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	Biographical Information Enzymes and Genetics, 1940-1955 RNA-DNA Hybridization in Viruses, 1955-1965 RNA Replicase and Spiegelman's "Little Monster," 1961-1969 RNA Viruses and Cancer--Institute of Cancer Research at Columbia, 1969-1983 Further Readings

Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation. 1974 Winner Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. The Lasker Foundation. http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1974basic.htm

Echols, Harrison. Operators and Promoters: The Story of Molecular Biology and its Creators. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

Morange, Michel. A History of Molecular Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Judson, Horace F. The Eighth Day of Creation: The Makers of the Revolution in Biology. Expanded edition. Plainview, NY: CSHL Press, 1996.

1930s

Shapiro, Arthur, Sol Spiegelman, and H. Koster. "A Rapid Method for the Study of Genetics in Large Populations." Journal of Genetics 34, no. 2 (1937): 237-245.

1940s

Spiegelman, Sol, and Carl C. Lindegren. "A Comparison of the Kinetics of Enzymatic Adaptation in Genetically Homogenous and Heterogenous Populations of Yeast." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 31 (1944): 219-233.

Spiegelman, Sol, Carl C. Lindegren, and Loyd Hedgecock. "Mechanism of Enzymatic Adaptation in Genetically Controlled Yeast Populations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 30, no. 1 (1944): 13-23.

Spiegelman, Sol. "The Physiology and Genetic Significance of Enzymatic Adaptation." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 32 (1945): 139-163.

Spiegelman, Sol, and Martin D. Kamen. "Genes and Nucleoproteins in the Synthesis of Enzymes." Science 104, no. 2712 (1946): 581-584.

Spiegelman, Sol. "Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Factors Controlling Enzymatic Constitution." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 11 (1946): 256-277.

1950s

Spiegelman, Sol, W. F. DeLorenzo, and Ailsa M. Campbell. "A Single-Cell Analysis of the Transmission of Enzyme-Forming Capacity in Yeast." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 37, no. 8 (1951): 513-524.

Rotman, Boris, and Sol Spiegelman. "On the Origin of the Carbon in the Induced Synthesis of [Beta]-Galactosidase in Escherichia coli." Journal of Bacteriology 68, no. 4 (1954): 419-429.

Spiegelman, Sol, and Harlyn O. Halvorson. "On the Role of the Inducer in the Synthesis of Maltase in Yeast." Journal of Bacteriology 68, no. 3 (1954): 265-273.

Spiegelman, Sol. "Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Subcellular Fractions of Bacterial Cells." In Recent Progress in Microbiology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1958.

1960s

Nomura, Masayasu, Benjamin D. Hall, and Sol Spiegelman. "Characterization of RNA Synthesized in Escherichia coli after Bacteriophage T2 Infection." Journal of Molecular Biology 2 (1960): 306-326.

Spiegelman, Sol, Benjamin D. Hall, and Roger Storck. "The Occurrence of Natural DNA-RNA Complexes in E. coli Infected with T2." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 47, no. 8 (1961): 1135-1141.

Spiegelman, Sol. "The Relation of Informational RNA to DNA." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 26 (1961): 75-90.

Cowie, Dean B., Sol Spiegelman, Richard B. Roberts, and Jacob D. Duerksen. "Ribosome-Bound [Beta]-Galactosidase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 47, no. 1 (1961): 114-122.

Hall, Benjamin D., and Sol Spiegelman. "Sequence Complementarity of T2-DNA and T2-Specific RNA." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 47, no. 2 (1961): 137-146.

Doi, Roy H., and Sol Spiegelman. "Homology Test Between the Nucleic Acid of an RNA Virus and the DNA in the Host Cell." Science 138, no. 3546 (1962): 1270-1272.

Yankofsky, Saul A., and Sol Spiegelman. "The Identification of the Ribosomal RNA Cistron by Sequence Complementarity, I. Specificity of Complex Formation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 48, no. 6 (1962): 1069-1078.

Yankofsky, Saul A., and Sol Spiegelman. "The Identification of the Ribosomal RNA Cistron by Sequence Complementarity, II. Saturation of and Competitive Interaction at the RNA Cistron." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 48, no. 8 (1962): 1466-1472.

Giacomoni, Dario, and Sol Spiegelman. "Origin and Biologic Individuality of the Genetic Dictionary." Science 138, no. 3547 (1962): 1328-1331.

Spiegelman, Sol, and Masaki Hayashi. "The Present Status of the Transfer of Genetic Information and Its Control." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 28 (1963): 161-181.

Hayashi, Masaki, Marie N. Hayashi, and Sol Spiegelman. "Restriction of In Vivo Genetic Transcription to One of the Complementary Strands of DNA." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 50, no. 4 (1963): 664-672.

Haruna, Ichiro, Kandai Nozu, Yoshiharu Ohtaka, and Sol Spiegelman. "An RNA 'Replicase' Induced by and Selective for a Viral RNA: Isolation and Properties." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 50, no. 5 (1963): 905-911.

Spiegelman, Sol. "Hybrid Nucleic Acids." Scientific American 183 (1964): 1-10.

Gillespie, David, and Sol Spiegelman. "A Quantitative Assay for DNA-RNA Hybrids with DNA Immobilized on a Membrane." Journal of Molecular Biology 12 (1965): 829-842.

Spiegelman, Sol, Ichiro Haruna, I. Barry Holland, George Beaudreau, and Donald Mills. "The Synthesis of a Self-Propagating and Infectious Nucleic Acid with a Purified Enzyme." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 54, no. 3 (1965): 919-927.

Spiegelman, Sol, and Ichiro Haruna. "Problems of an RNA Genome Operating in a DNA-Dominated Biological Universe." Journal of General Physiology 49, no. 6 (1966): 263-304.

Spiegelman, Sol, and Ichiro Haruna. "A Rationale for an Analysis of RNA Replication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 55, no. 6 (1966): 1539-1554.

Bishop, David H. L., J. Russell Claybrook, and Sol Spiegelman. "Electrophoretic Separation of Viral Nucleic Acids on Polyacrylamide Gels." Journal of Molecular Biology 26 (1967): 373-387.

Mills, Donald R., Ronald L. Peterson, and Sol Spiegelman. "An Extracellular Darwinian Experiment with a Self-Duplicating Nucleic Acid Molecule." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 58, no. 1 (1967): 217-224.

Levisohn, Reuben, and Sol Spiegelman. "The Cloning of a Self-Replicating RNA Molecule." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 60, no. 3 (1968): 866-872.

Levisohn, Reuben, and Sol Spiegelman. "Further Extracellular Darwinian Experiments with Replicating RNA Molecules: Diverse Variants Isolated Under Different Selective Conditions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 63, no. 3 (1969): 805-811.

1970s

Spiegelman, Sol, Arsene Burny, M. Ramachandra Das, Iafa Keydar, Jeffrey Schlom, Miloslav Travnicek, and Kenneth Watson. "Characterization of the Products of RNA-Directed DNA Polymerases in Oncogenic RNA Viruses." Nature 227 (1970): 563-567.

Spiegelman, Sol, Arsene Burny, M. Ramachandra Das, Iafa Keydar, Jeffrey Schlom, Miloslav Travnicek, and Kenneth Watson. "DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase Activity in Oncogenic RNA Viruses." Nature 227 (1970): 1029-1031.

Spiegelman, Sol, Arsene Burny, M. Ramachandra Das, Iafa Keydar, Jeffrey Schlom, Miloslav Travnicek, and Kenneth Watson. "Synthetic DNA-RNA Hybrids and RNA-RNA Duplexes as Templates for the DNA Polymerases of the Oncogenic RNA Viruses." Nature 228 (1970): 430-432.

Schlom, Jeffrey, Sol Spiegelman, and Daniel H. Moore. "RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase Activity in Virus-Like Particles Isolated from Human Milk." Nature 231 (1971): 97-100.

Schlom, Jeffrey, and Sol Spiegelman. "Simultaneous Detection of Reverse Transcriptase and High Molecular Weight RNA Unique to Oncogenic RNA Viruses." Science 174 (1971): 840-843.

Baxt, William G., and Sol Spiegelman. "Nuclear DNA Sequences Present in Human Leukemic Cells and Absent in Normal Leukocytes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 69 (1972): 3737-3741.

Axel, Richard, Jeffrey Schlom, and Sol Spiegelman. "Presence in Human Breast Cancer of RNA Homologous to Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus RNA." Nature 235 (1972): 32-36.

Schlom, Jeffrey, Sol Spiegelman, and Daniel H. Moore. "Reverse Transcriptase and High Molecular Weight RNA in Particles from Mouse and Human Milk." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 48 (1972): 1197-1203.

Hehlman, Rudiger, Donald Kufe, and Sol Spiegelman. "Viral-Related RNA in Hodgkin's Disease and Other Human Lymphomas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 69 (1972): 1727-1731.

Spiegelman, Sol, Richard Axel, and Jeffrey Schlom. "Virus-Related RNA in Human and Mouse Mammary Tumors." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 48 (1972): 1205-1211.

Mills, Donald R., Fred R. Kramer, and Sol Spiegelman. "Complete Nucleotide Sequence of a Replicating RNA Molecule." Science 180 (1973): 916-927.

Baxt, William, Jerome W. Yates, James Wallace, Jr., James F. Holland, and Sol Spiegelman. "Leukemia-Specific DNA Sequences in Leukocytes of the Leukemic Member of Identical Twins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 70 (1973): 2629-2632.

Kufe, Donald W., William P. Peters, and Sol Spiegelman. "Unique Nuclear DNA Sequences in the Involved Tissues of Hodgkin's and Burkitt's Lymphomas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 70, no. 12 (1973): 3810-3814.

Hehlman, Rudiger, Anna Goldfeder, and Sol Spiegelman. "RNA Tumor Viruses Present in Growing and Absent in Regressing Mammary Tumors of Mice." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 52 (1974): 49-61.

Spiegelman, Sol, Richard Axel, William Baxt, Donald Kufe, and Jeffrey Schlom. "The Molecular Genetics of Human Cancer and Its Etiologic Implications." Genetics 79 (1975): 317-378.

Spiegelman, Sol. "The Search for Viruses in Human Cancer." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 120 (1976): 69-86.

Ritzi, Earl, Daniel S. Martin, Robert L. Stolfi, and Sol Spiegelman. "Plasma Levels of a Viral Protein as a Diagnostic Signal for the Presence of Mammary Tumor: The Effect of Tumor Removal." Journal of Experimental Medicine 145 (1977): 999-1013.

Ohno, Tadao, Raymond W. Sweet, Renqiu Hu, D. DeJak, and Sol Spiegelman. "Purification and Characterization of the DNA Polymerase of Human Breast Cancer Particles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 (1977): 764-768.

Mesa-Tejada, Ricardo, Iafa Keydar, Malini Ramanarayanan, Tadao Ohno, Carla Fenoglio, and Sol Spiegelman. "Detection in Human Breast Carcinomas of an Antigen Immunologically Related to a Group-Specific Antigen of the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 75 (1978): 1529-1533.

Spiegelman, Sol, Ricardo Mesa-Tejada, Iafa Keydar, Malini Ramanarayanan, Tadao Ohno, Rabindranath Nayak, Robert Sawyer, and Carla Fenoglio. "Molecular Biology of Human Cancer and Its Implications of Diagnosis and Treatment." Paper read at AACC Arnold O. Beckman Conference on the Clinical Biochemistry of Cancer (San Antonio), 1979.

1980s

Spiegelman, Sol, Rabindranath Nayak, Robert Sawyer, Robert Stolfi, and Daniel Martin. "Possible Diagnostic Implications of a Mammary Tumor Virus Related Protein in Human Breast Cancer." Cancer 46 (1980): 879-892.