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Biofuels in the U.S. Transportation Sector
 

 

131.  O. Port, “Not Your Father’s Ethanol,” Business Week (February 21, 2005), web site www.businessweek.com/ magazine/content/05_08/b3921117.htm. 

132.  National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover, NREL/ TP-510-32438 (Golden, CO, June 2002), web site www. nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/32438.pdf. 

133.  National Biodiesel Board, “Biodiesel—Commonly Asked Questions,” web site www.nbb.org/pdf_files/ fuelfactsheets/CommonlyAsked.PDF. 

134.  U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, “State and Federal Incentives and Laws,” web site www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/view_ind_mtx.cgi?in/TAX/US/0.

135.  U.S. Department of Agriculture, The Economic Feasibility of Ethanol Production from Sugar in the United States (Washington, DC, July 2006), Table 19, web site www.usda.gov/oce/EthanolSugarFeasibilityReport3.pdf. 

136.  U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA’s 2002 Ethanol Cost-of-Production Survey (Washington, DC, July 2005), Table 3, web site www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/USDA_2002_ETHANOL.pdf. 

137.  Promar International, Evaluation and Analysis of Vegetable Oil Market: The Implication of Increased Demand for Industrial Uses on Markets & USB Strategy (November 2005), pp. 37-41, web site www.nbb.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20051101_ gen-368.pdf. 

138.  National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biomass Oil Analysis: Research Needs and Recommendations, NREL/TP-510-34796 (June 2004), Table 23, web site www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34796.pdf. 

139.  In 2005, the wholesale price of gasoline was imputed to be $1.74 per gallon and the wholesale price of diesel $1.78 per gallon. In 2012, the average U.S. wholesale prices are projected to be $1.52 and $ 1.48 per gallon, respectively, as some of the unusual margins of the refinery market are projected to return to the historical pattern.

140. U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA’s 2002 Ethanol Cost-of-Production Survey (Washington, DC, July 2005), Table 3, web site www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/USDA_2002_ETHANOL.pdf.

141. S. Howell, “Time To Take the Biodiesel Plunge?” Render Magazine (February 2005), pp. 10-14.

142. R. Pruszko, “Rendered Fats and Oils as a Biodiesel Feedstock: The Opportunities and Challenges,” Render Magazine (February 2006), pp. 10-12.

143. K. Collins, Chief Economist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Statement Before the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry” (January 10, 2007), p. 2, web site www.usda.gov/oce/newsroom/congressional_testimony/Collins_011007.pdf.

144. A. Baker and S. Zahniser, “Ethanol Reshapes the Corn Market,” Amber Waves Magazine, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2006), pp. 30-35, web site www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/April06/Features/Ethanol.htm.

145. Promar International, Evaluation and Analysis of Vegetable Oil Market: The Implication of Increased Demand for Industrial Uses on Markets & USB Strategy (November 2005), pp. 25-35, web site www.nbb.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20051101_ gen-368.pdf. 146.U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002 Census of Agriculture (Washington, DC, June 2004), Vol. 1, Chapter 1, “U.S. National Level Data,” Table 8, “Land: 2002 and 1997,” web site www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/st99_1_008_008.pdf. 147.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Summary Report: 1997 National Resources Inventory (Washington, DC, December 2000), Figure 1, “How Our Land Is Used, 1997,” web site www.nrcs.usda.gov/Technical/NRI/ 1997/summary_report/figures.html#figure1.

146. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002 Census of Agriculture (Washington, DC, June 2004), Vol. 1, Chapter 1, “U.S. National Level Data,” Table 8, “Land: 2002 and 1997,” web site www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/st99_1_008_008.pdf.

147. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Summary Report: 1997 National Resources Inventory (Washington, DC, December 2000), Figure 1, “How Our Land Is Used, 1997,” web site www.nrcs.usda.gov/Technical/NRI/1997/summary_report/figures.html#figure1.

148. For a description of the Conservation Reserve Program, see web site www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/crp.

149. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Baseline Projection (Washington, DC, February 2006), Tables 8 and 13, “Planted Acres, 2005/06 Marketing Year.”

150. Historic crop yields tabulated by U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Statistics Service, web site www.nass.usda.gov/Data_and_Statistics/Quick_Stats/index.asp.

151. Average yield increase calculated from 30-year historic data supplied by U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Statistics Service.

152. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Energy, Biomass as a Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply, DOE/GO-102995-2135 (Washington, DC, April 2005), web site http:// feedstockreview.ornl.gov/pdf/billion_ton_vision.pdf.

153. Renewable Fuels Association, From Niche to Nation: Ethanol Industry Outlook 2006 (Washington, DC, February 2006), pp. 14-15, web site www.ethanolrfa.org/objects/pdf/outlook/outlook_2006.pdf.

154. Promar International, Evaluation and Analysis of Vegetable Oil Market: The Implication of Increased Demand for Industrial Uses on Markets & USB Strategy (November 2005), pp. 25-35, web site www.nbb.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20051101_ gen-368.pdf.

155. National Biodiesel Board, “Biodiesel Production,” web site www.nbb.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Production.pdf.

156. F. Luxem, “Glycerin as a C-3 Raw Material,” presented at the 2006 National Biodiesel Conference.

157. National Corn Grower’s Association, “How Much Ethanol Can Come From Corn?” (May 2006), web site www.ncga.com/ethanol/pdfs/2006/HowMuchEthanolCanComeFromCorn.v.2.pdf.

158. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Agricultural Baseline Projections 2006-2015,” web site www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Baseline/crops.htm.

159. National Corn Growers Association, “U.S. Corn Usage by Segment, 2005” (pie chart), web site www.ncga. com/WorldOfCorn/main/consumption1.asp.

160. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, web site www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/reg_matrx.cgi.

161. K. Collins, Chief Economist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Statement before the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works” (September 6, 2006), p. 8, web site www.usda.gov/oce/newsroom/congressional_testimony/Biofuels Testimony 9-6-2006.doc.