International Energy Annual 2006

The International Energy Annual presents information and trends on world energy production and consumption for petroleum, natural gas, coal, and electricity. Production and consumption data are reported in standard United States physical units as well as British thermal units (Btu). Reserve estimates are shown for petroleum, natural gas, and coal and trade data are provided for these three fuels and for electricity. Data are provided on crude oil refining capacity and electricity installed capacity by type. Also available are estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels. Prices are included for selected crude oils. Population data are also provided. (Note: In the discussion that follows, the data for total production of primary energy in 1996 and 2006 include production in the United States of 2.6 and 2.7 quadrillion Btu, respectively, of renewable energy not used for electricity generation (Table F.9). This renewable energy production includes biomass (biofuels, wood, and waste), geothermal, and solar energy not used for electricity generation. Likewise, the data for total consumption of primary energy in 1996 and 2006 include consumption in the United States of 2.6 and 2.8 quadrillion Btu, respectively, of renewable energy not used for electricity generation. (Table E.8). World Primary Energy Production Trends Between 1996 and 2006, the world's total output of primary energy -- petroleum, natural gas, coal, and electric power (hydro, nuclear, geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste)--increased at an average annual rate of 2.3 percent (Table 2.9). World production increased from 373 quadrillion Btu in 1996 to 469 quadrillion Btu in 2006. In 2006, petroleum (crude oil and natural gas plant liquids) continued to be the world's most important primary energy source, accounting for 35.9 percent, or 169 quadrillion Btu, of world primary energy production (Table 2.9). Between 1996 and 2006, petroleum production increased by 11.7 million barrels per day, or 16.9 percent, rising from 69.5 to 81.3 million barrels per day (Tables 2.2 and 2.3). The Eurasia region had the largest production gain, followed by the MiddleEast, and Africa. Their combined gains over the period from 1996 to 2006 were 12.4 million barrels per day. Coal ranked second as a primary energy source in 2006, accounting for 27.4 percent of world primary energy production (Table 2.9). World coal production totaled 6.8 billion short tons, or 128 quadrillion Btu, in 2006, and it increased by 32.7 percent from the 1996 level of 5.1 billion short tons (Tables 2.1 and 2.9). Dry natural gas ranked third as a primary energy source, accounting for 22.8 percent of world primary energy production in 2006 (Table 2.9). Production of dry natural gas was 104.0 trillion cubic feet, or 107 quadrillion Btu, in 2006 (Tables 2.1 and 2.9). Production increased by 22.2 trillion cubic feet from 81.8 trillion cubic feet in 1996, a gain of 27.1 percent. Hydro, nuclear, and other (geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste) electric power generation ranked fourth, fifth, and sixth, respectively, as primary energy sources in 2006, accounting for 6.3, 5.9, and 1.0 percent, respectively, of world primary energy production (Table 2.9). Together they accounted for a combined total of 6.1 trillion kilowatthours, or 62 quadrillion Btu, in 2006 (Tables 2.1 and 2.9). Hydroelectric power generation increased significantly between 1996 and 2006, rising from 2.5 trillion kilowatthours to 3.0 trillion kilowatthours, a 20.2-percent increase. Nuclear electric power contributed 2.7 trillion kilowatthours in 2006, up 16.1 percent from 2.3 trillion kilowatthours in 1996. Geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power generation also increased significantly over the same period, rising from 178 billion kilowatthours to 414 billion kilowatthours, a 133.2-percent increase. In 2006, United States production of 2.7 quadrillion Btu of renewable energy not used for electricity generation ranked seventh as a primary energy source, accounting for 0.6 percent of world primary energy production (Table 2.9). Major Energy Producers and Consumers In 2006, three countries--the United States, China, and Russia--were the leading producers and consumers of world energy (Tables F.1 and E.1). These three countries produced 41 percent and consumed 43 percent of the world's total energy. The United States, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Canada were the world's five largest producers of energy in 2006, supplying 50.3 percent of the world's total energy (Table F.1). The next five leading producers of primary energy were Iran, India, Australia, Mexico, and Norway, and together they supplied an additional 12.2 percent of the world's total energy. The United States supplied 71.0 quadrillion Btu of primary energy, just 5 perecnt more than the 67.7 quadrillion Btu produced by China, while Russia produced 53.3 quadrillion Btu . The United States, China, Russia, Japan, and India were the world's five largest consumers of primary energy in 2006, accounting for 51.8 percent of world energy consumption (Table E.1). They were followed by Germany, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and Brazil, which together accounted for an additional 12.6 percent of world energy consumption. The United States consumed 99.9 quadrillion Btu, just over one and one-third times as much as the 73.8 quadrillion Btu consumed by China, while Russia consumed 30.4 quadrillion Btu. Regional Energy Production and Consumption Comparisons of energy production and consumption by region help to highlight key energy trends since 1996. In North America, the overall production of energy rose by only 2.0 quadrillion Btu between 1996 and 2006 (Table F.1). Nuclear electric power generation and natural gas production both increased by 1.2 quadrillion Btu ,while hydroelectric power generation decreased by 0.9 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.7, F.4, and F.6). Energy consumption in North America increased by 8.9 quadrillion Btu between 1996 and 2006, only the third largest increase for any region (Table E.1). The largest North American increases occurred in the consumption of petroleum, 5.6 quadrillion Btu, coal, 1.8 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power, 1.2 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.2, E.4, and E.6). Overall production of energy in the Central & South America region increased by 6.5 quadrillion Btu between 1996 and 2006, led by increases in natural gas production, 2.4 quadrillion Btu, hydroelectric power generation, 1.4 quadrillion Btu, coal production, 1.1 quadrillion Btu, and crude oil production, 1.0 quadrillion Btu, (Tables F.1, F.4, F.6, F.5, and F.2). Energy consumption in the Central & South America region increased by 5.7 quadrillion Btu over the same period (Table E.1). The largest increases occurred in the consumption of petroleum, 2.1 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 1.8 quadrillion Btu, and hydroelectric power, 1.4 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.2, E.3, and E.5). In 2006, total energy production in Europe decreased by 4.1 quadrillion Btu from the level in 1996 (Table F.1). Gains between 1996 and 2006 were greatest for geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power generation, 1.4 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power generation, 0.6 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.8 and F.7). These increases were more than offset by a 3.5-quadrillion-Btu drop in crude oil production and a 2.8-quadrillion-Btu drop in coal production (Tables F.2 and F.5). European energy consumption increased by 6.8 quadrillion Btu between 1996 and 2006 (Table E.1). The increase was led by natural gas, 4.3 quadrillion Btu, petroleum, 1.5 quadrillion Btu, and geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power, 1.4 quadrillion Btu, while coal consumption decreased by 0.8 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.3, E.2, E.7, and E.4). Between 1996 and 2006, energy production in Eurasia increased by 17.8 quadrillion Btu, the second largest increase for any region (Table F.1).The largest increases in energy production were in crude oil, 10.2 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 4.3 quadrillion Btu, and coal, 2.1 quadrillion Btu, (Tables F.2, F.4, and F.5). Consumption in this region increased by 4.3 quadrillion Btu (Table E.1). The largest increases were in natural gas, 3.5 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power, 0.5 quadrillion Btu, (Tables E.3 and E.6)). Since 1996, energy production in the Middle East increased by 15.8 quadrillion Btu, only the third largest increase for any region (Table F.1). The increase was concentrated in crude oil, 7.5 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 6.7 quadrillion Btu, and natural gas plant liquids, 1.5 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.2, F.4 and F.3 ). The increase in energy consumption in the Middle East between 1996 and 2006 was 9.2 quadrillion Btu, the second largest increase for any region (Table E.1). The largest consumption increases were in natural gas, 5.2 quadrillion Btu, and petroleum, 3.8 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.3 and E.2). Energy production in Africa increased by 10.6 quadrillion Btu between 1996 and 2006, led by increases in the production of crude oil, 5.2 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 3.6 quadrillion Btu, and coal, 1.1 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.1, F.2, F.4, and F.5). Energy consumption in Africa grew more slowly over the same period, rising by only 3.6 quadrillion Btu, led by petroleum, 1.3 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 1.2 quadrillion Btu, and coal, 0.7 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.1, E.2, E.3, and E.4). The largest regional increase in primary energy production between 1996 and 2006 occurred in the Asia & Oceania region, where production increased by 47.4 quadrillion Btu (Table F.1). Coal production accounted for 37.1 quadrillion Btu or 78 percent of the increase, natural gas production for 4.6 quadrillion Btu, hydroelectric power generation for 3.0 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power generation for 1.2 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.5, F.4, F.6, and F.7). Consumption in this region increased by 58.4 quadrillion Btu over the same period, also the largest increase for any region (Table E.1). Coal accounted for 61 percent, or 35.5 quadrillion Btu, of this increase, while petroleum accounted for another 20 percent, or 11.5 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.4 and E.2). At the same time, the consumption of natural gas rose by 6.6 quadrillion Btu, hydroelectric power by 3.0 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power by 1.2 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.3, E.5, and E.6). Petroleum Global production of petroleum (crude oil and natural gas plant liquids) increased by 11.7 million barrels per day between 1996 and 2006, an average annual rate of growth of 1.6 percent (Tables 2.2 and 2.3). Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States were the three largest producers of petroleum in 2006. Together, they produced 33.3 percent of the world's petroleum. Production from Iran and Mexico accounted for an additional 9.6 percent. In 2006, the United States consumed 20.7 million barrels per day of petroleum--24 percent of world consumption (Table 1.2). China and Japan ranked a distant second and third in consumption, with 7.2 and 5.2 million barrels per day, respectivley, followed by Russia and Germany. Natural Gas World production of dry natural gas increased by 22.2 trillion cubic feet, or at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent, over the period from 1996 to 2006 (Table 2.4). Russia was the leading producer in 2006 at 23.2 trillion cubic feet, followed by the United States at 18.5 trillion cubic feet. Together these two countries produced 40 percent of the world total. Canada ranked a distant third in production at 6.5 trillion cubic feet, followed by Iran and Norway, with 3.8 and 3.2 trillion cubic feet, respectively. These three countries accounted for 13 percent of the world total. In 2006, the United States, which was the leading consumer of dry natural gas at 21.7 trillion cubic feet, and Russia, which ranked second at 16.6 trillion cubic feet, together accounted for 37 percent of world consumption (Table 1.3). Iran ranked a distant third in consumption, with 3.8 trillion cubic feet, followed by Germany and Canada, at 3.5 and 3.3 trillion cubic feet, respectively. Coal Coal production increased by 1.7 billion short tons between 1996 and 2006, or at an average annual rate of 2.9 percent (Table 2.5). China was the leading producer in 2006 at 2.6 billion short tons--equivalent to 52.8 quadrillion Btu (Tables 2.5 and F.5). The United States was the second leading producer in 2006 with 1.2 billion short tons--equivalent to 23.8 quadrillion Btu. India ranked a distant third at 499 million short tons--equivalent to 8.2 quadrillion Btu, followed by Australia, at 420 million short tons--equivalent to 8.6 quadrillion Btu, and Russia at 323 million short tons--equivalent to 6.1 quadrillion Btu. Together, these five countries accounted for 74 percent of world coal production in 2006 (Table 2.5). China was also the largest consumer of coal in 2006, using 2.6 billion short tons, followed by the United States, which consumed 1.1 billion short tons, India, Germany, and Russia (Table 1.4). These five countries together accounted for 71 percent of world coal consumption. Hydroelectric Power The generation of hydroelectric power increased by 503 billion kilowatthours between 1996 and 2006, or at an average annual rate of 1.9 percent (Table 2.6). China, Canada, Brazil, the United States, and Russia, were the five largest producers of hydroelectric power in 2006. Their combined hydroelectric power generation accounted for 39 percent of the world total. China led the world with 431 billion kilowatthours or 4.3 quadrillion Btu (Tables 2.6 and F.6). Canada ranked second with 352 billion kilowatthours or 3.5 quadrillion Btu and Brazil was third with 345 billion kilowatthours or 3.4 quadrillion Btu. The United States was fourth with 289 billion kilowatthours or 2.9 quadrillion Btu, followed by Russia with 174 billion kilowatthours or 1.7 quadrillion Btu. Nuclear Electric Power The generation of nuclear electric power increased by 369 billion kilowatthours between 1996 and 2006, or at an average annual rate of 1.5 percent (Table 2.7). The United States led the world in nuclear electric power generation in 2006 with 787 billion kilowatthours or 8.2 quadrillion Btu (Tables 2.7 and F.7). France was second with 428 billion kilowatthours or 4.4 quadrillion Btu and Japan ranked third with 288 billion kilowatthours or 2.9 quadrillion Btu. In 2006, these three countries generated 57 percent of the world's nuclear electric power (Table 2.7). Geothermal, Solar, Wind, and Wood and Waste Electric Power The generation of geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power increased by 237 billion kilowatthours between 1996 and 2006, or at an average annual rate of 8.8 percent (Table 2.8). The United States led the world in geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power generation in 2006 with 110 billion kilowatthours. Germany was second with 52 billion kilowatthours, followed by Spain with 27 billion kilowatthours, Japan with 26 billion kilowatthours, and Brazil with 17 billion kilowatthours. These five countries accounted for 52 percent of the world geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power generation in 2006. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels Total world carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of petroleum, natural gas, and coal, and the flaring of natural gas increased from 22.8 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 1996 to 29.2 billion metric tons in 2006, or by 28.0 percent (Table H.1co2). The average annual growth rate of carbon dioxide emissions over the period was 2.5 percent (Note: Carbon dioxide emissions are measured here in metric tons of carbon dioxide. Tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44. ) China, the United States, Russia, India, and Japan were the world's five largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels in 2006, producing 55 percent of the world total. The next five leading producers of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels were Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Iran, and together they produced an additional 10 percent of the world total. In 2006, China's total carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels were 6.0 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about 2 percent more than the 5.9 bllion metric tons produced by the United States. Russia produced 1.7 billion metric tons, India 1.3 billion metric tons, and Japan 1.2 billion metric tons. In 2006, the consumption of coal was the world's largest source of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels, accounting for 41.3 percent of the total (Tables H.4co2 and H.1co2). World carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of coal totaled 12.1 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2006, up 42 percent from the 1996 level of 8.5 billion metric tons. China and the United States were the two largest producers of carbon dioxide from the consumption of coal in 2006 accounting for 41 and 18 percent, respectively, of the world total. India, Japan, and Russia together accounted for an additional 14 percent. Petroleum ranked a close second as a source of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels in 2006, accounting for 38.4 percent of the total (Tables H.2co2 and H.1co2). Between 1996 and 2006 emissions from the consumption of petroleum increased by 1.6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, or 17 percent, rising from 9.6 to 11.2 billion metric tons. The United States was the largest producer of carbon dioxide from the consumption of petroleum in 2006 and accounted for 23 percent of the world total. China was the second largest producer, followed by Japan, Russia, and Germany, and together these four countries accounted for an additional 21 percent. Carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of natural gas accounted for the remaining 20.2 percent of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels in 2006 (Tables H.3co2 and H.1co2). Emissions from the consumption and flaring of natural gas increased from 4.7 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 1996 to 5.9 billion metric tons in 2006, or by 25 percent. The United States and Russia were the two largest producers of carbon dioxide from the consumption and flaring of natural gas in 2006 accounting for 20 and 15 percent, respectively, of the world total. Iran, Japan, and Germany together accounted for an additional 10 percent.