1 Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 191 8.0 199.5 22.6 34.1 Newark, N.J. 235 4.6 105.5 31.3 29.6 Miami 244 7.7 125.2 9.5 29.1 San Juan, RR. 201 0 0 26.8 26.8 Baltimore 190 2.8 64.2 17.5 18.6 Washington, D.C. 171 1.6 33.3 4.6 10.2 Chicago 210 2.8 23.4 12.1 8.2 Los Angeles 163 2.1 14.3 5.6 4.5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Per 100,000 women. +Metropolitan statistical areas typically include the main city as well as the surrounding urban and suburban areas. &Numbers for other racial/ethnic groups were too small for meaningful analysis. =========================================================================================
Figure 1
AIDS Cases Among Women Attributed To Injecting-Drug Use
Figure 2
Rate Of Heterosexually Acquired AIDS Among 20-29-Year Old Women
