The Water
Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural
Library
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of
Agriculture
Agricultural Conservation Practices and
Related Issues: Reviews of the State of the Art and Research
Needs
A Conservation Effects
Assessment Bibliography
Special Reference Briefs
Series no. SRB 2004-04
Compiled by
Joseph R. Makuch
Stuart R. Gagnon
Ted J. Sherman
Water Quality Information
Center
National Agricultural
Library
Agricultural Research
Service
U.S. Department of
Agriculture
1815 citations
National Agricultural Library Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 August 2004
National Agricultural Library
Cataloging Record:
Makuch, Joseph
R.
Agricultural
conservation practices and related issues : reviews of the state of
the art and research needs.
(Special reference
briefs ; NAL-SRB. 2004-04)
1. Agricultural
conservation--United States--Bibliography.
2.
Agriculture--Research--United States--Bibliography.
I. Gagnon, Stuart R. II.
Sherman, Ted J. III. Water Quality Information Center (U.S.) IV.
Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.
2004-04
Abstract
Agricultural Conservation
Practices and Related Issues: Reviews of the State of the Art and
Research Needs , Special
Reference Brief 2004-04. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National
Agricultural Library.
This bibliography is one in a
multi-volume set developed by the Water Quality Information Center
at the National Agricultural Library in support of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's Conservation Effects Assessment Project
(CEAP). This bibliography is a guide to recent literature covering
agricultural conservation practices and associated issues. This
bibliography provides people working in the area of agriculture and the environment
with information resources to help them design and implement
productive agricultural systems that foster environmental
protection and improvement.
Keywords: conservation practices,
agricultural research, objectives, new methods, conservation
programs, Farm Bill
Mention of trade names or
commercial products in this report is solely for the purpose of
providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or
endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
To ensure timely distribution,
this report has been reproduced essentially as supplied by the
authors. It has received minimal publication editing and
design. The authors' views are their own and do not
necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
The
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in
all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color,
national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs,
sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all
prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities
who require alternative means for communication of program
information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of
discrimination, write USDA, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W,
Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington D.C.
20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal
opportunity provider and employer.
August 2004
Preface | 1 |
About This Bibliography | 2 |
Agricultural Conservation Practices and Related Issues: Reviews of the State of the Art and Research Needs | 3 |
Subject Index | 325 |
Author Index | 375 |
This is one in a series of bibliographies
developed by the Water Quality Information Center at the National
Agricultural Library in support of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP).
The purpose of CEAP is to study
the environmental effects of conservation practices implemented
through various U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation
programs. CEAP will evaluate conservation practices and management
systems related to nutrient, manure, and pest management; buffer
systems; tillage; irrigation and drainage practices; wetland
protection and restoration; and wildlife habitat establishment.
More information about CEAP is available at www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/.
The current titles in this series are
Each of the documents, as well as bibliographies on similar topics, is accessible online from the Water Quality Information Center at www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/.
The center gratefully acknowledges the following organizations who granted permission to use their citations and/or abstracts in these bibliographies.
In
addition, support from the Natural Resources Conservation Service
for the development of these bibliographies is greatly appreciated.
Joseph R. Makuch, Ph.D.
Coordinator
Water Quality Information
Center
About This
Bibliography
This bibliography is a guide to
recent literature covering agricultural conservation practices and
associated issues. It is intended to provide people working in the
area of agriculture and the environment with information resources
they can use to help design and implement productive agricultural
systems that foster environmental protection and improvement. A
range of conservation practices and environmental issues associated
with agricultural landscapes is covered.
Rather than being a listing of the
many individual studies done on conservation practices, this
bibliography focuses on literature reviews, summary articles, white
papers and books -- documents where information has already been combined and
synthesized from many sources. Taken as a whole, the bibliography
is an overview of the current understanding of conservation practices, including the
research needed to improve practices.
There are 1,815 citations with
abstracts (when available) in this bibliography. Citations were
found through literature searches of the AGRICOLA database,
produced by the National Agricultural Library, and several
commercial bibliographic databases. In addition, Water Quality
Information Center staff created citations for documents that were
located by other means. Documents cited were published from
1993 through 2003 (with a few included from early 2004). URLs
are provided for online documents that are freely available. The
inclusion or omission of a particular citation does not imply
endorsement or disapproval.
Citations are arranged
alphabetically by title. To locate information on a specific topic,
for example, conservation tillage, use the subject index beginning
on page 325. To ensure that you see all the relevant citations for
a particular topic, be sure to also look up related terms in the
subject index, for example, no till, ridge till, etc., from the
example above. An author index is also available beginning on page
375.
To obtain a specific document,
please contact your local library. Information on how to obtain
documents from the National Agricultural Library can be found
at www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/.
Agricultural
Conservation Practices and Related Issues:
Reviews of the State of the
Art and Research Needs
1. 1998 Literature Review.
Water Environment
Research 70 (4): 385-976.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1047-7624
Descriptors:
environmental monitoring/ waste
treatment/ wastewater treatment/ agricultural wastes/ sediment
transport/ groundwater/ nonpoint source pollution
Abstract: This issue is comprised of 46 different
reviews on environmental topics in six categories: Measurement and
Monitoring of Pollutants; Treatment Systems; Industrial Wastes;
Hazardous Wastes; Fate and Effects of Pollutants; and
Administration.
2. Abatement of volatile organic sulfur
compounds in odorous emissions from the bio-industry.
Smet, E and Van Langenhove,
H
Biodegradation 9 (3-4): 273-284. (1998);
ISSN: 0923-9820
Descriptors:
volatile organic sulfur compounds:
abatement, pollutants/ biodegradation/ biotechnology/ odorous
emissions: treatment/ wastewater treatment
Abstract: Compounds of interest in this work are
methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (Me2S), dimethyl polysulfides
(Me2Sx) and carbon disulfide (CS2) since these volatiles have been
identified as predominant odorants in the emission of a wide range
of activities in the bio-industry (e.g. aerobic waste water
treatment plants, composting plants, rendering plants). In these
processes, the occurrence of volatile organic sulfur compounds is
mainly related to the presence of anaerobic microsites with
consecutive fermentation of sulfur containing organic material
and/or to the breakdown of the latter due to thermal heating. Due
to the chemical complexity of these low-concentrated waste gas
streams and the high flow rates to be handled, mainly
biotechnological techniques and scrubbers can be used to control
the odour emission. When using biofilters or trickling filters,
inoculation with specific microorganisms and pH-control strategies
should be implemented to optimise the removal of volatile organic
sulfur compounds. In scrubbers, chemical oxidation of the volatile
organic sulfur compounds can be obtained by dosing hypochlorite,
ozone or hydrogen peroxide to the scrubbing liquid. However,
optimal operational conditions for each of these abatement
techniques requires a further research in order to guarantee a
long-term and efficient overall odour abatement.
© Thomson
3. Abiotic Behaviour of Organic
Micropollutants in Soils and the Aquatic Environment: A Review,
Partitioning (Part I).
Stangroom, S. J.; Lester, J. N.;
and Collins, C. D.
Environmental
Technology 21 (8): 845-863.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
TD1.E59;
ISSN: 0959-3330
Descriptors:
Path of Pollutants/ Organic Matter/
Organic Carbon/ Humic Acids/ Sorption/ Colloids/ Clays/ Soil
Contamination/ Water Pollution/ Herbicides/ Humic matter/ Sorption/
Pollution (Soil)/ Pollution (Water)/ Clay/ Aquatic environment/
Sediments/ Pesticides/ triazine/ isoproturon/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Water Quality/ Environmental action
Abstract: Recent research has confirmed the
significance of organic carbon (OC) as the key sorbent for
hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOC), as well as for many polar
compounds. However, the triazine herbicides exhibit a variable
affinity for soil organic matter (SOM) which is attributed to the
extent of humification of the organic fraction. Charge transfer
mechanisms are important for triazine sorption to OC and either
proton or electron transfer may account for the reaction mechanism
with humic acids. For many uron herbicides (e.g. chlorotoluron,
metabromuron, chloroxuron, defenoxuron), sorption correlates with
SOM. However, specific interactions between uron herbicides and a
limited quantity of active constituents within SOM have also been
proposed to explain deviations from sorption linearity at low
herbicide relative concentration. Other studies indicate that
isoproturon sorbs to organic colloids in solution and that a
sorption threshold to SOM may be operative. Below the threshold,
isoproturon appears to sorb predominantly to clays, indicating the
presence of a limited number of 'active' sorptive sites within clay
minerals. Research suggests that pesticide interactions with clay
minerals may be influenced by near-surface clay geometry; the
accessibility of the sorbing region of the sorbate to the active
site of the clay; the identity of exchangeable cations on the clay
and solution electrolytes. These recent studies indicate that
interactions between micropollutants and soils and sediments often
need to be evaluated on a compound-specific basis. This is
especially the case for polar compounds which may partition to
these environmental phases by diverse mechanisms.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
4. Abiotic Behaviour of Organic
Micropollutants in Soils and the Aquatic Environment: A Review,
Transformations (Part II).
Stangroom, S. J.; Collins, C. D.;
and Lester, J. N.
Environmental
Technology 21 (8): 865-882.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
TD1.E59;
ISSN: 0959-3330
Descriptors:
Fate of Pollutants/ Organophosphorus
Pesticides/ Photochemistry/ Degradation/ Water Pollution/ Soil
Contamination/ Organic Matter/ Carbamate Pesticides/ Pesticides
(Organophosphorus) / Decomposition/ Pollution (Water)/ Pollution
(Soil)/ Pesticides (Organonitrogen)/ Pesticides/ Herbicides/
Chemical reactions/ Photodegradation/ Pyrethroids/ Carbamate
compounds/ Organophosphorus compounds/ Hydrolysis/ Aquatic
environment/ triazine/ urea/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Water
Quality/ Environmental action
Abstract: The abiotic processes contributing to the
transformation of pesticides in soils and natural waters are
reviewed for pyrethroid, carbamate and organophosphorus (OP)
insecticides; and the urea, chlorophenoxy and s-triazine
herbicides. The review aims to highlight the known abiotic
thermochemical and photochemical reactions that may contribute to
the overall degradation of pesticides, and to identify the
environmental factors influencing degradation pathways and rates of
transformation. Studies indicate that transformation by hydrolysis
is restricted to alkaline pH for pyrethroids, OPs, carbamates and
benzoylphenylureas, and limited to acid pH for sulphonylureas. OPs
are also susceptible to catalysed hydrolysis by certain cations and
mineral-bound +III and +IV metal ions. Little or no hydrolysis of
triazines occurs in the water column or groundwaters, although
triazines may be subject to hydrolysis in certain soils at acid pH.
Tests indicate that alkaline hydrolysis is the most significant
abiotic process for mono-substituted carbamates, and that
photosensitised degradation is the most important abiotic pathway
many OPs. Certain pyrethroids, triazines and urea pesticides are
susceptible to photodegradation. However, the potential for
photosensitised transformation for the majority of pesticide
classes is uncertain (e.g. ureas, carbamates, triazines and CPHs).
Tests for sensitised photodegradation need to be extended and
undertaken in mixtures of natural sensitisers because of the
variable effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM). There appears
to be insufficient information regarding the significance of
hydrolysis, photochemical degradation, and metal/mineral-catalysed
transformation in the environment for the majority of these
extensively used pesticide classes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
5. Accounting for seasonal nitrogen
mineralization: An overview.
Vigil, M. F.; Eghball, B.; Cabrera,
M. L.; Jakubowski, B. R.; and Davis, J. G.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 464-469.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
organic nitrogen compounds/
mineralization/ soil organic matter/ seasonal variation/ soil
flora/ decomposition/ biological activity in soil/ soil biology/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
6. Achievements in management and utilization
of southern grasslands.
Hoveland, C. S.
Journal of Range
Management 53 (1): 17-22.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
60.18 J82;
ISSN: 0022-409X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
7. Achieving soil carbon sequestration in the
United States: A challenge to the policy makers.
Lal, R.; Follett, R. F.; and
Kimble, J. M.
Soil Science 168 (12): 827-845. (2003)
NAL Call #:
56.8 So3;
ISSN: 0038-075X.
Notes: Number of References: 143; Publisher: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ climate
change/ humus/ secondary carbonates/ soil carbon/ dynamics/
conservation tillage/ land use/ soil restoration/ soil degradation/
organic carbon/ wheat fallow/ chemical properties/ grassland soils/
climate change/ CO2 emissions/ crop rotation/ global change/
central Ohio/ urban trees
Abstract: Carbon (C) sequestration in soil implies
enhancing the concentrations/pools of soil organic matter and
secondary carbonates. It is achieved through adoption of
recommended management practices (RMPs) on soils of agricultural,
grazing, and forestry ecosystems, and conversion of degraded soils
and drastically disturbed lands to restorative land use. Of the 916
million hectares (Mha) comprising the total land area in the
continental United States and Alaska, 157 Mha (17.1%) are under
cropland, 336 Mha (36.7%) under grazing land, 236 Mha (25.8%) under
forest, 14 Mha (1.5%) under Conservation Reserve Programs (CRP),
and 20 Mha (2.2%) are under urban land use. Land areas affected by
different soil degradative processes include 52 Mha affected by
water erosion, 48 Mha by wind erosion, 0.2 Mha by secondary
salinization, and more than 4 Mha affected by mining. Adoption of
RMPs can lead to sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC) at an
annual rate of 45 to 98 Tg (teragram = 1 X 10(12) g = 1 million
metric tons or MMT) in cropland, 13 to 70 Tg in grazing land, and
25 to 102 Tg in forestlands. In addition, there is an annual soil C
sequestration potential of 21 to 77 Tg by land conversion, 25 to 60
Tg by land restoration, and 15 to 25 Tg by management of other land
uses. Thus, the total potential of C sequestration in soils of the
United States is 144 to 432 Tg/y or an average of 288 Tg C/y. With
the implementation of suitable policy initiatives, this potential
is realizable for up to 30 years or when the soil C sink capacity
is filled. In comparison, emission by agricultural activities is
estimated at: 43 Tg C/y, and the current rate of SOC sequestration
is reported as 17 Tg C/y. The challenge the policy makers face is
to be able to develop and implement policies that are conducive to
realization of this potential.
© Thomson ISI
8. Additives to reduce ammonia and odor
emissions from livestock wastes: A review.
McCrory, D. F. and Hobbs, P.
J.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 30 (2): 345-355.
(Mar. 2001-Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA]
Descriptors:
animal wastes/ feed additives/
adsorbents/ pollution control/ ammonia/ odors/ emission/ literature
reviews/ microbial based feed additives/ digestive additives/
acidifying additives
Abstract: This paper reviews the use of additives to
reduce odor and ammonia (NH3) emissions from livestock wastes.
Reduction of NH3 volatilization has been shown to be possible,
particularly with acidifying and adsorbent additives, and potential
exists to develop further practical and cost-effective additives in
this area. Masking, disinfecting, and oxidizing agents can provide
short-term control of malodor, but as the capacity of these
additives is finite, they require frequent reapplication.
Microbial-based digestive additives may offer a solution to this
problem as they are regenerative, but they appear to have been
developed without a thorough understanding of microbiological
processes occurring in livestock wastes. Currently, their use to
reduce odor or NH3 emissions cannot be recommend. If the potential
of these types of additives is to be realized, research needs to
shift from simply evaluating these unknown products to
investigating known strains of bacteria or enzymes with known modes
of action. To protect the farmers' interest, standard independent
test procedures are required to evaluate efficacy. Such tests
should be simple and quantify the capacity of the additive to
perform as claimed. The principle use of additives needs to be
identified and addressed during their development. Producers may
not use effective additives in one area if they further compound
other problems that they perceived to be more important. There is
the potential to use additives to treat other problems associated
with livestock wastes, particularly to improve handling properties,
reduce pollution potential to watercourses, and reduce pathogenic
bacteria. Further work is required in these areas.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
9. Adsorption and degradation: From the
laboratory to the real world.
Walker, A.
In: Pesticide in air, plant, soil
& water system: Proceedings of the XII Symposium Pesticide
Chemistry. (Held 4 Jun
2003-6 Jun 2003 at Piacenza, Italy.) Del Re, A. A. M.; Capri, E.;
Padovani, L.; and Trevisan, M. (eds.); pp. 1-6; 2003.
ISBN: 88-7830-359-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
10. Advances in Actinorhizal Symbiosis: Host
Plant-Frankia Interactions, Biology, and Applications in Arid Land
Reclamation, A Review.
Schwencke, J. and Caru,
M.
Arid Land Research and
Management 15 (4): 285-327.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S592.17.A73 A74;
ISSN: 1532-4982
Descriptors:
Nitrogen fixation/ Reclaimed land/
Trees/ Plants/ Reviews/ Symbiosis/ Frankia/ Nitrogen
cycle
Abstract: Symbiotic association of the N
sub(2)-fixing actinomycete Frankia with the roots of more than 200
tree species from 24 genera of 8 families of angiosperms has been
studied since 1829. The first successful isolation of the
microsymbiont and reinfection in the host plant was achieved in
1978. Marked advances in research and understanding of Frankia
biology, its actinorhizal hosts and their interactions have made
since then, although the studies on Frankia have been hampered by
difficulties of isolation and their slow growth rate in vitro.
Exponential growth with high biomass yields within three to four
days has been obtained for a number of strains isolated from
Casuarina spp. Use of BAP medium, supplemented with avian
phospholipid mixtures and certain fatty acids at controled O sub(2)
access, optimizes growth. Monosporal cultures are scarce; recently
a few became available for biochemical and genetic studies.
Research using exponentially growing cultures has yielded
information on a complex proteolytic system, including proteasomes,
endo- and extracellular proteinases and aminopeptidases, and also
on esterases, dehydrogenases, and extracellular DNAses. Molecular
tools have revealed a marked genetic diversity of Frankia soil
populations and have enabled the definition of four clades in the
Frankia phylogenetic tree. Studies on Frankia-host plant
interactions have detected molecular signal exchange preceeding the
establishment of symbiosis. Similarly, there is progress in
research on transgenic actinorhizal plants and on
actinorhizal-specific genes and proteins (actinorhizins) involved
in symbiotic interactions, infectivity, and host specificity.
Actinorhizal plants are rapidly growing species, able to develop in
N-poor soils, and for certain species, in harsh environmental
stress conditions. They increase the fertility of agroforestry
ecosystems, and have an economic potential for timber, fuelwood
production, land reclamation, and amenity planting. The Casuarina
spp. are of especial value in arid environments.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
11. Advances in grassland science.
Mannetje, L. 'T.
Netherlands Journal of
Agricultural Science 50 (2):
195-221. (2002)
NAL Call #:
12 N3892;
ISSN: 0028-2928
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
12. Advances in plant health management in the
twentieth century.
Cook, R. J.
Annual Review of
Phytopathology 38: 95-116.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
464.8-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4286 [APPYAG]
Descriptors:
plant diseases/ plant protection/
integrated pest management/ planting stock/ roots/ soil fumigation/
rotations/ tillage/ intensive production/ air microbiology/ plant
pests/ pest control/ epidemiology/ population ecology / decision
making/ prediction/ defense mechanisms/ biological control/
biotechnology/ maximum yield/ crop yield/ literature reviews/ plant
disease control
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
13. Advances in poultry litter disposal
technology: A review.
Kelleher BP; Leahy JJ; Henihan AM;
O'Dwyer TF; Sutton D; and Leahy MJ
Bioresource
Technology 83 (1): 27-36.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
TD930.A32
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
14. Advances in weed management
strategies.
Ghersa, C. M.; Benech Arnold, R.
L.; Satorre, E. H.; and
Martinez Ghersa, M. A.
Field Crops Research
67 (2): 95-104. (2000)
NAL Call #:
SB183.F5;
ISSN: 0378-4290 [FCREDZ].
Notes: Special issue: Plant phenology and the
management of crop-weed interactions / edited by C.M. Ghersa. Paper
presented at a workshop held October 13-15, 1997, Buenos Aires,
Argentina. Includes references.
Descriptors:
weeds/ weed control/ integrated pest
management/ annuals/ perennials/ long term experiments/ population
dynamics/ population growth/ developmental stages/ demography/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
15. The advantages of implementation of water
conservation practices in arid, semiarid regions.
Agassi, M.
Journal of Sustainable
Agriculture 18 (2/3): 63-69.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.S86S8;
ISSN: 1044-0046 [JSAGEB]
Descriptors:
arid zones/ semiarid zones/ water
conservation/ water erosion/ water availability/ rain/ runoff/
mulching/ evaporation/ water use efficiency/ aquifers/ soil
conservation/ literature reviews/ erosion control
Abstract: In arid, semiarid regions (ASAR), water is
the limiting factor for economical yields, and the main source of
water for crops is the annual rainfall. Taking into consideration
that there is no considerable soil erosion by rain water without
runoff initiation, it suggested to focus on the control of rainfall
water loss (runoff) instead of on the control of soil loss by rain
water, e.g., to replace terracing practices with mulching and
increasing of the soil surface storage practices. Mulching also
reduces direct evaporation of rain water, therefore increasing rain
water use efficiency by crops and the recharge of
aquifers.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
16. Aeration of livestock manure slurry and
lagoon liquid for odor control: A review.
Westerman PW and Zhang
RH
Applied Engineering in
Agriculture 13 (2): 245-249.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S671.A66
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
17. Aerial pollutants and the health of poultry
farmers.
Whyte, R. T.
World's Poultry Science
Journal
49 (2): 131-156. (1993)
NAL Call #:
47.8-W89;
ISSN: 0043-9339
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
18. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil
crustability and erodibility: Theory and methodology.
Le, Bissonnais Y
European Journal of Soil
Science 47 (4): 425-437.
(1996);
ISSN: 1351-0754.
Notes: Subtitle: [Part] I.
Descriptors:
aggregation stability/ crusting/
erosion/ soil crustability/ soil erodibility/ soil
science
Abstract: Crusting and erosion of cultivated soils
result from aggregate breakdown and the detachment of soil
fragments by rain, and the susceptibility of soil to these
processes is often inferred from measurements of aggregate
stability. Here, theories of aggregate breakdown are reviewed and
four main mechanisms (i.e. slaking, breakdown by differential
swelling, mechanical breakdown by raindrop impact and
physico-chemical dispersion) are defined. Their relative importance
depends on the nature of the rain, as well as on the soil's
physical and chemical properties. The relations between aggregate
breakdown, crusting and water erosion are analysed, and existing
methods for the assessment of aggregate stability are reviewed. A
unified framework for the measurement of aggregate stability is
proposed to assess a soil's susceptibility to crusting and erosion.
It combines three treatments having various wetting conditions and
energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and stirring after
pre-wetting) and measures the resulting fragment size distribution
after each treatment. It is designed to compare different soils, or
different climatic conditions for a given soil, not to compare
time-dependent changes in that soil.
© Thomson
19. Agricultural chemical discharge in surface
water runoff.
Smith, S. J.; Sharpley, A. N.; and
Ahuja, L. R.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 22 (3): 474-480.
(July 1993-Sept. 1993)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA].
Notes: Paper presented at the USDA-ARS Beltsville
Agricultural Research Center Symposium XVII, "Agricultural Water
Quality Priorities, A Team Approach to Conserving Natural
Resources," May 4-8, 1992, Beltsville, MD. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
agricultural chemicals/ discharge/
surface water/ runoff/ watersheds/ grasslands/ farmland/ watershed
management/ crop management/ research/ equations/ literature
reviews
Abstract: The discharge of agricultural chemicals
(i.e., soil-fertilizer nutrients and pesticides) in runoff waters
is important from both agronomic and environmental standpoints.
Presented here is an overview of our current concepts and
approaches employed for describing this discharge, based on studies
we have conducted over the past decade. Most of our field testing
and validation of concepts regarding chemical discharge has focused
on approximately 24 grassland and cropland watersheds across the
Southern Plains. Chemicals considered include N, P, K, S, atrazine
[2-chloro-4(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], alachlor
[2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], and
cyanazine
[2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl]amino]-2-methy
lpropionitrile]. Soluble chemical discharge has been described by
kinetic desorption and uniform or nonuniform mixing approaches,
incorporating parameters reflecting watershed management and the
nature of the surface soil X precipitation interaction. Particulate
chemical discharge has been described by the relationship between
the discharge enrichment ratio (chemical content of eroded
sediment/source soil) and soil loss. Special situations considered
include type of tillage, computed water and sediment runoff, severe
storms, bioavailability of P, cover crops, and manure applications.
For the most part, predicted chemical discharge values compared
favorably with their measured counterparts, r2 values often being
> 0.9. Further research needs include refinement and development
of the prediction equations, data bases, runoff indices, and
multidisciplinary systems.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
20. Agricultural Contaminants in Quaternary
Aquitards: A Review of Occurrence and Fate in North
America.
Rodvang, S. and Simpkins,
W.
Hydrogeology Journal
9 (1): 44-59. (2001);
ISSN: 1431-2174.
Notes: Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Descriptors:
North America/ Fate of Pollutants/
Agricultural Chemicals/ Groundwater Pollution/ Groundwater/
Chemical Composition/ Organic Carbon/ Sulfur/ Geologic Time/
Biogeochemistry/ Agriculture/ Aquifers/ Permeability/ Contaminants/
Pesticides/ Hydrology/ North America/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: The intensity of agriculture has increased
significantly during the past 30 years, resulting in increased
detection of agricultural contaminants (nutrients, pesticides,
salts, trace elements, and pathogens) in groundwater. Till,
glaciolacustrine, and loess deposits of Quaternary age compose the
most common surficial deposits underlying agricultural areas in
North America. Quaternary aquitards generally contain higher
concentrations of solid organic carbon (SOC, as much as 1.4%),
dissolved organic carbon (DOC, as much as 205 mg/L), and reduced
sulfur (as much as 0.9%) than do aquifers. Their potential to sorb
pesticides increases with the percent of older SOC, because
diagenesis increases Koc. Denitrification consistently reduces
nitrate to non-detectable levels in unweathered Quaternary
aquitards. Organic carbon of Quaternary age is a more labile
electron donor than carbon from shale clasts. Pyrite is a more
labile electron donor than carbon in many instances. Unweathered
Quaternary aquitards provide a high degree of protection for
underlying aquifers, due to their large reserves of SOC and reduced
sulfur for sorption and denitrification, combined with their
typically low hydraulic conductivity. In contrast, agricultural
contaminants are common in weathered Quaternary aquitards. Lower
reserves of reduced sulfur and sorptive/labile organic carbon, and
a higher bulk K due to fractures, limit their ability to attenuate
nitrate and pesticides. Subsurface drainage, which is common in
Quaternary aquitards because of high water tables, bypasses the
attenuation capacity of Quaternary aquitards and facilitates the
transport of agricultural contaminants to surface water.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
21. Agricultural drainage.
Skaggs, R. W.; Van Schilfgaarde,
J.; and American Society of Agronomy.
Madison, Wis., USA: American
Society of Agronomy. (1999)
NAL Call #: 4-Am392-no.38;
ISBN: 0891181415
Descriptors:
Drainage
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
22. Agricultural drainage water management in
arid and semi-arid areas.
Tanji, Kenneth K.; Kielen, Neeltje
C.; and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.
Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; xiv, 188 p.: ill. 1 CD-ROM (4
3/4 in).; Series: FAO irrigation and drainage paper 0254-5284 (61).
(2002)
NAL Call #: S612-.I754-no.-61;
ISBN: 9251048398
Descriptors:
Drainage---Management/
Irrigation---Management/ Water quality/ Arid regions
agriculture
Abstract: "This publication provides planners,
decision-makers and engineers with guidelines to sustain irrigated
agriculture and at the same time to protect water resources from
the negative impacts of agricultural drainage water disposal. On
the basis of case studies from Central Asia, Egypt, India, Pakistan
and the United States of America, it distinguishes four broad
groups of drainage water management options: water conservation,
drainage water reuse, drainage water disposal and drainage water
treatment."--P. [4] of cover.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
23. Agricultural drainage: Water quality
impacts and subsurface drainage studies in the Midwest.
Zucker, Leslie A.; Brown, Larry C.;
and Ohio State University. Extension.
Columbus, OH: Ohio State University
Extension; Series: Bulletin 871. (1998)
Notes: Title from web page. Description based on
content viewed May 5, 2003.
NAL Call #: 275.29-.Oh32-no.-871
http://ohioline.osu.edu/b871/index.html
Descriptors:
Drainage---Middle West/ Water
quality---Middle West
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
24. Agricultural influence on landscape
sensitivity in the Upper Mississippi River Valley.
Knox, James C
Catena 42 (2-4): 193-224. (2001)
NAL Call #:
GB400.C3;
ISSN: 0341-8162
Descriptors:
agricultural land use/ alluvial
sediments/ climate change/ climate variability/ environmental
conditions/ erosion/ floodplain stratigraphy/ floods/ landscape
sensitivity/ sedimentation/ surface runoff/ tillage/ water
infiltration
Abstract: Agricultural landscapes are more sensitive
to climatic variability than natural landscapes because tillage and
grazing typically reduce water infiltration and increase rates and
magnitudes of surface runoff. This paper evaluates how agricultural
land use influenced the relative responsiveness of floods, erosion,
and sedimentation to extreme and nonextreme hydrologic activity
occurring in watersheds of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Temporally
overlapping stratigraphic and historical instrumental records from
southwestern Wisconsin and northwestern Illinois show how
agricultural modification of a natural prairie and forest land
cover affected the behavior of floods and sedimentation during the
last two centuries. For comparison, pre-agriculture Holocene
alluvial sediments document the sensitivity of floods and alluvial
activity to climate change prior to significant human influences on
the natural land cover. High-resolution floodplain stratigraphy of
the last two centuries shows that accelerated runoff associated
with agricultural land use has increased the magnitudes of floods
across a wide range of recurrence frequencies. The stratigraphic
record also shows that large floods have been particularly
important to the movement and storage of sediment in the
floodplains of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Comparison of
floodplain alluvial sequences in watersheds ranging in scale from
headwater tributaries to the main valley Mississippi River
demonstrates that land use changes triggered hydrologic responses
that were transmitted nearly simultaneously to all watershed
scales. In turn, flood-driven hydraulic adjustments in channel and
floodplain morphologies contributed to feedback effects that caused
scale-dependent long-term lag responses. There has been a general
reduction in magnitudes of flooding, erosion, and sedimentation
since the mid-20th century, largely in response to better land
conservation practices. The reduction trend is most apparent on
tributary watersheds of a few hundred square kilometers and smaller
sizes. However, the main-channel Upper Mississippi River, with
associated drainage areas between about 100,000-200,000 km2, has
experienced increased occurrences of large floods during the second
half of the 20th century. Most of these large floods have been
associated with snowmelt runoff which is occurring more rapidly and
earlier in the season in response to a trend toward warmer winters
and springs in the late 20th century. Modification of the natural
drainage network through establishment of drainage tiles and
channelization has also continued during the late 20th century.
Tiling and channelization have increased drainage efficiency and
probably have contributed in part to the occurrence of large floods
on the Mississippi River, but the magnitudes of their effects are
unknown at present. In spite of reduced sediment loads since about
1950 on all watershed scales, the anomalous high frequency of large
floods on the Upper Mississippi River continues the accelerated
delivery of agriculturally-related sediment to floodplain and
backwater environments. The results of this study indicate that
agricultural land use has escalated landscape sensitivity to such a
degree that modern process rates provide a very distorted
representation of process rates that occurred in the geologic past
prior to human disturbance.
© Thomson
25. Agricultural land fragmentation: The
spatial effects of three land protection strategies in the eastern
United States.
Brabec, E. and Smith, C.
Landscape and Urban
Planning 28 (2-4): 255-268.
(Feb. 2002)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1L32;
ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors:
Agricultural land/ Sustainable
development/ Land use/ Landscape/ United States/ Planning/
development
Abstract: Fragmentation of agricultural land by
urban sprawl affects both the agricultural production capacity of
the land and its rural scenic quality. In order to assess the
resulting fragmentation of the three most common types of
agricultural land conservation tools in the United States, this
study analyzes the spatial form of three land protection
strategies: a purchase of development rights (PDR) program, a
clustering program and a transfer of development rights program. By
assessing a series of measures of success such as total acreage
protected, size of parcels, contiguity and farming status, the
study compares the effectiveness of programs that have been in
place for approximately 20 years, analyzing the extent to which
each program prevents or enhances fragmentation. The analysis shows
that although the number of acres protected is an important factor
in program success, the amount of protected land remaining in
active farming is additionally influenced by any development rights
that may remain with the land, the use of a variety of tools to
reduce the likelihood of parcel isolation, and the adjacency and
contiguity of protected parcels.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
26. Agricultural NH3 and NOx emissions in
Canada.
Kurvits, T. and Marta,
T.
Environmental
Pollution 102 (Supp 1):
187-194. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491.
Notes: From: Proceedings of the First International
Nitrogen Conference, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, 23-27 March
1998.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
27. Agricultural pesticide emissions associated
with common crops in the United States.
Benjey, William G.
Research Triangle Park, NC: Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;
16 p.: ill., maps. (1993)
Notes: "EPA/600/A-93/065." "PB93-173136." Includes
bibliographical references (p. 13-14).
NAL Call #: QH545.P4B49-1993
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---Measurement
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
28. Agricultural pesticides: Management
improvements needed to further promote integrated pest management:
Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Research, Nutrition, and
General Legislation, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and
Forestry, U.S. Senate.
United States. General Accounting
Office and United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on
Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. Subcommittee on Research
Nutrition and General Legislation.
Washington, D.C.: GAO.
(2001)
Notes: Title from web page. "August 2001."
"GAO-01-815." Description based on content viewed July 26, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: SB950.2.A1-A57-2001
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01815.pdf
Descriptors:
Pesticides---United States/
Agricultural pests---Integrated control---United States/
Pests---Integrated control---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
29. Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication:
A Symposium Overview.
Daniel, T. C.; Sharpley, A. N.; and
Lemunyon, J. L.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 27 (2): 251-257.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors:
USA/ Phosphorus/ Eutrophication/
Agricultural Runoff/ Water Pollution/ Cultivated Lands/ Nonpoint
Pollution Sources/ Soil Management/ Sources and fate of
pollution
Abstract: Phosphorus in runoff from agricultural
land is an important component of nonpoint-source pollution and can
accelerate eutrophication of lakes and streams. Long-term land
application of P as fertilizer and animal wastes has resulted in
elevated levels of soil P in many locations in the USA. Problems
with soils high in P are often aggravated by the proximity of many
of these areas to P-sensitive water bodies, such as the Great
Lakes, Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, Lake Okeechobee, and the
Everglades. This paper provides a brief overview of the issues and
options related to management of agricultural P that were discussed
at a special symposium titled, "Agricultural Phosphorus and
Eutrophication," held at the November 1996 American Society of
Agronomy annual meetings. Topics discussed at the symposium and
reviewed here included the role of P in eutrophication;
identification of P-sensitive water bodies; P transport mechanisms;
chemical forms and fate of P; identification of P source areas;
modeling of P transport; water quality criteria; and management of
soil and manure P, off-farm P inputs, and P transport
processes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
30. Agricultural phosphorus, water quality, and
poultry production: Are they compatible.
Sharpley, A.
Poultry Science 78 (5): 660-673.
(May 1999)
NAL Call #:
47.8-Am33P;
ISSN: 0032-5791 [POSCAL]
Descriptors:
poultry industry/ battery husbandry/
poultry manure/ application to land/ application rates/ phosphorus/
farming systems/ fertilizer requirement determination/ runoff
water/ water pollution/ eutrophication/ use efficiency/ tillage/
soil testing/ losses from soil/ literature reviews
Abstract: With the concentration of poultry
production and increase in operation size in several regions of the
U.S., more manure is applied to agricultural land. This application
of manure has resulted in more P being added than crops require, an
accumulation in soil P, and increased potential for P loss in
surface runoff. This situation has been exacerbated by manure
management being N-based. Increased outputs of P to fresh waters
can accelerate eutrophication, which impairs water use and can lead
to fish kills and toxic algal blooms. As a result, information is
needed on the effect of poultry production on the fate of P in
agricultural systems so that compatible production and water
quality goals can be met. Overall, these goals will be met by
focusing on ways to increase P use-efficiency by attempting to
balance inputs of P in feed and fertilizer into a watershed with
output in crop and livestock. This will involve refining feed
rations, using feed additives to increase P absorption by the
animal, moving manure from surplus to deficit areas, finding
alternative uses for manure, and targeting conservation practices,
such as reduced tillage, buffer strips, and cover crops, to
critical areas of P export from a watershed. These critical areas
are where high P soils coincide with parts of the landscape where
surface runoff and erosion potential is high. Development of
management systems that address both production and environmental
concerns must consider the socioeconomic and political impacts of
any management changes on both rural and urban communities, and of
the mechanisms by which change can be achieved in a diverse and
dispersed community of land users.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
31. Agricultural sustainability and nematode
integrated pest management.
Duncan, Larry W. and Noling, Joseph
W.
In: Plant and nematode
interactions/ Barker, K. R.; Pederson, G. A.; and Windham, G. L.;
Series: Agronomy 36.
Madison, WI: Soil Science Society
of America, 1998; pp. 251-287.
ISBN: 0891181369; ISSN: 0065-4663
Descriptors:
nematicides: pesticide/ agricultural
sustainability/ plant nematode interactions/ Agronomy
(Agriculture)/ Pest Assessment Control and Management/
integrated pest management: crop rotation/ integrated pest
management: pest control method/ sanitation/ tillage/ physical
chemical methods
© Thomson
32. Agricultural waste.
Marr, J. B. and Facey, R.
M.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 503-507.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
Characterization/ Reviews/
Agricultural wastes/ Recycling/ Nitrification/ Denitrification/
Anaerobic digestion/ Industrial management/ Composting/ Waste
utilization/ Drainage rates/ Land application/ Industrial Wastes
Treatment/ Industrial Wastes/ Agricultural Wastes/ Chemical
Reactions/ Biology
Abstract: This paper presents a review of literature
published in 1994 on the subject of agricultural wastes. The review
is divided into several sections, which cover: Management and
characterization; Treatment; Reuse and recycle; Composting; and;
Anaerobic treatment.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
33. Agricultural wastes.
Poggi Varaldo, H. M. and Estrada
Vazquez, C.
Water Environment
Research 69 (4): 575-603.
(June 1997)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
agricultural wastes/ waste
treatment/ composting/ pesticides/ soil pollution/ water pollution/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
34. Agricultural Wastes.
Poggi-Varaldo, H. M.;
Estrada-Vazquez, C.; and Rinderknecht-Seijas, N.
Water Environment
Research 70 (4): 601-620.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
Literature Review/ Farm Wastes/
Manure/ Slurries/ Phosphorus/ Nitrogen/ Sampling/ Agricultural
wastes/ Animal wastes/ Sampling methods/ Agricultural runoff/
Pollution monitoring/ Eutrophication/ Ultimate disposal of wastes/
Waste management/ Behavior and fate characteristics/ Waste
Management
Abstract: Both currently available and recently
developed new sampling methods for slurry and solid manure were
tested for bias and reproducibility in the determination of total
phosphorous and nitrogen content of the samples. Sampling methods
were based on techniques in which samples were taken either during
loading from the hose or from the transporting vehicle after
loading. It was demonstrated that most methods were
unbiased.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
35. Agricultural wastes.
Poggi Varaldo, H. M.
Water Environment
Research 71 (5): 737-785.
(Aug. 1999)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
agricultural wastes/ animal wastes/
waste treatment/ waste disposal/ soil pollution/ water pollution/
pesticide residues/ groundwater pollution/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
36. Agricultural water conservation: A global
perspective.
Unger, P. W. and Howell, T.
A.
Journal of Crop
Production 2 (2): 1-36.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Water use in crop production /
edited by M.B. Kirkham. Includes references.
Descriptors:
agriculture/ water conservation/
semiarid climate/ crop production/ irrigation/ temporal variation/
spatial variation/ market competition/ dry farming/ evaporation/
weed control/ irrigation systems/ water management/ irrigation
water/ infiltration/ tillage/ mulches/ no-tillage/ soil water
retention/ fallow/ water use efficiency/ crop yield/ harvesting
date/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
37. Agricultural Wetlands and Waterbirds: A
Review.
Czech, H. A. and Parsons, K.
C.
Waterbirds 25 (2 [supplement]): 56-65.
(2002);
ISSN: 1524-4695.
Notes: Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds: Integrated
Approaches
Descriptors:
Agricultural ecosystems/ Wetlands/
Habitat changes/ Habitat utilization/ Reviews/ Aquatic birds/
Habitat/ Literature reviews/ Agriculture/ Breeding sites/ Foraging
behaviour/ Rice fields/ Aves/ Birds/ Management/ Ecology/ Community
Studies/ Conservation, wildlife management and
recreation
Abstract: Waterbird use of agricultural wetlands has
increased as natural wetlands continue to decline worldwide. Little
information exists on waterbird use of wetland crops such as taro,
hasu, and wild rice. Several reports exist on waterbird use of
cranberry bog systems. Information exists on waterbird use of rice
fields, especially by herons and egrets. Rice fields encompass over
1.5 million km super(2) of land and are found on all continents
except Antarctica. Rice fields are seasonally flooded for
cultivation and to decoy waterfowl, and drawn down for sowing and
harvest. A wide variety of waterbirds including wading birds,
shorebirds, waterfowl, marshbirds, and seabirds utilize rice fields
for foraging and to a lesser extent as breeding sites. In some
areas, especially Asia, waterbirds have come to rely upon rice
fields as foraging sites. However, few reports exist on waterbird
use of rice ecosystems outside of the Mediterranean Region. Species
that are commonly found utilizing agricultural wetlands during the
breeding season, migration, and as wintering grounds are listed.
General trends and threats to waterbirds utilizing agricultural
wetlands, including habitat destruction and degradation,
contaminant exposure, and prey fluctuations are
presented.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
38. Agriculture and Environment: A Review,
1972-1992.
Biswas, M. R.
Ambio 23 (3): 192-197. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH540.A52;
ISSN: 0044-7447
Descriptors:
reviews/ agricultural practices/
environmental degradation/ resource evaluation/ land use/ pesticide
residues/ nutrition/ agriculture/ public health/ environmental
quality/ Management/ Land pollution/ Ecological impact of water
development
Abstract: The resources necessary for food
production have shown a disquieting deterioration during the last
two decades. Modern intensive agriculture has had an adverse effect
not only on the physical environment but also on human health. Land
has been degraded, water resources have been depleted, and genetic
resources have been lost. In addition, there have been negative
impacts on human health because of agricultural inputs. Extensive
data have been used to indicate the evolution of the problems and
the present status.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
39. Agriculture and phosphorus management: The
Chesapeake Bay.
Sharpley, Andrew N.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers;
229 p.: ill., maps. (2000)
NAL Call #: TD427.P56-A35-2000; ISBN: 1566704944
Descriptors:
Phosphorus---Environmental
aspects---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va/ Water
quality---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va/ Phosphorus in
agriculture---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
40. Agriculture and the environment.
Shortle, J. S. and Abler, D.
G.
Handbook of Environmental
and Resource Economics :
159-176. (2002); ISBN: 1-84376-236-6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
41. Agriculture and the environment: The
problem of soil erosion.
Uri, N. D.
Journal of Sustainable
Agriculture 16 (4): 71-94.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.S86S8;
ISSN: 1044-0046 [JSAGEB]
Descriptors:
erosion control/ agriculture/
environmental impact/ soil depth/ sediment/ streams/ lakes/
estuaries/ soil conservation/ farm income/ agricultural policy/
nature conservation/ wind erosion/ sheet erosion/ rill erosion/
social costs/ government policy/ agricultural education/ technology
transfer/ research/ taxes/ literature reviews/ United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
42. Agriculture and water contamination:
Methods of study and research.
Borin, M.
Genio Rurale 61 (12): 39-48. (1998);
ISSN: 0016-6863
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
43. Agriculture and Water Quality.
Barrios, A.; American Farmland
Trust, Center for Agriculture in the Environment.
American Farmland Trust [Also
available as: CAE/WP 00-2], 2000 (application/pdf)
http://www.aftresearch.org/researchresource/wp/wp00-2.pdf
Descriptors:
agricultural land/ cropland/
rangelands/ water quality/ nonpoint source pollution/ best
management practices/ conservation practices/ environmental
protection/ agricultural policy/ environmental policy/ citizen
participation/ public economics/ United States/ land stewardship/
BMPs
44. Agriculture and wildlife: Ecological
implications of subsurface irrigation drainage.
Lemly, A. D.
Journal of Arid
Environments 28 (2): 85-94.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.D4J6;
ISSN: 0140-1963 [JAENDR]
Descriptors:
irrigated farming/ irrigation/
subsurface drainage/ drainage water/ contaminants/ selenium/ trace
elements/ salinization/ toxicity/ wetlands/ wildlife/ wild birds/
literature reviews/ arid regions/ western states of USA/
California/ migratory birds
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
45. Agriculture, methyl bromide, and the ozone
hole: Can we fill the gaps?
Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Thomas,
William
Plant Disease 81 (9): 965-977. (1997)
NAL Call #:
1.9-P69P;
ISSN: 0191-2917
Descriptors:
methyl bromide/ ozone/ agriculture/
biobusiness/ climatology/ fumigant/ methyl bromide/ ozone depletor/
ozone hole/ pesticide/ pesticides/ phytopathology/ pollutant/
pollution
© Thomson
46. Agrochemical and nutrient impacts on
estuaries and other aquatic systems.
Hapeman, C. J.; Dionigi, C. P.;
Zimba, P. V.; and McConnell, L. L.
Journal of agricultural and
food chemistry 50 (15):
4382-4384. (July 2002)
NAL Call #:
381 J8223;
ISSN: 0021-8561 [JAFCAU]
Descriptors:
water pollution/ runoff/
agricultural land/ nutrients/ pesticide residues/ environmental
impact/ estuaries/ environmental protection/ water
quality
Abstract: This paper summarizes the "Agrochemical
and Nutrient Impacts on Estuaries" symposium held at the 220th
National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. The focus of the
symposium was to highlight ongoing research efforts to understand
estuarine function and pollutant fate in these important
ecosystems. Expanding urbanization and agricultural activity can
result in increased particulate and chemical loads, resulting in
decreased light penetration and degraded aquatic habitats.
Legislative and regulatory protections, such as the Clean Water Act
and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), are considered here.
Measurement of nutrient and pesticide loads and their
ecotoxicological impacts are explored, as well as potential
mitigation practices. The complexity and high visibility of
estuarine ecosystem health will require continued examination to
develop more effective agricultural and land management strategies
and sound science-based regulations.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
47. Agrochemical leaching and water
contamination.
Rose, S. C. and Carter, A.
D.
In: Conservation agriculture:
Environment, farmers experiences, innovations, socio-economy,
policy/ García-Torres, L.; Benites, J.; Martínez-Vilela, A.; and
Holgado-Cabrera, A.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer
Academic, 2003; pp. 417-424.
ISBN: 1-4020-1106-7
NAL Call #: S604.5 .C64 2003
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
48. Agrochemicals and water
management.
Kanwar, R. S.
In: Sustainability of irrigated
agriculture: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research
Workshop. (Held 21 Mar
1994-26 Mar 1994 at Vimeiro, Portugal.) Pereira, L. S.; Feddes, R.
A.; Gilley, J. R.; and Lesaffre, B. (eds.)
Dordrecht: Kluwer; pp. 373-393;
1996. ISBN: 0-7923-3936-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
49. Agroecosystem responses to combinations of
elevated CO2, ozone, and global climate change.
Fuhrer, J.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 97 (1/3): 1-20.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
50. Agroforestry and wildlife: Opportunities
and alternatives.
Allen, A. W.
In: Agroforestry and sustainable
systems symposium proceedings.
Fort Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station; pp. 67-73; 1995.
Notes: Meeting held August 7-10, 1994, Fort Collins,
Colorado.
Includes references.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.261
Descriptors:
wildlife / agroforestry/ ecosystems/
farm management/ land use/ land use planning/ habitats/
fragmentation/ fauna/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
51. Agroforestry in North America and its role
in farming systems.
Williams, P. A.; Gordon, A. M.;
Garrett, H. E.; and Buck, L.
In: Temperate agroforestry systems/
Gordon, A. M. and Newman, S. M.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International,
1997; pp. 9-84.
ISBN: 0-85199-147-5
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
52. Agroforestry opportunities for the United
States of America.
Schultz, R. C.; Colletti, J. P.;
and Faltonson, R. R.
Agroforestry Systems
31 (2): 117-132. (1995)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
53. Agroforestry policy issues and research
directions in the US and less developed countries: Insights and
challenges from recent experience.
Buck, L E
Agroforestry Systems
30 (1-2): 57-73. (1995)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366
Descriptors:
Spermatophyta (Spermatophyta)/
plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ agriculture integrative
approach/ natural resource management/ policy assessment/
sustainable development
Abstract: Efforts to improve the performance of
agroforestry systems, and to expand the land area and number of
people able to benefit from this integrative approach to
agriculture and natural resource management, are constrained
throughout the world by non-supportive land use policies. A growing
sense of urgency that policy change is needed to enable
agroforestry to flourish has contributed during the past two years
to an unprecedented level of agroforestry policy assessment and
planning activity. In the US, agroforestry has emerged from
academia, where it has incubated since the mid-1980s, into the
professional resource management arena. A multi-organizational
agroforestry evaluation process has driven national policy and
program formation to the forefront of the agenda of the
agroforestry community, as it seeks to influence the 1995 Farm
Bill. Internationally, the Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research and collaborators fostered a sequence of
policy issue identification activities as a basis for setting
strategic research priorities for forestry and agroforestry.
Following a brief review of forces driving agroforestry development
in industrialized and less developed countries, the paper
highlights recent policy assessment initiatives in each sphere.
Observations on the issues driving and the priorities emerging from
these processes are offered, to lend perspective to the critical
challenges facing the agroforestry policy research community. An
explanation for pervasive constraints and inconsistencies in policy
effectiveness is then explored, from which a promising approach to
research intervention is forwarded. It is argued that social
scientists might influence agroforestry policy most favorably at
this critical juncture, as perceptions of inter-dependence increase
among different stakeholders in the policy system, by employing
interventionist, actor-oriented perspectives and participatory
methods to facilitate policy innovation and evaluation. The
approach is consistent with participatory technology design
processes that earlier helped to establish agroforestry as a
prototype for sustainable development.
© Thomson
54. Agroforestry practice and policy in the
United States of America.
Garrett, H. E. G. and Buck,
L.
Forest Ecology and
Management 91 (1): 5-15.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
55. Agronomic measures for better utilization
of soil and fertilizer phosphates.
Mengel, Konrad
European Journal of
Agronomy 7 (1-3): 221-233.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
SB13.E97;
ISSN: 1161-0301
Descriptors:
lime: soil amendment/ phosphate:
fertilizer, fixation, nutrient/ higher plants (Tracheophyta)/
livestock (Mammalia)/ mycorrhizal fungi (Fungi): symbiont/ Animals/
Chordates/ Fungi/ Mammals/ Microorganisms/ Nonhuman Mammals/
Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ Vascular Plants/
Vertebrates/ cropping systems/ farmyard manure/ soil pH/
Oxisol
Abstract: Global known phosphate deposits are a
finite resource which will run out in about four centuries at the
present consumption rate. Since about 90% of the phosphate mined is
used for fertilizer, soil and fertilizer phosphate should be
efficiently used. Various agronomic measures are discussed relevant
for saving phosphate and avoiding losses. Phosphate fertilizer
rates should be adjusted to measured requirements for phosphate
using soil tests. Particularly in areas with high livestock
intensities soils frequently are much enriched in available
phosphate and do not need further phosphate application whether in
organic or in inorganic form. Excessively high levels of available
soil phosphate, much higher than required for optimum crop
production increase the hazard of phosphate loss by wind and water
erosion and even leaching. Loss of plant available phosphate in
soils occurs by phosphate fixation which is especially strong in
acid mineral soils. Such losses can be dramatically reduced by
liming soils to a pH of 6-7. In tropical areas where lime
frequently is not available row placement of phosphate fertilizer
is recommended. Oxisols with a very low pH liming, however, may
promote phosphate fixation due to the formation of phosphate
adsorbing Al complexes. Biological assimilation of phosphate may
prevent inorganic phosphate from fixation by soil particles.
Organic anions produced during the decomposition of organic matter
in soils as well as the excretion of anions by plant roots depress
phosphate adsorption by competing with phosphate for binding sites
at the adsorbing surface. Hence farming systems and rotations which
bring much organic matter into soils contribute to a better use of
soil and fertilizer phosphate. Mycorrhization of plant roots with
appropriate fungi ecotypes may essentially improve the exploitation
of soil phosphates. The choice of the appropriate phosphate
fertilizer type is crucial for its efficient use. This applies
particularly for apatitic fertilizers of which the availability is
poor in weakly acid to neutral and calcareous soils.
© Thomson
56. Air emissions from animal feeding
operations: Current knowledge, future needs.
Committee on Air Emissions from
Animal Feeding Operations; Committee on Animal Nutrition; and
National Research Council
Washington DC: National Academies
Press; 286 p. (2003)
NAL Call #: TD886-.N38-2002;
ISBN: 0-309-08705-8
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309087058/html/
Descriptors:
animal feeding/ emissions/ pollution
control/ ammonia/ nitrous oxide/ methane/ odors
57. Air quality and emissions from livestock
and poultry production/ waste management systems.
Bicudo, J. R.; Schmidt, D. R.; Gay,
S. W.; Gates, R. S.; Jacobson, L. D.; and Hoff, S. J.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
58. Air quality research: Perspective from
climate change modelling research.
Semazzi, F.
Environment
International 29 (2/3):
253-261. (2003)
NAL Call #:
TD169.E54;
ISSN: 0160-4120
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
59. Algae and element cycling in
wetlands.
Vymazal, Jan.
Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; xiv,
689 p.: ill. (1994)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 477-666)
and index.
NAL Call #: QK565.V86--1994;
ISBN: 0873718992
Descriptors:
Algae Ecophysiology/ Algae/ Wetland
plants/ Wetlands/ Biogeochemical cycles
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
60. Allelopathy in agroecosystems: An
overview.
Singh, H. P.; Batish, D. R.; and
Kohli, R. K.
Journal of Crop
Production 4 (2): 1-41.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Allelopathy in Agroecosystems /
edited by R.K. Kohli, H.P. Singh, and D.R. Batish. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
agriculture/ ecosystems/
allelopathy/ crops/ interactions/ weeds/ trees/ soil biology/
microbial flora/ soil sickness/ crop residues/ weed control/ pest
control/ allelochemicals/ pest management/ sustainability/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
61. Alley cropping: Ecological pie in the
sky?
Ong, C.
Agroforestry Today
6 (3): 8-10. (1994);
ISSN: 1013-9591
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
62. Alterations of riparian ecosystems caused
by river regulation.
Nilsson, C. and Berggren,
K.
Bioscience 50 (9): 783-792. (2000)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A;
ISSN: 0006-3568.
Notes: Publisher: American Institute of Biological
Sciences
Descriptors:
Riparian environments/ Dams/
Freshwater environments/ Reviews/ Environmental changes/ River
basin management/ Environmental impact/ Man induced effects/
Ecosystem disturbance/ Rivers/ Literature reviews/ Management/
Habitat community studies/ Conservation/ Mechanical and natural
changes
Abstract: An estimated two-thirds of the fresh water
flowing to the oceans is obstructed by approximately 40,000 large
dams (defined as more than 15 m in height) and more than 800,000
smaller ones (Petts 1984, McCulluy 1996). Many additional rivers
are constrained by artificial levees or dikes. These hydrological
alterations--to ensure water for agricultural, industrial, and
domestic purposes; for hydroelectricity; or for flood
protection--have changed ecosystem structures and processes in
running waters and associated environments the world over. In this
article, we discuss the global-scale ecological changes in riparian
ecosystems resulting from dam operations.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
63. Amelioration strategies for saline soils: A
review.
Qadir, M.; Ghafoor, A.;
and
Murtaza, G.
Land Degradation and
Development 11 (6): 501-521.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S622.L26;
ISSN: 1085-3278
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
64. Amelioration strategies for sodic soils: A
review.
Qadir, M.; Schubert, S.; Ghafoor,
A.; and Murtaza, G.
Land Degradation and
Development 12 (4): 357-386.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S622.L26;
ISSN: 1085-3278
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
65. America's Private Land: A Geography of
Hope.
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Natural Resources Conservation Service.
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
1997 (text/html)
NAL Call #: 1 Ag84Pro no.1548
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/pub/GHopeHit.html
Descriptors:
private lands/ conservation
practices/ environmental protection/ natural resource management/
rural areas/ land tenure/ landowners/ land stewardship
Abstract: This book tells the story of
America's private, nonurban land. Private land is America's working
land. It produces food and fiber, and much, much more: It also
produces clean water, clean air, wildlife habitat, healthy and
productive soil, and scenic landscapes. But this story is more than
a national report card on the state of our Nation's natural
resources; it will help the reader learn to think about land (soil,
water, air, plants, and animals) in a different way. A Geography of
Hope is a call to action, a call to renew our national commitment
to America's private land and private landowners. The Nation will
never achieve its goals for conservation and environmental quality
if farmers and ranchers and all other private landowners are not
engaged in a cooperative effort to use the land according to its
capabilities. You'll get the facts and figures on natural resources
from A Geography of Hope, all woven into a framework of land
stewardship and a vision for natural resource management in the
21st century.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
66. Ammonia emission from field applied manure
and its reduction.
Sommer, S. G. and Hutchings, N.
J.
European Journal of
Agronomy 15 (1): 1-15. (Sept.
2001)
NAL Call #:
SB13.E97;
ISSN: 1161-0301
Descriptors:
manures/ ammonia/ emission/
livestock farming/ slurries/ soil/ climatic factors/ simulation
models/ geographical variation/ cultivation/ viscosity/ application
rates/ soil injection/ application date/ literature
reviews
Abstract: Emissions of ammonia to the atmosphere are
considered a threat to the environment and both United Nation
treaty and European Union legislation increasingly limit emissions.
Livestock farming is the major source of atmospheric NH3 in Europe
and field applied manure contributes significantly to the emission
of NH3 from agriculture. This paper presents a review of studies of
NH3 emission from field-applied animal manure and of the methods
available for its reduction. It is shown that there is a complex
relationship between the NH3 emission rate from slurry and the
slurry composition, soil conditions and climate. It is concluded
that simple empirical models cannot be used to predict ammonia
emission from the wide range of circumstances found in European
agriculture and that a more mechanistic approach is required. NH3
emission from applied solid manure and poultry manure has been
studied less intensively than slurry but appear to be controlled by
similar mechanisms. The use of trail hoses, pre- or
post-application cultivation, reduction in slurry viscosity, choice
of application rate and timing and slurry injection were considered
as reduction techniques. The most effective methods of reducing
ammonia emissions were concluded to be incorporation of the animal
slurry and farmyard manure or slurry injection. Incorporation
should be as close to the application as possible, especially after
slurry application, as loss rates are high in the 1st hours after
application. Injection is a very efficient reduction technique,
provided the slurry is applied at rates that can be contained in
the furrows made by the injector tine.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
67. Ammonia emissions from animal feeding
operations.
Westerman, P. W.; Arogo, J.; Heber,
A. J.; Robarge, W. P.; and Classen, J. J.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
68. Ammonia emissions from pig houses in The
Netherlands, Denmark and France: A review.
Peet Schwering CMC van der; Aarnink
AJA; Rom HB; and Dourmad JY
Livestock Production
Science 58 (3): 265-269.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SF1.L5
Notes: Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of the pig
(EAAP Publication No. 1-99); Number of References: 22
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
69. Ammonia in Animal Production: A
Review.
Arogo, J.; Westerman, P. W.; Heber,
A. J; Robarge, W. P.; and Classen, J. J.
In: Proceedings of the 2001 ASAE
Annual Meeting. (Held 30 Jul
2001-1 Aug 2001 at Sacramento, California.): American Society of
Agricultural Engineers; 2001.
Notes: Paper number 014089; Written for presentation at
the 2001 ASAE Annual
International Meeting; Available through fee-based ASAE Technical
Library
Descriptors:
Ammonia emissions/ Emission factors/
Livestock buildings/ Animal waste storage and treatment facilities/
land application of animal manure
70. Ammonia sources in agriculture and their
measurement.
McGinn, S M and Janzen, H
H
Canadian Journal of Soil
Science 78 (1): 139-148.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
56.8 C162;
ISSN: 0008-4271
Descriptors:
ammonia/ manure/
micrometeorology
Abstract: There are several reasons why the
measurement of ammonia emissions is important in agriculture. The
emission of ammonia from stored and land-applied manure to the
atmosphere can result in a significant loss of nitrogen for crop
production. It is necessary to quantify this loss to evaluate
manure handling practices for maintaining the nutritive value of
the manure. Minimizing the emissions of ammonia from manure also
reduces agriculture's impact on the environment. A high atmospheric
concentration of ammonia can result in acidification of land and
water surfaces, cause plant damage and reduce plant biodiversity in
natural systems. Ammonia emissions from manure coincide with odors,
which are a nuisance in areas of intensive livestock operations.
Reducing ammonia emissions by altering manure management will also
reduce odor problems. The purpose of this paper is to review
agricultural sources of ammonia and describe techniques used in
determining the loss of ammonia from manure-amended soils.
Micrometeorological techniques are used to estimate field scale
emissions whereas, for small plots where treatment (effects) is
used, chambers and mass balance techniques are more suitable
methods. A simple method is described, which, when combined with a
denuder sampler mounted on a wind vane, permits flexibility in
experimental design and requires fewer ammonia samples than the
traditional mass balance approach. A chamber method making use of
diffusion samplers that can measure the ammonia concentration in
the air at the soil surface is also described.
© Thomson
71. Ammonia volatilization from cow and pig
manure: Results of laboratory studies with a new climate chamber
technique.
Andersson, Mats.
Lund, Sweden: Sveriges
lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for jordbrukets biosystem och
teknologi (JBT); 66 p.: ill.; Series: Rapport (Sveriges
lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik)
98. (1995)
Notes: "ISRN SLU-JBT-R--98--SE." Includes
bibliographical references (p. 59-62).
NAL Call #: TH4911.A1S9--no.98
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
72. Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming
systems in temperate areas: A review.
Bussink DW and Oenema O
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 51 (1): 19-33.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
S631 .F422.
Notes: From: Ammonia emissions from agriculture:
Proceedings of a seminar / Uppsala, Sweden, 23-24 May
1996
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
73. Anaerobic processes of treatment of manures
and dung in ecology and resource economy.
Puzankov AG; Borodin VI; Grevtsov
Yu I; Krivonosov AA; Emelin GV; and Leonova EV
Khimiya v Sel'skom
Khozyaistve 7: 27-28 (1993)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
74. Anaerobic processing of piggery wastes: A
review.
Chynoweth DP; Wilkie AC; and Owens
JM.
In: ASAE Annual International
Meeting. (Held 12 Jul
1998-16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers; 38 p.; 1998.
Notes: ASAE Paper no. 984101
NAL Call #: S671.3 .A54
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
75. Analysis of Carbamate Pesticides and Their
Metabolites in Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid
Chromatography: A Review.
Soriano, J. M.; Jimenez, B.; Font,
G.; and Molto, J. C.
Critical Reviews in
Analytical Chemistry 31 (1):
19-52. (2001);
ISSN: 1040-8347
Descriptors:
Pesticides (Organonitrogen)/ Water
analysis/ Pesticides/ Chromatography (Liquid)/ Chemical analysis/
Pesticides/ Chemical Analysis/ Liquid Chromatography/ Agricultural
Chemicals/ Analytical techniques/ Pollution detection/ Agricultural
pollution/ Chromatographic techniques/ Chemical extraction/
Separation processes/ Degradation/ solid phase extraction/
Monitoring and Analysis of Water and Wastes/ Identification of
pollutants/ Methods and instruments/ Freshwater
pollution
Abstract: Carbamates are an important, broad class
of pesticides that are used extensively as insecticides,
fungicides, and herbicides. Sensitive, economical, fast, and
environmental friendly procedures are constantly developed to
investigate their residues in water samples. The state of the art
in methods based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid
chromatographic determination are examined here. SPE is presently
the most extended method for preconcentration of carbamate
pesticide residues and their transformation products from water
samples. Advantages and limitations of alkyl bonded-silica, and
polymeric sorbents, carbon, and mixed-phases in off-line and
on-line procedures are discussed. Because some carbamates and
transformation products are thermolabile, multiresidue
determination is usually carried out by liquid chromatographic
techniques. The most interesting reported analytical conditions are
presented in a tabular form. Finally, an overview to the levels
found in different environmental waters is done; concentrations
were usually detected in the sub mu g l super(-1) order.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
76. Analysis of livestock use of riparian
areas: Literature review and research needs assessment for British
Columbia.
Powell GW; Cameron KJ; and Newman
RF
British Columbia, Canada: Ministry
of Forests, Forest Science Program; Working Paper 52, 2000. 37
p.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.R52-P69-2000
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
77. Analysis of pesticides in food and
environmental samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assays.
Nunes, Gilvanda Silva; Toscano,
Ilda Antonieta; and Barcelo, D
Trends in Analytical
Chemistry 17 (2): 79-87.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:
pesticide residues/ environmental
samples/ food crops
Abstract: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
(ELISAs) are the most extensively studied types of immunoassay and
their application in pesticide residue monitoring is an area with
enormous potential for growth. In comparison with classical
analytical methods, ELISA methods offer the possibility of highly
sensitive, relatively rapid, and cost-effective measurements. This
review introduces the general ELISA formats used, focusing on their
use in pesticide analysis. Identifying and studying the effects of
interferences in immunoassays is an active area of research and we
discuss the matrix effects observed in several studies involving
e.g. food, crop and environmental samples. The procedures to
eliminate the matrix interferences are briefly
discussed.
© Thomson
78. Analytical chemistry of chlorpyrifos and
diuron in aquatic ecosystems.
Simon, David; Helliwell, Stuart;
and Robards, Kevin
Analytica Chimica
Acta 360 (1-3): 1-16.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
381 An1;
ISSN: 0003-2670
Descriptors:
chlorpyrifos: insecticide,
quantitative analysis/ diuron: insecticide, quantitative analysis/
analytical chemistry/ aquatic ecosystems / bioaccumulation/ sample
recovery
Abstract: The chemistry and toxicology of
chlorpyrifos and diuron are presented. These compounds represent
the extremes of pesticide use both in terms of toxicity and
chemistry. Methods used for their determination are reviewed with
an emphasis on recent developments in sample preparation and
quantification.
© Thomson
79. Analyzing correlations between stream and
watershed attributes.
Sickle, J. van
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 39 (3): 717-726. (2003)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315;
ISSN: 1093-474X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
80. Animal Agriculture: Information on Waste
Management and Water Quality Issues: Briefing Report to the
Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S.
Senate.
Atkins, L. L.; Jones, James R.; Van
Sickle, L. D.; Vermillion, S. B.; Brown, G. T.; Klaudt, S. A.; and
Goldfarb, L. L.; U. S. General Accounting Office.
U. S. General Accounting Office
[Also available as: GAO/RCED-95-200BR], 1995.
Notes: Series: Briefing Report to the Committee on
Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate
(text/html)
NAL Call #: TD930 A75 1995
http://www.gao.gov/archive/1995/rc95200b.pdf
Descriptors:
program evaluation/ governmental
programs and projects/ conservation programs/ USDA/ animal manure
management/ animal production/ concentrated animal feeding
operations/ waste management/ water pollution/ nonpoint source
pollution/ agricultural runoff/ water quality/ geographical
distribution/ industry trends/ best management practices/ public
finance/ decision support systems/ United States/ CAFOs/
BMPs
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
81. Animal Agriculture: Waste Management
Practices: Report to the Honorable Tom Harkin, Ranking Minority
Member, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S.
Senate.
U. S. General Accounting
Office.
U. S. General Accounting Office
[Also available as: GAO/RCED-99-205], 1999 (text/html)
NAL Call #: TD930.2 U55 1999
http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/rc99205.pdf
Descriptors:
program evaluation/ governmental
programs and projects/ USDA/ Agricultural Research Service/
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service/
Environmental Protection Agency/ animal manure management/ waste
management/ best management practices/ nonpoint source pollution/
agricultural runoff/ water quality/ bioenergy/ public finance/
research support/ agricultural policy / decision support systems/
United States/ CSREES/ BMPs/ EPA
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
82. Animal diet modification to decrease the
potential for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution.
Klopfenstein, T.
Ames, Iowa: Council for
Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST); Issue Paper No. 21,
2002. 16 p.
Descriptors:
livestock feeding/ animal nutrition/
animal manures/ nutrients/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ water
pollution
83. Animal production, manure management and
pathogens: A review.
Bicudo JR; Goyal SM; Zhu J; and
Moore JA.
In: Animal, agricultural and food
processing wastes: Proceedings of the Eighth International
Symposium. (Held 9 Oct
2000-11 Oct 2000 at Des Moines, Iowa.); pp. 507-521;
2000.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
84. Animal waste and the land-water
interface.
Steele, Kenneth F.
Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; 589
p.: ill., maps. (1995)
Notes: Based on a conference held in Fayetteville,
Arkansas,July 16-19, 1995. Includes bibliographical references and
index.
NAL Call #: TD930.A55--1995;
ISBN: 1566701899 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Animal waste---Management/ Animal
waste---Environmental aspects/ Watershed management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
85. Animal waste management and
microorganisms.
Nakai Y
Animal Science
Journal 72 (1): 1-13; 48 ref.
(2001)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
86. Animal Waste Management and the
Environment: Background for Current Issues.
Copeland, C. and Zinn,
J.
Congressional Research Service
(CRS) [Also available as: CRS Report for Congress 98-451], 1999
(text/html)
NAL Call #: TD930.2.C66 1998
http://cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/Agriculture/ag-48.cfm
Descriptors:
animal manures/ agricultural wastes/
animal manure management/ waste management/ environmental quality/
water pollution/ livestock production/ concentrated animal feeding
operations/ public health/ cost benefit analysis/ environmental
policy/ agricultural policy/ laws and regulations/ United States/
CAFOs
Abstract: Waste from animal agriculture is an
increasingly prominent environmental quality issue. This background
report describes the livestock production industry' today along
with public health and environmental concerns related to the
industry. It summarizes policies and programs of the Department of
Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency and recent
Clinton Administration initiatives; state laws and programs
concerning animal waste management; and dialogues on problems and
solutions initiated by some segments of this industry. The report
reviews congressional responses to the issues (including two bills
5. 1323 and H.R. 3232) and outlines policy questions likely to
shape congressional action. It will be updated if there is major
congressional action.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
87. Animal waste utilization: Effective use of
manure as a soil resource.
Hatfield, Jerry L. and Stewart, B.
A.
Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press; 320
p.: ill. (1998)
NAL Call #: S655.A57--1998;
ISBN: 1575040689
Descriptors:
Farm manure---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
88. Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity
of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape.
Mensing, D. M.; Galatowitsch, S.
M.; and Tester, J. R.
Journal of environmental
management 53 (4): 349-377.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6;
ISSN: 0301-4797
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
89. Anti-quality effects of insects feeding on
rangeland plants: A review.
Campbell, J. B.
Journal of Range
Management 54 (4): 462-465.
(July 2001)
NAL Call #:
60.18-J82;
ISSN: 0022-409X [JRMGAQ]
Descriptors:
rangelands/ pasture plants/ insect
pests/ defoliation/ quality/ nutritive value/ geographical
distribution/ ecology/ biology/ pest management/ pest control/
pogonomyrmex/ orthoptera/ lepidoptera/ miridae/ literature reviews/
grasshoppers/ hemilenca oliviae
Abstract: The anti-quality effects of the major
groups of insects that utilize rangeland plants for food is
discussed. The biology, ecology, geographical distribution and
economic thresholds of grasshoppers, crickets, Western harvester
ants, ranch caterpillars, big-eyed or black grass bugs, and white
grubs are reviewed. Also discussed are practical pest management
strategies if they exist. Most of these rely on the integration of
good range management practices and the control
strategy.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
90. Antibiotic use in plant
agriculture.
McManus, Patricia S; Stockwell,
Virginia O; Sundin, George W; and Jones, Alan L
Annual Review of
Phytopathology 40: 443-465.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
464.8 An72;
ISSN: 0066-4286
Descriptors:
Pest Assessment Control and
Management/ Tn5393: antibacterial drug/ Tn5393: antiinfective drug/
streptomycin: antibacterial drug/ streptomycin: antiinfective drug/
tetracycline: antibacterial drug/ tetracycline: antiinfective drug/
Erwinia amylovora (Enterobacteriaceae)/ Pseudomonas spp.
(Pseudomonadaceae)/ Xanthomonas campestris (Pseudomonadaceae)/
pathogens/ antibiotic resistance: plant pathogens/
Enterobacteriaceae/ Facultatively Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods/
Eubacteria/ Bacteria/ Microorganisms/ Pseudomonadaceae/ Gram
Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci/ antibiotic use/ applied and field
techniques/ therapeutic and prophylactic techniques
© Thomson
91. APEX: A new tool for predicting the effects
of climate and CO2 changes on erosion and water quality.
Williams, J. R.; Arnold, J. G.;
Srinivasan, R.; and
Ramanarayanan, T. S.
In: Modelling soil erosion by
water/ Boardman, J. and Favis-Mortlock, D.; Series: NATO ASI /
Global Environmental Change (Series I) 55.
Berlin: Springer, 1998; pp.
441-449.
ISBN: 3-540-64034-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
92. The application of climatic data for
planning and management of sustainable rainfed and irrigated crop
production.
Smith, M.
Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology 103 (1/2):
99-108. (June 2000)
NAL Call #:
340.8-AG8;
ISSN: 0168-1923.
Notes: Special issue: Agrometeorology in the 21st
century: Needs and perspectives / edited by M.V.K. Sivakumar, C.J.
Stigter, and D. Rijks. Paper presented at an international workshop
held February 15-17, 1999, Accra, Ghana.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
agriculture/ dry farming/ rain/
irrigation/ climatic factors/ weather data/ planning/ irrigation
systems/ sustainability/ water resources/ water use/ water use
efficiency/ evapotranspiration/ relative humidity/ solar radiation/
wind speed/ estimation/ mathematical models/ estimates/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
93. The application of gas chromatography to
environmental analysis.
Santos, F J and Galceran, M
T
Trends in Analytical
Chemistry 21 (9-10): 672-685.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:
alkane: pollutant/ brominated flame
retardant: pollutant/ dibenzofuran: pollutant/ halogenated
compound: pollutant/ naphthalene: pollutant/ organochlorine
pesticide: pollutant/ pesticide: pollutant/ polybrominated
biphenyl: pollutant/ polybrominated diphenylether: pollutant/
polychlorinated biphenyls: pollutant/ polychlorinated dibenzo p
dioxin: pollutant/ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollutant/
terphenyl: pollutant/ volatile organic compound: pollutant/ air
pollution/ environment/ sediment pollution/ soil pollution/ water
pollution
Abstract: Nowadays, gas chromatography (GC)
continues to play an important role in the identification and
quantification of ubiquitous pollutants in the environment. The
present article describes current state-of-the-art capillary GC in
the analysis of various classes of persistent organic contaminants
in air, water, soils, sediments and biota. Special attention is
given to sample-preparation techniques. The organic pollutant
groups covered in this review are: volatile organic compounds
(VOCs); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); pesticides; and,
halogenated compounds. These last include polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyl,
terphenyls, naphthalenes and alkanes, organochlorine pesticides,
and the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated biphenyls and
polybrominated diphenylethers. The use of capillary-GC columns, the
type of column, the need for multi-dimensional GC techniques, and
the advantages and limitations of the available detection systems
for the analysis of these compounds are discussed. Trends and
future perspectives of capillary GC in the field of environmental
analysis are also commented on and discussed.
© Thomson
94. Application of soil quality to monitoring
and management: Paradigms from rangeland ecology.
Herrick, J. E.; Brown, J. R.;
Tugel, A. J.; Shaver, P. L.; and Havstad, K. M.
Agronomy Journal
94 (1): 3-11. (Jan. 2002-Feb.
2002)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962 [AGJOAT].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium, "Soil quality
as an indicator of sustainable land management: Demonstrated
successes and continued needs," held November 3, 1999, Salt Lake
City, Utah. Includes references.
Descriptors:
rangelands/ ecology/ soil/ quality/
monitoring/ land management/ nature conservation/ agricultural
land/ indicators/ soil physical properties/ stability/
infiltration/ soil water content/ site factors/ weeds/ invasion/
erosion/ spatial variation/ literature reviews
Abstract: Recent interest in soil quality and
rangeland health, and the large areas set aside under the USDA
Conservation Reserve Program, have contributed to a gradual
convergence of assessment, monitoring, and management approaches in
croplands and rangelands. The objective of this paper is to
describe a basis for integrating soils and soil quality into
rangeland monitoring, and through monitoring, into management.
Previous attempts to integrate soil indicators into rangeland
monitoring programs have often failed due to a lack of
understanding of how to apply those indicators to ecosystem
function and management. We discuss four guidelines that we have
used to select and interpret soil and soil quality indicators in
rangelands and illustrate them using a recently developed rangeland
monitoring system. The guidelines include (i) identifying a suite
of indicators that are consistently correlated with the functional
status of one or more critical ecosystem processes, including those
related to soil stability, soil water infiltration, and the
capacity of the ecosystem to recover following disturbance; (ii)
basing indicator selection on inherent soil and site
characteristics and on site- or project-specific resource concerns,
such as erosion or species invasion; (iii) using spatial
variability in developing and interpreting indicators to make them
more representative of ecological processes; and (iv) interpreting
indicators in the context of an understanding of dynamic, nonlinear
ecological processes defined by thresholds. The approach defined by
these guidelines may serve as a paradigm for applying the soil
quality concept in other ecosystems, including forests and
ecosystems managed. for annual and perennial crop
production.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
95. Applications of fractals in soil and
tillage research: A review.
Perfect, E. and Kay, B.
D.
Soil and Tillage
Research 36 (1-2): 1-20.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
96. Applied disequilibriums: Riparian habitat
management for wildlife.
Boyce, M. S. and Payne, N.
F.
In: Ecosystem management:
Applications for sustainable forest and wildlife resources/ Boyce,
M. S. and Haney, A.
New Haven, Conn.: Yale University
Press, 1997; pp. 133-146.
ISBN: 0-300-06902-2; Conference: Based on a symposium
on ecosystem management held at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens
Point, 3-5 March, 1994
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
97. Applied wetlands science and
technology.
Kent, Donald M.
Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers;
454 p.: ill. (2001)
Notes: 2nd ed.; Includes bibliographical references and
index.
NAL Call #: QH75-.A44-2000;
ISBN: 156670359X (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation/ Ecosystem
management/ Wetlands/ Water quality management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
98. Applying landscape ecology in biological
conservation.
Gutzwiller, K. J.
New York: Springer; xxvii, 518 p.,
[2] p. of plates: ill., maps (some col.); 24 cm. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 A66 2002; ISBN: 0387986537
Descriptors:
Landscape ecology/ Nature
conservation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
99. An appraisal of biological diversity
'standards' for forest plantation.
Spellerberg, I. F. and
Sawyer, J. W. D.
In: Assessment of biodiversity for
improved forest planning: Proceedings of the Conference on
Assessment of Biodiversity for Improved Planning. (Held 7 Oct 1996-11 Oct 1996 at Monte
Verita, Switzerland.) Bachmann, P.; Kohl, M.; and Paivinen, R.
(eds.)
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
Publishers; pp. 361-365; 1998.
NAL Call #: SD1.F627-v.51;
ISBN: 0792348729
Descriptors:
forest plantations/ biodiversity/
evaluation/ literature reviews/ forest management/ standards/
nature conservation/ land use/ wildlife/ forest ecology/
objectives
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
100. An appraisal of methods for measurement of
pesticide transformation in the groundwater zone.
Leistra, Minze and Smelt, Johan
H
Pest Management
Science 57 (4): 333-340.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X
Descriptors:
pesticides: pollutant, toxin/
biogeochemical conditions/ catalysis/ drinking water/
ecotoxicology/ groundwater zones/ hydrolysis/ measurement methods/
microbial transformation: aerobic, anaerobic/ pH/ pesticide
registration/ redox potential/ subsoils
Abstract: Laboratory and field studies show that
pesticides may be transformed in the groundwater zone. Possible
reaction mechanisms are chemical hydrolysis, catalytic reduction
and aerobic or anaerobic microbial transformation. Transformation
in the groundwater zone can be an important element in the advanced
evaluation of the potential risk arising from a pesticide in the
public drinking water supply. However, rate and pathway of
transformation can show large differences, depending on the
bio-geochemical conditions in the groundwater zone. Knowledge of
the reaction mechanisms and the effect of aquifer conditions would
allow vulnerable and low-vulnerable application areas for a
pesticide to be delimited. An outline is given of possible
approaches to quantifying these transformation processes and using
the results in registration procedures, especially in the EU and
its member states. Furthermore, areas where there is need for
continued research and better understanding are
highlighted.
© Thomson
101. An approach for assessing wetland functions
using hydrogeomorphic classification, reference wetlands, and
functional indices.
Smith, R. Daniel. and United
States. Army. Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station. Wetlands Research Program (U.S.).
Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; Series: Wetlands Research
Program technical report WRP-DE-9. (1995)
Notes: Title from title page. "Final report." "October
1995." Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: GB624-.A76-1995
http://www.wes.army.mil/el/wetlands/pdfs/wrpde9.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/ Ecosystem
management---United States/ wetlands
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
102. An approach to describing ecosystem
performance "through the eyes of salmon".
Mobrand, Lars E; Lichatowich, James
A; Lestelle, Lawrence C; and Vogel, Thomas S
Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54 (12): 2964-2973. (1997);
ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors:
Oncorhynchus spp. (Osteichthyes)/
Animals/ Chordates/ Fish/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/
capacity/ ecosystem performance/ habitats/ productivity/ watershed
health
Abstract: The intent of this paper is to show that
discussion of watershed health and salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.)
performance can incorporate a much greater degree of complexity
without loss of clarity. We can and should include more
temporal-spatial detail, more life history complexity, and more
watershed-specific information. The framework and performance
measures used in watershed management generally, and salmon
management specifically, are inadequate. The bottleneck metaphor is
cited all too frequently as a basis for discussion. The bottleneck
analogy is useful in understanding capacity, but capacity alone
cannot explain observed responses of salmon populations to
environmental change. An argument can be made that where protection
and enhancement of weak stocks is the priority, productivity is a
more critical variable. However, a framework built only around
productivity and capacity is also not sufficient. It neglects the
need for connectivity of habitats that salmon must pass through to
complete their life histories. Adding life history diversity as the
third component of performance provides the time and spare
structure needed to deal with connectivity while also allowing for
integration of populations where they mingle.
© Thomson
103. An Approach to improving decision making in
wetland restoration and creation.
Kentula, Mary E. and Hairston, Ann
J.
Boca Raton: C.K. Smoley; xxix, 151
p.: ill. (1993)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-146)
and index.
NAL Call #: QH76.A67-1993;
ISBN: 0873719379
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation---United States
Decision making/ Restoration ecology---United States Evaluation/
Wetlands---United States---Management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
104. An approach to nutrient management on dairy
farms.
Kuipers, Abele; Mandersloot, Frits;
and Zom, Ronald LG
Journal of Animal
Science 77 (2 [supplement]):
84-89. (1999)
NAL Call #:
49 J82;
ISSN: 0021-8812
Descriptors:
ammonia/ nitrate/ nitrogen/
phosphorus/ urea/ cattle (Bovidae): dairy animal, female/ Animals /
Artiodactyls/ Chordates/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman
Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ farm model/ grazing/ management
practices/ manure/ milk production/ nutrient management
Abstract: In the European Union, groundwater should
contain less than 50 mg of nitrate/L. Individual countries have
developed alternative strategies for phosphorus (P). In The
Netherlands, regulations based on P limited the amount of manure
applied per hectare. A more balanced P supply to the land has been
achieved by transport of manure from surplus to deficit regions.
Costs of processing of manure to pellets appeared to be (too) high.
In animal production experiments, lowering the P content of
concentrates and mineral supplements reduced P losses without an
adverse effect on production. In addition to the European guideline
for nitrate, ammonia volatilization should be reduced by 50 to 70%.
Management practices for reducing nitrogen (N) losses were studied
with a farm model, developed at PR. A combination of a more
efficient use of fertilizer N, restricted grazing, and a more
balanced diet, and, to a lesser extent, higher milk production per
cow resulted in considerable reductions in nitrate leaching. The
application of slurry by injection diminishes the ammonia
volatilization at farm level by almost 50%. This technique has
become obligatory, and is only allowed during the growing season.
Other techniques, like low emission housing and covering of slurry
storage have relatively high costs. Starting in 1998, farmers have
to keep a record of nutrients on a balance sheet. A tax will be
imposed on surpluses on N and P. This new instrument replaces the
regulations based on P. To further improve efficiency of use of N
and P, farmers have the nutrient balance sheet available as an
integrated management tool. Urea content in bulk milk has been
introduced as a new indicator for the utilization of N in the diet.
Also, fertilizer applications are improved. Furthermore, an
experimental farm was set up to integrate all available expertise
and analyze the resulting nutrient flows and farm
performance.
© Thomson
105. Approaches to assess the environmental
impact of organic farming with particular regard to
Denmark.
Hansen, B.; Alroe, H. F.; and
Kristensen, E. S.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 83 (1/2): 11-26.
(Jan. 2001)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: Special issue: A tribute to Hamish Sturrock.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
organic farming/ environmental
impact/ intensive farming/ sustainability/ indicators/ nitrate/
phosphorus/ leaching/ soil organic matter/ soil structure/ soil
biology/ ecosystems/ arable land/ landscape/ biotopes/ nitrogen/
soil bacteria/ soil fungi/ soil arthropods/ earthworms/ rotations/
fertilizers/ pesticides/ crop management/ feeds/ literature
reviews/ Denmark
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
106. Approaches to the economic analysis of
erosion and soil conservation: A review.
Calatrava-Leyva, J. and
Gonzalez-Roa, M. C.
In: Soil erosion research for the
21st century: Proceedings of the International Symposium.
(Held 3 Jan 2001-5 Jan 2001 at
Honolulu, Hawaii.) Ascough II, J. C. and Flanagan, D. C.
(eds.)
St Joseph, Mo.: American Society of
Agricultural Engineers; pp. 203-206; 2001.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
107. Aquatic ecosystems in agricultural
landscapes: A review of ecological indicators and achievable
ecological outcomes.
Watzin, M. C. and McIntosh, A.
W.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 54 (4): 636-644.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
agricultural land/ landscape
ecology/ biological indicators/ aquatic communities/ environmental
impact/ land use/ pollution/ point sources/ streams/ watersheds/
nonpoint source pollution
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
108. Aquatic Sediments.
Garton, L. S.; Sylvester, B. A.;
Autenrieth, R. L.; and Bonner, J. S.
Water Environment
Research 65 (6): 534-547.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47
Descriptors:
Aquatic soils/ Bottom sediments/
Literature review/ Path of pollutants/ Reviews/ Sediment analysis/
Sediment chemistry/ Sediment contamination/ Dredging/ Environmental
impact/ Fate of pollutants/ Metals/ Model studies/ Nutrients/
Organic carbon/ Organic compounds/ Oxygen demand/ Paleolimnology/
Radioisotopes/ Sediment transport/ Suspended sediments/ Toxicity/
Sources and fate of pollution/ Identification of pollutants/
Preparation of reviews
Abstract: Many conference proceedings, texts, and
summary documents address the topic of aquatic sediments. The
development of new methods and improvement or modification of
existing methods have been reported for the broad categories of
screening methods for organisms, sampling techniques and devices,
characterization, biological techniques and analyses, and inorganic
and organic compounds. Articles on biological activity are broken
into several broad categories: species distribution, indicator
organisms, metabolic effects, toxicity, productivity, organic and
inorganic compounds, and physical and chemical processes. Several
studies have investigated nutrient distribution and transformation
in streams and sediments. Other topics include extraction
procedures used to determine phosphorus and organic phosphorus
concentrations in suspended sediments, anthropogenic activities
that influence heavy metals concentrations and trace metals in
marine and freshwater sediments, and factors affecting metal
transport. Many organic compounds including pesticides, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, surfactants, phenols and polychlorinated
biphenyls, have been studied in sediments. A comprehensive handbook
of dredging has been published with chapters addressing sediment,
transport of solids, and environmental effects of dredging
activities, including such specific topics as sediment properties
and classification, resuspension of sediment, and environmental
impacts of dredging. Radionuclides in sediments have been studied
in relation to mobility, complexation, and removal. Sediment
organic carbon accumulation, cycling, and relation to aquatic
organisms have also been examined. It has been shown that oxygen
concentrations have great effects on sediment systems and
processes. Most of the sediment modeling papers focus on particle
transport processes (water column transport and bedload movement).
Other research has addressed sediment mobility, sediment
suspensions, sediment transport
models, and use of sediments in
paleolimnology. (Geiger-PTT) 35 004736037
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
109. Aquatic Sediments.
Sylvester, B. A.; Garton, L. S.;
and Autenrieth, R. L.
Water Environment
Research 66 (4): 496-516.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ aquatic
environment/ sedimentation/ pollutants/ sediment load/ sediment
concentration/ sediment sampler/ sedimentary basins/ sediments/
sampling/ sediment pollution/ lacustrine sedimentation/ sediment
analysis/ literature reviews/ Sources and fate of pollution/
Behavior and fate characteristics
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
110. Aquatic Sediments.
Fuller, C. B.; Quinney, M. J.;
Malupillai, N.; Sundaresan, A.; Swaroop, S.; and Ernest, A.
N.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 614-629.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ aquatic soils/
sediments/ sediment concentration/ substrates/ toxicity/ benthic
fauna/ benthic flora/ sediment pollution/ pollution effects/
benthos/ pollutant persistence/ sediment transport/ detritus/
Erosion and sedimentation/ Effects on organisms
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
111. Aquatic Sediments.
Cheng, Chen-Yu; Sumner, P. L.;
Fuller, C. B.; and Ernest, A. N.
Water Environment
Research 70 (4): 780-807.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
Sediments/ Erosion/ Deposition/
Literature Review/ Sedimentation/ Spillways/ Sedimentary Basins/
Erosion and sedimentation
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
112. Aquatic Sediments.
Hernandez, E. A. and Ernest, A.
N.
Water Environment
Research 5:
948-973. (1999)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
Sediments/ Water Depth/
Stratification/ Lakes/ Reviews/ Pollutants/ Polychlorinated
Biphenyls / Organic Compounds/ Sampling/ PCB/ Sediment pollution/
Industrial wastes/ Sediment sampling/ Sediment analysis/ Literature
reviews/ PCB compounds/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Behavior and
fate characteristics/ Freshwater pollution
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
113. Aquatic toxicology: Past, present, and
prospects.
Pritchard, John B
Environmental Health
Perspectives 100 (0):
249-257. (1993)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1E54;
ISSN: 0091-6765
Descriptors:
Xenobiotics/ Pollution/ Pesticides/
Metals/ Carcinogens/ fish (Pisces Unspecified)/ mollusks (Mollusca
Unspecified)/ Mollusca (Mollusca Unspecified)/ Osteichthyes
(Osteichthyes)/ animals/ chordates/ invertebrates/ mollusks/
nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates
© Thomson
114. Arbuscular mycorrhiza in soil quality
assessment.
Kling, Monica and Jakobsen,
Iver
Ambio 27 (1): 29-34. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH540.A52;
ISSN: 0044-7447
Descriptors:
nutrient: uptake/ arbuscular
mycorrhiza (Phycomycetes)/ Fungi/ Microorganisms/ Nonvascular
Plants/ Plants/ drought/ root pathogens/ soil aggregates/ soil
quality
Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi
constitute a living bridge for the transport of nutrients from soil
to plant roots, and are considered as the group of soil
microorganisms that is of most direct importance to nutrient uptake
by herbaceous plants. AM fungi also contribute to the formation of
soil aggregates and to the protection of plants against drought and
root pathogens. Assessment of soil quality, defined as the capacity
of a soil to function within ecosystem boundaries to sustain
biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and
promote plant health, should therefore include both quantitative
and qualitative measurements of this important biological resource.
Various methods for the assessment of the potential for mycorrhiza
formation and function are presented. Examples are given of the
application of these methods to assess the impact of pesticides on
the mycorrhiza.
© Thomson
115. Arbuscular mycorrhizae and the phosphorus
nutrition of maize: A review of Guelph studies.
Miller, Murray H
Canadian Journal of Plant
Science 80 (1): 47-52.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
450-C16;
ISSN: 0008-4220
Descriptors:
phosphorus: nutrient/ Brassica napus
[canola] (Cruciferae): oil crop/ Zea mays [maize] (Gramineae):
grain crop, host/ arbuscular mycorrhizae (Phycomycetes): symbiont/
Angiosperms/ Dicots/ Fungi/ Microorganisms/ Monocots/ Nonvascular
Plants/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ fertilizer
efficiency
Abstract: The role of mycorrhizae in phosphorus
nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) is related to the fact that the P
concentration in maize shoots at the four- to five-leaf stage
affects final grain yield. In the early 1980s we observed greater
early-season shoot-P concentration (mg g-1) and P absorption (mg
plant-1) from a notill compared to a conventional tillage system.
Further studies established that the greater P absorption is due to
a more effective arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis when the
soil is not disturbed. The greater P absorption is largely a result
of the undisrupted mycelium present in an undisturbed soil, rather
than to increased colonization. This mycelium retains viability
through extended periods in frozen soil. In the spring this mycelia
network is able to acquire P from the soil and deliver it to the
plant immediately upon becoming connected to a newly developing
root system. Increased P absorption has not resulted in increased
grain yield in field trials. Some additional factor limits yield
with no-till maize preventing the advantage of early P absorption
from being realized as yield. When maize follows a non-mycorrhizal
crop such as canola (Brassica napus L.), mycorrhizal colonization
is delayed, reducing early-season P absorption. Yield reductions
may occur. In summary, AM mycorrhizae are involved in P nutrition
of maize and an understanding of their functioning will assist us
in modifying management practices to maximize economic returns
through increased fertilizer efficiency.
© Thomson
116. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as components
of sustainable soil-plant systems.
Hooker, John E and Black, Kyrsten
E
Critical Reviews in
Biotechnology 15 (3-4):
201-212. (1995)
NAL Call #:
TP248.13.C74;
ISSN: 0738-8551
Descriptors:
Angiospermae (Angiospermae)/
Phycomycetes (Phycomycetes)/ angiosperms/ fungi/ microorganisms/
nonvascular plants/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/
agriculture/ crop rotation/ fertilizer use/ pesticide use/
selection/ tillage
© Thomson
117. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi: Potential
roles in weed management.
Jordan, N. R.; Zhang, J.; and
Huerd, S.
Weed Research 40 (5): 397-410. (Oct. 2000)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W412;
ISSN: 0043-1737 [WEREAT]
Descriptors:
weeds/ vesicular arbuscular
mycorrhizas/ mycorrhizal fungi/ weed control/ plant ecology/ plant
communities/ host plants/ botanical composition/ crop yield/ yield
losses/ interactions/ soil biology/ beneficial organisms/
conservation tillage/ ground cover/ cover crops/ green manures/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
118. Architectural features of agricultural
habitats and their impact on the spider inhabitants.
Rypstra, A. L.; Carter, P. E.;
Balfour, R. A.; and Marshall, S. D.
Journal of
Arachnology 27 (1): 371-377.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
QL451.J6;
ISSN: 0161-8202
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
119. Assessing and mitigating N2O emissions from
agricultural soils.
Mosier, A R; Duxbury, J M; Freney,
J R; Heinemeyer, O; and Minami, K
Climatic Change 40 (1): 7-38. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QC980 .C55;
ISSN: 0165-0009
Descriptors:
nitrogen: fertilizer/ nitrous oxide:
pollutant/ agricultural cropping/ emissions mitigation/
fertilization/ pollution control
Abstract: Agricultural cropping and animal
production systems are important sources of atmospheric nitrous
oxide (N2O). The assessment of the importance of N fertilization
from synthetic fertilizer, animal wastes used as fertilizers and
from N incorporated into the soil through biological N fixation, to
global N2O emissions presented in this paper suggests that this
source has been underestimated. We estimate that agricultural
systems produce about one fourth of global N2O emissions. Methods
of mitigating these emissions are presented which, if adopted
globally could decrease annual N2O emissions from cropped soils by
about 20%.
© Thomson
120. Assessing and monitoring forest
biodiversity: A suggested framework and indicators.
Noss, R. F.
Forest Ecology and
Management 115 (2/3):
135-146. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
121. Assessing effects of timber harvest on
riparian zone features and functions for aquatic and wildlife
habitat.
Taratoot, Mark.
Research Triangle Park, N.C.:
National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement; 1 v. (various pagings): ill.; Series: Technical
bulletin (National Council for Air and Stream Improvement) no. 775.
(1999)
Notes: "January 1999." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 36-37).
NAL Call #: TD899.P3N34-no.775
Descriptors:
Logging/ Riparian forests, Effect of
water pollution on
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
122. Assessing sediment contamination in
estuaries.
Chapman, Peter M and Wang,
Feiyue
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 20 (1): 3-22.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:
benthic infauna (Organisms)/
estuarine biota (Organisms)/ chemical assessment techniques:
background enrichment, bioavailability, grain size effects,
interstitial water chemistry, sediment quality values/ estuaries:
dissolved oxygen gradients, pH gradients, productive marine
ecosystems, redox potential gradients, temperature gradients,
variable salinity/ estuarine processes/ estuarine sediment:
chemical assessment techniques, community level assessment
techniques, toxicological assessment techniques/ large scale
seasonal species shifts/ paradox of brackish water/ particle
composition/ salinity: contaminant partitioning controlling factor,
interstitial, lateral variation, overlying, temporal variation,
vertical variation/ salt wedge estuaries/ seasonal estuarine
variability/ sediment contamination: estuarine, historic, ongoing/
sediments/ spatial estuarine variability
Abstract: Historic and ongoing sediment
contamination adversely affects estuaries, among the most
productive marine ecosystems in the world. However, all estuaries
are not the same, and estuarine sediments cannot be treated as
either fresh or marine sediments or properly assessed without
understanding both seasonal and spatial estuarine variability and
processes, which are reviewed. Estuaries are physicochemically
unique, primarily because of their variable salinity but also
because of their strong gradients in other parameters, such as
temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, and amount and
composition of particles. Salinity (overlying and interstitial)
varies spatially (laterally, vertically) and temporally and is the
controlling factor for partitioning of contaminants between
sediments and overlying or interstitial water. Salinity also
controls the distribution and types of estuarine biota. Benthic
infauna are affected by interstitial salinities that can be very
different than overlying salinities, resulting in large-scale
seasonal species shifts in salt wedge estuaries. There are fewer
estuarine species than fresh or marine species (the paradox of
brackish water). Chemical, toxicological, and community-level
assessment techniques for estuarine sediment are reviewed and
assessed, including chemistry (grain size effects, background
enrichment, bioavailability, sediment quality values, interstitial
water chemistry), biological surveys, and whole sediment toxicity
testing (single-species tests, potential confounding factors,
community level tests, laboratory-to-field comparisons). Based on
this review, there is a clear need to tailor such assessment
techniques specifically for estuarine environments. For instance,
bioavailability models including equilibrium partitioning may have
little applicability to estuarine sediments, appropriate reference
comparisons are difficult in biological surveys, and there are too
few full-gradient estuarine sediment toxicity tests available.
Specific recommendations are made to address these and other
issues.
© Thomson
123. Assessing the impact of pesticides on the
environment.
Werf, H. M. G. van der
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 60 (2/3): 81-96.
(Dec. 1996)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
agricultural land/ pesticides/
utilization/ environmental impact/ assessment/ methodology/
movement in soil/ dispersion/ sorption/ binding/ biodegradation/
volatilization/ uptake/ dilution/ leaching/ runoff/ toxicity/
simulation models/ health hazards/ exposure/ literature reviews/
human toxicity/ ecotoxicity
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
124. Assessing the relative environmental
impacts of agricultural pesticides: The quest for a holistic
method.
Levitan, L.; Merwin, I.; and
Kovach, J.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 55 (3): 153-168.
(Oct. 1995)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
pest management/ pesticides/
utilization/ environmental impact/ assessment/ systems/ simulation
models/ indexes/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
125. Assessing upland and
riparian areas.
British Columbia Ministry of
Forests
British Columbia, Canada: Ministry
of Forests
Rangeland Health Brochure 1 (68),
2002. 12 p.
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Bro/Bro68.pdf
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
126. Assessing wetland functional condition in
agricultural landscapes.
Eckles, S. Diane. and United
States. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service; Series:
Wetland technical note 1. (2002)
Notes: Title from web page. "March 2002." Description
based on content viewed May 13, 2003. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: aQH87.3-.A77-2002
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/directiv%5F%20files/TN%5FECS%5F190%5F2%5Fa.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/
Environmental impact analysis---United States/ Wetland
restoration---United States/ Wetland ecology---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Wetland agriculture---United States/
Ecological assessment---Biology---United States/ Agricultural
landscape management---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
127. An assessment of agroforestry systems in
the southern USA.
Zinkhan, F. C. and Mercer, D.
E.
Agroforestry Systems
35 (3): 303-321. (1997)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
128. Assessment of aquatic and terrestrial reed
(Phragmites australis) stands.
Gusewell, Sabine and Klotzli,
Frank
Wetlands Ecology and
Management 8 (6): 367-373.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.M3 W472;
ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors:
Phragmites australis (Gramineae)/
Angiosperms/ Monocots/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/
agriculture/ conference proceedings/ die back/ ecological
significance/ economic significance/ environmental protection/ food
production/ international collaboration/ lakeshore restoration/
literature databases/ nature conservation/ reed progression/ reed
stands: aquatic, terrestrial/ water treatment/ weed control/
wetlands management
Abstract: A survey of recent publications shows that
research on Phragmites australis has often applied character
because of the considerable ecological and economic significance of
the species. The main applications are water treatment, agriculture
(food production or weed control) and nature conservation. In
Europe, most research on natural reed stands has been motivated by
reed die-back and efforts towards protection or restoration. Reed
progression and reed control have been the main concerns in other
parts of the world, and reed progression has also received
increasing attention in Europe. While reed die-back generally
affects aquatic stands, progression can occur at both terrestrial
and aquatic sites, and it can be desired (e.g. lake shore
restoration) or unwanted (e.g. in species-rich fens or marshes).
Therefore, reed stands need to be assessed individually to decide
on management aims and appropriate methods. The varying status of
Phragmites australis formed the background of the 'European Reed
Conference' held in Zurich/Switzerland in October 1998. The seven
contributions published in this special issue are introduced with
particular reference to differences between aquatic and terrestrial
reed stands and to approaches used in their assessment.
© Thomson
129. Assessment of methods to estimate pesticide
concentrations in drinking water sources.
ILSI Risk Science Institute and
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Pesticide
Programs.
Washington, D.C. ILSI Risk
Science Institute; x, 29 p.: ill. (1998)
Notes: "April 2, 1998." "Under a cooperative agreement
with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide
Programs"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references (p.
23).
NAL Call #: TD427.P35A87-1998
Descriptors:
Water---Pollution---United States/
Pesticides---Environmental aspects---
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
130. Assimilation Efficiencies of Chemical
Contaminants in Aquatic Invertebrates: A Synthesis.
Wang, Wen-Xiong and Fisher, N.
S.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 9: 2034-2045.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:
Chemical pollutants/
Bioaccumulation/ Water pollution/ Sediment pollution/ Food chains/
Aquatic animals/ Aquatic organisms/ Trophic levels/ Chemical
pollution/ Metals/ Sediments/ Pollution/ Reviews/ Invertebrata/
Contaminants/ Chemicals/ Diets/ Ingestion/ Toxicology/ Toxicity/
Invertebrates/ Aquatic Environment/ Foods/ Sediment Contamination/
bioavailability/ Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics/ Pollution
Organisms/ Ecology/ Toxicology/ Effects on organisms/ Reviews/
Toxicology and health/ Effects of pollution
Abstract: Assimilation efficiencies of contaminants
from ingested food are critical for understanding chemical
accumulation and trophic transfer in aquatic invertebrates.
Assimilation efficiency is a first-order physiological parameter
that can be used to systematically compare the bioavailability of
different contaminants from different foods. The various techniques
used to measure contaminant assimilation efficiencies are reviewed.
Pulse-chase feeding techniques and the application of
gamma-emitting radiotracers have been invaluable in measuring metal
assimilation efficiencies in aquatic animals. Uniform radiolabeling
of food is required to measure assimilation, but this can be
difficult when sediments are the food source. Biological factors
that influence contaminant assimilation include food quantity and
quality, partitioning of contaminants in the food particles, and
digestive physiology of the animals. Other factors influencing
assimilation include the behavior of the chemical within the
animal's gut and its associations with different geochemical
fractions in food particles. Assimilation efficiency is a critical
parameter to determine (and to make predictions of) bioaccumulation
of chemicals from dietary exposure. Robust estimates of
assimilation efficiency coupled with estimates of aqueous uptake
can be used to determine the relative importance of aqueous and
dietary exposures. For bioaccumulation of metals from sediments,
additional studies are required to test whether metals bound to the
acid-volatile sulfide fraction of sediments can be available to
benthic deposit-feeding invertebrates. Most assimilation efficiency
studies have focused on chemical transfer in organisms at the
bottom of the food chain; additional studies are required to
examine chemical transfer at higher trophic levels.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
131. Atmospheric ammonia and ammonium transport
in Europe and critical loads: A review.
Ferm, Martin
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 51 (1): 5-17.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
S631 .F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314
Descriptors:
ammonia: pollutant/ ammonia
deposition/ ammonia emissions/ atmospheric transport/ critical
loads
Abstract: The atmosphere in Europe is polluted by
easily available nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) mainly from
livestock (NH3), traffic (NOx) and stationary combustion sources
(NOx). The nitrogen emission from various European sources
decreases in the order: agriculture, road traffic, stationary
sources and other mobile sources (including vehicular emissions
from agriculture), with annual emissions of approximately 4.9, 2.7,
2.7 and 0.8 Mt N respectively. The emissions have increased
dramatically during the latest decades. In the atmosphere the
pollutants are oxidised to more water soluble compounds that are
washed out by clouds and eventually brought back to the earth's
surface again. Since ammonia is emitted in a highly water soluble
form it will also to a substantial degree be dry deposited near the
source. Ammonia is, however, the dominant basic compound in the
atmosphere and will form salts with acidic gases. These salt
particles can be transported long distances especially in the
absence of clouds. The deposition close to the source is
substantial, but hard to estimate due to interaction with other
pollutants. Far from the source the deposition of ammonium is on an
annual average halved approximately every 400 km. This short
transport distance and the substantial deposition near the source
makes it possible for countries to control their ammonium
deposition by decreasing their emissions, provided that there is no
country with much higher emission in the direction of the
prevailing wind trajectory. When the easily available nitrogen is
deposited on natural ecosystems (lakes, forests), negative effect
can occur. The effect is determined by the magnitude of the
deposition and the type of ecosystems (its critical load for
nitrogen). In order to reduce the negative effects by controlling
the emissions in a cost-efficient way it is necessary to use
atmospheric transport models and critical loads.
© Thomson
132. The atmospheric budget of oxidized nitrogen
and its role in ozone formation and deposition.
Fowler, David; Flechard, Chris;
Skiba, Ute; Coyle, Mhairi; and Cape, J Neil
New Phytologist 139 (1): 11-23. (1998);
ISSN: 0028-646X
Descriptors:
nitric oxide/ nitrogen dioxide/
oxidized nitrogen: atmospheric budget/ ozone: deposition,
formation/ plants (Plantae)/ Plants/ soil emissions/ stomatal
uptake
Abstract: Emissions of reactive oxidized nitrogen
(NO and NO2), collectively known as NOx, from human activities are
c. 21 Tg N annually, or 70% of global total emissions. They occur
predominantly in industrialized regions, largely from fossil fuel
combustion, but also from increased use of N fertilizers. Soil
emissions of NO not only make an important contribution to global
totals, but also play a part in regulating the dry deposition of NO
and NO2 (NOx) to plant canopies. Soil microbial production of NO
leads to a soil 'compensation point' for NO deposition or emission,
which depends on soil temperature, N and water status. In warm
conditions, the net emission of NOx from plant canopies contributes
to the photochemical formation of ozone. Moreover, the effect of
NOx emissions from soil is to reduce net rates of NOx deposition to
terrestrial surfaces over large areas. Increasing anthropogenic
emissions of NOx have led to an approximate doubling in surface O3
concentrations since the last century. NOx acts as a catalyst for
the production of O3 from volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Paradoxically, emission controls on motor vehicles might lead to
increases in O3 concentrations in urban areas. Removal of NO and
NO2 by dry deposition is regulated to some extent by soil
production of NO; the major sink for NO2 is stomatal uptake.
Long-term flux measurements over moorland in Scotland show very
small deposition rates for NO2 at night and before mid-day of 1-4
ng NO2-N m-2 s-1, and similar emission rates during afternoon. The
bidirectional flux gives 24-h average deposition velocities of only
1-2 mm s-1, and implies a long life-time for NOx due to removal by
dry deposition. Rates of removal of O3 at the ground are also
influenced by stomatal uptake, but significant non-stomatal uptake
occurs at night and in winter. Measurements above moorland showed
40% of total annual flux was stomatal, with 60% non-stomatal,
giving nocturnal and winter deposition velocities of 2-3 mm s-1 and
daytime summer values of 10 mm s-1. The stomatal uptake is
responsible for adverse effects on vegetation. The critical level
for O3 exposure (AOT40) is used to derive a threshold O3 stomatal
flux for wheat of 0-5 mug m-2 s-1. Use of modelled stomatal fluxes
rather than exposure might give more reliable estimates of yield
loss; preliminary calculations suggest that the relative grain
yield reduction (%) can be estimated as 38 times the stomatal ozone
flux (g m-2) above the threshold, summed over the growing
season.
© Thomson
133. Atmospheric dispersion of current-use
pesticides: A review of the evidence from monitoring
studies.
Van Dijk, Harrie FG and
Guicherit, Robert
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 115 (1-4): 21-70.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors:
atrazine: herbicide, pollutant,
toxin/ current use pesticides: pesticide, pollutant, toxin,
transformation products/ lindane: insecticide, pollutant, toxin/
organophosphate insecticides: insecticide, pollutant, toxin/
application season/ atmospheric dispersion/ coastal waters/ dry
particle deposition/ ecotoxicology/ gas exchange/ mountainous
areas/ pesticide contamination/ remote lakes/ riverine inputs/
seas
Abstract: Recently, evidence has accumulated that
the extensive use of modern pesticides results in their presence in
the atmosphere at many places throughout the world. In Europe over
80 current-use pesticides have been detected in rain and 30 in air.
Similar observations have been made in North America. The compounds
most often looked for and detected are the organochlorine
insecticide lindane and triazine herbicides, especially atrazine.
However, acetanilide and phenoxyacid herbicides, as well as
organophosphorus insecticides have also frequently been found in
rain and air. Concentrations in air normally range from a few pg/m3
to many ng/m3. Concentrations in rain generally range from a few
ng/L to several mug/L. In fog even higher concentrations are
observed. Deposition varies between a few mg/ha/y and more than 1
g/ha/y per compound. However, these estimates are usually based on
the collection and analysis of (bulk) precipitation and do not
include dry particle deposition and gas exchange. Nevertheless,
model calculations, analysis of plant tissue, and first attempts to
measure dry deposition in a more representative way, all indicate
that total atmospheric deposition probably does not normally exceed
a few g/ha/y. So far, little attention has been paid to the
presence of transformation products of modern pesticides in the
atmosphere, with the exception of those of triazine herbicides,
which have been looked for and found frequently. Generally,
current-use pesticides are only detected at elevated concentrations
in air and rain during the application season. The less volatile
and more persistent ones, such as lindane, but to some extent also
triazines, are present in the atmosphere in low concentrations
throughout the year. In agricultural areas, the presence of modern
pesticides in the atmosphere can be explained by the crops grown
and pesticides used on them. They are also found in the air and
rain in areas where they are not used, sometimes even in remote
places, just like their organochlorine predecessors. Concentrations
and levels are generally much lower there. These data suggest that
current-use pesticides can be transported through the atmosphere
over distances of tens to hundreds, and sometimes even more than a
thousand kilometres. The relative importance of these atmospheric
inputs varies greatly. For mountainous areas and remote lakes and
seas, the atmosphere may constitute the sole route of contamination
by pesticides. In coastal waters, on the other hand, riverine
inputs may prevail. To date, little is known about the ecological
significance of these aerial inputs.
© Thomson
134. Atmospheric transport and air-surface
exchange of pesticides.
Bidleman, Terry F
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 115 (1-4): 115-166.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors:
alpha hexachlorochyclohexane:
pollutant, toxin/ atrazine: herbicide, toxin, pollutant/ chiral OC
pesticides: enantiomers, pesticide, toxin, volatilization,
pollutant/ chlorothalonil: fungicide, pollutant, toxin/
chlorpyrifos: insecticide, pollutant, toxin/ endosulfan:
insecticide, toxin, pollutant/ metolachlor: herbicide, toxin,
pollutant/ persistent organic pollutants [POPs]: pollutant, toxin/
terbufos: insecticide, toxin, pollutant/ trifluralin: herbicide,
toxin, pollutant/ PCBs [polychlorinated biphenyls]: pollutant,
toxin/ aerosol sorption/ air surface exchange/ atmospheric
transport/ chemical transport distance/ cold regions/
ecotoxicology/ environmental persistence/ environmental
temperatures/ fog/ octanol air partition coefficient/ particle
partitioning/ particle phase/ physiochemical properties/ regional
scale/ sediment/ soil residue data/ soil air exchange/ surface
seawater/ temperate climate/ temperature/ water/ air fugacity
ratio
Abstract: Atmospheric transport and exchange of
pesticides with soil, vegetation, water and atmospheric particles
are discussed, with an emphasis on applying physicochemical
properties of the compound to describe environmental partitioning.
The octanol-air partition coefficient is promoted as a unifying
property for describing volatilization of pesticides from soil and
sorption to aerosols. Present-day sources of organochlorine (OC)
pesticides to the atmosphere are continued usage in certain
countries and volatilization from contaminated soils where they
were used in the past. Models are available to predict
volatilization from soil; however, their implementation is hampered
by lack of soil residue data on a regional scale. The need to
differentiate "new" and "old" sources is increasing, as countries
negotiate international controls on persistent organic pollutants
(POPs). A new technique, based on the analysis of individual
pesticide enantiomers, is proposed to follow emission of chiral OC
pesticides from soil and water. Air monitoring programs in the
Arctic show the ubiquitous presence of OC pesticides, PCBs and
other POPs, and recently a few "modern" pesticides have been
identified in fog and surface seawater. Atmospheric loadings of
POPs to oceans and large lakes take place mainly by air-water gas
exchange. In the case of OC pesticides and PCBs, aquatic systems
are often near air-water equilibrium or even oversaturated.
Measurement of water/air fugacity ratios suggests revolatilization
of PCBs and several OC pesticides in the Great Lakes and, for
alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH), in the Arctic Ocean.
Outgassing of alpha-HCH in large lakes and arctic waters has been
confirmed by enantiomeric tracer studies. The potential for
pesticides to be atmospherically transported depends on their
ability to be mobilized into air and the removal processes that
take place enroute: wet and dry deposition of gases and particles
and chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Measurement of reaction
rate constants for pesticides in the gas and particle phase at a
range of environmental temperatures is a critical research need.
The transport distance of a chemical is related to its overall
environmental persistence, determined by the partitioning among
different compartments (water, sediment, soil, air), degradation
rates in each compartment and mode of emission (into water, soil,
air). Several pesticides found in the arctic environment have
predicted lifetimes in the gas phase of only a few days in
temperate climates, pointing out the need for monitoring and
evaluation of persistence in cold regions.
© Thomson
135. Atmospheric transport and deposition of
pesticides: An assessment of current knowledge.
Van Pul, W Addo J; Bidleman, Terry
F; Brorstrom, Lunden Eva; Builtjes, Peter JH; Dutchak, Sergey;
Duyzer, Jan H; Gryning, Sven Erik; Jones, Kevin C; Van Dijk, Harrie
FG; and Van Jaarsveld, JA
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 115 (1-4): 245-256.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors:
pesticides: atmospheric fate,
deposition, toxin, pesticide, pollutant/ air soil interface/ air
vegetation interface/ air water interface/ atmospheric transport/
ecotoxicology/ pesticide deposition/ physicochemical properties/
risk assessment implications/ surface exchange/ temperature
dependency/ vapor pressure/ Henry's law constant
Abstract: The current knowledge on atmospheric
transport and deposition of pesticides is reviewed and discussed by
a working group of experts during the Workshop on Fate of
pesticides in the atmosphere; implications for risk assessment,
held in Driebergen, the Netherlands, 22-24 April, 1998. In general
there is a shortage of measurement data to evaluate the deposition
and reemission processes. It was concluded that the mechanisms of
transport and dispersion of pesticides can be described similarly
to those for other air pollution components and these mechanisms
are rather well-known. Large uncertainties are present in the
exchange processes at the interface between air and
soil/water/vegetation. In all process descriptions the uncertainty
in the physicochemical properties play an important role.
Particularly those in the vapour pressure, Henry's law constant and
its temperature dependency. More accurate data on physicochemical
properties and particularly the temperature dependencies is
needed.
© Thomson
136. Automated storm water sampling on small
watersheds.
Harmel, R. D.; King, K. W.;
and
Slade, R. M.
Applied Engineering in
Agriculture 19 (6): 667-674.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S671.A66;
ISSN: 0883-8542.
Notes: Number of References: 18
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ storm water
sampling/ automated sampling/ nonpoint source pollution/ water
quality/ strategies/ accuracy
Abstract: Few guidelines are currently available to
assist in designing appropriate automated storm water sampling
strategies for small watersheds. Therefore, guidance is needed to
develop strategies that achieve an appropriate balance between
accurate characterization of storm water quality and loads and
limitations of budget, equipment, and personnel. In this article,
we explore the important sampling strategy components (minimum flow
threshold, sampling interval, and discrete versus composite
sampling) and project-specific considerations (sampling goal,
sampling and analysis resources, and watershed characteristics)
based on personal experiences and pertinent field and analytical
studies. These components and considerations are important in
achieving the balance between sampling goals and limitations
because they determine how and when samples are taken and the
potential sampling error Several general recommendations are made,
including: setting low minimum flow thresholds, using flow-interval
or variable time-interval sampling, and using composite sampling to
limit the number of samples collected. Guidelines are presented to
aid in selection of an appropriate sampling strategy based on
user's project-specific considerations. Our experiences suggest
these recommendations should allow implementation of a successful
sampling strategy for most small watershed sampling projects with
common sampling goals.
© Thomson ISI
137. Background and Overview of Current Sediment
Toxicity Identification Evaluation Procedures.
Ankley, G. T. and
Schubauer-Berigan, M. K.
Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem
Health 4 (3): 133-149.
(1995);
ISSN: 0925-1014
Descriptors:
toxicity tests/ sediment pollution/
bioassays/ synergism/ pollutant identification/ bioassay/
sediments/ pollutants/ toxicity/ toxicity testing/ water pollution/
Methods and instruments/ Identification of pollutants/ Toxicity
testing
Abstract: Laboratory bioassays can provide an
integrated assessment of the potential toxicity of contaminated
sediments to aquatic organisms; however, toxicity as a sole
endpoint is not particularly useful in terms of identifying
remedial options. To focus possible remediation (e.g., source
control), it is essential to know which contaminants are
responsible for toxicity. Unfortunately, contaminated sediments can
contain literally thousands of potentially toxic compounds. Methods
which rely solely on correlation to identify contaminants
responsible for toxicity are limited in several aspects: (a) actual
compounds causing toxicity might not be measured, (b)
concentrations of potentially toxic compounds may covary, (c) it
may be difficult to assess the bioavailability of contaminants
measured in a sediment, and (d) interactions may not be accounted
for among potential toxicants (e.g., additivity). Toxicity
identification evaluation (TIE) procedures attempt to circumvent
these problems by using toxicity-based fractionation procedures to
implicate specific contaminants as causative toxicants. Phase I of
a TIE characterizes the general physio-chemical nature of sample
toxicants. Phase II employs methods to measure toxicants via
different analytical methods, and Phase III consists of techniques
to confirm that the suspect toxicants identified in Phases I and II
of the TIE actually are responsible for toxicity. These TIE
procedures have been used to investigate the toxicity of a variety
of samples, including sediments. Herein we present a brief
conceptual overview of the TIE process, and discuss specific
considerations associated with sediment TIE research. Points
addressed include: (a) selection and preparation of appropriate
test fractions, (b) use of benthic organisms for sediment TIE work,
and (c) methods for the identification of common sediment
contaminants.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
138. Background of the MSEA-RZWQM modeling
project.
Watts, D. G.; Fausey, N. R.; and
Bucks, D. A.
Agronomy Journal
91 (2): 169-170. (Mar. 1999-Apr.
1999)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962 [AGJOAT]
Descriptors:
roots/ soil water/ water quality/
mathematical models/ water pollution/ fertilizers/ economic
analysis/ simulation models/ calibration/ validity/ databases/
groundwater/ groundwater pollution/ pesticide residues/ Iowa/
Minnesota/ Missouri/ Nebraska/ Ohio/ Colorado
Abstract: The Management System Evaluation Areas
(MSEA) project was established in 1990 as a part of the Midwest
Water Quality Initiative to evaluate the effect of agricultural
management practices and systems on the quality of water resources,
to increase understanding of processes affecting water
contamination, and to develop cost effective strategies to reduce
water contamination from pesticides and plant nutrients. The
midwest was chosen because it produces so much of the country's
corn (>80%) and soybean (approximately equal to 70%) crops, and
consumes >50% of the N fertilier and almost 60% of the
herbicides applied. The MSEA project collected a large volume of
data across a wide region. Properly calibrated and validated,
simulation models could use this database to estimate water quality
impact over much longer periods than the expected life of the MSEA
field program and to simulate responses for other combinations of
soil, management systems, and weather conditions. The Root Zone
Water Quality Model (RZWQM) was chosen for model improvement,
calibration, and validation, to be followed by multilocation
simulation of several specific management systems used in Midwest
corn and corn-soybean production. Model improvement was an
iterative process across multiple location. The next seven papers
in this issue provide an overview of RZWQM Version 3.2, an
explanation of the calibration-validation process, and
documentation of that process and the modeling at MSEA locations in
Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, and Colorado.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
139. Bacteriophages as Indicators of
Pollution.
Armon, R. and Kott, Y.
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 26 (4): 299-335. (1996)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
water pollution/ pathogens/
indicators/ viruses/ public health/ bacteriophage/ pollution
control/ indicator species/ bacteriophages/ phages/ pollution
indicators/ reviews/ bioindicators/ viruses/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Prevention and control/ Other water systems/ Freshwater
pollution
Abstract: Water pollution is an undesired reality
encountered in many countries. To prevent major outbreaks of
infectious disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as
viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that contaminate the water, the
scientific community has searched for various indicators that could
be used to alert their presence. Among the possible indicators,
bacteriophages are receiving increasing attention because of the
concern with waterborne viral diseases. This review summarizes the
advantages and disadvantages of utilizing bacteriophages as
pollution indicators as seen from the somewhat confusing
information accumulated from almost 50 years of research and
proposes some new directions in the application of bacteriophages
as indicators. Bacteriophages have been studied worldwide as
pollution indicators because of the ease of their detection and
their morphological similarity to human viruses. In addition,
detection of human viruses is still a highly skilled and costly
process. Generally speaking, bacteriophages have shown good
potential application as indicators in certain situations, but some
additional effort is needed in order to determine their real
merit.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)
140. Barrens of the midwest: A review of the
literature.
Heikens, A. L. and Robertson, P.
A.
Castanea 59 (3): 184-194. (Sept. 1994)
NAL Call #:
450-So82;
ISSN: 0008-7475 [CSTNAC].
Notes: Paper presented at "Barrens Symposium," April
15, 1993, Virginia. Includes references.
Descriptors:
plant communities/ habitats/
climatic factors/ edaphic factors/ fire effects/ habitat
destruction/ literature reviews/ north central states of
USA
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
141. Bayesian methods for analysing climate
change and water resource uncertainties.
Hobbs, Benjamin F
Journal of Environmental
Management 49 (1): 53-72.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6;
ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:
Bayesian Methods/ Climate Change/
Climatology/ Dempster Shafer Reasoning/ Fuzzy Sets/ Global Warming/
Models And Simulations/ Water Resource Uncertainties/ Wetlands
Management
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to outline
the advantages of the Bayesian approach for analysing uncertainties
involving climate change, emphasizing the study of the risks such
changes pose to water resources systems. Bayesian analysis has the
advantage of basing inference and decisions on a coherent and
normatively appealing theoretical framework. Furthermore, it can
incorporate diverse sources of information, including subjective
opinions, historical observations and model outputs. The paper
summarizes the basic assumptions and procedures of Bayesian
analysis. Summaries of applications to detection of climate change,
estimation of climate model parameters, and wetlands management
under climatic uncertainty illustrate the potential of the Bayesian
methodology. Criticisms of the approach are summarized. It is
concluded that in comparison with alternative paradigms for
analysing uncertainty, such as fuzzy sets and Dempster-Shafer
reasoning, Bayesian analysis is practical, theoretically sound, and
relatively easy to understand.
© Thomson
142. Beneficial use of effluents, wastes, and
biosolids.
Sumner, M. E.
Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 31
(11/14): 1701-1715. (2000)
NAL Call #:
S590.C63;
ISSN: 0010-3624 [CSOSA2].
Notes: Paper presented at the 1999 International
Symposium on Soil and Plant Analysis held March 22-29, 1999,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Includes references.
Descriptors:
application to land/ sewage
effluent/ sewage sludge/ animal manures/ composts/ gypsum/ food
industry/ wastes/ paper mill sludge/ literature reviews/
nutrient content
Abstract: Anthropogenic wastes are accumulating at
ever increasing rates. As an alternative to stockpiling and
landfilling, land application of wastes is considered in terms of
benefits to agriculture while protecting the environment.
Beneficial reuse of wastes such as municipal wastewater, sewage
sludge, animal manures, composts, byproduct gypsum, food processing
and paper and pulp wastes are discussed both in terms of their
benefits to agriculture and requirements from the standpoint of
analyses required for monitoring. Clearly, many of these wastes are
highly beneficial to crop production as fertilizer substitutes and
soil ameliorants.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
143. Benefits and drawbacks to composting
organic by-products.
Sikora, Lawrence J.
In: Beneficial co-utilization of
agricultural, municipal and industrial by-products/ Brown, S.;
Angle, J. S.; and Jacobs, L.
Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic, 1998;
pp. 69-77.
ISBN: 0792351894; Proceedings of the Beltsville
Symposium XXII, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, May 4-8, 1997;
Conference Sponsors: Beltsville Agricultural Research Center,
Agricultural Research Service, US Dept. of Agriculture with the
cooperation of Friends of Agriculture Research - Beltsville
(FAR-B)
NAL Call #: TD796.5.B45 1998
Descriptors:
Waste Management (Sanitation)/
organic by product composting/ waste treatment methods/ benefit
drawback analysis/ costs/ marketing/ pathogen reduction
© Thomson
144. Benefits of reducing domestic well nitrate
contamination from concentrated animal feeding operations: A
national model of groundwater contamination.
Lazo, J. K; Waldman, D. M.; Ottem,
T. D.; and Wheeler, W. J., 2003 (application/pdf)
NAL Call #: HD1405 .A44
http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/pdf_view.pl?paperid=8954
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of
benefits to private drinking water well users from regulatory
changes for concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs).
Combining a statistical model of groundwater quality with benefit
estimates based on values available from the literature, we develop
aggregate national benefit estimates for reduced well water
contamination from changes in CAFO regulations. The statistical
model is developed to explore truncation and selection issues. We
conduct a sensitivity analysis of aggregate benefit estimates to
model estimation and benefits transfer values.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
145. Benefits of Reducing Nitrate Contamination
in Private Domestic Wells Under CAFO Regulatory Options.
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Science and Technology.
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 2002 (application/pdf)
NAL Call #: EPA821R03008
http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/cafo_benefit_nitrate.pdf
146. Benthic-pelagic interactions in shallow
water columns: An experimentalist's perspective.
Threlkeld, Stephen T
Hydrobiologia 275-276: 293-300. (1994)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors:
Aquatic food web/ Nutrients/
Sedimentation/ algae (Algae Unspecified)/ fish (Pisces
Unspecified)/ plankton (Organisms Unspecified)/ Animalia (Animalia
Unspecified)/ Osteichthyes (Osteichthyes)/ chordates/
microorganisms/ nonhuman vertebrates/ nonvascular plants/ plants/
vertebrates
Abstract: Shallow water column benthic and pelagic
communities are thought to be linked by trophic relationships,
through life history or ontogenetic links, and by biologically or
physically-mediated resuspension or sedimentation processes. It is
often confusing and sometimes misleading to focus only on benthic
or only on pelagic components of aquatic food webs, even though the
literature on shallow water column experiments contains few
experiments that give a balanced view of these components, or
interactions between components in different habitats. The rarity
of balanced experiments is especially troublesome because the most
common types of manipulations in shallow water column experiments
(fish and nutrients) often have rapid, direct effects on both kinds
of habitats, or easily recognized indirect links between the two
habitats that go unevaluated. Despite a large experimental
literature on pelagic and benthic foodwebs (with less on both in
the same systems), there appears to be continuing uncertainty about
the importance to pelagic productivity of nutrients released from
resuspended sediments, the role of macrobenthos in controlling
plankton, and the efficacy and interaction of trophic cascades
between pelagic and benthic communities.
© Thomson
147. Best management practices for poultry
manure utilization that enhance agricultural productivity and
reduce pollution.
Moore, P. A.
In: Animal waste utilization:
Effective use of manure as a soil resource/ Hatfield, J. L. and
Stewart, B. A., 1998; pp. 89-123
NAL Call #: S655.A57 1998
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
148. Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals by Aquatic
Macro-Invertebrates of Different Feeding Guilds: A
Review.
Goodyear, K. L. and Mcneill,
S.
Science of the Total
Environment 1-2: 1-19.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365;
ISSN: 0048-9697.
Notes: DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00051-0
Descriptors:
Bioaccumulation/ Heavy metals/ Zinc/
Copper/ Cadmium/ Lead/ Reviews/ Aquatic organisms/ Macrofauna/
Freshwater environments/ Feeding/ Guilds/ Freshwater organisms/
Sediment pollution/ Water pollution/ Feeds/ Pollution monitoring/
Food webs/ Trophic relationships/ Water Pollution Effects/ Foods/
Predation/ Macroinvertebrates/ Diptera/ Ephemeroptera/ Mayflies/
Insecta/ Metabolism/ Aquatic entomology/ Freshwater pollution/
Effects on organisms/ Effects of pollution
Abstract: The available literature on heavy metal
bioaccumulation by freshwater macro-invertebrates has been
analysed. A very uneven data distribution was found. Ephemeroptera
and Diptera are the most commonly investigated orders of insect
larvae, whilst many orders are not represented at all. The
collector-gatherer and predator feeding guilds are more frequently
investigated than other guilds. Furthermore, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd are
the most intensively researched heavy metals, and only infrequent
investigations of other metals are documented. Relationships
between metal concentrations in the animals and levels in sediments
and waters were determined from the pooled data for three feeding
guilds. No one relationship represents how each metal interacts
within the feeding guilds. Each of the four metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and
Cd) displays a unique relationship between metal concentrations in
sediments or waters with those in individual feeding guilds of
macro-invertebrates, indicating the relative importance of
different sources of metals to the different feeding types.
Biomagnification of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd has been demonstrated not to
occur between these guilds.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
149. Bioaerosols from municipal and animal
wastes: Background and contemporary issues.
Pillai, S. D. and Ricke, S.
C.
Canadian Journal of
Microbiology 48 (8): 681-696.
(Aug. 2002)
NAL Call #:
448.8-C162;
ISSN: 0008-4166 [CJMIAZ]
Descriptors:
animal wastes/ feedlot wastes/
feedlots/ sewage sludge/ pathogens/ air microbiology/ aerosols/
risk assessment/ infectious diseases/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
150. Bioassessment and management of North
American freshwater wetlands.
Rader, Russell Ben.; Batzer, Darold
P.; and Wissinger, Scott A.
New York: Wiley; x, 469 p.: ill.
(2001)
NAL Call #: QH77.N56-B56-2001; ISBN: 0471352349 (cloth: alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetland management---North America/
Environmental monitoring---North America
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
151. Biochemical and molecular basis of
pesticide degradation by microorganisms.
Singh, B. K.; Kuhad, R. C.; Singh,
A.; Lal, R.; and Tripathi, K. K.
Critical Reviews in
Biotechnology 19 (3):
197-225. (1999)
NAL Call #:
TP248.13.C74;
ISSN: 0738-8551 [CRBTE5]
Descriptors:
pesticides/ microbial degradation/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
152. Biodegradation of the acetanilide
herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, and propachlor.
Stamper, David M and
Tuovinen, Olli H
Critical Reviews in
Microbiology 24 (1): 1-22.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QR1.C7;
ISSN: 1040-841X
Descriptors:
alachlor: biodegradation, herbicide/
chloroacetanilides/ glutathione/ metolachlor: biodegradation,
herbicide/ propachlor: biodegradation, herbicide/ Chaetomium
globosum (Ascomycetes)/ Fungi/ Microorganisms/ Nonvascular Plants/
Plants
© Thomson
153. The biodiversity benefits of organic
farming.
Bartram, H. and Perkins,
A.
In: Organic agriculture:
Sustainability, markets and policies: OECD workshop on organic
agriculture. (Held 23 Sep
2002-26 Sep 2002 at Washington, D.C., USA.) OECD (eds.)
Wallingford, UK: CAB International;
pp. 77-93; 2003.
ISBN: 0-85199-740-6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
154. Biodiversity, conservation and inventory:
Why insects matter.
Kim, K. C.
Biodiversity and
Conservation 2 (3): 191-214.
(June 1993)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1B562;
ISSN: 0960-3115 [BONSEU].
Notes: Special Issue: Global Biodiversity and
Conservation of Insects. Includes references.
Descriptors:
arthropods/ species diversity/
nature conservation/ ecosystems/ inventories/ monitoring/ surveys/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
155. Biodiversity of agricultural land:
Habitats, species and hotspots.
Usher, M. B.
In: Biodiversity and conservation
in agriculture proceedings of an international symposium.
(Held 17 Nov 1997 at Stakis Brighton
Metropole Hotel, UK.)
Farnham, UK: British Crop
Protection Council; pp. 1-14; 1997.
NAL Call #: SB599.B73-no.69;
ISBN: 190139669X
Descriptors:
agricultural land/ biodiversity/
species diversity/ genetic diversity/ community ecology/ landscape
ecology/ habitats/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
156. Biofertilizers for enhancement of crop
productivity: A review.
Pathak DV; Khurana AL; and Satpal
Singh
Agricultural Reviews
Karnal 18 (3-4): 155-166; 52
ref. (1997)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
157. Biofertilizers in agriculture.
Gupta RP and Pandher MS
Journal of Research
33 (1-4): 209-224.
(1996).
Notes: Publisher: Punjab, India:
Punjab-Agricultural-University; 52 ref.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
158. Biofiltration: The treatment of fluids by
microorganisms immobilized into the filter bedding material, A
review.
Cohen, Y.
Bioresource
Technology 77 (3): 257-274.
(May 2001)
NAL Call #:
TD930.A32;
ISSN: 0960-8524 [BIRTEB].
Notes: Reviews issue. Includes references.
Descriptors:
waste treatment/ biological
treatment
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
159. Biogenic trace gases: Measuring emissions
from soil and water.
Matson, P. A. and Harriss, Robert
C.
Oxford England; Cambridge, Mass.,
USA: Blackwell Science; xi, 394 p.: ill.; Series: Methods in
ecology. (1995)
NAL Call #: QC879.6.B566--1995; ISBN: 0632036419
Descriptors:
Atmospheric chemistry---Technique/
Bioclimatology---Technique/ Biogeochemistry---Technique/
Agricultural ecology---Technique
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
160. Biogeochemical Models Relating Soil
Nitrogen Losses to Plant-Available N.
Tabachow, R. M.; Peirce, J. J.; and
Richter, D. D.
Environmental Engineering
Science 18 (2): 81-90.
(2001);
ISSN: 1092-8758
Descriptors:
Biogeochemistry/ Nitrogen cycle/
Plants/ Soil/ Fertilizers/ Simulation/ Agriculture/ Mathematical
models/ Leaching/ Water Pollution Control/ Cycling Nutrients/
Nitrogen/ Soil water plant Relationships/ Model Studies/ Reviews/
DAISY model/ APS model/ RISK N model/ NLEAP model/ Land pollution/
Water quality control
Abstract: Four biogeochemical models that simulate N
cycling in the plant-soil-water-atmosphere environment are
evaluated. Each model considers N inputs and outputs to an
agricultural system with emphasis on the relationships between
mineral fertilizers and biofertilizers to plant-available N.
Efficient use of N fertilizers by minimizing losses of N by NO
super(-) sub(3) leaching, NO sub(x) off-gas, and erosion decreases
any negative impact on the environment and reduces the drain of
natural resources and economic loss. A review of four existing
models is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these models
in simulating major biogeochemical relationships of added N to
agricultural systems. The APS simulation model focuses on the
influence of N fertilization on CO sub(2) emissions with varying
soil temperature. The deterministic DAISY model simulated nitrate
leaching in an effort to develop sustainable crop rotations. The
NLEAP model simulates nitrate leaching and allows users to evaluate
various agricultural management strategies. The physically based
analytical model RISK-N simulates N fluxes for major processes
involving N in soil, and seems best suited for modeling the full
complex of biogeochemical N cycles in fertilized
systems.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
161. Bioindicators for assessing ecological
integrity of prairie wetlands.
Adamus, Paul R.; Hairston, Ann J.;
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
(U.S.), Western Ecology Division; and ManTech Environmental
Research Services Corp.
Corvallis, OR: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National
Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western
Ecology Division; ix, 209 p.: ill. 1 computer disk (3.5 in.).
(1996)
Notes: "Prepared ... through Contract 68-C4-0019 to
ManTech Environmental Research Services Corp. and Contract number
5B6075NATA to Ann Hairston"--T.p. verso. Shipping list no.:
97-0045-P. "July 1996." "EPA/600/R-96/082." Includes
bibliographical references
(p. 131-171). SUDOCS: EP 1.2:B
52/21.
NAL Call #: Fiche-S-133-EP-1.2:B-52/21-
Descriptors:
Prairie ecology---United States/
Wetland ecology---United States/ Indicators---Biology---United
States/ Biological diversity conservation---United States This
citation is from AGRICOLA.
162. Bioindicators for Water Quality Evaluation:
A Review.
Hao, O. J.
Journal of the Chinese
Institute of Environmental Engineering 6 (1): 1-19. (1996);
ISSN: 1022-7636
Descriptors:
water quality/ bioindicators/
industrial wastes/ runoff/ pesticides/ environmental effects/
monitoring/ reviews/ aquatic organisms/ physiology/ species
composition/ indicator species/ pollution monitoring/
Identification of pollutants/ Freshwater pollution/ Effects on
organisms
Abstract: In general, assessment of water quality
has been traditionally relied on the conventional pollutant
parameters of biological oxygen demand and suspended solids. Often,
these parameters are unable to detect those pollutants associated
with industrial activities (e.g., heavy metals, solvents, toxic
organics, and waste oils) and runoff (e.g., pesticides). It is not
possible to chemically monitor each and every one of the possible
pollutants to assess the environmental impact on water quality. It,
thus, would appear logical that biological methods be used to
monitor contamination levels of aquatic environments, since water
pollution is essentially a biological phenomenon. Water quality
affects the abundance, species composition, productivity, and
physiological conditions of indigenous populations of a variety of
aquatic species. Thus, the nature and health of the aquatic
communities represent the quality of the water. Consequently,
qualitative and/or quantitative description of the status of
bioindicators may provide a viable alternative to assess water
quality. The primary purpose of this study is to provide a
comprehensive review of the developments in the past 10 years in
the area of bioindicators of water quality. Fish,
macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, algae, bacteria and viruses as
bioindicators are covered and discussed.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
163. Biological control of weeds in European
crops: Recent achievements and future work.
Muller Scharer, H.; Scheepens, P.
C.; and Greaves, M. P.
Weed Research 40 (1): 83-98. (Feb. 2000)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W412;
ISSN: 0043-1737 [WEREAT]
Descriptors:
weeds/ biological control/ weed
control/ integrated pest management/ plant pathogens/ evaluation/
agricultural research/ field experimentation/ competitive ability/
epidemics/ provenance/ storage/ formulations/ efficacy/ literature
reviews/ mycoherbicides/ plant pathogenic fungi/ Europe/ integrated
weed management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
164. Biological effects of agriculturally
derived surface water pollutants on aquatic systems: A
review.
Cooper, C. M.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 22 (3): 402-408.
(July 1993-Sept. 1993)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA].
Notes: Paper presented at the USDA-ARS Beltsville
Agricultural Research Center Symposium XVII, "Agricultural Water
Quality Priorities, A Team Approach to Conserving Natural
Resources," May 4-8, 1992, Beltsville, MD. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
aquatic environment/ surface water/
water quality/ sediment/ nutrients/ organic wastes/ pesticides/
heavy metals/ pollution/ agriculture
Abstract: Environmental manipulations and other
human activities are major causes of stress on natural ecosystems.
Of the many sources of surface water pollutants, agricultural
activities have been identified as major contributors to
environmental stress, which affects all ecosystem components. In
water, agricultural contaminants are most noticeable when they
produce immediate, dramatic toxic effects on aquatic life although
more subtle, sublethal chronic effects may be just as damaging over
long periods. Aquatic systems have the ability to recover from
contaminant damage if not seriously overloaded with irreversible
pollutants. Thus, contaminant loading level is as important as type
of pollutant. Although suspended sediment represents the largest
volume of aquatic contaminant, pesticides, nutrients, and organic
enrichment are also major stressors of aquatic life. Stream
corridor habitat traps and processes contaminants. Loss of
buffering habitat, including riparian zones, accelerates effects of
pollutants and should be considered when assessing damage to
aquatic life. Protection of habitat is the single most effective
means of conserving biological diversity. Current available
management practices and promising new technology are providing
solutions to many contaminant-related problems in aquatic
systems.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
165. Biological effects of fine sediment in the
lotic environment.
Wood, Paul J and Armitage, Patrick
D
Environmental
Management 21 (2): 203-217.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
biological effects/ conservation/
deposition/ fine sediment/ habitat quality/ lotic environment/
river sedimentation/ soil science/ transport/ fish (Pisces
Unspecified)/ invertebrate (Invertebrata Unspecified)/ Invertebrata
(Invertebrata Unspecified)/ Pisces (Pisces Unspecified)/ animals/
chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Although sedimentation is a naturally
occurring phenomenon in rivers, land-use changes have resulted in
an increase in anthropogenically induced fine sediment deposition.
Poorly managed agricultural practices, mineral extraction, and
construction can result in an increase in suspended solids and
sedimentation in rivers and streams, leading to a decline in
habitat quality. The nature and origins of fine sediments in the
lotic environment are reviewed in relation to channel and
nonchannel sources and the impact of human activity. Fine sediment
transport and deposition are outlined in relation to variations in
streamflow and particle size characteristics. A holistic approach
to the problems associated with fine sediment is outlined to aid in
the identification of sediment sources, transport, and deposition
processes in the river catchment. The multiple causes and
deleterious impacts associated with fine sediments on riverine
habitats, primary producers, macroinvertebrates, and fisheries are
identified and reviewed to provide river managers with a guide to
source material. The restoration of rivers with fine sediment
problems are discussed in relation to a holistic management
framework to aid in the planning and undertaking of mitigation
measures within both the river channel and surrounding catchment
area.
© Thomson
166. Biological effects of suspended sediments:
A review of suspended sediment impacts on fish and shellfish with
relation to dredging activities in estuaries.
Wilber, Dara H and Clarke, Douglas
G
North American Journal of
Fisheries Management 21 (4):
855-875. (2001)
NAL Call #:
SH219.N66;
ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors:
fish (Pisces)/ salmonid
(Osteichthyes): anadromous / shellfish (Invertebrata)/ Animals/
Chordates/ Fish/ Invertebrates/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/
aquatic biology/ behavioral responses/ bioassays/ biological
effects/ ecotoxicology/ environmental impacts/ estuaries/ exposure
durations/ human activities/ life history stages/ mortality/
navigation dredging/ resource management/ suspended sediments/
taxonomy/ tidal flushing
Abstract: Objective assessment of the effects of
increased concentrations of suspended sediment caused by human
activities, such as navigation dredging, on estuarine fish and
shellfish requires an integration of findings from biological and
engineering studies. Knowledge is needed of (1) the suspended
sediment characteristics typical of both ambient and
dredging-induced conditions, (2) the biological responses of
aquatic organisms to these suspended sediment dosages, and (3) the
likelihood that organisms of interest will encounter suspended
sediment plumes. This paper synthesizes the results of studies that
report biological responses to known suspended sediment
concentrations and exposure durations and relates these findings to
suspended sediment conditions associated with dredging projects.
Biological responses of taxonomic groups and life history stages
are graphed as a function of concentration and exposure duration.
The quality and taxonomic breadth of studies on which resource
managers must rely when evaluating potential impacts from
activities that resuspend sediments, such as dredging projects, are
addressed. Review of the pertinent literature indicates that few
data exist concerning biological responses of fish and shellfish to
suspended sediment dosages commonly associated with dredging
projects. Much of the available data come from bioassays that
measured acute responses and required high concentrations of
suspended sediments to induce the measured response, usually
mortality. Although anadromous salmonids have received much
attention, little is known of behavioral responses of many
estuarine fishes to suspended sediment plumes. Likewise, the
effects of intermittent exposures at periodicities that simulate
the effects of tidal flushing or the conduct of many dredge
operations have not been addressed.
© Thomson
167. Biological Implications of Sulfide in
Sediment: A Review Focusing on Sediment Toxicity.
Wang, F. and Chapman, P.
M.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 11: 2526-2532.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Sediment pollution/
Sulfide/ Polluted environments/ Metals/ Sulfides/ Toxicology/
Biota/ Behavior/ Irrigation/ Toxicity/ Pollution effects /
Pollutant identification/ Behaviour/ Pollution tolerance/ Chemical
reactions/ Sulphides/ Analytical techniques/ Sediment chemistry/
Sediment Contamination/ Bioassay/ Ecological Effects/ Reviews/
Toxicology and health/ Effects on organisms/ Effects of
pollution
Abstract: The biological implications of sulfide in
sediment are poorly understood and all too often ignored despite
the fact that sulfide can be extremely important in determining
sediment toxicity to resident biota. Sulfide influences sediment
toxicity in three major ways, which are reviewed in detail: as a
toxicant in its own right; by reducing metal toxicity by forming
insoluble metal sulfide solids and/or by forming metal sulfide
complexes; and by affecting animal behavior, which in turn can
alter the toxicity of not just the sulfide but also other sediment
contaminants. Our present limited understanding of sulfide in
sediments represents two major problems related to determining the
toxicity of sediments, both in the laboratory and the field, and
the causative agents of such toxicity. First, we do not know how
important sulfide toxicity is to resident populations. Second, by
not adequately considering sulfide toxicity, we risk
underestimating toxicity and misidentifying the causative agents.
Generic and specific recommendations related to resolving these
problems are provided, including appropriate measurement and
monitoring of sulfide in the laboratory and the field,
determination of toxicity thresholds and tolerances for a wide
range of sediment-dwelling organisms, further development of
toxicity identification evaluation procedures, further research
into sulfide effects on metal toxicity, and determination of the
influence of sulfide on bioirrigation.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
168. Biological methods for determination of
physiologically active substances in environmental
samples.
Tumanov, A. A.; Kitaeva, I. A.; and
Barinova, O. V.
Journal of Analytical
Chemistry 48 (1): 2-11.
(1993);
ISSN: 1061-9348
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
169. Biological monitoring: Lichens as
bioindicators of air pollution assessment: A review.
Conti, M E and Cecchetti,
G
Environmental
Pollution 114 (3): 471-492.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491
Descriptors:
lichen (Lichenes): bioindicator/
Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ air pollution/ air quality
Abstract: Often as part of environmental impact
studies and, above all, to obtain authorisations in accordance with
prescriptions from the Ministry for the Environment (Italy),
surveys and controls that use biological indicators are required.
This is because such indicators are valid instruments for
evaluating the quality of the air ensuing from the subject (often
an industrial plant) of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
In this context, this paper aims to analyse some of the theoretical
aspects of biological monitoring and to provide a progress report
on the use of lichens as bioindicators of air quality, with a
particular eye to the situation in Italy. The object of this paper
is that of pointing out the most important lines in the current
state of knowledge in this field, evaluating the methodological
applications and their advantages/disadvantages with respect to
traditional surveying methods.
© Thomson
170. Biological monitoring of eutrophication in
rivers.
Kelly, M. G. and Whitton, B.
A.
Hydrobiologia 384: 55-67. (1998)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
171. Biological monitoring: The dilemma of data
analysis.
Norris, R. H.
Journal of the North
American Benthological Society 14 (3): 440-450. (1995)
NAL Call #:
QL141.F7;
ISSN: 0887-3593
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
172. Biological substitutes for
pesticides.
Gerhardson, Berndt
Trends in
Biotechnology 20 (8):
338-343. (2002)
NAL Call #:
TP248.13.T72;
ISSN: 0167-7799
Descriptors:
pesticides/ biological pest control
methods/ crop plant resistance/ environmental concerns/ health
concerns/ pesticide biological substitutes
Abstract: In the 20th century an increasing number
of pesticides, based on biocidal molecules, were the means for a
substantial increase in food and fibre production and quality.
Because of health and environmental concerns continued extensive
use of such molecules is intensively debated and substitutes are
often urgently required. Beside crop plant resistance, various
biological control methods based on natural pest suppressing
organisms are regarded as main alternatives. Several approaches and
concepts also have been tested and commercial organism-based
preparations are steadily increasing. However, further
biotechnological efforts are required to give them status of being
practical substitutes to pesticides. At present they are not
comparable to pesticides in meeting efficacy, market and other
expectations, but they still have a promising future, especially
where genetically modified organisms can be used.
© Thomson
173. Biological weed control with pathogens:
Search for candidates to applications.
Khachatourians, G. G.; Arora, D.
K.; Caesar, A. J.; and Charudattan, R.
In: Applied mycology and
biotechnology: Agriculture and food production/ Khachatourians, G.
G. and Arora, D. K.; Vol. 2, 2002; pp. 239-274.
ISBN: 0-444-51030-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
174. The biologically significant attributes of
forest canopies to small birds.
Sharpe, F.
Northwest Science
70 (special issue): 86-93.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
470-N81;
ISSN: 0029-344X [NOSCAX]
Descriptors:
wild birds/ coniferous forests/
deciduous forests/ canopy/ structure/ habitats/ forest ecology/
habitat selection/ riparian forests/ ecosystems/ literature
reviews/ Pacific Northwest states of USA/ ecosystem
management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
175. Biology and ecology of higher Diptera from
freshwater wetlands.
Keiper, J. B.; Walton, W. E.; and
Foote, B. A.
Annual Review of
Entomology 47: 207-232.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
421-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA]
Descriptors:
diptera/ biology/ life cycle/
feeding habits/ habitats/ population ecology/ community ecology/
species diversity/ sampling/ aquatic insects/ freshwater ecology/
wetlands/ literature reviews/ cyclorrhapha/ schizophora/ niche
partitioning
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
176. Biology and establishment of mountain
shrubs on mining disturbances in the Rocky Mountains,
USA.
Paschke, M. W.; Redente, E. F.; and
Brown, S. L.
Land Degradation and
Development 14 (5): 459-480.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S622.L26;
ISSN: 1085-3278
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
177. The biology and integrated management of
leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) on North Dakota
rangeland.
Lym, Rodney G
Weed Technology 12 (2): 367-373. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB610.W39;
ISSN: 0890-037X
Descriptors:
picloram / 2,4 D/ herbicides/
Aphthona czwalinae (Coleoptera): biological control agent, flea
beetle/ Aphthona lacertosa (Coleoptera): biological control agent,
flea beetle/ Aphthona nigriscutus (Coleoptera): biological control
agent, flea beetle/ Euphorbia esula [leafy spurge] (Euphorbiaceae):
weed/ Spurgia esulae [spurge gall midge] (Diptera): biological
control agent/ Angiosperms/ Animals/ Arthropods/ Dicots/ Insects/
Invertebrates/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/
rangelands
Abstract: Leafy spurge, a long-lived perennial,
grows in many habitats, from floodplains to grasslands and mountain
slopes. The plant emerges in early spring and produces showy,
yellow bracts that appear in late May. The true flowers emerge in
mid-June. The plant spreads by both seeds and roots and contains a
white sticky latex that deters grazing by many animals. Dicamba,
2,4-D, glyphosate, and picloram have commonly been used to control
leafy spurge. Picloram plus 2,4-D is frequently used for leafy
spurge control in North Dakota. Ten insect species for leafy spurge
biocontrol have been released in North Dakota; the most successful
have been the flea beetles, Aphthona nigriscutis, A. czwalinae, and
A. lacertosa. The leafy spurge gall midge (Spurgia esulae) has been
most successful near wooded areas. Herbicides combined with either
the leafy spurge flea beetles or gall midge have controlled leafy
spurge better than either method used alone. Grazing with sheep or
goats is a cost-effective method for controlling leafy spurge top
growth in large infestations. Grazing combined with fall-applied
picloram plus 2,4-D reduced leafy spurge density more rapidly and
maintained control longer than either method used alone. Several
grass species are competitive with leafy spurge including 'Rebound'
smooth brome, 'Rodan' western wheatgrass, 'Pryor' slender
wheatgrass, and 'Manska' pubescent wheatgrass. Cultivating twice
each fall after harvest for 3 yr in cropland completely controlled
leafy spurge. A successful long-term management program should be
designed for specific situations and should include combinations of
herbicides, insects, grazing, and/or seeding competitive
species.
© Thomson
178. Biology and management of noxious rangeland
weeds.
Sheley, Roger L. and Petroff, J.
K.
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State
University Press; 438 p., 16 p. of plates: ill. (some col.), maps.
(1999)
Notes: 1st ed.; Includes bibliographical references and
index.
NAL Call #: SB612.W47B564-1999; ISBN: 0870714619 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Rangelands---Weed
control---West---United States/ Weeds---West---United States/ Range
plants---Control---West---United States/ Range
management---West---United States/ Invasive plants---West---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
179. The biology and management of purple
loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria).
Mullin, Barbra H
Weed Technology 12 (2): 397-401. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB610.W39;
ISSN: 0890-037X
Descriptors:
Lythrum salicaria [purple
loosestrife] (Lythraceae): biology, weed, management/ Angiosperms/
Dicots/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ wetland
ecosystems
Abstract: Purple loosestrife is an invasive,
introduced plant that is usually associated with wetland, marshy,
or riparian sites. It is found across the northern tier states and
provinces in North America. Purple loosestrife affects the
diversity of native wetland ecosystems. Infestations lead to severe
wildlife habitat degradation, loss of species diversity, and
displacement of wildlife-supporting native vegetation, such as
cattails and bulrushes. The plant spreads effectively along
waterways, and the thick, matted root system can rapidly clog
irrigation ditches, resulting in decreased water flow and increased
maintenance. Effective management of purple loosestrife along
waterways and in riparian areas requires integrating management
strategies to prevent further introductions, detecting and
eradicating new infestations, and containing and controlling
large-scale infestations. Management practices that aid in the
control of purple loosestrife include herbicide, physical, and
biological practices. Each infestation site should be individually
evaluated to determine the appropriate control measure. Factors to
be considered include the proximity and type of vegetation on the
site, whether the water is flowing or still, and the utilization of
the site and the water (domestic, irrigation, recreation, or scenic
value).
© Thomson
180. Biomethanation under psychrophilic
conditions: A review.
Kashyap, D. R.; Dadhich, K. S.; and
Sharma, S. K.
Bioresource
Technology 87 (2): 147-153.
(Apr. 2003)
NAL Call #:
TD930.A32;
ISSN: 0960-8524 [BIRTEB]
Descriptors:
biogas/ bioenergy/ anaerobic
digestion/ methane production/ temperature/ animal manures/
agricultural wastes/ sewage/ biotechnology/ reviews/ psychrophilic
temperature
Abstract: Anaerobic digestion of animal manure,
sewage and other agricultural wastes at psychrophilic temperatures
has not been explored as extensively as either mesophilic or
thermophilic digestion, probably due to little anticipation of the
development of economically attractive systems using this
technology. This review article discusses psychrophilic anaerobic
digestion studies reported by various researchers using different
substrates. The effect of operational parameters such as type of
substrate, size of inoculum, concentration of volatile fatty acids,
hydraulic retention time and loading rate, on reduction of TS/VS,
BOD/COD and biogas yield is discussed in detail.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
181. Biomonitoring.
Isom, B. G.
Water Environment
Research 65 (4): 596-599.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1047-7624
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
182. Biomonitoring.
Lange, C. R. and Lange, S.
R.
Water Environment
Research 69 (4): 900-915.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1047-7624
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
183. Biopesticides: A review of their action,
applications and efficacy.
Copping, L. G. and Menn, J.
J.
Pest Management
Science 8: 651-676.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X
Descriptors:
Pesticides/ Chemical control/
Arthropoda/ Agricultural & general applied
entomology
Abstract: A survey is given of the wide range of
different materials and organisms that can be classified as
biopesticides. Details are given of those currently of commercial
importance, and future developments in this area are discussed. It
is considered that, while in the immediate future biopesticides may
continue to be limited mainly to niche and speciality markets,
there is great potential for long-term development and growth, both
in their own right and in providing leads in other areas of pest
management science.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
184. Biophysical Interactions and the Structure
and Dynamics of Riverine Ecosystems: The Importance of Biotic
Feedbacks.
Naiman, R. J.; Elliott, S. R.;
Helfield, J. M.; and O'Keefe, T. C.
Hydrobiologia 410: 79-86. (1999)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158.
Notes: Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers; DOI:
10.1023/A:1003768102188
Descriptors:
Ecosystem management/ Rivers/
Physical properties/ Nature conservation/ Biotic factors/ Streams/
Climatic conditions/ Disturbance/ Forests/ Dynamics/ Ecosystems/
Structure/ Reviews/ Conservation/ Riparian Vegetation/ Biological
Properties/ Habitat community studies/ Topography and morphology/
Freshwater/ Streamflow and runoff
Abstract: Characteristics of streams and rivers
reflect variations in local geomorphology, climate, natural
disturbance regimes and the dynamic features of the riparian
forest. Hierarchical interactions between these components result
in a rich variety of distinct stream communities which, when
considered in combination with strong biotic feedbacks to the
physical environment, present formidable challenges in discovering
and understanding fundamental, system-level characteristics of
natural rivers. The objectives of this article are to briefly
review the traditional view of hierarchical physical controls on
stream structure and dynamics and to show how this viewpoint is
changing as recognition of strong biological influences on physical
structure are emerging. In combination, identifying natural stream
characteristics and the interactions among individual components,
as well as recognizing the importance of biotic feedbacks on
physical structure, form the basis for establishing effective
conservation strategies.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
185. Bioremediation in the
rhizosphere.
Anderson, Todd A; Guthrie,
Elizabeth A; and Walton, Barbara T
Environmental Science and
Technology 27 (13):
2630-2636. (1993)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X
Descriptors:
microorganisms (Microorganisms
Unspecified)/ microorganisms/ contaminated soil/ hazardous waste/
microbial degradation/ pesticides
© Thomson
186. Bioremediation of DDT-Contaminated Soils: A
Review.
Foght, J.; April, T.; Biggar, K.;
and Aislabie, J.
Bioremediation
Journal 5 (3): 225-246.
(2001);
ISSN: 1088-9868
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Bioremediation/ DDT/ Soil/
Dechlorination/ Biodegradation/ Soil remediation/ Insecticides/
Aeration/ Bioreactors/ Pesticides/ Soils/ Environmental factors/
Microorganisms/ Literature reviews/ Water pollution treatment /
Bacteria/ Fungi/ organic matter/ aeration/ pH effects/ temperature
effects/ Bacteria/ Microbial degradation/ Land pollution/
Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics/ Protective measures and
control/ Soil Pollution: Monitoring, Control &
Remediation
Abstract: The insecticide
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) has been used
extensively since the 1940s for control of agricultural pests, and
is still used in many tropical countries for mosquito control.
Despite a ban on DDT use in most industrialized countries since
1972, DDT and its related residues (DDTr) persist in the
environment and pose animal and human health risks. Abiotic
processes such as volatilization, adsorption, and photolysis
contribute to the dissipation of DDTr in soils, often without
substantial alteration of the chemical structure. In contrast,
biodegradation has the potential to degrade DDTr significantly and
reduce soil concentrations in a cost-effective manner. Many
bacteria and some fungi transform DDT, forming products with
varying recalcitrance to further degradation. DDT biodegradation is
typically co-metabolic and includes dechlorination and ring
cleavage mechanisms. Factors that influence DDTr biodegradation in
soil include the composition and enzymatic activity of the soil
microflora, DDTr bioavailability, the presence of soil organic
matter as a co-metabolic substrate and (or) inducer, and prevailing
soil conditions, including aeration, pH, and temperature.
Understanding how these factors affect DDTr biodegradation permits
rational design of treatments and amendments to stimulate
biodegradation in soils. The DDTr-degrading organisms, processes
and approaches that may be useful for bioremediation of
DDTr-contaminated soils are discussed, including in situ
amendments, ex situ bioreactors and sequential anaerobic and
aerobic treatments.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
187. Bioremediation of heavy metals and
organictoxicants by composting.
Barker, Allen V and Bryson,
Gretchen M
The Scientific World
2: 407-420. (2002)
NAL Call #:
472 SCI25;
ISSN: 1537-744X.
Notes: Online version cited April 4, 2002
Descriptors:
heavy metals: binding, degradation,
pollutant, toxin/ organic toxicants: binding, degradation,
pollutant, toxin/ pesticides: pollutant/ polychlorinated biphenyls
[PCBs]: pollutant/ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]:
pollutant/ microbe (Microorganisms): diversity/ Microorganisms/
noncontaminated organic matter/ soil pollution
Abstract: Hazardous organic and metallic residues or
by-products can enter into plants, soils, and sediments from
processes associated with domestic, municipal, agricultural,
industrial, and military activities. Handling, ingestion,
application to land or other distributions of the contaminated
materials into the environment might render harm to humans,
livestock, wildlife, crops, or native plants. Considerable
remediation of the hazardous wastes or contaminated plants, soils,
and sediments can be accomplished by composting. High microbial
diversity and activity during composting, due to the abundance of
substrates in feedstocks, promotes degradation of xenobiotic
organic compounds, such as pesticides, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).For
composting of contaminated soils, noncontaminated organic matter
should be cocomposted with the soils. Metallic pollutants are not
degraded during composting but may be converted into organic
combinations that have less bioavailability than mineral
combinations of the metals. Degradation of organic contaminants in
soils is facilitated by addition of composted or raw organic
matter, thereby increasing the substrate levels for cometabolism of
the contaminants. Similar to the composting of soils in vessels or
piles, the on-site addition of organic matter to soils (sheet
composting) accelerates degradation of organic pollutants and binds
metallic pollutants. Recalcitrant materials, such as
organochlorines, may not undergo degradation in composts or in
soils, and the effects of forming organic complexes with metallic
pollutants may be nonpermanent or short lived. The general
conclusion is, however, that composting degrades or binds
pollutants to innocuous levels or into innocuous compounds in the
finished product.
© Thomson
188. Bioremediation of selenium in soil and
water. [Erratum: June 1998, v. 163 (6), p. 507.].
Losi, M. E. and Frankenberger, W.
T.
Soil Science 162 (10): 692-702. (Oct. 1997)
NAL Call #:
56.8-So3;
ISSN: 0038-075X [SOSCAK]
Descriptors:
agricultural soils/ drainage water/
selenium/ contamination/ bioremediation/ technical progress/ soil
pollution/ water pollution/ pollution control/ microbial
activities/ transformation/ toxicity/ wildlife/ reviews/
California
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
189. Biosensors for environmental
monitoring.
Dennison, M J and Turner, A P
F
Biotechnology
Advances 13 (1): 1-12.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TP248.2.B562;
ISSN: 0734-9750
Descriptors:
pesticide/ pollution
© Thomson
190. Biosensors for the detection of
pesticides.
Marty, J L; Leca, B; and Noguer,
T
Analusis 26 (6): M144-M149. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QD71.A52;
ISSN: 0365-4877
Descriptors:
carbamate insecticides (detection of
pollutants) dithiocarbamate fungicides (detection of pollutants)
imidazolinone herbicides (detection of pollutants) organophosphorus
insecticides (detection of pollutants) pesticides (detection of
pollutants) sulfonylurea herbicides (detection of pollutants)
triazine herbicides: detection, pollutant
Abstract: This review presents the last advances in
the field of biosensors for pesticide detection. The main
categories of reported sensors are presented according to the
immobilized biological sensing element: immunosensors, enzyme
sensors and "whole cell" sensors. The potential of each type of
sensor in environmental monitoring is discussed and the advantages
and drawbacks of the described devices are highlighted.
© Thomson
191. Biosolids and Sludge Management.
Krogmann, U.; Boyles, L. S.; Bamka,
W. J.; Chaiprapat, S.; and Martel, C. J.
Water Environment
Research 5: 692-714.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
Waste Management/ Solids/ Sludge/
Land Disposal/ Landfills/ Composting/ Reviews/ Sludge disposal/
Ultimate disposal of wastes
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
192. Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing
Standards and Practices.
Committee on Toxicants and
Pathogens in Biosolids Applied to Land; National Research Council,
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology (BEST).
National Academy Press,
2002.
ISBN: 0-309-08486-5; Table of Contents: Front Matter,
pp. i-xx; Summary, pp. 1-16 1, Introduction, pp. 17-30; 2,
Biosolids Management, pp. 31-105; 3, Epdiemiological Evidence of
Health Effects Associated with Biosolids Production and
Application, pp. 106-125; 4, Advances in Risk Assessment since the
Establishment of the Part 503 Rule, pp. 126-163; 5, Evaluation of
EPA's Approach to Setting Chemical Standards, pp. 164-256; 6,
Evaluation of EPA's Approach to Setting Pathogen Standards, pp.
257-321; 7, Integration of Chemical and Pathogen Risk Assessment,
pp. 322-334; Glossary, pp. 335-337; Appendix A, Biographical
Information on the Committee on Toxicants and Pathogens in
Biosolids Applied to Land, pp. 338-343; Appendix B, Partipants at
Public Sessions,
pp. 344-346.
(image/tiff)
http://search.nap.edu/books/0309084865/html/
Descriptors:
biosolids/ land application/
environmental management/ risk assessment/ physicochemical
properties/ pathogens/ issues and policy/ Environmental Protection
Agency
Abstract: This National Research Council
report recommends changes in EPA's regulations for the land
application of biosolids.
193. Biotechnical engineering as an alternative
to traditional engineering methods. A biotechnical streambank
stabilization design approach.
Li, Ming-Han and Eddleman, K.
E.
Landscape and Urban
Planning 60 (4): 225-242.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1L32;
ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors:
Streams/ Environmental restoration/
Engineering/ Riparian environments/ Revegetation/ Conservation/
General Environmental Engineering
Abstract: Focus on ecologically fragile streams in
the US has resulted in heightened recognition and popularity of
biotechnical streambank stabilization methods. This ancient
technique re-emerges in the US in response to the link between
traditional protection measures and numerous occurrences of
streambank failures. The purpose of this study was to investigate
biotechnical engineering as a viable alternative to traditional
channelization and hard-armoring methods. Primarily by literature
review, this study analyzed and organized various streambank
stabilization approaches in traditional engineering, fluvial
geomorphological, ecological and biotechnical engineering
perspectives. Strengths and weaknesses in these four perspectives
are discussed, suitable biotechnical alternatives are presented,
and a cost-strength matrix of biotechnical techniques is
introduced.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
194. Biotechnical erosion control.
Snider, Joseph A. and United
States. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Jamie L. Whitten
Plant Materials Center.
Jackson, MS: Natural Resources
Conservation Service; Series: Technical note (Jamie L. Whitten
Plant Materials Center) v. 12, no. 2. (1996)
Notes: Title from title page of source document.
"September 1996" Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aS627.P55-T43-v.-12,-no.-2
http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/mspmctn9602.pdf
Descriptors:
Soil conservation/ Bioengineering/
Erosion/ Riparian ecology
Abstract: "This study was conducted [in Panola
County, Mississippi] to evaluate the potential of selected plant
species and Biotechnical Erosion Control (BEC) techniques for
streambank stabilization in the Mid-South.".
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
195. Biotechnology and environmental issues in
dairying.
Tamminga. S.
In: Milk composition, production
and biotechnology/ Welch, R. A.; Burns, D. J.; Davis, S. R.; Popay,
A. I.; and Prosser, C. G., 1997; pp. 513-532
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
196. Biotechnology and new integrated pest
management approaches.
DeVault, J. D.; Hughes, K. J.;
Johnson, O. A.; and Narang, S. K.
Bio/technology (Nature
Publishing) 14 (1): 46-49.
(Jan. 1996)
NAL Call #:
QH442.B5;
ISSN: 0733-222X [BTCHDA]
Descriptors:
insect pests/ biological control/
biological control agents/ microbial pesticides/ genetic control/
genetic engineering/ integrated pest management/ environmental
impact/ literature reviews/ microbial insecticides
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
197. Biotechnology: Environmental impacts of
introducing crops and biocontrol agents in North American
agriculture.
Pimentel, D.
In: Biological control: Benefits
and risks/ Hokkanen, H. M. and Lynch, J. M.; Series: Plant and
microbial biotechnology research series No. 4, 1995; pp.
13-29.
ISBN: 052154405X
NAL Call #: TP248.27.P55P54
Descriptors:
plant introduction/ introduced
species/ crops/ livestock/ game birds/ game animals/ environmental
impact/ weeds/ pests/ biological control agents/ weed control/
insects/ insect pests/ genetic engineering/ recombinant DNA/
transgenic plants/ risk/ literature reviews/ North America/ animal
pests/ pest potential/ weed eating insects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
198. Biotechnology in the treatment of animal
manure.
Woestyne, M. V. and Verstraete,
W.
In:
Biotechnology-in-animal-feeds-and-animal-feeding/ Wallace, R. J.
and Chesson, A., 1995; pp. 311-327
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
199. Birds of lake, pond, and marsh: Water and
wetland birds of eastern North America.
Eastman, John
Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books;
xv, 271 p.: ill. (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-266)
and index.
NAL Call #: QL683.E27-E375-1999; ISBN: 0811726819 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Water birds---East---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
200. Bound pesticide residues in soils: A
review.
Gevao, B.; Semple, K. T.; and
Jones, K. C.
Environmental
Pollution 108 (1):
3-14. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491 [ENPOEK].
Notes: Special Issue: Non-extractable residues in soils
and sediments: Characterisation and Environmental Significance.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
pesticide residues/ technology/ soil
properties/ land management/ microorganisms/ biological activity in
soil/ aging/ soil pollution/ environmental impact/ literature
reviews/ pesticide classes/ chemical bonding/ soil aging/ bound
residues
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
201. Breeding bird communities of Midwestern
prairie fragments: The effects of prescribed burning and habitat
area.
Herkert, J. R.
Natural Areas Journal
14: 128-135. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH76.N37
Descriptors:
Wildlife habitat/ breeding birds/
agricultural practices/ fire
Abstract: Compared the effects of habitat area and
prescribed burning on breeding bird communities using Midwestern
prairie fragments.
202. A brief review of the potential benefits of
buffer zones as field margins in UK agriculture.
Davies, D. H. K.
Aspects of Applied
Biology (54): 61-70.
(1999);
ISSN: 0265-1491
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
203. Broiler litter as a fertilizer or livestock
feed.
Bagley, C. P.; Evans, R. R.; and
Burdine, W. B. Jr.
Journal of Production
Agriculture 9 (3): 342-346.
(July 1996-Sept. 1996)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524 [JPRAEN]
Descriptors:
poultry manure/ broilers/ waste
utilization/ uses/ organic fertilizers/ forage/ crop production/
application to land/ nutrients/ management/ nutrient content/ beef
cattle/ feeds/ nutritive value/ feed conversion/ performance/
farming systems/ integration/ reviews/ southeastern states of
USA
Abstract: The growth in the broiler industry and the
concomitant increase in the broiler litter generated out of these
operations, coupled with increased environmental awareness, has
resulted in increased interest by producers and scientists in uses
for broiler litter. Long-term land applications of broiler litter
have resulted in a buildup of some nutrients in certain soils.
Research results indicate that annual application rates of up to 4
tons/acre of litter are acceptable, but should be accompanied by
annual soil testing. Broiler litter of adequate quality is
acceptable as a livestock feed, provided the litter is properly
processed prior to feeding. When used as a livestock feed, the ash
level in litter is of concern due to its negative effects on the
nutritive value (total digestible nutrients, TDN) of litter diets
containing relatively high ash levels. Based on expected levels of
performance, broiler litter-based diets require varying levels of
grain to meet the nutrient requirements of different classes of
livestock. Broiler litter can be used as both fertilizer and
livestock feed, and the combining of broiler production with a
commercial beef operation represents an attractive integration of
two enterprises.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
204. Broiler phosphorus intake versus broiler
phosphorus output in the United States: Nutrition or soil
science?
Miles, D. M. and Sistani, K.
R.
World's Poultry Science
Journal 58 (4): 493-500.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
47.8-W89;
ISSN: 0043-9339
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
205. Buffer Zones and Water Quality Protection:
General Principles.
Correll, D. L.
In: Buffer Zones: Their Processes
and Potential in Water Protection Conference Handbook.
(Held 2 Aug 1930-2 Sep 1996 at
Oxfordshire, UK.)
Cardigan, UK: Samara Publishing
Limited; pp. 13-14; 1996.
Notes: Conference: Int. Conf. Buffer Zones: Their
Processes and Potential in Water Protection, Woodstock, Oxfordshire
(UK), 30 Aug-2 Sep 1996
Descriptors:
literature review/ water quality
control/ protection/ riparian land/ zones/ groundwater movement/
overland flow/ riparian vegetation/ organic matter/ soil
properties/ floods/ riparian environments/ groundwater/ nutrients/
streams/ soil/ buffer zones/ flooding/ Water quality control/
Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Riparian buffer zones (RBZ) improve
water quality in different ways depending upon the pathway of
delivery to the water to the RBZ. Groundwater passing through the
RBZ may be cleansed of nitrate and acidity due to a combination of
denitrification, biostorage, and changes in soil composition.
Overland storm flows entering laterally from the uplands may be
cleansed of suspended particulates, with adhering nutrients,
inorganic toxins, and pesticides, as well as some dissolved
nutrients and toxins. Sometimes these overland flows will also
infiltrate within the RBZ and become a part of the groundwater,
thus also obtaining the benefits associated with groundwaters in
the RBZ. During stream flooding events, waters flooding out into
the RBZ may also be cleansed of sediments, nutrients, and toxic
materials as a result of particulate trapping and the binding of
materials on the leaf litter and soils within the RBZ. The RBZ is
also an important source to the stream of high quality dissolved
and particulate organic matter which is delivered both vertically
and laterally. Forested RBZs also provide shade and evaporative
cooling to streams, maintaining lower summertime temperatures
critical to some biota. Factors which limit the effectiveness of
the functions can be divided into internal and external. Factors
external to the RBZ include watershed area and gradient, stream
channel morphology, soil mineralogy and texture, bedrock type and
depth, and climate. Factors internal to the RBZ include width and
type of vegetation, water logging and organic content of soils,
hydraulic conductivity, soil nutrient content and geochemistry.
These water quality functions of RBZs and the factors which limit
their effectiveness in various settings will be reviewed from the
world literature.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
206. Buffer zones to improve water quality: A
review of their potential use in UK agriculture.
Muscutt, A. D.; Harris, G. L.;
Bailey, S. W.; and Davies, D. B.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 45 (1-2): 59-77.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
207. Butterfly conservation
management.
New, T. R.; Pyle, R. M.; Thomas, J.
A.; Thomas, C. D.; and Hammond, P. C.
Annual Review of
Entomology 40: 57-83.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
421-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA]
Descriptors:
lepidoptera/ wildlife conservation/
protected species/ wildlife management/ ecology/ habitats/
environmental legislation/ reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
208. Cadmium contamination of vegetable crops,
farmlands, and irrigation waters.
Cabrera, C.; Ortega, E.; Lorenzo,
M. L.; and Lopez, M. C.
Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 154: 55-81. (1998)
NAL Call #:
TX501.R48;
ISSN: 0179-5953 [RCTOE4]
Descriptors:
pollutants/ food contamination/
toxicology/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
209. Calibration of pesticide leaching models:
Critical review and guidance for reporting.
Dubus, Igor G; Beulke, Sabine; and
Brown, Colin D
Pest Management
Science 58 (8): 745-758.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X
Descriptors:
critical review/ environmental
implications/ reporting guidance
Abstract: Calibration of pesticide leaching models
may be undertaken to evaluate the ability of models to simulate
experimental data, to assist in their parameterisation where values
for input parameters are difficult to determine experimentally, to
determine values for specific model inputs (eg sorption and
degradation parameters) and to allow extrapolations to be carried
out. Although calibration of leaching models is a critical phase in
the assessment of pesticide exposure, lack of guidance means that
calibration procedures default to the modeller. This may result in
different calibration and extrapolation results for different
individuals depending on the procedures used, and thus may
influence decisions regarding the placement of crop-protection
products on the market. A number of issues are discussed in this
paper including data requirements and assessment of data quality,
the selection of a model and parameters for performing calibration,
the use of automated calibration techniques as opposed to more
traditional trial-and-error approaches, difficulties in the
comparison of simulated and measured data, differences in
calibration procedures, and the assessment of parameter values
derived by calibration. Guidelines for the reporting of calibration
activities within the scope of pesticide registration are
proposed.
© Thomson
210. Can cows and fish co-exist.
Fitch, L. and Adams, B.
W.
Canadian Journal of Plant
Science 78 (2): 191-198.
(Apr. 1998)
NAL Call #:
450-C16;
ISSN: 0008-4220 [CPLSAY].
Notes: Paper presented at the Symposium on the Effects
of Agriculture on the Riparian Ecosystem held 1996, Lethbridge,
Alberta, Canada. Includes references.
Descriptors:
cattle/ freshwater fishes/ rivers/
riparian grasslands/ water quality/ grazing/ habitats/
environmental management/ grassland management/ grazing systems/
watersheds/ productivity/ populations/ wildlife/ degradation/
literature reviews/ water pollution/ Alberta
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
211. Capillary electrophoresis and
electrochromatography of pesticides and metabolites.
Tegeler, Tony and El, Rassi
Ziad
Electrophoresis 22 (19): 4281-4293. (2001);
ISSN: 0173-0835
Descriptors:
pesticide metabolites: analysis,
detection/ pesticides: analysis, detection, uses
Abstract: Synthetic pesticides are important
chemicals since they are widely used to control many types of
weeds, insects, and other pests in a wide variety of agricultural
and nonagricultural settings. This review article is aimed at
describing the recent progress made in capillary electrophoresis
(CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) of pesticides and
metabolites. The various electrophoretic systems and detection
schemes that were introduced during the period extending from the
second half of 1999 to the first half of 2001 for the CE and CEC of
pesticides are discussed. Also included in this review article are
the various approaches for trace enrichment that are involved in
the analysis of dilute pesticide samples.
© Thomson
212. Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture:
A review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and
enhancement.
Kromp, B.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 74 (1/3):
187-228. (June 1999)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: Special issue: Invertebrate biodiversity as
bioindicators of sustainable landscapes / edited by M.G. Paoletti.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
carabidae/ sustainability/
agriculture/ insect control/ efficacy/ farming systems/ fields/
agricultural land/ ecosystems/ biological control agents/
landscape/ species diversity/ arable land/ trapping/ field
experimentation/ colonization/ beneficial insects/ foraging/ insect
pests/ habitats/ biological indicators/ plowing/ conservation/
tillage/ weed control/ burning/ green manures/ manures/ nitrogen
fertilizers/ plant density/ microclimate/ seasonal variation/
phenology/ intercropping/ literature reviews/ predators of insect
pests
Abstract: This review article on carabids in
sustainable agro-ecosystems of the temperate Northern hemisphere
presents a compilation of the available knowledge on the
significance of carabids for natural pest control and the effects
of cultivation methods (except pesticides) and landscape structural
elements. Field carabids are species rich and abundant in arable
sites, but are affected by intensive agricultural cultivation. For
sampling, fenced pitfall trapping or pitfall trapping is
recommended according to the type of study. Many of the assumed
beneficial pest control activities of carabids are still based on
laboratory feeding records. In the field, carabids have been
demonstrated to reduce cereal and sugar beet aphid populations in
their early colonization phase, mainly by foraging on aphids that
have fallen from the vegetation. Egg predation on Dipteran eggs,
e.g. the cabbage root fly, has been overestimated in earlier
literature. Scattered data indicate carabidforaging on certain
coleopteran pest larvae. In North America, some evidence has been
found for control of pest lepidopterans. Larger carabids, e.g. Abax
parallelepipedus, can effectively control slugs in greenhouses.
Because of their spermophagous feeding habits, certain species of
Harpalus and Amara could have some potential for biological weed
control. As a result of their sensitive reaction to anthropogenic
changes in habitat quality, carabids are considered of
bioindicative value for cultivation impacts. Carabids seem to be
negatively affected by deep ploughing and enhanced by reduced
tillage systems. No negative effects have been found for mechanical
weed control and flaming. Carabid recruitment is enhanced by proper
organic fertilization and green manuring. Intensive nitrogen
amendment might indirectly affect carabids by altering crop density
and microclimate. Field carabid assemblages are not bound to a
certain crop type, but shift in dominance according to the
crop-specific rhythmicity of cultivation measures and changes in
crop phenology and microclimate. Crop rotation effects could also
be influenced by field-size dependent recolonization capability of
carabids. They are enhanced by crop diversification in terms of
monocrop heterogeneity and weediness as well as by intercropping
and the presence of field boundaries, although corresponding
increases in their pest reduction efficacy have not yet been
evidenced.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
213. Carbon and nutrient cycles.
Delgado, J. A. and Follett, R.
F.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 455-464.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
carbon cycle/ cycling/ nutrients/
nitrogen cycle/ phosphorus/ sulfur/ soil flora/ soil biology/ soil
fertility/ soil organic matter/ carbon/ crops/ nutrient uptake/
crop residues/ decomposition/ plant residues/ soil chemistry/ soil
organic carbon
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
214. Carbon distribution and losses: Erosion and
deposition effects.
Gregorich, E. G.; Greer, K. J.;
Anderson, D. W.; and Liang, B. C.
Soil and Tillage
Research 47 (3/4): 291-302.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
215. Carbon sequestration in soils: Some
cautions amidst optimism.
Schlesinger, W. H.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 82 (1/3):
121-127. (Dec. 2000)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: Special issue: Food and forestry: Global change
and global challenges / edited by P.J. Gregory and J.S.I. Ingram.
Paper presented at a conference held September 1999, Reading, UK.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
soil/ carbon dioxide/ conservation
tillage/ vegetation/ abandoned land/ soil organic matter/ emission/
fertilizers/ irrigation/ biomass/ calcium carbonate/ chemical
precipitation/ manures/ literature reviews/ carbon cycle/
revegetation
Abstract: A sink for atmospheric carbon (i.e., CO2)
in soils may derive from the application of conservation tillage
and the regrowth of native vegetation on abandoned agricultural
land. Accumulations of soil organic matter on these lands could
offset emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion, in the context
of the Kyoto protocol. The rate of accumulation of soil organic
matter is often higher on fertilized fields, but this carries a
carbon "cost" that is seldom assessed in the form of CO2 emissions
during the production and application of inorganic fertilizer.
Irrigation of semiarid lands may also produce a sink for carbon in
plant biomass, but its contribution to a sink for carbon in soils
must be discounted by CO2 that is emitted when energy is used to
pump irrigation water and when CaCO3 precipitates in the soil
profile. No net sink for carbon is likely to accompany the use of
manure on agricultural lands.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
216. A case for using plethodontid salamanders
for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem integrity of North
American forests.
Welsh, H. H. Jr. and Droege,
S.
Conservation Biology
15 (3): 558-569. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5;
ISSN: 0888-8892
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
217. A case for wetland restoration.
Hey, Donald L. and Philippi, Nancy
S.
New York: Wiley; x, 215 p.: ill.
(some col.), maps. (1999)
Notes: "A Wiley-Interscience publication." Includes
bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #: QH75-.H49-1999;
ISBN: 0471176427 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation/ Wetlands/
Restoration ecology/ Wetland conservation---United States---Case
studies
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
218. Catch crops and green manures as biological
tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones.
Thorup Kristensen, K.; Magid, J.;
and Jensen, L. S.
Advances in Agronomy
79: 227-302. (2003)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
nutrient management/ soil fertility/
nutrient availability/ nitrogen/ soil nutrient dynamics
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
219. Cattle phosphorus requirements may be
lowered.
Paterson, J.
Feedstuffs 75 (16): 11-14. (2003);
ISSN: 0014-9624
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
220. Caveat emptor: Safety considerations for
natural products used in arthropod control.
Trumble, John T
American Entomologist
48 (1): 7-13. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QL461.A52;
ISSN: 1046-2821
Descriptors:
arthropod (Arthropoda): pest/ insect
(Insecta): pest/ Animals/ Arthropods/ Insects/ Invertebrates/
arthropod control/ natural products/ safety
considerations
© Thomson
221. Challenges and opportunities for integrated
weed management.
Buhler, D. D.
Weed Science 50 (3): 273-280. (May 2002-June
2002)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745 [WEESA6]
Descriptors:
weed control/ integrated pest
management/ trends/ cropping systems/ herbicide resistant weeds/
population dynamics/ plant communities/ weed associations/
survival/ literature reviews
Abstract: Despite several decades of modern weed
control practices, weeds continue to be a constant threat to
agricultural productivity. Herbicide-resistant weeds and weed
population shifts continue to generate new challenges for
agriculture. Because of weed community complexity, integrated
approaches to weed management may help reduce economic effects and
improve weed control practices. Integrated weed management
emphasizes the combination of management techniques and scientific
knowledge in a manner that considers the causes of weed problems
rather than reacts to existing weed populations. The goal of weed
management is the integration of the best options and tools to make
cropping systems unfavorable for weeds and to minimize the effect
of weeds that survive. No single practice should be considered as
more than a portion of an integrated weed management strategy. The
best approach may be to integrate cropping system design and weed
control strategies into a comprehensive system that is
environmentally and economically viable. Management decisions must
also be made on a site- and time-specific basis. Considering weeds
in a broader ecological and management context may lead to the use
of a wider range of cultural and management practices to regulate
weed communities and prevent the buildup of adapted species. This
will help producers manage herbicides and other inputs in a manner
that preserves their effectiveness and move weed scientists toward
the development of more diverse and integrated approaches to weed
management.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
222. Challenges and Opportunities for Science in
Reducing Nutrient Over-enrichment of Coastal Ecosystems.
Boesch, D. F.
Estuaries 25 (4b): 886-900. (2002)
NAL Call #:
GC96.E79;
ISSN: 0160-8347.
Notes: Special issue: Nutrient Over-enrichment in
Coastal Waters: Global Patterns of Cause and Effect
Descriptors:
Nutrients (mineral)/ Anoxic
conditions/ Eutrophication/ Ecosystem disturbance/ Trophic
structure/ Pollution effects/ Estuaries/ Bays/ Coastal waters/ Semi
enclosed seas/ Marginal seas/ Pollution monitoring/ Pollution
control/ Pollution legislation/ Research/ Aquatic sciences/ Marine
sciences/ Coastal states/ World/ Nutrients/ Water management/
Fertilizers/ Legislation/ environmental policy/ Legislation (on
water resources)/ Water policy/ Europe/ North America/ Asia/
Oceania/ ANE, Baltic Sea/ ANE, North Sea/ MED, Adriatic Sea/ MED,
Black Sea/ ASW, Mexico Gulf/ INW, Japan, Seto Naikai Sea/ Pollution
Control and Prevention/ Prevention and control/ Pollution control/
Environmental action/ Water Resources and Supplies/ General
Environmental Engineering
Abstract: Nutrient over-enrichment has resulted in
major changes in the coastal ecosystems of developed nations in
Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania, mostly taking place over
the narrow period of 1960 to 1980. Many estuaries and embayments
are affected, but the effects of this eutrophication have been also
felt over large areas of semi-enclosed seas including the Baltic,
North, Adriatic, and Black Seas in Europe, the Gulf of Mexico, and
the Seto Inland Sea in Japan. Primary production increased, water
clarity decreased, food chains were altered, oxygen depletion of
bottom waters developed or expanded, seagrass beds were lost, and
harmful algal blooms occurred with increased frequency. This period
of dramatic alteration of coastal ecosystems, mostly for the worse
from a human perspective, coincided with the more than doubling of
additions of fixed nitrogen to the biosphere from human activities,
driven particularly by a more than 5-fold increase in use of
manufactured fertilizers during that 20-year period. Nutrient
over-enrichment often interacted synergistically with other human
activities, such as overfishing, habitat destruction, and other
forms of chemical pollution, in contributing to the widespread
degradation of coastal ecosystems that was observed during the last
half of the 20th century. Science was effective in documenting the
consequences and root causes of nutrient over-enrichment and has
provided the basis for extensive efforts to abate it, ranging from
national statutes and regulations to multi-jurisdictional compacts
under the Helsinki Commission for the Baltic Sea, the Oslo-Paris
Commission for the North Sea, and the Chesapeake Bay Program, for
example. These efforts have usually been based on a relatively
arbitrary goal of reducing nutrient inputs by a certain percentage,
without much understanding of how and when this would affect the
coastal ecosystem. While some of these efforts have succeeded in
achieving reductions of inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen,
principally through treatment of point-source discharges,
relatively little progress has been made in reducing diffuse
sources of nitrogen. Second-generation management goals tend to be
based on desired outcomes for the coastal ecosystem and
determination of the load reductions needed to attain them, for
example the Total Daily Maximum Load approach in the U.S. and the
Water Framework Directive in the European Union. Science and
technology are now challenged not just to diagnose the degree of
eutrophication and its causes, but to contribute to its prognosis
and treatment by determining the relative susceptibility of coastal
ecosystems to nutrient over-enrichment, defining desirable and
achievable outcomes for rehabilitation efforts, reducing nutrient
sources, enhancing nutrient sinks, strategically targeting these
efforts within watersheds, and predicting and observing responses
in an adaptive management framework.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
223. Challenges of pest control with enhanced
toxicological and environmental safety. An overview.
Duke, S. O.; Menn, J. J.; and
Plimmer, J. R.
ACS Symposium Series
(American Chemical Society) (524): 1-13. (1993)
NAL Call #:
QD1.A45;
ISSN: 0097-6156 [ACSMC].
Notes: In the series analytic: Pest control with
enhanced environmental safety / edited by S.O. Duke, J.J. Menn, and
J.R. Plimmer.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
pest control/ plant protection/
legislation/ microbial pesticides/ pesticides/ genetic engineering/
environmental protection
Abstract: Much of the increase in agricultural
productivity over the past half century has been due to more
efficacious and economical pest control through the use of
synthetic chemical pesticides (SCPs). However, there is continued
and growing social and legislative pressure to reduce the
toxicological and environmental risks associated with control of
agricultural pests with SCPs. Public and private sector research is
being conducted to develop biorational pesticides and to replace or
reduce the use of SCPs with natural product-based pesticides,
biocontrol (including classical biocontrol), genetically-engineered
pest resistance, and combinations of these replacement strategies.
Nevertheless, these emerging pest control technologies will likely
represent only a small percentage of the pest control market by the
year 2000. Therefore, methods to reduce use rates of synthetic
pesticides and to develop more environmentally and toxicologically
benign pesticides are also important in risk abatement. Such
strategies as biorational design, development of pesticide
synergists, and development of crops resistant to more
environmentally safe herbicides, insects, and plant pathogens can
improve the environmental quality, food safety, and allay societal
fears concerning crop protection technology.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
224. Challenging targets for future
agriculture.
Kirchmann, H. and Thorvaldsson,
G.
European Journal of
Agronomy 12 (3/4): 145-161.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
SB13.E97;
ISSN: 1161-0301
Descriptors:
agriculture/ trends/ prediction/
sustainability/ ecosystems/ pesticides/ water/ leaching/ soil
fertility/ soil compaction/ emission/ crop quality/ biodiversity/
organic farming/ ethics/ soil degradation/ agricultural research/
health foods/ site specific crop management / cropping systems/
soil biology/ cycling/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
225. Change in soil carbon following
afforestation.
Paul, K. I.; Polglase, P. J.; and
Khanna, P. K.
Forest Ecology and
Management 168 (1-3):
241-257. (2002)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science
Descriptors:
Land use / Climatic conditions/
Afforestation/ Reforestation/ Soil nutrients/ Carbon cycle/ Forest
management/ Pinus radiata/ Monterey pine/ Radiata pine/
Management
Abstract: Quantifying changes in soil C may be an
important consideration under large-scale afforestation or
reforestation. We reviewed global data on changes in soil C
following afforestation, available from 43 published or unpublished
studies, encompassing 204 sites. Data were highly variable, with
soil C either increasing or decreasing, particularly in young
(10-year) forest stands. Because studies varied in the number of
years since forest establishment and the initial soil C content, we
calculated change in soil C as a weighted-average (i.e. sum of C
change divided by sum of years since forest establishment) relative
to the soil C content under previous agricultural systems at 10,
>10 and 30cm sampling depths. On average, soil C in the 10cm (or
30cm) layers generally decreased by 3.46% per year (or 0.63% per
year) relative to the initial soil C content during the first 5
years of afforestation, followed by a decrease in the rate of
decline and eventually recovery to C contents found in agricultural
soils at about age 30. In plantations older than 30 years, C
content was similar to that under the previous agricultural systems
within the surface 10cm of soil, yet at other sampling depths, soil
C had increased by between 0.50 and 0.86% per year. Amounts of C
lost or gained by soil are generally small compared with
accumulation of C in tree biomass. The most important factors
affecting change in soil C were previous land use, climate and the
type of forest established. Results suggest that most soil C was
lost when softwoods, particularly Pinus radiata plantations, were
established on ex-improved pastoral land in temperate regions.
Accumulation of soil C was greatest when deciduous hardwoods, or
N2-fixing species (either as an understorey or as a plantation),
were established on ex-cropped land in tropical or subtropical
regions. Long-term management regimes (e.g. stocking, weed control,
thinning, fertiliser application and fire management) may also
influence accumulation of soil C. Accumulation is maximised by
maintaining longer (20-50 years) forest rotations. Furthermore,
inclusion of litter in calculations reversed the observed average
decrease in soil C, so that amount of C in soil and litter layer
was greater than under preceding pasture.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
226. Changes to the soil environment under
conservation tillage.
Johnson, A. M. and Hoyt, G.
D.
HortTechnology 9 (3): 380-393. (July 1999-Sept.
1999)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68;
ISSN: 1063-0198
Descriptors:
conservation tillage/ soil
chemistry/ soil physical properties/ soil biology/ soil
degradation/ erosion/ sloping land/ soil water content/ costs/
cultivation/ soil temperature/ soil fertility/ phosphorus/ nutrient
availability/ nitrogen/ soil ph/ cation exchange capacity/ base
saturation/ nitrogen cycle/ carbon cycle/ soil organic matter/ soil
flora/ microbial flora/ cover crops/ losses from soil/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
227. Channelization and Levee Construction of
Illinois: Review and Implications for Management.
Mattingly, R. L.; Herricks, E. E.;
and Johnston, D. M.
Environmental
Management 17 (6): 781-795.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
streams/ environmental impact/
riparian environments/ United States, Illinois/ environmental
impact/ environment management/ river basin management/ dams/
rivers/ environmental effects/ resources management/ channeling/
levees/ construction/ riparian vegetation/ channelization/ levees/
mitigation/ Management/ Law, policy, economics and social sciences/
Protective measures and control/ Conservation/ Ecological impact of
water development/ Structures
Abstract: The environmental impact of loss of
natural stream and riparian habitat is of concern throughout the
United States and Europe. Environmental impacts related to such
activities as channelization of and levee construction along
streams and rivers are particularly apparent in the Midwestern
United States. The objective of the research presented here was to
delineate the extent, relative degree of impact, and implications
for management of channelization and levee construction along
watercourses located in the state of Illinois. According to records
maintained through the Illinois Streams Information System data
base (Illinois Department of Conservation), nearly 25% of surface
water resources in the state have been modified directly by
channelization and/or levee construction. Reviews of agency
records, elaboration of case histories, interviews with agency
personnel, and inspections of impacted sites indicated that these
alterations have occurred without the benefit of effective
mitigation. Although permit records may provide suggestions for
mitigation to be incorporated in the design of a particular
project, permits issued generally do not require even minimal
instream habitat and bank stabilization efforts in conjunction with
channel alteration. Information derived from policy and case study
analyses suggests that institutional constraints, rather than lack
of particular understanding about mitigation, provide major
barriers to protecting the state's surface water resources in terms
of regulatory review, policy interpretation and implementation, and
project evaluation. Recommendations for environmental management
efforts regarding these and similar channel alterations are
elaborated from these findings.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
228. Characteristics of animal wastes and
waste-amended soils: An overview of the agricultural and
environmental issues.
Sims, J. T.
In: Animal waste and the land-water
interface.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers,
1995; pp. 1-13.
ISBN: 1566701899
NAL Call #: TD930.A55-1995
Descriptors:
animal wastes/ soil amendments/
characteristics/ soil fertility/ management/ waste utilization/
pollution/ pollution control/ environmental control/ environmental
impact/ waste management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
229. Characteristics of wood ash and influence
on soil properties and nutrient uptake: An overview.
Demeyer, A.; Voundi Nkana, J. C.;
and Verloo, M. G.
Bioresource
Technology 77 (3): 287-295.
(May 2001)
NAL Call #:
TD930.A32;
ISSN: 0960-8524 [BIRTEB].
Notes: Reviews issue. Includes references.
Descriptors:
waste utilization/ application to
land/ soil fertility/ soil biology/ soil chemistry
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
230. Chemical mixtures: Current risk assessment
methodologies and future directions.
Seed, Jennifer; Brown, Ronald P;
Olin, Stephen S; and Foran, Jeffery A
Regulatory Toxicology and
Pharmacology 22 (1): 76-94.
(1995);
ISSN: 0273-2300
Descriptors:
biphenyls/ carcinogen/ pesticides/
polychlorinated biphenyls/ toxicity
Abstract: Some of the most challenging problems that
toxicologists confront are determining how biological effects of
components in a complex mixture may interact, determining how these
interactions affect the overall toxicity of the mixture, and
determining how to incorporate this information into risk
assessments of chemical mixtures. There has been considerable
effort in this area since the publication of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's guidelines for risk assessment of chemical
mixtures in 1986. This paper reviews the terminology used to
describe chemical interactions and the methodologies that have been
developed for conducting risk assessments of chemical mixtures.
Particular attention is directed towards an examination of the
applicability and validity of the methods for the assessment of
risk posed by exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations
of chemical mixtures. Limited, yet compelling, data are reviewed
that suggest that for noncancer endpoints, adverse effects are
unlikely to occur when the individual components in the mixture are
present at levels well below their respective thresholds.
Synergistic or antagonistic effects, not readily predicted from the
mechanisms of action of the individual components, are possible
when the mixture components are present at levels equal to or above
their individual thresholds. Finally, synergistic carcinogenic
effects have been observed in animal studies of mixtures, even at
relatively low doses.
© Thomson
231. Chemicals from nature for weed
management.
Duke, S. O.; Dayan, F. E.; Rimando,
A. M.; Schrader, K. K.; Aliotta, G.; Oliva, A.; and Romagni, J.
G.
Weed Science 50 (2): 138-151. (Mar. 2002-Apr.
2002)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745 [WEESA6]
Descriptors:
weeds/ weed control/ phytotoxicity/
herbicides/ phytotoxins/ mode of action/ pest management/ fish
culture/ cyanobacteria/ allelochemicals/ chemical structure/
structure activity relationships/ literature reviews
Abstract: Natural products represent a vast
repository of materials and compounds with evolved biological
activity, including phytotoxicity. Some of these compounds can be
used directly or as templates for herbicides. The molecular target
sites of these compounds are often unique. Strategies for the
discovery of these materials and compounds are outlined. Numerous
examples of individual phytotoxins and crude preparations with weed
management potential are provided. An example of research to find a
natural product solution of a unique pest management problem
(blue-green algae in aquaculture) is described. Finally, the
problems associated with natural products for pest control are
discussed.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
232. Chesapeake Bay area nutrient management
programs: An overview.
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Chesapeake Bay Program. Nutrient Subcommittee.
Nutrient Management Workgroup.
Annapolis, MD: Chesapeake Bay
Program; Series: Chesapeake Bay Program technology transfer report;
7 p.: ill. (1996)
Notes: Printed by the Environmental Protection Agency
for the Chesapeake Bay Program; "March 1996." "CBP/TRS 143/96,
EPA-903-R-96-001"--Cover.
NAL Call #: TD225.C43C45--1996
Descriptors:
Nutrient pollution of
water---Chesapeake Bay Region---Md and Va/ Water quality
management---Chesapeake Bay Region---Md and Va
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
233. Chesapeake Bay riparian handbook: A guide
for establishing and maintaining riparian forest
buffers.
Palone, Roxane S.; Todd, Albert H.;
United States. State and Private Forestry. Northeastern Area;
United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service; and United
States. Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension
Service.
Morgantown, WV: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Area State & Private
Forestry: Natural Resources Conservation Services: Cooperative
State Research, Education, and Extension Service; Series: NA-TP
97-02 (Rev. June 1998). (1998)
Notes: Title from web page. "May 1997." Description
based on content viewed May 6, 2003. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: aSB763.A115-N38-no.-97-02
http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/subcommittee/nsc/forest/riphbk.pdf
Descriptors:
Riparian forests---Chesapeake
Bay---Md and Va---Handbooks, manuals, etc/ Riparian
ecology---Chesapeake Bay---Md and Va---Handbooks, manuals, etc/
Water quality management---Chesapeake Bay---Md and Va---Handbooks,
manuals, etc/ Buffer zones---Ecosystem management---Chesapeake
Bay---Md and Va---Handbooks, manuals, etc
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
234. Citronelle ponds: Little-known wetlands of
the central Gulf Coastal Plain, USA.
Folkerts, George W
Natural Areas Journal
17 (1): 6-16. (1997)
NAL Call #:
QH76.N37;
ISSN: 0885-8608
Descriptors:
Kaolinite/ Kaolinite dissolution/
Pond cypress/ Swamp tupelo/ Water fluctuation/ Freshwater ecology/
Habitat/ Forested depression wetland/ Dominant species/ Citronelle
ponds/ Conservation/ crustaceans (Crustacea Unspecified)/ insects
(Insecta Unspecified)/ Crustacea (Crustacea Unspecified)/ Insecta
(Insecta Unspecified)/ Nyssa biflora (Nyssaceae)/ Taxodium
ascendens (Coniferopsida)/ angiosperms/ animals/ arthropods/
crustaceans/ dicots/ gymnosperms/ invertebrates/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ Central Gulf coastal
plain
Abstract: Citronelle ponds are forested depression
wetlands occurring on relatively flat uneroded surfaces of the
Citronelle Formation along the Gulf coast of the United States from
Mississippi to the central Florida Panhandle. The depressions seem
to have formed by the dissolution of kaolinite in the substrate and
associated loss of volume. Most are temporarily flooded, typically
from early winter to late spring. Soils are usually of the Grady
series. Few depressions have connections with surface or subsurface
drainage. Nearly all Citronelle ponds were forested in their
primeval state, characteristically supporting pondcypress (Taxodium
ascendens Brogn.) and swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora (Walt.) Sarg.) as
dominants. The fauna consists of species that can tolerate water
fluctuation and frequent drying and includes a large diversity of
crustaceans and insects. Fishes are seldom present. Most of the
ponds are isolated amid lands used for agriculture and forestry.
Few remain in anything resembling a natural state. Action to
preserve representative Citronelle ponds is urgently
needed.
© Thomson
235. Classical biological control: A critical
review of recent programs against citrus pests in
Florida.
Michaud, J P
Annals of the Entomological
Society of America 95 (5):
531-540. (2002);
ISSN: 0013-8746
Descriptors:
Ageniaspis citricola [brown citrus
aphid] (Hymenoptera): pest/ Lipolexis scutellaris (Hymenoptera):
biological control agent/ Lysiphlebia japonica (Hymenoptera):
biological control agent/ Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera):
biological control agent/ citrus (Rutaceae): tropical subtropical
fruit crop/ Angiosperms/ Animals/ Arthropods/ Dicots/ Insects/
Invertebrates/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ biological
control/ integrated pest management
Abstract: Classical biological control is often
considered a cornerstone of integrated pest management, although
the introduction of exotic natural enemies can have unpredictable
and wide-ranging impacts on native ecosystems. In this article, I
question the wisdom of using the classical approach as an automatic
first response to invasive pests. I critically evaluate some
classical biological control programs recently implemented against
invasive pests of citrus in Florida including: Lysiphlebia japonica
Ashmead and Lipolexis scutellaris Mackauer (Hymenoptera:
Aphidiidae) introduced against the brown citrus aphid, Ageniaspis
citricola Logviniskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) against the citrus
leafminer, and Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae) against the Asian citrus psyllid. I advance the
following contentions: (1) Not all invasive pests are appropriate
targets for the classical approach, especially those that lack
natural enemies specific to, or effective against them. (2) Some
invasive pests may be effectively controlled by generalist
predators within a time frame similar to that required for
evaluation of introduced parasitoids. (3) The contributions of
native species are often ignored when postrelease evaluations focus
on introduced species. (4) Parasitism is a highly apparent
phenomenon in the field, while predation is less apparent and far
more difficult to quantify, an empirical disparity that may
generate an undue bias regarding the perceived importance of
introduced parasites relative to indigenous predators in biological
control. (5) Classical programs have immediate political appeal to
agricultural sectors seeking quick solutions to new pest problems,
and to the government agencies seeking to respond to their demands
for action. Thus, funding incentives for research may be biased
toward 'rear and release' classical programs and away from other,
ecologically sound approaches to pest management such as
conservation biological control. I conclude that classical programs
are typically employed as a reflexive response to invasive pests,
often without adequate evaluation of the pest as a potential,
rather than automatic, target for this approach, and without
prerelease surveys to document indigneous natural enemies. A
classical program may be embarked on regardless of whether or not
suitable candidate species for introduction can be identified, and
often without objective postrelease evaluations. The net result is
a prevailing tendency to underestimate the potential ecological
resiliency of established insect communities to invasive
pests.
© Thomson
236. Clean coastal waters: Understanding and
reducing the effects of nutrient pollution.
National Research Council.
Committee on the Causes and Management of Eutrophication
Washington DC: National Academies
Press; 428 p. (2000);
ISBN: 0-309-06948-3
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069483/html/
Descriptors:
coastal water/ nutrient enrichment/
estuaries/ monitoring/ models/ water quality
237. Clean water and productive
rangelands.
Alexander, Susan V.; Shulman,
Roberta F.; Terrene Institute; and United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Region VI. Water Quality Management
Branch.
Washington, DC: Terrene Institute;
15 p.: ill. (some col.). (1994)
Notes: "A challenge for Southwestern ranchers"--Cover.
"April 1994."
NAL Call #: SF85.35.A165A44--1994
Descriptors:
Rangelands---Southwest---Water
supply/ Rangelands---New Mexico---Water supply/ Range
management---Southwest/ Range management---New Mexico
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
238. Climate and biological control in organic
crops.
Stacey, D. A.
International Journal of
Pest Management 49 (3):
205-214. (2003)
NAL Call #:
SB950.A1P3;
ISSN: 0967-0874.
Notes: Number of References: 159; Publisher: Taylor
& Francis Ltd
Descriptors:
Entomology/ Pest Control/ biological
control/ climate change/ insect pests/ IPM/ natural enemies/
organic farming/ pesticides/ elevated atmospheric CO2/ insect
herbivore interactions/ natural enemies/ beauveria bassiana/ winter
wheat/ beneficial arthropods/ species composition/ erynia
neoaphidis/ orius laevigatus/ entomopathogenic fungus
Abstract: Organic farming has increased in
popularity in recent years, primarily as a response to the
perceived health and conservation benefits. While it is likely that
conventional farming will be able to respond rapidly to variations
in pest numbers and distribution resulting from climatic change, it
is not clear if the same is true for organic farming. Few studies
have looked at the responses of biological control organisms to
climate change. Here, I review the direct and indirect effects of
changes in temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide and other
climatic factors on the predators, parasitoids and pathogens of
pest insects in temperate agriculture. Finally, I consider what
research is needed to manage the anticipated change in pest insect
dynamics and distributions.
© Thomson ISI
239. Climate change and its effect on water
quality and soil resources.
Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water
Conservation Society; 2003. (application/pdf)
http://www.swcs.org/docs/Climate%20change-final.pdf
Abstract: The Soil and Water Conservation
Society has reviewed the literature and with an expert panel
produced a report that connects climate change as a possible cause
for set backs in progress, effecting water quality and preservation
of soil resources. The report also gives suggestions of what needs
to happen to circumvent these set backs. Suggestions include a new
way for conservation planning and highlights areas where more
information is needed.
240. Climate change and plant disease
management.
Melugin, Coakley Stella; Scherm,
Harald; and Chakraborty, Sukumar
Annual Review of
Phytopathology 37: 399-426.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
464.8 An72;
ISSN: 0066-4286
Descriptors:
host pathogen interaction/ disease
resistance/ physiological change/ Climatology (Environmental
Sciences)/ Pest Assessment Control and Management/ Epidemiology
(Population Studies)
© Thomson
241. Closure of earthen manure structures
(including basins, holding ponds and lagoons).
Jones, D. D.; Koelsch, R. K.;
Mukhtar, S.; Sheffield, R. E.; and Worley, J. W.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
242. Collaborative planning for wetlands and
wildlife: Issues and examples.
Porter, Douglas R. and
Salvesen, David.
Washington, DC: Island Press; x,
293 p.: ill., maps. (1995)
NAL Call #: QH76.C65--1995;
ISBN: 1559632879
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation---United
States---Planning/ Wildlife conservation---United
States---Planning
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
243. Combining inferences from models of capture
efficiency, detectability, and suitable habitat to classify
landscapes for conservation of threatened bull trout.
Peterson, J. T. and Dunham,
J.
Conservation Biology
17 (4): 1070-1077. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5;
ISSN: 0888-8892.
Notes: Number of References: 20
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology
Abstract: Effective conservation efforts for at-risk
species require knowledge of the locations of existing populations.
Species presence can be estimated directly by conducting
field-sampling surveys or alternatively by developing predictive
models. Direct surveys can be expensive and inefficient,
particularly for rare and difficult-to-sample species, and models
of species presence may produce biased predictions. We present a
Bayesian approach that combines sampling and model-based inferences
for estimating species presence. The accuracy and
cost-effectiveness of this approach were compared to those of
sampling surveys and predictive models for estimating the presence
of the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) via
simulation with existing models and empirical sampling data.
Simulations indicated that a sampling-only approach would be the
most effective and would result in the lowest presence and absence
misclassification error rates for three thresholds of detection
probability. When sampling effort was considered, however, the
combined approach resulted in the lowest error rates per unit of
sampling effort. Hence, lower probability-of-detection thresholds
can be specified with the combined approach, resulting in lower
misclassification error rates and improved
cost-effectiveness.
© Thomson ISI
244. Commercial application of enzyme technology
for poultry production.
Acamovic, T.
World's Poultry Science
Journal 57 (3): 225-242.
(Sept. 2001)
NAL Call #:
47.8-W89;
ISSN: 0043-9339 [WPSJAO].
Notes: Paper presented at the 21st World's Poultry
Congress, August 20-24, 2000, Montreal, Canada.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
chickens / turkeys/ production
costs/ feed grains/ antinutritional factors/ enzyme preparations/
feed additives/ nutrient-nutrient interactions/ O-glycoside
hydrolases/ proteinases/ phytase/ esterases/ triacylglycerol
lipase/ enzyme activity/ digesta/ viscosity/ digestibility/ poultry
manure/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
245. Comparability of suspended sediment
concentration and total suspended solids data.
Gray, John R. and Geological Survey
(U.S.).
Reston, Va.: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey; vi, 14 p.: ill.; Series:
Water-resources investigations report 00-4191. (2000)
Notes: "WRIR 00-4191"--Cover. "August 2000"--Cover.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 12-14).
NAL Call #: GB701-.W375-no.-2000-4191
Descriptors:
Suspended sediments---United States/
Water quality---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
246. Comparative study of methods of preparing
hydraulic-head surfaces and the introduction of automated
hydrogeological-GIS techniques.
Salama, R. B.; Ye, L.; and Broun,
J.
Journal of Hydrology
185 (1/4): 115-136. (Nov.
1996)
NAL Call #:
292.8-J82;
ISSN: 0022-1694 [JHYDA7]
Descriptors:
hydrology/ groundwater flow/
saturated flow/ aquifers/ surfaces/ geographical information
systems/ automation/ mapping/ maps/ geology/ topography/ water
table/ watersheds/ regression analysis/ saturated hydraulic
conductivity/ kriging/ wells/ statistical analysis/ western
Australia/ New South Wales/ hydrogeomorphic units/ hydrogeology/
reduced water levels/ geostatistics
Abstract: Construction of hydraulic-head surface
(HHS) maps is the most commonly used technique for groundwater
evaluation. A review of methods used for constructing HHS maps
showed that, of the manual methods, the hydrogeological
interpretative technique produces a better surface than the equally
spaced approach. Geostatistical methods gave similar surfaces to
the manual methods; they share the problem of groundwater contours
intersecting surface contours and the inability to identify
groundwater discharge areas. The results showed that the automated
hydrogeological-GIS (geographical information system) techniques,
which take into account the hydrogeomorphic and topographic
controls, produced the most realistic surfaces. Groundwater
contours follow the hydrogeomorphic trends, do not intersect
surface contours and can properly identify areas of groundwater
discharge. The major advantage of the hydrogeological-GIS technique
is the ability to prepare HHS maps with a small number of data
points. It is also possible to use regressions from other
catchments to prepare HHS maps for catchments with similar
hydrogeomorphic characteristics and elevation ranges but which have
no data.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
247. Comparison of Chlorpyrifos Fate and Effects
in Outdoor Aquatic Micro- and Mesocosms of Various Scale and
Construction.
Leeuwangh, P.
In: Freshwater Field Tests for
Hazard Assessment of Chemicals/ Hill, I. R.; Heimbach, F.;
Leeuwangh, P.; and Mattiessen, P.
Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers,
1994; pp. 217-248.
Notes: Conference: European Workshop on Freshwater
Field Tests, Potsdam (Germany), 25-26 Jun 1992; ISBN: 0-87371-940-9
Descriptors:
pesticides/ fate/ pollution effects/
experimental research/ freshwater ecology/ aquatic communities/
literature reviews/ fate of pollutants/ aquatic environment/
literature review/ insecticides/ taxonomy/ water pollution effects/
chlorpyrifos/ aquatic environments/ chlorpyrifos/ Effects on
organisms/ Effects of pollution/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Various micro- and mesocosms
simulating the natural environment have been used to study the fate
and effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Literature was
reviewed to observe the influence of scale, test design and
meteorological conditions on the fate and effects of chlorpyrifos.
The disappearance of chlorpyrifos from water is consistent in all
studies, despite variation in system dimensions (9 to 450 m
super(3)) and in physico-chemical and biological properties. In
most studies however, the product has no effect on the
physico-chemical characteristics of the water. It is possible that
intermesocosm variability, especially that due to the macrophyte
biomass at the time of application of the pesticide, obscures
subtle effects. The primary effects of chlorpyrifos were consistent
in all studies, even though wide differences were apparent in the
composition of the main taxonomic groups at the time of application
of the pesticide. Indirect effects of chlorpyrifos in micro- and
mesocosms are much more variable, in both direction and magnitude.
In some, but not all studies, phytoplankton, periphyton, rotifers,
oligochaetes, some mollusc taxa and the isopod Asellus have shown a
tendency to increase in biomass or abundance. Reductions in
chlorpyrifos-sensitive invertebrate forage species resulted in
transient reduced growth of endemic larval fathead minnows. The
complexity of natural ecosystems and the lack of qualitative and
quantitative a priori information on trophic structure can make
prediction of indirect effects very difficult. In the reviewed
literature there were no indications of direct or indirect effects
on macrophytes, Coelenterata or Arachnida. No mention was made of
other taxa.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
248. Comparison of different techniques to
measure ammonia emission after manure application.
Ferm, M. and Institutet for vatten
och luftvardsforskning (Sweden).
Goteborg: IVL Swedish Environmental
Research Institute; 14 p.: ill.; Series: IVL report B 1383.
(2000)
Notes: Cover title. "juni 2000" Includes
bibliographical references (p. 13-14).
NAL Call #: S654-.C66-2000
Descriptors:
Ammonia as fertilizer/ Manure gases/
Ammonia---Physiological effect
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
249. Compensation ratios for wetland
mitigation.
King, Dennis M.; Bohlen, Curtis C.;
and Chesapeake Biological Laboratory.
Solomons, Md.: University of
Maryland, Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies,
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory; 14 leaves: 1 ill.
(1994)
Notes: Subtitle: Guidelines and tables for applying the
methodology described in Wetland mitigation: A framework for
determining compensation ratios; Cover title. "April 1, 1994."
"University of Maryland, CEES working paper
UMCEES-CBL-94-10."
NAL Call #: QH76.K563--1994
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation---Mathematical
models
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
250. Competing values and moral imperatives: An
overview of ethical issues in biological control.
Lockwood, J. A.
Agriculture and Human
Values 14 (3): 205-210.
(Sept. 1997)
NAL Call #:
HT401.A36;
ISSN: 0889-048X [AHVAED].
Notes: Special issue: Ethical Issues in Biological
Control / edited by J.A. Lockwood.
Descriptors:
pest management/ biological control/
bioethics/ moral values/ environmental impact/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
251. The complete book of pesticide management:
Science, regulation, stewardship, and communication.
Whitford, Fred.
New York: J. Wiley; Series:
Environmental Protection magazine series; xxiv, 787 p.: ill.
(2002)
Notes: Contents note: The Evolution of Pesticide
Regulations: The Shift From Benefits to Risks / F. Whitford, et
al.-- Human Health Risk Assessment: Evaluating Potential Effects of
Pesticides on Human / F. Whitford, et al.-- Epidemiology:
Validating Human Risk Assessments / F. Whitford, et al.--
Ecological Risk Assessments: Evaluating Pesticide Risks to
Nontarget Species / F. Whitford, et al.-- Water Quality Risk
Assessment: Predicting Complex Interactions Between Pesticides and
the Environment / F. Whitford, et al.-- Product Development and
Registration: Blending Scientific Information into Public Policy
Decisions / F. Whitford, et al.-- Pesticide Lables: The Convergence
of Science, Public Policy, and User Responsibility / F. Whitford,
et al.-- Liabilities and Lawsuits: Understanding Regulations,
Inspections, and the Courts / F. Whitford, et al.-- Environmental
Site Assessments: Managing the Facility Against Contamination / F.
Whitford, et al.-- Occupational Use of Pesticides: Handling
Products in the Workplace / F. Whitford, et al.-- Personal
Protective Equipment: Selection, Care, and Use / F. Whitford, et
al.-- The Employee Bulletin Board: Where Employers Communicate
Policies, Procedures, and Practices / F. Whitford, et al.--
Planning for Emergencies: Preventing and Reacting to Emergencies in
the Workplace / F. Whitford, et al.-- The Insurance Policy:
Protecting Yourself Against the Unexpected / F. Whitford, et al.--
Educating the Community and the Workforce About Hazardous Chemicals
/ F. Whitford, et al.-- Educating Your Consumer Clientele: A
Holistic Approach to Pest Management / F. Whitford, et al.--
Pesticides and Risk Communication: Interactions and Dialogues with
the Public / F. Whitford, et al.) -- Today's Discussions,
Tomorrow's Issues / F. Whitford, et al.
NAL Call #: RA1270.P4-C65-2002; ISBN: 0471407283
Descriptors:
Pesticides Toxicology/ Pesticides
Health aspects/ Pesticides Safety measures/ Health risk assessment/
Pesticides---Government policy---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
252. Components of dairy manure management
systems.
Horn, H. H. van; Wilkie, A. C.;
Powers, W. J.; and Nordstedt, R. A.
Journal of Dairy
Science 77 (7): 2008-2030.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
44.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-0302
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
253. Compost as an alternative weed control
method.
Ozores, Hampton Monica
HortScience 33 (6): 938-940. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB1.H6;
ISSN: 0018-5345
Descriptors:
weeds (Tracheophyta)/ Plants/
Vascular Plants
© Thomson
254. Compost utilization for vegetable and fruit
crops.
Roe, Nancy E
HortScience 33 (6): 934-937. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB1.H6;
ISSN: 0018-5345
Descriptors:
orange (Rutaceae): fruit crop/
Brassica chinensis [Chinese white cabbage] (Cruciferae): vegetable
crop/ Capsicum annuum [Chinese white cabbage] (Solanaceae):
vegetable crop/ Daucus carota [tomato] (Umbelliferae): vegetable
crop/ Hibiscus esculenta [Chinese white cabbage] (Malvaceae):
vegetable crop/ Lycopersicon esculentum [tomato] (Solanaceae):
vegetable crop/ Angiosperms/ Dicots/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/
Vascular Plants/ compost utilization/ nutrient uptake
© Thomson
255. Compost utilization in horticultural
cropping systems.
Stoffella, Peter J. and Kahn,
Brian A.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers;
414 p.: ill. (2001)
NAL Call #: S661-.C66-2001;
ISBN: 156670460X (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Compost/ Horticulture
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
256. Compost utilization in vegetable crop
production systems.
Stoffella, P. J.; Ozores-Hampton,
M.; Roe, N. E.; Li, Y. C.; and Obreza, T. A.
Acta Horticulturae
(No.607): 125-128. (2003)
NAL Call #:
80 Ac82;
ISBN: 0567-757290-6605-986-9
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
257. Composting for feedlot manure management
and soil quality.
Deluca, T H and Deluca, D
K
Journal of Production
Agriculture 10 (2): 235-241.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524
Descriptors:
corn (Gramineae)/ crop
(Angiospermae)/ plant (Plantae Unspecified)/ Zea mays (Gramineae)/
angiosperms/ monocots/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/
animal husbandry/ biobusiness/ composting/ feedlot manure
management/ miscellaneous method/ soil science
Abstract: Contemporary industrialized grain and
livestock production is characterized by efficient, large-scale
confined animal feedlot operations (CAFOs) and equally efficient
and large-scale, but separate, grain operations. Though both are
highly productive, feedlot operators have come to view manure as a
waste management problem, while grain operations face declining
soil quality and a reliance on commercial fertilizers to maximize
yields. Neither type of operation can be considered sustainable.
Cooperative on-farm composting may provide solutions to some of the
problems facing our industrialized agricultural systems and reader
the systems more sustainable. In this paper we view cooperative
on-firm composting as the combination and processing of feedlot
manure with crop stover to produce a beneficial natural soil
amendment and fertilizer for those fields from which the stover was
taken. Cooperative on-firm composting would help protect surface
and groundwater from nutrient loading, save resources, and help
renew social ties within the agricultural community. Composting
stabilizes nutrients, kills pathogens and weed seeds, reduces
moisture content, reduces odor, and improves physical properties of
manure, thereby improving its value as a soil amendment and
fertilizer. Although some N in raw manure is lost during
composting, the end product differs from raw manure in that it
exhibits minimal N loss in storage or after field application.
Composted manure can become the primary fertilizer for grain
production once the cumulative N mineralization from previous
applications reach steady-state. The use of composted manure
improves soil quality and greatly reduces total energy consumption
compared with the use of commercial fertilizer. A hypothetical
example illustrates how compost applications to irrigated corn (Zea
mays L.) could result in a net energy savings of about 3.3 million
Btu/acre, which is equivalent to the energy contained in 19.4
gallons of diesel fuel/acre.
© Thomson
258. Composting for manure
management.
Emmaus, Pa.: JG Press; 77 p.
(1998)
NAL Call #: S655-.C66-1998;
ISBN: 0932424198
Descriptors:
BioCycle/ Manure handling/
Compost---Economic aspects/ Agricultural wastes
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
259. Composting for the treatment of cattle
wastes.
Bujang KB and Lopez Real
JM
Compost Science and
Utilization 1 (3): 38-40; 8
ref. (1993)
NAL Call #:
TD796.5.C58
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
260. Composting manure for value-added products:
BioCycle.
Emmaus, Pa.: JG Press; 85 p.
(2001)
NAL Call #: S655-.C67-2001;
ISBN: 0932424228
Descriptors:
Farm manure/ Manure handling/
Compost/ Organic wastes---Recycling
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
261. Composting module: Environmentally
assured.
McGuire, Kellie. and National Pork
Producers Council (U.S.).
Des Moines, Iowa: National Pork
Producers Council; 78, 7 p.: ill. (1997)
Notes: "Environmental Assurance Program (EAP)." Cover
title. "Environmentally assured"--cover. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD930-.C67-1997
Descriptors:
Animal industry---Environmental
aspects/ Swine---Carcasses---Environmental aspects/ Compost
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
262. Composting piggery waste:
A review.
Imbeah, M.
Bioresource
Technology 63 (3): 197-203.
(Mar. 1998)
NAL Call #:
TD930.A32;
ISSN: 0960-8524 [BIRTEB]
Descriptors:
pig manure
Abstract: For many centuries, composting has been
used as a means of recycling organic matter back into the soil to
improve soil structure and fertility. The composting process has
received much attention in recent years because of pollution
concerns and the search for environmentally-sound methods for
treating animal waste. The pig industry faces increasing problems
from waste production as intensive pig production increases and pig
units become bigger. This paper reviews information on the use of
composting for treating piggery waste as a means of addressing the
environmental pollution concerns. Ways in which composting has been
used for treating pig manure, pig carcasses and pig litter as well
as factors influencing the composting process are discussed.
Suggestions for possible future applications are also
presented.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
263. Concept and Determination of Exchangeable
Phosphate in Aquatic Sediments.
Aminot, A. and Andrieux,
F.
Water Research 30 (11): 2805-2811. (Nov.
1996)
NAL Call #:
TD420.W3;
ISSN: 0043-1354
Descriptors:
phosphates/ sediment water
interfaces/ sediments/ phosphorus/ hydrogen ion concentration/
estuaries/ evaluation/ literature review/ sorption/ comparison
studies/ phosphorus cycle/ eutrophication/ sediment chemistry/
sediment water interface/ exchangeable phosphate/ Chemical
processes/ Estuaries/ Behavior and fate characteristics/ Freshwater
pollution
Abstract: Exchangeable phosphate represents a
reservoir of bioavailable phosphorus, since it can be rapidly
released into a water body when the soluble phosphate concentration
decreases. In the absence of a clear definition we first propose to
precisely define exchangeable phosphate with reference to phosphate
released in extreme conditions of solid dilution. A survey of the
literature indicates that a variety of methods have been developed
to provide its determination. The theoretical approach behind the
corresponding release experiments is presented to support an
evaluation of these methods with respect to the definition given.
It appears that most are not based on the rigorous application of
thermodynamic principles. Therefore, we have presented an infinite
dilution extrapolation (IDE) approach, both rigorous and simple,
enabling reliable comparison to be made. The method is based on
extraction in natural water or a soluble substitute. The effect of
pH was studied. Experimental conditions for use of the described
method have been developed and various side applications are shown
such as comparison of the extracting
power of extractants. Results of
application to estuarine sediments are briefly
presented.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
264. The concept of agricultural
sustainability.
Schaller, Neill
Agriculture Ecosystems and
Environment 46 (1-4): 89-97.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors:
agriculture/ food production/
profit/ resource management
Abstract: Sustainable agriculture has become a
popular code word for an environmentally sound, productive,
economically viable, and socially desirable agriculture. This paper
reviews reasons for growing interest in agricultural sustainability
(mainly the unanticipated, adverse side-effects of conventional
farming), examines the proposed ends and means of sustainability,
and discusses two issues frequently debated - the profitability of
sustainable farming and the adequacy of food production from
sustainable systems. The concept of agricultural sustainability
does not lend itself to precise definition, partly because it
implies a way of thinking as well as of using farming practices,
and because the latter cannot be specified as final answers.
Consequently, people's beliefs and values will continue to mold
public understanding of the concept. Two different views of
sustainable agriculture are held. One is that fine- tuning of
conventional agriculture - more careful and efficient farming with
sensitive technologies - will reduce or eliminate many undesirable
effects of conventional agriculture. The other is that fundamental
changes in agriculture are needed, requiring a major transformation
of societal values. Those who believe that only fine-tuning is
needed tend to argue that sustainable farming is inherently
unprofitable. If widely adopted, it would not feed the world's
expanding population as well as conventional agriculture. Those who
see a need for more fundamental changes in conventional systems
believe that sustainable farming, on the contrary, can be even more
profitable than the conventional, especially when the calculation
of profit counts all of the benefits and costs of farming. Further,
resource conservation, protection of the environment, and farming
in partnership with nature - all requirements of sustainability -
will enhance, not reduce, global food production. Other issues,
such as the connections between sustainable farming and the rest of
the food and fiber system, and the implications of sustainability
for rural communities and society as a whole, have yet to be
addressed significantly.
© Thomson
265. Concepts and directions in arthropod pest
management.
Funderburk, J.; Higley, L.; and
Buntin, G. D.
Advances in Agronomy
51: 125-172. (1993)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
integrated pest management/
insecticides/ arthropod pests/ crop damage/ economic impact/ pest
resistance/ cultural control/ biological control/ population
dynamics/ selection pressure/ environmental impact/ ecosystems/
literature reviews/ economic injury level
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
266. Conceptual model and indicators for
assessing the ecological condition of agricultural
lands.
Hess, George R.; Campbell, C. Lee;
Fiscus, Daniel A.; Hellkamp, Anne S.; McQuaid, Betty F.; Munster,
Michael J.; Peck, Steven L.; and Shafer, Steven R.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 29 (3): 728-737.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425.
Notes: Publisher: AMERICAN SOC OF AGRONOMY
INC,
MADISON, WI, (USA)
Descriptors:
Farms/ Ecosystems/ Mathematical
models/ Agricultural products/ Productivity/ Environmental
protection/ Societies and institutions/ Agricultural lands/
Agroecosystem/ Sustainability/ Agricultural Machinery and
Equipment/ Agricultural Machinery and Equipment/ Biology/ Numerical
Methods/ Agricultural Products/ Environmental Impact and
Protection/ Biology/ Numerical Methods/ Agricultural Products/
Environmental Impact and Protection
Abstract: As part of an environmental monitoring and
assessment effort, we developed a conceptual model for measuring
and assessing the condition and sustainability of agroecosystems.
An agroecosystem is a field, pasture, or orchard and the associated
border areas. We focused on ecological sustainability and defined
the goals for agroecosystems in terms of the values people place on
them. The purpose of an agroecosystem is to produce food and fiber.
Other desired outcomes can be considered as goals for the larger
landscape and the rest of the world, and they sometimes function as
constraints on production. Condition is defined by agroecosystem
productivity and the degree to which farmers use management and
stewardship practices that conserve and protect valued natural
resources in the landscape and the rest of the world. An
agroecosystem in good condition is productive and is managed to
conserve valued resources. Sustainability is the maintenance of
good condition over time. We developed indicators that link system
condition and sustainability to societal values and goals. These
indicators measure productivity, management practices that promote
sustainability at the agroecosystem scale, and management practices
that promote sustainability at landscape and global scales. Our
initial efforts focused on annually harvested herbaceous crops;
however, the concepts we used can be adapted to other plant and
livestock systems. Our conceptual approach may be used to evaluate
the effectiveness of several major programs now being implemented,
including the USDA's Environmental Quality Incentive and
Conservation Reserve Programs.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
267. Concrete manure storages
handbook.
Pedersen, John H.; Runestad, Jay
A.; and Midwest Plan Service.
Ames, IA: Midwest Plan Service,
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept., Iowa State
University; 70 p.: ill. (1993)
Notes: 1st ed.; "Most of this book updates and compiles
information previously published by the Midwest Plan
Service"--Pref. "MWPS-36." Includes bibliographical references (p.
[65]) and index.
NAL Call #: S635.P44--1994;
ISBN: 0893730823 (pbk.)
Descriptors:
Farm manure---Storage---Handbooks,
manuals, etc/ Concrete tanks---Design and construction---Handbooks,
manuals, etc
Abstract: This handbook emphasizes planning
and design of rectangular and circular concrete manure storages for
depths to 14 feet. Designs for rectangular tanks include tanks with
open tops, solid tops up to 16 feet wide, and slats up to 12 feet
wide. Circular tanks include designs for above- and below-ground
open top tanks for diameters up to 120 feet. One appendix includes
information on concrete characteristics, and equations and
assumptions used in designs. A section with design aids includes
useful tables, conversions, and 14 illustrated data sheets to
record design decisions. A chapter with example problems shows how
to use the tables and data sheets.
© Midwest Plan Service
(MWPS)
268. Confined animal production and manure
nutrients.
Gollehon, Noel R. and United
States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service.
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service; iv, 35 p.: col. ill., col.
maps; Series: Agriculture information bulletin no. 771.
(2001)
Notes: Cover title. "June 2001"--P. [i]. Includes
bibliographical references
(p. 33-34).
NAL Call #: 1-Ag84Ab-no.-771
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib771/
Descriptors:
Confinement farms Waste
disposal---United States/ Livestock Manure Handling---United
States/ Poultry Manure Handling---United States/ Organic wastes as
fertilizer---United States/ Farm manure---Environmental
aspects---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
269. Conservation implications of climate
change: Soil erosion and runoff from cropland.
Soil and Water Conservation Society
(U.S.).
Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water
Conservation Society; 24 p.: ill., maps. (2003)
Notes: "January 2003." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 21-22).
NAL Call #: S624.A1-S642-2003
Descriptors:
Soil erosion---United States/ Soil
conservation---United States/ Runoff---United States/
Precipitation---Meteorology---
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
270. Conservation management of freshwater
habitats: Lakes, rivers and wetlands.
Maitland, Peter S. and Morgan, N.
C.
London; New York: Chapman &
Hall; x, 233 p.: ill.; Series: Conservation biology series 9.
(1997)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
[207]-223) and index.
NAL Call #: QH75.M34--1997;
ISBN: 0412594102
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation/ Fishery
conservation/ Wildlife conservation/ Conservation of natural
resources/ Freshwater fishes
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
271. Conservation of aquatic insects: Worldwide
crisis or localized threats.
Polhemus, D. A.
American Zoologist
33 (6): 588-598. (1993)
NAL Call #:
410-Am3;
ISSN: 0003-1569 [AMZOAF].
Notes: Paper presented at the Symposium, "The Crisis in
Invertebrate Conservation," Annual Meeting of the American Society
of Zoologists and the Canadian Society of Zoologists, December
27-30, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
aquatic insects/ nature
conservation/ endangered species/ species diversity/ legislation/
literature reviews/ biodiversity/ ambrysus amargosus
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
272. The conservation of challenge in
agriculture and the role of entomologists.
Van Hook, T.
Florida Entomologist
77 (1): 42-73. (Mar.
1994)
NAL Call #:
420-F662;
ISSN: 0015-4040 [FETMAC].
Notes: Symposium: Insect Behavioral Ecology--'93.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
arthropods/ conservation/
sustainability/ landscape ecology/ environmental education/
legislation/ literature reviews/ biodiversity/ endangered species
act
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
273. The Conservation Reserve Program:
Opportunities for research in landscape-scale
restoration.
Jelinski, D. E. and Kulakow, P.
A.
Restoration and Management
Notes 14 (2): 137-139.
(1996);
ISSN: 0733-0707
Descriptors:
research programs/ environmental
restoration/ conservation/ agricultural land/ soil conservation/
United States/ agriculture/ cultivated lands/ land management/
Reclamation/ Environmental action/ Watershed protection
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
274. Conservation tillage: An ecological
approach to soil management.
Blevins, R. L. and Frye, W.
W.
Advances in Agronomy
51: 33-78. (1993)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
275. Conservation tillage and depth
stratification of porosity and soil organic matter.
Kay, B. D. and VandenBygaart, A.
J.
Soil and Tillage
Research 66 (2): 107-118.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
276. Conservation tillage and macropore factors
that affect water movement and the fate of chemicals.
Shipitalo, M J; Dick, W A; and
Edwards, W M
Soil and Tillage
Research 53 (3-4): 167-183.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
Descriptors:
chemical: transport/ solute:
transport/ chemical fate/ groundwater/ leaching/ macropore factors/
preferential flow/ water movement
Abstract: A thorough understanding of how
conservation tillage influences water quality is predicted on
knowledge of how tillage affects water movement. This paper
summarizes the effects of conservation tillage on water movement
and quality mainly based on long-term experiments on Luvisols at
the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed near Coshocton, OH,
USA. Conservation tillage can have a much larger effect on how
water moves through the soil than it does on the total amount
percolating to groundwater. Soil macroporosity and the proportion
of rainfall moving through preferential flow paths often increase
with the adoption of conservation tillage and can contribute to a
reduction in surface runoff. In some medium- and fine-textured
soils most of the water that moves to the subsoil during the
growing season (May-October) is probably transmitted by macropores.
If a heavy, intense storm occurs shortly after surface application
of an agricultural chemical to soils with well-developed
macroporosity, the water transmitted to the subsoil by the
macropores may contain significant amounts of applied chemical, up
to a few per cent, regardless of the affinity of the chemical for
the soil. This amount can be reduced by an order of magnitude or
more with the passage of time or if light rainstorms precede the
first major leaching event. Because of movement into the soil
matrix and sorption, solutes normally strongly adsorbed by the soil
should only be subject to leaching in macropores in the first few
storms after application. Even under extreme conditions, it is
unlikely that the amount of additional adsorbed solute transported
to groundwater will exceed a few per cent of the application when
conservation tillage is used instead of conventional tillage. In
the case of non-adsorbed solutes, such as nitrate, movement into
the soil matrix will not preclude further leaching. Therefore, when
recharge occurs during the dormant season thorough flushing of the
soil, whether macropores are present or not, can move the remaining
solutes to groundwater. Thus, the net effect of tillage treatment
on leaching of non-adsorbed solutes should be minimal.
© Thomson
277. Conservation tillage as a tool to improve
soil, water and air quality.
Tebrugge, F.
In: Proceedings 8th International
Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture. (Held 15 Oct 2002-17 Oct 2002 at Kusadasi,
Turkey.) Evcim, U.; Bilgen, H.; Degirmencioglu, A.; Demir, V.;
Yalcin, H.; and Ozden, K. (eds.)
Ege (Turkey) University, Faculty of
Agriculture: Bornova-Izmir, Turkey; pp. 83-86; 2002.
Notes: Document no.: 975-483-560-8
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
278. Conservation tillage for carbon
sequestration.
Lal, R and Kimble, J M
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 49 (1-3):
243-253. (1997)
NAL Call #:
S631 .F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314
Descriptors:
carbon/ agriculture/ agroecosystems/
biobusiness/ burning/ carbon/ conservation tillage/ nutrient
cycling/ sequestration/ soil science
Abstract: World soils represent the largest
terrestrial pool of organic carbon (C), about 1550 Pg compared with
about 700 Pg in the atmosphere and 600 Pg in land biota.
Agricultural activities (e.g., deforestation, burning, plowing,
intensive grazing) contribute considerably to the atmospheric pool.
Expansion of agriculture may have contributed substantially to the
atmospheric carbon pool. However, the exact magnitude of carbon
fluxes from soil to the atmosphere and from land biota to the soil
are not known. An important objective of the sustainable management
of soil resources is to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) pool by
increasing passive or non-labile fraction. Soil surface management,
soil water conservation and management, and soil fertility
regulation are all important aspects of carbon sequestration in
soil. Conservation tillage, a generic term implying all tillage
methods that reduce runoff and soil erosion in comparison with
plow-based tillage, is known to increase SOC content of the surface
layer. Principal mechanisms of carbon sequestration with
conservation tillage are increase in micro-aggregation and deep
placement of SOC in the sub-soil horizons. Other useful
agricultural practices associated with conservation tillage are
those that increase biomass production (e.g., soil fertility
enhancement, improved crops and species, cover crops and fallowing,
improved pastures and deep-rooted crops). It is also relevant to
adopt soil and crop management systems that accentuate humification
and increase the passive fraction of SOC. Because of the importance
of C sequestration, soil quality should be evaluated in terms of
its SOC content.
© Thomson
279. Conservation tillage for vegetable
production.
Hoyt, G. D.; Monks, D. W.; and
Monaco, T. J.
HortTechnology 4 (2): 129-135. (1994)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
280. Conservation tillage in U.S. agriculture:
Environmental, economic, and policy issues.
Uri, Noel D.
New York: Food Products Press; xi,
130 p.: ill. (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-123)
and index.
NAL Call #: S604-.U75-1999;
ISBN: 1560228849
Descriptors:
Conservation tillage---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
281. Conservation tillage systems and
management: Crop residue management with no-till, ridge-till,
mulch-till, and strip-till.
Midwest Plan Service
Ames, IA: Midwest Plan Service.
(2000)
Notes: Second edition; Inlcudes bibliographical
references and index. "MWPS-45"
NAL Call #: S604 .C675 2000
Descriptors:
conservation tillage/ soil erosion/
water erosion/ wind erosion/ crop residues/ costs and returns/ soil
compaction/ water quality/ crop management/ nutrient management/
weed control/ disease and pest management/ pesticide
application
Abstract: This publication is a resource for
those interested in learning about the major benefits of
conservation tillage, which include soil erosion management, water
conservation, improved soil tilth, lower input costs, and labor
efficiency. This edition contains 29 chapters with sections devoted
to growing with conservation tillage, tillage system definitions,
crop residue and irrigation water management, and water quality.
Other chapters discuss residue management at harvest, estimating
residue cover, crop response to tillage systems, costs and returns,
soil compaction, controlled traffic, and converting CRP to crop
production. More than 60 university and industry specialists
including agricultural and biological engineers, extension wildlife
specialists, conservationists, entomologists, plant pathologists,
weed and soil scientists, and agronomists contributed to the
publication.
© Midwest Plan Service
(MWPS)
282. Conservation-tillage systems for cotton: A
review of research and demonstration results from across the cotton
belt.
McClelland, M. R.; Valco, T. D.;
and Frans, R. E.
In: Special Report - Agricultural
Experiment Station, Division of Agriculture, University of
Arkansas, No. 160/ McClelland, M. R.; Valco, T. D.; and Frans, R.
E., 1993. 121 p.
Notes:
ISSN: 0571-0189
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
283. Constructed wetlands and wastewater
management for confined animal feeding operations.
Gulf of Mexico Program (U.S.) and
Nutrient Enrichment Committee
Gainesville, Fla.: CH2MHILL; 23 p.:
ill. (1997)
Notes: Cover title. [Author:] "Gulf of Mexico Program,
Nutrient Enrichment Issue Committee"--P. [4] of cover. Funded by
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf of Mexico
Program.
NAL Call #: TD756.5.C662--1997
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands---North
America/ Feedlot runoff---
North America/ Agricultural
pollution---North America
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
284. Constructed wetlands for animal waste
treatment: A manual on performance, design, and operation with case
histories.
CH2M Hill, Inc.; Payne Engineering;
Gulf of Mexico Program (U.S.); Nutrient Enrichment Committee;
Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee; and National Council
of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
(U.S.).
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf of Mexico Program.
(1997)
Notes: "Prepared for the Gulf of Mexico Program
Nutrient Enrichment Committee, under a contract to the Alabama Soil
and Water Conservation Committee (ASWCC) and National Council of
the Pulp and Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
(NCASI)." "June 1997." Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.C64-1997
Descriptors:
Animal waste---Management/
Constructed wetlands/ Mexico, Gulf of---Nutrients
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
285. Constructed wetlands for livestock
wastewater management: Literature review, database, and research
synthesis.
Gulf of Mexico Program (U.S.);
Nutrient Enrichment Committee; CH2MHILL (Firm); and Payne
Engineering (Firm)
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency; 1 v. (various pagings): ill.
(1997)
Notes: "Prepared under contract to National Council of
the Paper Industry for Air and Stream improvement (NCASI) and
Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee." "January 1997."
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD930.2.C65--1997
Descriptors:
Animal waste---Management/
Constructed wetlands
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
286. Constructed wetlands for pollution control:
Processes, performance, design and operation.
International Water Association.
IWA Specialist Group on Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution
Control.
London: IWA Pub.; xii, 156 p.:
ill.; Series: Scientific and technical report (International Water
Association) no. 8. (2000)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-149)
and index.
NAL Call #: TD756.5-.C76-2000
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands/
Sewage---Purification---Biological treatment
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
287. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater
Treatment.
Sundaravadivel, M. and Vigneswaran,
S.
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 31 (4): 351-409. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Pollutant removal/
Wastewater treatment/ Wetlands/ Technology/ Tropical environments/
Developing countries/ Biodegradation/ Biodegradation/ Tropical
regions/ Water Pollution Treatment/ Artificial Wetlands/ Sewage
& wastewater treatment/ Sewage/ Water quality control/ Water
& Wastewater Treatment
Abstract: In the field of wastewater treatment,
energy-intensive and highly mechanized technologies are giving way
to nature-based technologies that utilize solar energy and living
organisms. Constructed treatment wetland (CTW) technology has
played an important role in bringing about the change. Wetland
technology can provide cheap and effective wastewater treatment in
both temperate and tropical climates, and are suitable for adoption
in both industrialized as well as developing nations. Currently,
CTWs are being utilized for removal of a range of pollutants and a
broad variety of wastewaters worldwide. The objective of this
article is to provide a comprehensive review of the CTW technology
and to present the pollutant removal performance experiences
gathered through the application of this technology around the
world.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
288. Constructed wetlands for wastewater
treatment and wildlife habitat: 17 case studies.
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency; iv, 174 p.: ill. (some col.), maps.
(1993)
Notes: Cover title. Shipping list no.: 95-0161-P.
"September 1993." "EPA832-R-93-005." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 8-10). SUDOCS: EP 1.2:W 53/7.
NAL Call #: TD756.5.C65--1993
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands---United
States---Case studies/ Sewage---Purification---Biological
treatment---United States---Case studies/
Habitat---Ecology---Modification---United States---Case
studies
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
289. Constructed wetlands for wastewater
treatment in cold climates.
Mander, U. and Jenssen, P.
D.
Southampton, UK; Boston: WIT Press;
325 p.: ill., map; Series: Advances in ecological sciences
1369-8273 (11). (2003)
NAL Call #: QH540-.I67-v.-11;
ISBN: 1853126519
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands---Cold weather
conditions/ Sewage---Purification---Biological treatment/
Sewage---Purification---Cold weather conditions
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
290. Constructed wetlands for water quality
improvement.
Moshiri, Gerald A.
Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; 632
p.: ill., maps. (1993)
Notes: Papers presented at the Pensacola conference.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #: TD756.5.M67--1993; ISBN: 0873715500 (acid-free paper)
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands---Congresses/
Water quality management---Congresses/ Constructed wetlands---Case
studies---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
291. Constructed wetlands in the sustainable
landscape.
Campbell, Craig S. and Ogden,
Michael
New York: Wiley; xiv, 270 p.: ill.,
maps. (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-264)
and index; Contents note: The concept of sustainable development;
The nature of wetland processes / Craig Campbell -- Constructed
wetlands and wastewater treatment design; Design, operation, and
maintenance of constructed wetlands / Michael Ogden -- Stormwater
renovation with constructed wetlands; Single-family residential
systems; The pond; Wildlife considerations and management; Art,
engineering, and the landscape; Examples of multiple-use
constructed wetlands / Craig Campbell.
NAL Call #: TD756.5-.C35-1999; ISBN: 0471107204 (paper)
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands---Design and
construction/ Landscape architecture
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
292. Constructed Wetlands to Treat Wastewater
From Dairy and Swine Operations: A Review.
Cronk, J. K.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 58 (2-3): 97-114.
(July 1996)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors:
dairy industry/ wetlands/ wastewater
treatment/ waste management/ barn wastewater/ eutrophication/
design standards/ cost analysis/ maintenance/ artificial wetlands/
dairies/ constructed wetlands/ dairy industry/ artificial wetlands/
Wastewater treatment processes/ Pollution control/ Sewage &
wastewater treatment
Abstract: Animal wastewater can be a major
contributor to the cultural eutrophication of surface waters.
Constructed wetlands are under study as a best management practice
to treat animal wastewater from dairy and swine operations.
Preliminary results are promising when wetlands are a component of
a farm-wide waste management plan, but they are ineffective without
pretreatment of the wastewater. The feasibility of constructed
wetlands varies with waste characteristics and climate. While the
cost of wetland construction is low, the site must be maintained in
order for the initial investment in the wetland to be worthwhile.
In addition, several design iterations may be necessary before
effective treatment is obtained. The design of animal wastewater
treatment wetlands is still being researched and a number of the
present projects will help provide recommendations for the use of
constructed wetlands at animal operations.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
293. Constructing wetlands in the Intermountain
West: Guidelines for land resource managers.
Olson, Richard Arnold.
Laramie, Wyo.: University of
Wyoming; Series: B (Laramie, Wyo.) 1078. (1999)
Notes: Title from title page of source document.
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: 100-W99-1-no.-1078
http://www.uwyo.edu/ces/PUBS/B-1078.pdf
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands---West---United
States/ Constructed wetlands---Rocky Mountains
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
294. Control of gaseous emissions from livestock
buildings and manure stores.
Hartung J and Phillips
VR
Journal of Agricultural
Engineering
Research 57 (3): 173-189; 85 ref. (1994)
NAL Call #:
58.8-J82
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
295. Control of Water Pollution from
Agriculture.
Ongley, E. D.
Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations [Also available as: FAO Irrigation and
Drainage Paper 55; ISBN 92-5-103875-9], 1996
(application/pdf)
ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/idp55e.pdf
Descriptors:
water pollution/ water quality/
water resources/ agricultural land/ sustainable agriculture/
sustainable development/ nonpoint source pollution/ agricultural
runoff/ irrigation/ fertilizers/ pesticides/ nutrient enrichment/
nitrate nitrogen/ sedimentation/ precipitation/ sediment yield/
erosion control/ environmental models/ environmental
monitoring
296. Controlled drainage: Effects on subsurface
runoff and nitrogen flows.
Wesstrom, Ingrid.
Uppsala: Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences; 1 v. (various pagings): ill.; Series: Acta
Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Agraria 1401-6249 (350).
(2002)
Notes: Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, 2002. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: S419-.A28-no.-350; ISBN: 9157661618
Descriptors:
Subirrigation---Sweden/
Drainage---Environmental aspects---Sweden/ Soils---Nitrogen
content---Sweden
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
297. Cooling of manure in manure culverts: A
method of reducing ammonia emissions in pig buildings.
Andersson, Mats.
Lund: Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Agricultural, Biosystems and
Technology; 40 p.: ill.; Series: Specialmeddelande 218.
(1995)
Notes: "SLU-JBT-SPM--218--SE." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 35-36).
NAL Call #: TH4911.A1U6--no.218
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
298. Correlating microbes to major odorous
compounds in swine manure.
Zhu, J. and Jacobson, L.
D.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 28 (3): 737-744. (May
1999-June 1999)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA]
Descriptors:
pig manure/ odor emission/ bacteria/
literature reviews
Abstract: Malodor generation from swine manure is
complicated by the involvement of many bacterial species that
produce an extensive array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A
lack of understanding of the basic manure microbiology further
complicates the problem. This review covers pertinent detailed
information about the indigenous bacterial genera in swine manure
and their potential for producing odorous volatile compounds. It
addresses not only the odorous compounds in swine manure but also
the relations between bacterial species and the related compounds.
It appears that volatile fatty acids may be the major odorous
compounds in swine manure, and two bacterial genera, Eubacterium
and Clostridium, are most likely the major contributors to these
odorous acids. More research is needed to identify the bacterial
species within these two genera to better understand the kinetics
of malodor production by the bacteria.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
299. Costs associated with development and
implementation of comprehensive nutrient management plans: Nutrient
management, land treatment, manure and wastewater handling and
storage, and recordkeeping.
United States. Natural Resources
Conservation Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
(2003)
Notes: Part 1; Title from web page viewed Sept. 30,
2003. "June 2003" Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aTD930.2-.C67-2003
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/cnmp1.html
Descriptors:
Animal waste---Economic
aspects---United States/ Animal feeding---Economic aspects---United
States/ Agricultural pollution---Economic aspects---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
300. Cover crop effects on soil water
relationships.
Unger, P. W. and Vigil, M.
F.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 53 (3): 200-207.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
301. Cover crop impacts on watershed
hydrology.
Dabney, S. M.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 53 (3): 207-213.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Paper presented at the conference on "Cover
Crops, Soil Quality and Ecosystems" held March 12-14, 1997,
Sacramento, California. Includes references.
Descriptors:
cover crops/ catchment hydrology/
relationships/ evaporation/ runoff/ infiltration/
evapotranspiration/ soil water/ storage/ erosion control/ tillage/
no-tillage/ experimental plots/ watersheds/ soil structure/
subsurface layers/ porosity/ reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
302. Cover crops and rotations.
Reeves, D. W.
In: Crops residue
management.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers,
1994; pp. 125-172.
ISBN: 1566700035
NAL Call #: S627.C76C76-1994
Descriptors:
cover crops/ rotations/ plant
disease control/ pest control/ crop yield/ weed control/ erosion
control/ soil physical properties/ rooting depth/ soil water/
nutrients/ nitrogen content/ nitrogen fertilizers/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
303. The cow as a geomorphic agent: A critical
review.
Trimble, S. W. and Mendel, A.
C.
Geomorphology 13 (1/4): 233-253. (1996);
ISSN: 0169-555X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
304. Created and natural wetlands for
controlling nonpoint source pollution.
Olson, Richard K.; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and
Development; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds.
Boca Raton, Fla.: C.K. Smoley; v,
216 p.: ill., maps. (1993)
Notes: "U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development,
and Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD223.C73-1993;
ISBN: 0873719433 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Water quality management---United
States/ Water---Pollution---United States/ Wetland
conservation---United States/ Constructed wetlands---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
305. Creating freshwater wetlands.
Hammer, Donald A.
Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Lewis
Publishers; 406 p., 8 p. of plates: ill. (some col.).
(1997)
Notes: 2nd ed.; Includes bibliographical references (p.
343-353) and index.
NAL Call #: QH87.3.H36--1997; ISBN: 1566700485 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetlands/ Restoration
ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
306. Creative solutions to the animal waste
problem.
Zilberman, D.; Metcalfe, M.; and
Ogishi, A.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001. NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
307. A critical assessment of the sensitivity
concept in geomorphology.
Brunsden, Denys
Catena 42 (2-4): 99-123. (2001)
NAL Call #:
GB400.C3;
ISSN: 0341-8162
Descriptors:
erosion pattern/ geomorphology/
landform change/ landscape sensitivity/ shock absorption capacity/
spatial change/ temporal change
Abstract: The landscape sensitivity concept concerns
the likelihood that a given change in the controls of a system or
the forces applied to the system will produce a sensible,
recognisable, and persistent response. The idea is an essential
element of the fundamental proposition of landscape stability. This
is described as a function of the spatial and temporal
distributions of the resisting and disturbing forces and is known
as the factor of safety or the stability index. The resistance of a
system is defined by the system specifications: its structure,
strength properties, transmission linkages, coupling efficiency,
shock absorption capacity, complexity and resilience. The
disturbing forces include the steady application of energy from the
specified tectonic, climatic, biotic, marine and human
environmental controls. Change takes place through time and space
as a normal process-response function to these specifications and
involves material transport, morphological evolution and structural
rearrangement. These, in turn, progressively change the system
specifications, which alters the performance through time. To make
progress with these issues, the nature of waves of aggression,
temporal adjustments to disturbing forces, spatial interactions
with structure, divergent pathways of change propagation, evolution
of 'barriers to change,' effects of inheritance, decoupling, and
the effects of change on system specifications all need to be
understood at all temporal and spatial scales.
© Thomson
308. A critical review of the aerial and ground
surveys of breeding waterfowl in North America.
Smith, Graham W. and United States.
National Biological Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, National Biological Service; iii, 252 p.: ill.
(1995)
Notes: "July 1995." Includes bibliographical references
(p. 26).
NAL Call #: QH301.B5656--no.5
Descriptors:
Waterfowl---North
America---Breeding
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
309. Crop allelopathy and its role in ecological
agriculture.
Batish, D. R.; Singh, H. P.; Kohli,
R. K.; and Kaur, S.
Journal of Crop
Production 4 (2): 121-161.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Allelopathy in Agroecosystems /
edited by R.K. Kohli, H.P. Singh, and D.R. Batish. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
crops/ allelopathy/ allelopathins/
plant ecology/ ecosystems/ agriculture/ interactions/ growth/ plant
development/ crop yield/ phytotoxicity/ phytotoxins/ continuous
cropping/ no-tillage/ pollen/ decomposition/ crop residues/
cultivars/ weed control/ pest management/ integrated pest
management/ green manures/ sustainability/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
310. Crop cultivars with allelopathic
capability.
Wu, H.; Pratley, J.; Lemerle, D.;
and Haig, T.
Weed Research 39 (3): 171-180. (June 1999)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W412;
ISSN: 0043-1737 [WEREAT]
Descriptors:
crops/ cultivars/ allelopathy/ plant
breeding/ weed control/ biological control/ integrated pest
management/ allelochemicals/ growth/ inhibition/ genotypes/
artificial selection/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
311. Crop management for soil carbon
sequestration.
Jarecki, M. K. and Lal,
R.
Critical Reviews in Plant
Sciences 22 (6): 471-502.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QK1.C83;
ISSN: 0735-2689.
Notes: Number of References: 220; Publisher: CRC Press
Llc
Descriptors:
Plant Sciences/ Animal & Plant
Science/ crop rotation/ greenhouse effect/ global C cycle/ ley
farming/ soil fertility/ precision farming/ organic matter
turnover/ winter cover crops/ no-tillage corn/ nitrogen
fertilization/ aggregate stability/ microbial biomass/ chemical
properties/ agroforestry systems/ physical properties/ residue
management
Abstract: Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases
(GHG) from agriculture is related to increasing and protecting soil
organic matter (SOM) concentration. Agricultural soils can be a
significant sink for atmospheric carbon (C) through increase of the
SOM concentration. The natural ecosystems such as forests or
prairies, where C gains are in equilibrium with losses, lose a
large fraction of the antecedent C pool upon conversion to
agricultural ecosystems. Adoption of recommended management
practices (RMPs) can enhance the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool to
fill the large C sink capacity on the world's agricultural soils.
This article collates, reviews, and synthesizes the available
information on SOC sequestration by RMPs, with specific references
to crop rotations and tillage practices, cover crops, ley farming
and agroforestry, use of manure and biosolids, N fertilization, and
precision farming and irrigation. There is a strong interaction
among RMPs with regards to their effect on SOC concentration and
soil quality. The new equilibrium SOC level may be achieved over 25
to 50 years. While RMPs are being adapted in developed economies,
there is an urgent need to encourage their adoption in developing
countries. In addition to enhancing SOC concentration, adoption of
RMPs also increases agronomic yield. Thus, key to enhancing soil
quality and achieving food security lies in managing agricultural
ecosystems using ecological principles which lead to enhancement of
SOC pool and sustainable management of soil and water
resources.
© Thomson ISI
312. Crop residue management to reduce erosion
and improve soil quality: Appalachia and northeast.
Blevins, R. L.; Moldenhauer, W. C.;
and United States. Agricultural Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; Series: Conservation
research report no. 41; v, 97 p.: ill. (1995)
Notes: Distributed by Conservation Technology
Information Center (West Lafayette, IN); "August 1995." One folded
col. map in pocket. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: A279.9--Ag8-no.41
Descriptors:
Crop residue
management---Appalachian Region/ Crop residue
management---Northeastern States/ Conservation
tillage---Appalachian Region/ Conservation tillage---Northeastern
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
313. Crop residue management to reduce erosion
and improve soil quality: North central.
Moldenhauer, W. C.; Mielke, L. N.;
and United States. Agricultural Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; v, 97 p.: ill.; Series:
Conservation research report no. 42. (1995)
Notes: "November 1995." One folded col. map in pocket.
Includes bibliographical references; Distributed by Conservation
Technology Information Center,
West Lafayette, IN
NAL Call #: A279.9--Ag8-no.42
Descriptors:
Crop residue management---Middle
West/ Conservation tillage---Middle West
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
314. Crop residue management to reduce erosion
and improve soil quality: Northern Great Plains.
Moldenhauer, W. C.; Black, A. L.;
and United States. Agricultural Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; v, 84 p.: ill.; Series:
Conservation research report no. 38. (1994)
Notes: "September 1994." One folded col. map in pocket.
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: A279.9--Ag8-no.38
Descriptors:
Crop residue management---Great
Plains/ Conservation tillage---Great Plains
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
315. Crop residue management to reduce erosion
and improve soil quality: Northwest.
Papendick, Robert I.; Moldenhauer,
W. C.; and United States. Agricultural Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; iv, 64 p.: ill.;
Series: Conservation research report no. 40. (1995)
Notes: "May 1995." One folded col. map in pocket.
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: A279.9--Ag8-no.40
Descriptors:
Crop residue
management---Northwestern States/ Conservation
tillage---Northwestern States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
316. Crop residue management to reduce erosion
and improve soil quality: Southeast.
Langdale, G. W.; Moldenhauer, W.
C.; and United States. Agricultural Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; v, 53 p.: ill.; Series:
Conservation research report no. 39. (1995)
Notes: "January 1995"--Cover. One folded col. map in
pocket. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: A279.9--Ag8-no.39
Descriptors:
Crop residue management---Southern
States/ Conservation tillage---Southern States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
317. Crop residue management to reduce erosion
and improve soil quality: Southern Great Plains.
Stewart, B. A.; Moldenhauer, W. C.;
and United States. Agricultural Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; vi, 70 p.: ill.;
Series: Conservation research report no. 37. (1994)
Notes: "September 1994." One folded col. map in pocket.
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: A279.9--Ag8-no.37
Descriptors:
Crop residue management---Great
Plains/ Conservation tillage---Great Plains
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
318. Crop residues reduce soil
erosion.
McGregor, K. C.; Cullum, R. F.; and
Mutchler, C. K.
In: ASAE/CSAE-SCGR Annual
International Meeting. (Held
18 Jul 1999-21 Jul 1999 at Toronto, Ontario, Canada.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE); pp. 15 pp.; 1999.
Notes: ASAE Paper No. 992045
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
319. Cropland reclamation.
Dunker, R. E. and Barnhisel, R.
I.
In: Reclamation of drastically
disturbed lands/ Barnhisel, R. I.; Darmody, R. G.; and Daniels, W.
L.
Urbana, Illinois: University of
Illinois, 2000; pp. 323-369.
ISBN: 0-89118-146-6;
Chapter 13 in monograph.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
320. Crops and Drops: Making the Best Use of
Water for Agriculture.
Food and Agriculture Organization,
Land and Water Development Division.
Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations, 2000 (application/pdf)
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/y3918e/y3918e00.pdf
Descriptors:
water resources/ hydrologic cycle/
water use/ agricultural land/ irrigation/ food production/ food
biosecurity/ food supply/ water pollution/ drought/ floods/
sustainable development/ precipitation/ arid lands/ cropping
systems/ crop management/ agricultural policy/ water management/
water conservation
321. Cryptosporidium and public health: From
watershed to water glass.
Gradus, M. S.
Clinical Microbiology
Newsletter 22 (4): 25-32.
(2000);
ISSN: 0196-4399
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
322. Cryptosporidium Contamination of Water in
the USA and UK: A Mini-Review.
Lisle, J. T. and Rose, J.
B.
Aqua: Journal of Water
Services Research and Technology 44 (3): 103-117. (1995)
NAL Call #:
TD201.A72;
ISSN: 0003-7214
Descriptors:
USA/ drinking water/ public health/
water treatment/ water quality control/ bacteria/ pathogens/
disinfection/ resistance/ parasites/ parasitic diseases/ human
diseases/ disease transmission/ hazard assessment/ water supply/
microbial contamination/ water purification/ United States/ British
Isles/ Cryptosporidium/ Cryptosporidium/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Public health/ medicines/ dangerous organisms/ water
pollution/
water quality/ Freshwater
pollution
Abstract: During the past 10 years the protozoan
parasite Cryptosporidium has been recognised as a public health
threat in drinking waters. Recently, the largest outbreak to date
occurred in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Over 1.5 million consumers
were exposed to this intestinal pathogen, of which 403 000 became
ill. Many of those who were immunocompromised died. The probability
of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurring in drinking water
systems, relative to that of bacterial and viral pathogens, is
increased due to the resistant nature of oocysts to concentrations
of disinfectants routinely used in drinking-water treatment.
Surveys of surface and drinking waters in the USA and UK have shown
Cryptosporidium oocysts to be present in polluted, pristine and
drinking waters at concentrations that may put the consumer at risk
of infection, based upon current risk assessment models. This
mini-review is an attempt to present the most recent literature
concerning Cryptosporidium in regard to outbreaks, occurrence,
monitoring and detection, and regulatory implications.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
323. Cumulative impact analysis of wetlands
using hydrologic indices: Final report.
Nestler, John M.; Long, Katherine
S.; and United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Wetlands Research
Program (U.S.).
Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station; 19, 17 p.: ill., map;
Series: Wetlands Research Program technical report WRP-SM-3.
(1994)
Notes: At head of title: Wetlands Research Program.
"Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers." "September 1994."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 17-19).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3N47--1994
Descriptors:
Wetlands---Environmental aspects/
Hydrology---White River---Ark and Mo/ Stream
measurements---Illinois---Cache River
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
324. Cumulative Impacts to Wetlands.
Johnston, C. A.
Wetlands 14 (1): 49-55. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:
wetlands/ United States/
environmental impact/ forest industry/ agriculture/ literature
reviews/ geographic information systems/ environmental effects/
forestry/ geographic information systems/ cumulative impact
analysis/ Mechanical and natural changes/ Freshwater pollution/
Effects on water of human nonwater activities/ Environmental
degradation
Abstract: "Cumulative impact," the incremental
effect of an impact added to other past, present, and reasonably
foreseeable future impacts, was reviewed as it pertains to southern
forested wetlands. In the U.S., the largest losses of forested
wetlands between the 1970s and 1980s occurred in southeastern
states that had the most bottomland hardwood to begin with:
Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,
and South Carolina. These losses were due primarily to forestry and
agriculture. Other sources of cumulative impact include decrease in
average area of individual wetlands, shift in proportion of wetland
types, change in spatial configuration of wetlands, and loss of
cumulative wetland function at the landscape scale. For two
wetland-related functions, flood flow and loading of suspended
solids, watersheds that contained less than 10% wetlands were more
sensitive to incremental loss of wetland area than were watersheds
with more than 10% wetlands. The relative position of wetlands
within a drainage network also influenced their cumulative
function. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are becoming an
important tool for evaluating cumulative impacts and their
effects.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
325. Current pest management systems for
pecan.
Reid, W.
HortTechnology 12 (4): 633-639. (Oct. 2002-Dec.
2002)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68;
ISSN: 1063-0198
Descriptors:
carya illinoinensis/ integrated pest
management/ orchards/ evaluation/ crop management/ seedlings/ low
input agriculture/ cultivars/ intensive farming/ ecology/
monitoring/ populations/ plant pests/ biological control agents /
pesticides/ natural enemies/ geographical variation/ literature
reviews
Abstract: Pecans (Carya illinoinensis) are produced
under a wide array of environmental conditions-from the warm humid
southeastern states, to the continental climate of the central
plains, to the arid climates of the American west. In addition,
pecan cultural systems vary from the low-input management of native
stands of seedling trees to the intensive management of
single-cultivar pecan orchards. This wide diversity of pecan
agroecosystems has fostered the development of innovative,
site-specific approaches toward pecan pest management. Current
pecan pest management programs require an intimate knowledge of
orchard ecology. Growers use monitoring methods and prediction
models to track pest populations. Biological control agents are
conserved by habitat manipulation and/or augmented through
inoculative releases. Selective pesticides are used to control
target pests while conserving natural enemies. Four pecan cultural
systems are described in detail to illustrate how ecological
principles are applied to widely diverse pecan
agroecosystems.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
326. Current strategies in nitrite detection and
their application to field analysis.
Dutt, J. and Davis, J.
Journal of Environmental
Monitoring 4 (3): 465-471.
(2002);
ISSN: 1464-0325
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
327. Current United States Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service research on
understanding agrochemical fate and transport to prevent and
mitigate adverse environmental impacts.
Hapeman, C. J.; McConnell, L. L.;
Rice, C. P.; Sadeghi, A. M.; Schmidt, W. F.; McCarty, G. W.; Starr,
J. L.; Rice, P. J.; Angier, J. T.; and Harman-Fetcho, J.
A.
Pest Management
Science 59 (6-7): 681-690.
(June 2003-July 2003)
NAL Call #:
SB951 .P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X.
Notes: Number of References: 88
Descriptors:
Entomology/ Pest Control/ pesticide/
herbicide/ BMPs/ environmental fate/ air quality/ water quality/
sorption/ current use pesticides/ dissolved organic carbon/ methyl
bromide emission/ management model: REMM/ plain riparian system/
Nevada mountain range/ silt loam soil/ Chesapeake Bay/ water
quality/ metolachlor conformations
Abstract: Environmentally and economically viable
agriculture requires a variety of cultivation practices and pest
management options as no one system will be appropriate for every
situation. Agrochemicals are some of the many pest control tools
used in an integrated approach to pest management. They are applied
with the intent of maximizing efficacy while minimizing off-site
movement; however, their judicious use demands a practical
knowledge of their fate and effects in agricultural and natural
ecosystems. Agrochemical distribution into environmental
compartments is influenced by the physical and chemical properties
of the agrochemical and environmental conditions, ie soil type and
structure, and meteorological conditions. Agricultural Research
Service (ARS) researchers working in the area of agrochemical fate
have focused on accurately describing those processes that govern
the transport, degradation and bioavailability of these chemicals
under conditions reflecting actual agronomic practices. Results
from ARS research concerning the environmental fate and effects of
agrochemicals have led to the development of science-based
management practices that will protect vulnerable areas of the
ecosystem. The new challenge is to identify these vulnerable areas
and the temporal and spatial variations prior to use of the
chemical by predicting how it will behave in environmental
matrices, and using that information, predict its transport and
transformation within an air- or watershed. With the development of
better predictive tools and GIS (Geographic Information
System)-based modeling, the risks of agricultural management
systems can be assessed at the watershed and basin levels, and
management strategies can be identified that minimize negative
environmental impacts.
© Thomson ISI
328. Dairy farming in the Netherlands in
transition towards more efficient nutrient use.
Bruchem, Jaap van; Schiere, Hans;
and Keulen, Herman van
Livestock Production
Science 61 (2-3): 145-153.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SF1.L5;
ISSN: 0301-6226
Descriptors:
nitrogen: nutrient/ phosphorus:
nutrient/ farm nutrient flow: systems approach/ livestock system
sustainability/ nutrient emissions/ nutrient use efficiency: animal
conversion, soil uptake
Abstract: In the Netherlands, agriculture as a whole
is not environmentally sustainable. It contributes to the emission
of greenhouse gases (apprx15%), acid rain (apprx50%) and
groundwater pollution (apprx85%). The surplus of phosphate,
averaged over the area of cultivated land amounting to apprx40 kg P
ha-1, originates apprx30 and apprx40% from dairy farming and pigs,
respectively. Nitrogen surpluses, amounting to apprx350 kg ha-1,
contribute to ammonia, N2O and NOx volatilization and nitrate
leaching, levels that exceed present and future standards. Dairy
farming contributes apprx55% of the nitrogen losses. Despite their
genetic potential and advanced diet formulation, the efficiency
with which animals convert nutrients into animal products remains
rather low. A major part of the nutrients is excreted in faeces and
urine. Hence, there is an urgent need for more sustainable nutrient
management at higher hierarchical levels for production systems in
which the inputs are tuned to the carrying capacity of the agro-
ecosystem and the internal nutrients in animal manure, e.g. N and
P, are used more efficiently. The paper discusses the effectiveness
of management practices to reduce the nutrient losses, along with
aspects of system behaviour. Nutrient flows of dairy farms are
analysed and the most effective interventions identified to (1)
maintain level of production while (2) reducing the nutrient losses
to environmentally acceptable levels. Finally, results/projections
of prototype experimental farms are discussed.
© Thomson
329. Dairying and the environment.
Meyer D
Journal of Dairy
Science 83 (7): 1419-1427.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
44.8 J822
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
330. Databases and simulation modelling in
compaction and erosion studies.
Canarache, A. and Simota,
C.
Advances in
Geoecology (35): 495-506.
(2002);
ISSN: 0722-0723,
ISBN: 3-923381-48-4
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
331. DDT Residues in the Environment: A Review
With a New Zealand Perspective.
Boul, H. L.
New Zealand Journal of
Agricultural Research 38 (2):
257-277. (1995);
ISSN: 0028-8233
Descriptors:
DDT/ pesticide residues/ fate of
pollutants/ soil contamination/ New Zealand/ pollutant persistence/
Sources and fate of pollution/ Land pollution
Abstract: The source, form, and fate of DDT residues
in the environment are reviewed. Discussion is primarily from a New
Zealand perspective, where a major use of DDT was the control of
soil-dwelling pasture pests. Reasons for the persistence of DDT
residues, the association between residues and soil components, and
possible degradative and non-degradative losses from soils are
discussed.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
332. Deactivation of the biological activity of
paraquat in the soil environment: A review of long-term
environmental fate.
Roberts, Terry R; Dyson, Jeremy S;
and Lane, Michael C G
Journal of agricultural and
food chemistry 50 (13):
3623-3631. (2002)
NAL Call #:
381 J8223;
ISSN: 0021-8561
Descriptors:
paraquat: adsorption,
biodegradation, deactivation, herbicide, long term environmental
fate/ soil microorganism (Microorganisms) / Microorganisms/ soil
environment
Abstract: During the many years of paraquat usage,
wide ranges of investigations of its environmental impact have been
conducted. Much of this information has been published, but key,
long-term field studies have not previously been presented and
assessed. The purpose of this review is to bring together and
appraise this information. Due to the nature of paraquat residues
in soils, the major part (some 99.99%) of a paraquat application
that reaches the soil within the typical Good Agricultural Practice
(GAP) is strongly adsorbed to soils of a wide variety of textures.
This is in equilibrium with an extremely low concentration in soil
solution. However, the paraquat in soil solution is intrinsically
biodegradable, being rapidly and completely mineralized by soil
microorganisms. The deactivation of the biological activity of
paraquat in soils, due to sorption, has been investigated
thoroughly and systematically. It is recognized that the
determination of total soil residues by severe extraction
procedures provides no insight into the amount of paraquat
biologically available in soil. Consequently, the key assay
developed for this purpose, namely, the strong adsorption
capacity-wheat bioassay (SAC-WB) method, has proved to be valuable
for determination of the adsorption capacity relevant to paraquat
for any particular soil. This method has been validated in the
field with a series of long-term (>10 years) trials in different
regions of the world. These trials have also shown that, following
repeated applications of very high levels of paraquat in the field,
residues not only reach a plateau but also subsequently decline.
This demonstrates that the known biodegradation of paraquat in soil
pore water plays an important role in field dissipation. The
biological effects of paraquat in the field have been assessed
under unrealistically high treatment regimes. These trials have
demonstrated that the continued use of paraquat under GAP
conditions will have no detrimental effects on either crops or
soil-dwelling flora and fauna. Any such effects can occur only
under extreme use conditions (above the SAC-WB), which do not arise
in normal agricultural practice.
© Thomson
333. Declining woody vegetation in riparian
ecosystems of the western United States.
Obedzinski, R. A.; Shaw, C. G.; and
Neary, D. G.
Western Journal of Applied
Forestry 16 (4): 169-181.
(Oct. 2001)
NAL Call #:
SD388.W6;
ISSN: 0885-6095
Descriptors:
riparian vegetation/ woody plants/
ecosystems/ sustainability/ forest health/ forest decline/
introduced species/ invasion/ stress/ mortality/ insect pests/
plant diseases/ drought/ forest fires/ climatic change/ castor/
water availability/ groundwater extraction/ dams/ logging/ forest
recreation/ grazing/ urbanization/ literature reviews/ United
States
Abstract: Riparian ecosystems serve critical
ecological functions in western landscapes. The woody plant
components in many of these keystone systems are in serious
decline. Among the causes are invasion by exotic species,
stress-induced mortality, increases in insect and disease attack,
drought, beaver, fire, climatic changes, and various anthropogenic
activities. The latter include agricultural development,
groundwater depletion, dam construction, water diversion, gravel
mining, timber harvesting, recreation, urbanization, and grazing.
This article examines the factors implicated in the decline and
discusses the importance of interactions among these factors in
causing decline. It also clarifies issues that need to be addressed
in order to restore and maintain sustainable riparian ecosystems in
the western United States, including the function of vegetation,
silvics of the woody plant species involved, hydrologic condition,
riparian zone structure, and landscape features, geomorphology, and
management objectives.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
334. Defining reference conditions for
restoration of riparian plant communities: Examples from
California, USA.
Harris, Richard R
Environmental
Management 24 (1): 55-63.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
plants (Plantae)/ Plants/ community
composition/ floodplain landforms/ restoration cost estimation/
riparian plant communities/ stream reaches
Abstract: Currently, there is an emphasis on
restoration of riparian vegetation in the western United States.
Deciding on what and where to restore requires an understanding of
relationships between riparian plant communities and their
environments along with establishment of targets, or reference
conditions, for restoration. Several methods, including off-site
data and historical analysis have been used for establishing
restoration reference conditions. In this paper, criteria are
proposed for interpreting reference community composition and
structure from the results of multivariate cluster analysis. The
approach is illustrated with data from streams in the California
Sierra Nevada, Central Valley, and southern coastal region to
derive descriptions of reference communities for stream reaches and
floodplain landforms. Cluster analysis results can be used to
quantify the areas of both degraded and reference communities
within a flood-plain, thereby facilitating restoration cost
estimation.
© Thomson
335. The Degradation of Organophosphorus
Pesticides in Natural Waters: A Critical Review.
Pehkonen, S. O. and Zhang,
Q.
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 32 (1): 17-72. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
Organophosphorus compounds/
Agrochemicals/ Pesticides/ Reviews/ Pollutant persistence/
Environmental impact/ Public health/ United States/
Organophosphorus Pesticides/ Degradation/ Water Pollution Effects/
Water Quality Control/ Pesticides (Organophosphorus) / Water
pollution control/ Public health/ Environmental protection
agencies/ Decomposition/ United States/ Freshwater pollution/
Pesticides/ Sources and fate of pollution / Water
Quality
Abstract: Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have
been widely used throughout the world since the decline in the use
of organochlorine pesticides in the 1960s and 1970s. They are less
persistent in the environment when compared with organochlorine
pesticides and thus pose less long-term health risks to nontarget
aquatic organisms and humans. However, in recent years several
governmental agencies, including the USEPA, have started to
reconsider the wide use of organophosphorus pesticides due to
concern about their effects on the central nervous systems of
humans, children in particular. This review discusses the fate of
organophosphorus pesticides in the aquatic environment via
processes such as adsorption, hydrolysis, oxidation, and
photochemical degradation. Furthermore, the breakdown products of
OPs are discussed, as new research has indicated that the products
of degradation can be very harmful as well and because relatively
little research has been carried out on comprehensive product
identification. Recommended future research areas are
highlighted.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
336. Degradation of pesticides by
actinomycetes.
De Schrijver, Adinda and De Mot,
Rene
Critical Reviews in
Microbiology 25 (2): 85-119.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
QR1.C7;
ISSN: 1040-841X
Descriptors:
pesticides: biotransformations,
degradation/ xenobiotics: biotransformations, degradation/
actinomycetes (Actinomycetes and Related Organisms)/ bacteria
(Bacteria)/ Bacteria/ Eubacteria/ Microorganisms/ biodegradation/
bioremediation/ cometabolism
© Thomson
337. Degradation of Pesticides in Subsurface
Soils, Unsaturated Zone: A Review of Methods and
Results.
Fomsgaard, I. S.
International Journal of
Environmental Analytical Chemistry 58 (1-4): 231-245. (1995);
ISSN: 0306-7319.
Notes: Conference: 4. Workshop on Chemistry and Fate of
Modern Pesticides, Prague (Czech Rep.), 8-10 Sep 1993; Source:
Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Chemistry and Fate
of Modern Pesticides; Issue editors: Barcelo, D./Hajslova,
J./Nielen, M.
Descriptors:
water pollution sources/ fate of
pollutants/ pesticides/ soil contamination/ groundwater pollution/
degradation/ aeration zone/ subsoil/ groundwater contamination/
Sources and fate of pollution/ Network design/ Land
pollution
Abstract: Methods and results from degradation
studies in subsoils, unsaturated zone, were reviewed for mecoprop,
2,4-D, atrazine, alachlor, aldicarb, carbofuran, linuron, oxamyl,
methomyl, MCPA, dichlorprop, monochlorprop, dichlorphenol, TCA,
parathion, metribuzin, metolachlor and fenamiphos. Most of the
investigations were laboratory studies where small soil samples
were sieved and pesticides were added in concentrations from 0.5-5
mu g/g. A few of the studies mentioned the importance of working
with undisturbed samples; another few studies used isotope-labelled
pesticides which made it possible to work with concentrations as
low as 0.02 mu g/g. Subsoil samples were characterized according to
factors as microbial activity, soil temperature, water content,
oxygen content, concentration of pesticide, pretreatment of the
soil and soil type, factors considered to have influence on
degradation of pesticides. Chemical hydrolysis was considered to be
the most dominant pathway in the degradation of aldicarb in subsoil
in one of the published papers; all other investigations considered
the degradation of pesticides in subsoil to be primarily
microbiological. Only a few of the investigations measured the
biomass or biological activity of the subsoil samples.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
338. Denitrification activity in soils amended
with poultry litter.
Johnson, William F.
Fayetteville, Arkansas: University
of Arkansas, 1995.
Notes: "August 1995" Thesis (Ph. D.)
NAL Call #: ArU S592.6.N5J64-1995
Descriptors:
Soils---Nitrogen content/
Poultry---Manure/ Denitrification/ Nitrous oxide
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
339. Denitrification in Coastal Ecosystems:
Methods, Environmental Controls, and Ecosystem Level Controls, a
Review.
Cornwell, J. C.; Kemp, W. M.; and
Kana, T. M.
Aquatic Ecology 1: 41-54. (1999);
ISSN: 1386-2588.
Notes: Special Issue: Coastal Eutrophication;
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers; DOI:
10.1023/A:1009921414151
Descriptors:
Eutrophication/ Pollution effects/
Zoobenthos/ Analytical techniques/ Dissolved oxygen/ Aquatic
plants/ Sediment chemistry/ Biogeochemical cycle/ Estuarine
chemistry/ Coastal waters/ Literature reviews/ Denitrification/
Estuaries/ Measuring techniques/ Reviews/ United States, Chesapeake
Bay/ Ecosystems/ Literature Review/ Sediments/ Aquatic Habitats/
Coastal zone/ Nitrogen/ Nutrient loading/ Biogeochemistry/ Marine
environment / ANW, USA, Chesapeake Bay/ Ecosystems and energetics/
Mechanical and natural changes/ Pollution Environment/ Methodology
general/ Sources and fate of pollution / Marine Pollution/ Brackish
water
Abstract: In this review of sediment denitrification
in estuaries and coastal ecosystems, we examine current
denitrification measurement methodologies and the dominant
biogeochemical controls on denitrification rates in coastal
sediments. Integrated estimates of denitrification in coastal
ecosystems are confounded by methodological difficulties, a lack of
systematic understanding of the effects of changing environmental
conditions, and inadequate attention to spatial and temporal
variability to provide both seasonal and annual rates. Recent
improvements in measurement techniques involving super(15)N
techniques and direct N sub(2) concentration changes appear to
provide realistic rates of sediment denitrification. Controlling
factors in coastal systems include concentrations of water column
NO super(-) sub(3), overall rates of sediment carbon metabolism,
overlying water oxygen concentrations, the depth of oxygen
penetration, and the presence/absence of aquatic vegetation and
macrofauna. In systems experiencing environmental change, either
degradation or improvement, the importance of denitritication can
change. With the eutrophication of the Chesapeake Bay, the overall
rates of denitrification relative to N loading terms have
decreased, with factors such as loss of benthic habitat via anoxia
and loss of submerged aquatic vegetation driving such
effects.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
340. Desert grassland and shrubland
ecosystems.
Loftin, S. R.; Aguilar, R.; Chung
MacCoubrey, A. L.; and Robbie, W. A.
In: Ecology, diversity, and
sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin; Fort Collins, Colo.:
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station, 1995. pp. 80-94.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.268
Descriptors:
grasslands/ shrubs/ ecosystems/
deserts/ geographical distribution/ rangelands/ livestock/
overgrazing/ plant succession/ sustainability/ erosion/ pollution/
water quality/ surface water/ water resources/ geology/ climate/
soil/ hydrology/ plant communities/ vegetation/ wildlife/ land
management/ fires/ fire ecology/ literature reviews/ New
Mexico
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
341. Design and development of environmental
indicators with reference to Canadian agriculture.
McRae, T.; Hillary, N.; MacGregor,
R. J.; and Smith, C. A.
In: North American Workshop on
Monitoring for Ecological Assessment of Terrestrial and Aquatic
Ecosystems / Taller Norteamericano Sobre Monitoreo para la
Evaluacion Ecologica de Ecosistemas Terrestres y Acuaticos.
(Held 18 Sep 1995-22 Sep 1995 at
Mexico City.)
Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; pp.
118-139; 1996.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.284
Descriptors:
biological indicators/ agriculture/
indicator species/ agricultural land/ ecosystems/ environmental
assessment/ natural resources/ spatial variation/ monitoring/
climatic zones/ simulation models/ prediction/ erosion/ resource
management/ tillage/ soil degradation/ erosion control/ air
pollution/ carbon dioxide/ efficiency/ literature reviews/
Canada
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
342. Design and estimation for investigating the
dynamics of natural resources.
Nusser, S. M.; Breidt, F. J.; and
Fuller, W. A.
Ecological
Applications 8 (2): 234-245.
(May 1998)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E23;
ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors:
Resource management/ Resource
evaluation/ Sampling/ Land use/ Environmental monitoring/ United
States/ temporal variations/ Methodology general/
Management
Abstract: Federal agencies, policy makers, and
scientists have long been interested in monitoring natural
resources and environmental conditions on a national and regional
scale. One of the main objectives of these studies is to estimate
temporal changes in the extent and condition of natural resources.
In its simplest form, temporal change can be defined as the
difference between population parameter values at two time points
for a given population. A more complex investigation of change in
an ecological system involves studying the underlying dynamics that
produce an observed net change. We discuss the general problem of
sample design and statistical estimation to support investigations
of the dynamics of change in ecological systems, particularly when
a limited number of temporal observations are available. We focus
on large-scale natural resource monitoring surveys through the
example provided by the National Resources Inventory (NRI), a
longitudinal survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA). Sample design, data collection, and statistical methods for
constructing an accessible database are outlined, with emphasis on
features that support investigations concerned with temporal
dynamics. An example from the 1992 NRI is presented to illustrate
methods for investigating temporal changes in land use in relation
to observed changes in erosion rates over time. Finally, we discuss
how statistical methods developed for the NRI program can be
applied more broadly to environmental monitoring
studies.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
343. Design and implementation of rapid
assessment approaches for water resource monitoring using benthic
macroinvertebrates.
Resh, V. H.; Norris, R. H.; and
Barbour, M. T.
Australian Journal of
Ecology 20 (1): 108-121.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
QH540.A8;
ISSN: 0307-692X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
344. Design Considerations for Increased
Sedimentation in Small Wetlands Treating Agricultural
Runoff.
Braskerud, B. C.
Water Science and
Technology 45 (9): 77-85.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: 5. International Conference on
Diffuse Pollution, Milwaukee [USA], 10-15 Jun 2001; Source:
Diffuse/Non-Point Pollution and Waterhsed Management;
ISBN: 1843394154
Descriptors:
Norway/ Water Pollution Control/
Nonpoint Pollution Sources/ Artificial Wetlands/ Agricultural
Runoff/ Sedimentation/ Optimization/ Design Criteria/ Water Depth/
Vegetation/ Data Collections/ Reviews/ Pollution (Nonpoint
sources)/ Wetlands/ Runoff (Agricultural)/ Design data/ Norway/
Water quality control/ Water Quality/ Water Pollution: Monitoring,
Control & Remediation
Abstract: Some suggestions to increase the
sedimentation of non-point source pollution in small surface flow
wetlands are presented. The recommendations are based on results
from seven Norwegian constructed wetlands (CWs) after 3-7 years of
investigation, and a literature review. The wetlands were located
in first and second order streams. Surface areas were 265-900 m
super(2), corresponding to 0.03-0.4% of the watershed. Each CW had
a volume proportional composite sampler in the inlet and outlet, in
addition to sedimentation plates. The mean annual retention of soil
particles, organic particles and phosphorus was 45-75%, 43-67% and
20-44%, respectively. Results showed that erosion and
transportation processes in arable watersheds influenced the
retention. Sedimentation was the most important retention process,
and increased with runoff, because the input of larger aggregates
increased. Retention of nitrogen did not follow the same pattern,
and was only 3-15%. Making CWs shallow (0-0.5 m) can optimize
sedimentation. The hydraulic efficiency can be increased by aquatic
vegetation, large stones in the inlet, baffles and water-permeable,
low dams. Vegetation makes it possible to utilize the positive
effect of a short particle settling distance, by hindering
resuspension of sediments under storm runoff conditions. As a
result, the phosphorus retention in shallow CWs was twice that of
deeper ponds.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
345. Design for stream restoration.
Shields, F. D.; Copeland, R. R.;
Klingeman, P. C.; Doyle, M. W.; and Simon, A.
Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering (ASCE) 129 (8):
575-584. (2003)
NAL Call #:
290.9 Am3PS (Hy);
ISSN: 0733-9429
Descriptors:
Civil Engineering/ stream
improvement/ design/ restoration/ gravel bed rivers/ discharge/
channels/ management/ adjustment/ stability/ geometry/ sediment/
project/ motion
Abstract: Stream restoration, or more properly
rehabilitation, is the return of a degraded stream ecosystem to a
close approximation of its remaining natural potential. Many types
of practices (dam removal, levee breaching, modified flow control,
vegetative methods for streambank erosion control, etc.) are
useful, but this paper focuses on channel reconstruction. A tension
exists between restoring natural fluvial processes and ensuring
stability of the completed project. Sedimentation analyses are a
key aspect of design since many projects fail due to erosion or
sedimentation. Existing design approaches range from relatively
simple ones based on stream classification and regional hydraulic
geometry relations to more complex two- and three-dimensional
numerical models. Herein an intermediate approach featuring
application of hydraulic engineering tools for assessment of
watershed geomorphology, channel-forming discharge analysis, and
hydraulic analysis in the form of one-dimensional flow and sediment
transport computations is described.
© Thomson ISI
346. Detection and enumeration of coliforms in
drinking water: Current methods and emerging approaches.
Rompre, Annie; Servais, Pierre;
Baudart, Julia; de Roubin, Marie; and Laurent,
Patrick
Journal of Microbiological
Methods 49 (1): 31-54.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QR65.J68;
ISSN: 0167-7012
Abstract: The coliform group has been used
extensively as an indicator of water quality and has historically
led to the public health protection concept. The aim of this review
is to examine methods currently in use or which can be proposed for
the monitoring of coliforms in drinking water. Actually, the need
for more rapid, sensitive and specific tests is essential in the
water industry. Routine and widely accepted techniques are
discussed, as are methods which have emerged from recent research
developments. Approved traditional methods for coliform detection
include the multiple-tube fermentation (MTF) technique and the
membrane filter (MF) technique using different specific media and
incubation conditions. These methods have limitations, however,
such as duration of incubation, antagonistic organism interference,
lack of specificity and poor detection of slow-growing or viable
but non-culturable (VBNC) microorganisms. Nowadays, the simple and
inexpensive membrane filter technique is the most widely used
method for routine enumeration of coliforms in drinking water. The
detection of coliforms based on specific enzymatic activity has
improved the sensitivity of these methods. The enzymes beta-D
galactosidase and beta-D glucuronidase are widely used for the
detection and enumeration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli,
respectively. Many chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates exist for
the specific detection of these enzymatic activities, and various
commercial tests based on these substrates are available. Numerous
comparisons have shown these tests may be a suitable alternative to
the classical techniques. They are, however, more expensive, and
the incubation time, even though reduced, remains too long for
same-day results. More sophisticated analytical tools such as solid
phase cytometry can be employed to decrease the time needed for the
detection of bacterial enzymatic activities, with a low detection
threshold. Detection of coliforms by molecular methods is also
proposed, as these methods allow for very specific and rapid
detection without the need for a cultivation step. Three
molecular-based methods are evaluated here: the immunological,
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in-situ hybridization (ISH)
techniques. In the immunological approach, various antibodies
against coliform bacteria have been produced, but the application
of this technique often showed low antibody specificity. PCR can be
used to detect coliform bacteria by means of signal amplification:
DNA sequence coding for the lacZ gene (beta-galactosidase gene) and
the uidA gene (beta-D glucuronidase gene) has been used to detect
total coliforms and E. coli, respectively. However, quantification
with PCR is still lacking in precision and necessitates extensive
laboratory work. The FISH technique involves the use of
oligonucleotide probes to detect complementary sequences inside
specific cells. Oligonucleotide probes designed specifically for
regions of the 16S RNA molecules of Enterobacteriaceae can be used
for microbiological quality control of drinking water samples. FISH
should be an interesting viable alternative to the conventional
culture methods for the detection of coliforms in drinking water,
as it provides quantitative data in a fairly short period of time
(6 to 8 h), but still requires research effort. This review shows
that even though many innovative bacterial detection methods have
been developed, few have the potential for becoming a standardized
method for the detection of coliforms in drinking water
samples.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
347. Detection and occurrence of indicator
organisms and pathogens.
Baker, K. H.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 406-410.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ bioindicators/
bacteria/ Protozoa/ viruses/ pathogens/ drinking water/ wastewater/
analytical methods/ microbiological analysis/ pollution detection/
pollutant identification/ pollution indicators/ indicator species/
analytical techniques/ wastewater/ water pollution/ protozoa/
Identification of pollutants/ Freshwater pollution/ water
pollution/ water quality/ Methods and instruments
Abstract: This review covers the detection and
occurrence of bacterial, protozoan and viral indicator organisms
and pathogens in drinking water and wastewater. In view of the
continued emergence of infections carried by water-borne routes,
opportunistic pathogens and non-traditional indicators are included
also.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
348. Detection and occurrence of indicator
organisms and pathogens.
Baker, Katherine H and Bovard,
Debrah S
Water Environment
Research 68 (4): 406-416.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
biosolids/ indicator organism/
pollution control/ water pollution/ water quality/ invertebrate
(Invertebrata Unspecified)/ microorganism (Microorganisms
Unspecified)/ protozoa (Protozoa
Unspecified)/ viruses (Viruses
General)/ Invertebrata (Invertebrata Unspecified)/ animals/
invertebrates/ microorganisms/ protozoans
© Thomson
349. Detection and occurrence of indicator
organisms and pathogens.
Baker, K. H. and Hegarty, J.
P.
Water Environment
Research 69 (4): 403-415.
(June 1997)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ pathogens/
pollutant identification/ monitoring/ bioindicators/ analytical
methods/ risk/ water sampling/ microorganisms/ reviews/ indicator
species/ pollution monitoring/ risk assessment/ Escherichia coli/
literature reviews/ pollution indicators/ pollution detection/
microbial contamination/ public health/ Escherichia coli/
Identification of pollutants/ Environmental/ Freshwater pollution/
Public health/ medicines/ dangerous organisms
Abstract: Geldrich (1996) reviewed the detection and
occurrence of pathogenic organisms, including bacteria, enteric
viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms, in freshwater supplies. He
summarized an enormous amount of data on the sources of these
organisms, their occurrence, and their detection in water supplies.
Because routine monitoring for pathogens is often unrealistic,
Geldrich argued that the use of indicator organisms, specifically
coliforms and fecal coliforms, should be the mainstay of routine
monitoring programs. He suggested that the lack of correlation
between these organisms and pathogens such as protozoa and viruses
may be a reflection of the vast difference in sample sizes used for
the analysis (100 mL for coliforms versus greater than 1 L for
viruses and protozoa) and recommended that the standard sample size
for analysis of indicator organisms should be increased. Finally,
Geldrich presented several case studies of waterborne disease
outbreaks with a complete discussion of not only the source of the
pathogenic organisms but also the measures that were successful in
controlling the outbreaks. Gale (1996), in a review of microbial
risk assessment, also addressed the difficulties in comparing
densities of indicator organisms from samples of different volumes.
As he noted, current information on the occurrence of pathogens in
drinking water supplies is only available for sample volumes
significantly larger that the amount ingested daily by any
individual, and little information is available on how organisms
are dispersed within these large volumes. This makes the estimation
of risk to the individual consumer difficult, if not impossible, to
determine. Dufour (1996) and Edberg (1996) reviewed water and
wastewater microbiology. Both emphasized the importance of
enzymatic and molecular techniques in the detection and enumeration
of indicator bacteria. Busse et al. (1996) reviewed the techniques
available for the identification of bacteria. In addition to the
traditional biochemical and physiological tests, they discussed
more recent chemotaxonomic approaches such as analysis of quinone
system, fatty acid profiles, polar lipid patterns, polyamine
patterns, whole cell sugars, and peptidoglycan diamino acids;
analytical fingerprinting and cellular protein patterning; and
nucleic acid techniques such as 16S rDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
sequencing, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP),
macrorestriction analysis, and random amplified polymorphic DNA
(RAPD).
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
350. Detection and occurrence of indicator
organisms and pathogens.
Baker, Katherine H
Water Environment
Research 70 (4): 405-418.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
bacteria (Bacteria): pollution
indicator/ coliforms (Enterobacteriaceae): pollution indicator/
protozoa (Protozoa): pollution indicator/ viruses (Viruses):
pollution indicator/ Animals/ Bacteria/ Eubacteria/ Invertebrates/
Microorganisms/ Protozoans/ Viruses/ groundwater/ microbial
contamination/ pathogens/ recreational water/ water contamination/
water quality
© Thomson
351. Detection and Occurrence of Waterborne
Bacterial and Viral Pathogens.
Black, E. K. and Finch, G.
R.
Water Environment
Research 65 (6): 295-299.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47
Descriptors:
Literature review/ Pathogenic
bacteria/ Pathogens/ Pollutant identification/ Reviews/ Viruses/
Waterborne diseases/ AIDS/ Aeromonas/ Coliforms/ Cryptosporidium/
Drinking water/ Enteric bacteria/ Escherichia coli/ Giardia/
Groundwater/ Immunoassay/ Mycobacterium/ Protozoa/ Public health/
Salmonella/ Surface water/ Wastewater/ Identification of
pollutants/ Sources and fate of pollution
Abstract: The occurrence and detection of waterborne
pathogens in drinking water, surface water, groundwater, and
wastewater is important to world health as shown by numerous
epidemics that have caused disease in humans. The most frequently
reported bacteria in drinking water, surface water, groundwater,
and wastewater were Escherichia coli, followed by the coliform
group. Surveys have shown seasonal variation in bacterial pathogens
in surface waters and correlations between total coliforms and
other pathogenic bacteria. Surveys of river water and recreational
water showed that virus levels varied throughout the year. The
infectivity of viruses from lawns irrigated with wastewater was
examined using an animal model. Fewer piglets exposed for 2 hr to
lawns irrigated with 40,000 50% cell-culture infectious dose
(CCID50) virus particles became positive than piglets inoculated
with 100 CCID50 virus particles. The survival of human
immunodeficiency viruses in wastewater was less than that of polio
viruses. The survival of the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum was
robust in all water types examined. Viable but non-culturable
organisms present a problem when detecting organisms in water.
Pre-enrichment and selective enrichment of samples, as well as the
newer technologies of gene probes and immunoassays, improve the
detection of injured and stressed organisms. Developments in gene
probe and immunoassay technologies are making these detection
methods more accessible to routine water analysis laboratories.
Immunoassays can detect toxins produced by organisms or the
organisms themselves, however, viability determination of the
detected cells is not reliable. A new technology that shows promise
is the combined use of conductance and immunology. Beads coated
with the antigen for a specific pathogen are exposed to the
organism. After a short incubation, the beads are separated,
washed, and re-suspended in broth. The change in conductance of the
broth is measured, and the resulting curve is specific for the
organism. Characteristic substances produced by Mycobacterium
species have been detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
(Geiger-PTT) 35 001232021
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
352. Detection of endocrine-disrupting
pesticides by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA):
Application to atrazine.
Gascon, Jordi; Oubina, Anna; and
Barcelo, Damia
Trends in Analytical
Chemistry 16 (10): 554-562.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:
atrazine: endocrine disrupting
pesticide
Abstract: An overview of biological and
toxicological effects of relevant endocrine-disrupting compounds is
given. Special attention is paid to the determination of atrazine,
a relevant pesticide that is considered an endocrine disrupter, by
ELISA.
© Thomson
353. Determination of odour emission rates from
cattle feedlots: A review.
Smith, R. J. and Watts, P.
J.
Journal of Agricultural
Engineering Research 57 (3):
145-155. (Mar. 1994)
NAL Call #:
58.8-J82;
ISSN: 0021-8634 [JAERA2].
Notes: Subtitle: [Part] I.
Descriptors:
cattle/ feedlots/ odor emission/
odor abatement/ measurement/ wind tunnels/ models/ air
pollution
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
354. Determining the 'health' of estuaries:
Priorities for ecological research.
Fairweather, Peter G
Australian Journal of
Ecology 24 (4): 441-451.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
QH540.A8;
ISSN: 0307-692X
Descriptors:
algae (Algae)/ shipworm
(Oligochaeta)/ Algae/ Animals/ Annelids/ Invertebrates/
Microorganisms / Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ ecosystem health /
environmental assessment/ mangrove leaf decomposition/ predator
prey interactions/ soft sediment habitat
Abstract: 'Ecosystem health' is a relatively new
concept for environmental science and management. Although at least
two international journals use the term in their titles, there have
been few applications of it for estuaries and soft-sediment
habitats around the world. In this paper I: (i) introduce the ideas
behind ecosystem health, and assess their relation with other usage
such as 'integrity' or 'quality'; (ii) sketch the sorts of
multidisciplinary studies that could contribute to an assessment of
health of an estuary and how these must be approached in developing
useful indicators; and (iii) make a case for including measurements
of the rates of ecological processes in such an assessment. These
rate measurements, termed 'ecoassays', focus on important processes
such as decomposition, recruitment, predator-prey interactions, and
the like. A case study is introduced wherein these processes were
assessed in mangrove stands of estuaries around Sydney, New South
Wales, by explicitly comparing the rates of herbivory and
decomposition of mangrove leaves, attack of fallen wood by
shipworms, and colonization of pneumatophores by algae, as well as
with more traditional estimates of 'standing stocks'. Not
surprisingly, the different measures retrieved various patterns and
the challenge now is to integrate these into a scheme that
indicates something of value. The potential utility of such
measures is discussed in relation to the various scientific and
managerial requirements of environmental monitoring.
© Thomson
355. Developing an invertebrate index of
biological integrity for wetlands.
Helgen, Judy.; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology;
and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland
condition; Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Developing an invertebrate index
of biological integrity for wetlands (#9); Title from web page.
"March 2002." "EPA-822-R-02-019." Description based on content
viewed April 10, 2003. "Prepared jointly by U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office
of Science and Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of
Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)" Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3-H46-2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/9Invertebrate.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/ Aquatic
invertebrates---Environmental aspects---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
356. Developing indicators for monitoring
catchment health: The challenges.
Reuter, D. J.
Australian Journal of
Experimental Agriculture 38
(7): 637-648. (1998)
NAL Call #:
23-Au792;
ISSN: 0816-1089.
Notes: In the special issue: Moving towards precision
with soil and plant analysis. Proceedings of the Second National
Conference and Workshops of the Australian Soil and Plant Analysis
Council, November 23-26, 1997, Launceston, Tasmania. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
watersheds/ watershed management/
indicators/ soil analysis/ plant analysis/ monitoring/
sustainability/ literature reviews/ Australia/ catchment health
indicators/ ecosystem health
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
357. Developing metrics and indexes of
biological integrity.
Teels, Billy M.; Adamus, Paul R.;
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science
and Technology; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland
condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Science and Technology and Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
Watersheds, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Developing metrics and indexes
of biological integrity (#6); Title from web page. "March 2002."
"EPA-822-R-02-016." Description based on content viewed April 10,
2003. Includes bibliographic references.
NAL Call #: QH541.15.E22-T44-2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/6Metrics.pdf
Descriptors:
Ecological assessment---United
States/ Ecological integrity---United States/ Wetlands---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
358. Development of alternative weed management
strategies.
Buhler, D. D.
Journal of Production
Agriculture 9 (4): 501-505.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
359. Development of composting technology in
animal waste treatment: Review.
Haga K
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 12 (4):
604-606; 3 ref. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
360. Development of environmentally superior
technologies: Two-year progress report for technology determination
per agreements between the Attorney General of North Carolina and
Smithfield Foods, Premium Standards Farms and Frontline
Farmers.
Williams, C. M.
Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina State
University. (2002)
NAL Call #: TD930.2 .W56 2002
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/waste/report.pdf
Descriptors:
Animal waste---North
Carolina---Management/ Swine---Housing---Waste disposal---North
Carolina/ Water quality management---North Carolina/
Livestock---Housing---Odor control---North Carolina/ Farm manure,
Liquid---Odor control---North Carolina/ Feedlot runoff---North
Carolina---Measurement/ Feedlots---Environmental aspects---North
Carolina
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
361. The development of improved willow clones
for eastern North America.
Kopp, R. F.; Smart, L. B.; Maynard,
C. A.; Isebrands, J. G.; Tuskan, G. A.; and Abrahamson, L.
P.
Forestry Chronicle
77 (2): 287-292. (Mar. 2001-Apr.
2001)
NAL Call #:
99.8-F7623;
ISSN: 0015-7546 [FRCRAX]
Descriptors:
salix/ clones/ genetic improvement/
plant breeding/ biomass production/ bioremediation/ streams/ stream
erosion/ erosion control/ germplasm/ DNA fingerprinting/ heterosis/
literature reviews/ United States
Abstract: Efforts aimed at genetic improvement of
Salix are increasing in North America. Most of these are directed
towards developing improved clones for biomass production,
phytoremediation, nutrient filters, and stream bank stabilization
in the Northeast and North-central United States. Native species
are of primary interest, but a small number of clones containing
non-native germplasm are also being used in the breeding program to
provide valuable traits. Parent combinations for controlled crosses
are being selected with the hope of maximizing the probability of
producing clones exhibiting heterosis for traits of interest, such
as rapid early growth, pest resistance, general adaptability, etc.
The present strategy is to test as many parent clone combination as
possible, and then repeat the most promising crosses to produce
large families from which the best clones will be selected for
further testing. Molecular fingerprinting technology will be
applied to accelerate the rate of improvement. National and
international cooperation would facilitate regional clone
development and promotion of willow as a bioenergy crop.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
362. Development of new technologies for
minimization of nutrient excretion losses and odours in swine
manure.
Grandhi, Raja R.; Saskatchewan.
Agriculture Development Fund; and Canada. Agriculture
and
Agri Food Canada.
Saskatchewan: Agriculture
Development Fund; 13, 10 p. (2000)
Notes: "March 2000"--Cover. "102-04506"--Mounted on
label. Includes bibliographical references (p. 11-12).
97000322.
NAL Call #: SF396.5-.G722-2000
Descriptors:
Swine---Feeding and feeds/
Swine---Manure---Environmental aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
363. Development of P-hyperaccumulator plant
strategies to remediate soils with excess P
concentrations.
Novak, J. M. and Chan, A. S.
K.
Critical Reviews in Plant
Sciences 21 (5): 493-509.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QK1.C83;
ISSN: 0735-2689 [CRPSD3].
Notes: Special issue Phytoremediation I / edited by
B.V. Conger. Includes references.
Descriptors:
plants/ bioremediation/ phosphorus/
nutrient excesses/ soil pollution/ livestock/ intensive husbandry/
manures/ nutrient uptake/ roots/ plant morphology/ organic acids/
plant breeding/ genetic
engineering/ plant composition/
nutrient content/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
364. Development of Phosphorus Indices for
Nutrient Management Planning Strategies in the United
States.
Sharpley, A. N.; Weld, J. L.;
Beegle, D. B.; Kleinman, P. J. A.; Gburek, W. J.; Moore, P. A.; and
Mullins, G.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 58 (3): 137-151.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
freshwater/ eutrophication/ soil
nutrients/ water pollution/ phosphorus/ nutrient management/ soil
erosion/ soil management/ nonpoint source pollution/ water
quality
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
365. Development of weed IPM: Levels of
integration for weed management.
Cardina, J.; Webster, T. M.; Herms,
C. P.; and Regnier, E. E.
Journal of Crop
Production 2 (1): 239-267.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Expanding the context of weed
management / edited by Douglas D. Buhler.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
weeds/ weed control/ integrated pest
management/ population dynamics/ adaptation/ sustainability/
spatial variation/ time/ information/ rotations/ herbicide
resistant weeds/ decision making/ habitats/ agricultural policy/
cropping systems/ literature reviews/ integrated weed
management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
366. Developments in aerial pesticide
application methods for forestry.
Payne, Nicholas J
Crop Protection 17 (2): 171-180. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB599.C8;
ISSN: 0261-2194
Descriptors:
aerial pesticide/ forestry/
pesticide environmental impact/ spray dispersal modeling
Abstract: Appropriate application methods play an
important role in the success of pesticide use, both in relation to
ensuring good efficacy and also minimising environmental impact.
Scientific and technological developments pertaining to aerial
pesticide application in forestry are reviewed, including
developments in the design and characterization of hydraulic and
rotary pesticide dispersal systems, application parameter research,
use of spray dispersal modelling, and mitigation of pesticide
environmental impact, including the use of buffer zones.
© Thomson
367. Diagnosing causes of bird population
declines.
Green, R. E.
Ibis 137 (Supplement 1): S47-S55. (1995);
ISSN: 0963-0856.
Notes: Conference: British Ornithologists' Union
Conference on Bird Conservation: The Science and the Action,
Shuttleworth College, Bedford (UK), 6-10 Apr 1994
Descriptors:
Aves/ population decline/ diagnosis/
methodology/ Methodology general/ Birds
Abstract: The value to bird conservation of
determining the causes of population declines is considered and the
diagnostic methods available are reviewed, with examples. Diagnosis
of the cause or causes of a decline in bird numbers is likely to be
helpful in deciding the priority of conservation actions, though
actions which aim to reverse the changes in external conditions
which caused the decline need not be the most effective in
initiating recovery. The methods for diagnosing causes of declines
in bird numbers with the widest application make use of comparisons
between geographical areas or time periods with different trends.
Correlations between trends in numbers and measurements of external
factors are examined across areas or periods or both. The danger of
spurious correlations is minimized by drawing up a list of
plausible causes based on studies of the natural history of the
species. The effects of all of these candidates should be examined,
subject to availability of data. The consistency of observed
changes over time, or differences among areas, in survival rate or
breeding success with the postulated demographic mechanism of the
decline should be examined. Conclusions based on correlations
across geographical areas between trends in numbers and external
factors may be misleading if birds are able to move between the
areas selected for comparison and if their pattern of settlement
depends upon external factors thought to be implicated in the
decline. Manipulative experiments should be carried out to test
conclusions drawn from correlative studies. However, it must be
recognized that the capacity of birds to move between areas means
that experiments may measure effects of manipulations on settlement
patterns or distribution rather than population size. Experiments
that appear well designed in terms of controls and replication may
be misleading when applied to the conservation of bird populations
if their geographical scale is inappropriate.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
368. Diatom indicators of stream and wetland
stressors in a risk management framework.
Stevenson, Jan R
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 51 (1-2): 107-118.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors:
total phosphorus/ diatom
(Chrysophyta): periphyton/ Algae/ Microorganisms/ Nonvascular
Plants/ Plants/ biotic integrity/ ecological risk assessment/
periphytic assemblages/ risk management/ species composition/
specific pH/ water quality
Abstract: Ecological risk assessment and risk
management call for "state-of-the-science" methods and sound
scientific assessments of ecosystem health and stressor effects. In
this paper recent developments of periphyton indicators of biotic
integrity and ecosystem stressors of streams and wetlands are
related in a framework of ecological metrics that can be used to
quantify risk assessment and risk management options. Many
periphyton metrics have been employed in past assessments of water
quality and a periphyton indices of biotic integrity has been
applied by the state of Kentucky. In addition, the sensitivity of
species composition of periphytic diatom assemblages has been shown
to respond predictably to ecological stressors so that specific pH,
conductivity, and total phosphorus in wetlands and streams can be
inferred with weighted average indices. Inference of nutrient
conditions by diatom indicators of total phosphorus is shown to
have sufficient precision to be a valuable complement to one-time
measurement of highly variable total phosphorus in streams.
Quantitative indices of sustainability and restorability of
ecosystem integrity are proposed, respectively, as the changes in
ecological conditions that can occur without significant change in
ecological integrity or changes that are necessary to restore
ecological integrity.
© Thomson
369. Direct and indirect water
re-use.
Westerhoff, G. P.; Anderson, J.;
Mancuso, P. C. S.; Rodrigues, J. M. C.; Filho, J. L.; Zachariou,
M.; Rantala, P.; Bersillon, J. L.; Zanarek, A.; and Michail,
M.
Water Supply 12 (1/2): IR9-1-IR9/29. (1994)
NAL Call #:
TD201.W346;
ISSN: 0735-1917 [WASUDN].
Notes: Paper presented at the "19th International Water
Supply Congress and Exhibition," October 2-8, 1993, Budapest,
Hungary. Includes International Report and 13 National Reports.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
water reuse/ groundwater recharge/
irrigation water/ waste water/ Australia/ Brazil/ Cyprus/ Finland/
France/ Israel/ Italy/ Japan/ Netherlands/ Portugal/ Sweden/ UK/
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
370. Disinfection resistance of waterborne
pathogens on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's
Contaminant Candidate List (CCL).
Gerba, Charles P; Nwachuku, Nena;
and Riley, Kelley R
Journal of Water Supply
Research and Technology (AQUA) 52 (2): 81-94. (2003);
ISSN: 1606-9935
Descriptors:
Adenovirus (Adenoviridae):
disinfection resistance, pathogen/ Aeromonas hydrophila
(Aeromonadaceae): pathogen, waterborne/ Calicivirus
(Caliciviridae): disinfection resistance, pathogen/ Coxsackievirus
(Picornaviridae): disinfection resistance, pathogen/ Echovirus
(Picornaviridae): disinfection resistance, pathogen/
Encephalitozoon intestinalis (Cnidosporidea): disinfection
resistance, pathogen, waterborne/ Mycobacterium avium
(Mycobacteriaceae): disinfection resistance, pathogen/ bacteria
(Bacteria): pathogen, waterborne/ cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria):
pathogen, waterborne/ organism (Organisms): disinfection
resistance, waterborne pathogen/ Animals/ Bacteria/ Cyanobacteria/
Double Stranded DNA Viruses/ Eubacteria/ Invertebrates/
Microorganisms/ Organisms/ Positive Sense Single Stranded RNA
Viruses/ Protozoans/ Viruses/ Contaminant Candidate List [CCL]/
drinking water
Abstract: In 1999, the United States Environmental
Protection Agency developed a list of emerging waterborne microbial
pathogens that may pose a risk in drinking water. This review deals
with the disinfection resistance of microorganisms on the
Contaminate Candidate List or CCL. Current disinfection practices
in the United States appear to be capable of dealing with most of
the microorganisms on the CCL, with the exception of Mycobacterium
avium and adenoviruses. Mycobacterium avium is more resistant to
most disinfectants than other waterborne bacteria and adenoviruses
are the most resistant waterborne microorganisms to inactivation by
ultraviolet disinfection. The microsporidium, Encephalitozoon
intestinalis, shows significant resistance to inactivation by
chemical disinfectants and further research on additional species
of microsporidia appears to be warranted.
© Thomson
371. Dissolved and water-extractable organic
matter in soils: A review on the influence of land use and
management practices.
Chantigny, M. H.
Geoderma 113 (3/4): 357-380. (2003)
NAL Call #:
S590.G4;
ISSN: 0016-7061
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
372. Distinguishing Human From Animal Faecal
Contamination in Water: A Review.
Sinton, L. W.; Finlay, R. K.; and
Hannah, D. J.
New Zealand Journal of
Marine and Freshwater Research 32 (2): 323-348. (1998);
ISSN: 0028-8330
Descriptors:
Pollution detection/ Domestic
wastes/ Agricultural runoff/ Sewage/ Pollutant identification /
Literature reviews/ Feces/ Contamination/ Water Pollution/ Animal
Wastes/ Water Analysis/ Water Pollution Sources/ Fecal coliforms/
Humans/ Microbial contamination/ Statistical analysis/ Rhodococcus
coprophilus/ Bacteroides fragilis/ Bifidobacterium/ New Zealand/
Bifidobacterium/ Bacteroides fragilis/ Rhodococcus coprophilus/
human wastes/ Methods and instruments/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Management of faecal contamination of
water would be improved if sources could be accurately identified
through water analysis. Human faeces are generally perceived as
constituting a greater human health risk than animal faeces, but
reliable epidemiological evidence is lacking. United States
waterborne disease data suggest that human-specific enteric viruses
account for over half the documented outbreaks. However, in New
Zealand, where there is a high grazing animal:human ratio
(increasing the relative importance of water-transmissible
zoonoses), it seems prudent to assume that human and animal faecal
pollution both constitute a risk to human health. Irrespective of
the relative risks, the ability to identify sources would assist in
overall management of microbial water quality. Faecal streptococci
do not appear to provide reliable faecal source identification.
Human and animal sources, respectively, may be distinguishable by
two tests on Bifidobacterium spp. - growth at 45 degree C in
trypticase phytone yeast broth and sorbitol fermentation. Different
species of Bacteroides tend to be present in humans and animals,
but poor survival in water is a problem. Phages of the Bacteroides
fragilis strain HSP40 appear to be human specific, but low counts
in effluent in some countries, including New Zealand, may limit
their usefulness. Different F-RNA phage subgroups appear to be
associated with human and animal faecal sources. The actinomycete
Rhodococcus coprophilus has potential as a grazing animal indicator
but it is persistent, and existing culturing techniques are time
consuming. The development of DNA-based techniques, such as
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), may assist in the assay of some
microbial faecal source indicators. Various faecal sterol isomers
offer the possibility of distinguishing between human and animal
sources, and even between different animals. Washing powder
constituents such as fluorescent whitening agents, sodium
tripolyphosphate and linear alkyl benzenes, offer useful human
source identifiers. It is unlikely that any single determinand will
be useful in all situations, but statistical analysis of
appropriate "baskets" of microbial and chemical determinands offers
the possibility of identifying and apportioning human and animal
faecal inputs to natural waters.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
373. Distribution of major herbicides in ground
water of the United States.
Barbash, J. E. and National Water
Quality Assessment Program (U.S.).
Sacramento, Calif. U.S. Dept.
of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999. 57 p.
Notes: "National Water-Quality Assessment
Program"--Cover.
NAL Call #: GB701-.W375-no.-98-4245
http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/rep/wrir984245/
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Herbicides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Water---Pollution---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
374. Do created wetlands replace the wetlands
that are destroyed?
Hunt, Randall J. and Geological
Survey (U.S.).
Madison, Wis.: USGS; Series: Fact
sheet (Geological Survey (U.S.)) FS-246-96. (1998)
Notes: Title from caption. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: QH76.H86-1998
http://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-246-96/index.html
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/
Wetlands---Wisconsin/ Wetland conservation---United States/ Wetland
conservation---Wisconsin/ Wetland ecology---United States/ Wetland
ecology---Wisconsin
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
375. Do organic farming practices reduce nitrate
leaching.
Kirchmann, H. and Bergstrom,
L.
Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 32
(7/8): 997-1028. (2001)
NAL Call #:
S590.C63;
ISSN: 0010-3624 [CSOSA2].
Notes: Special issue: Potential use of innovative
nutrient management alternatives to increase nutrient use
efficiency, reduce losses, and protect soil and water
quality/edited by J. Delgado. Proceedings of the Annual Conference
of the Soil and Water Conservation Society held Aug. 8-11, 1999,
Biloxi, Mississippi.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
organic farming/ nitrate nitrogen/
leaching/ rotations/ nitrogen fertilizers/ animal manures/ soil
fertility/ nutrient uptake/ farming/ nitrogen content/ crops/
literature reviews/ conventional farming
Abstract: Agriculture is a contributor of nitrate to
natural waters and there is concern about the excess nitrogen
burden loadings from agriculture on natural waters. Agricultural
practices that reduce nitrate leaching from arable land are needed.
It is postulated by certain groups that organic farming practices
reduce nitrate leaching among other environmental benefits. The
objectives of this paper are: (1) to compile, summarize and
critically analyse information about NO3-N leaching from farming
systems that were managed according to organic farming principles;
(2) to compare NO3-N leaching from organic farming systems with
that from conventional systems. This review consists of several
parts. The available literature on leaching of NO3-N from organic
farming and conventional farming systems was analysed. Leachable
amounts of NO3-N in soils from two types of farming systems were
compared. Finally NO3-N leaching from animal manure versus
inorganic fertilizer was examined. In all studies we found in the
literature, both the sequence and type of crops grown, and the
input intensity of N was different in organic and conventional
systems. Organic farming systems had on average a lower N input and
more legumes in rotation. Average leaching of NO3-N from organic
farming systems over a crop rotation period was somewhat lower than
in conventional agriculture. If the different input intensities of
N between organic and conventional systems were taken into account
and corrected for, no differences in leaching losses between
systems were found. However, a proper comparison of leaching
between the two types of systems should take the yield into
account. Attempting to do this in this review, we found only two
studies which provided data for this. In both studies, specific
conditions of the soil-a high organic matter content resulting in a
high N mineralization at one site and a heavy clay texture
resulting in very small leaching losses at the other site-did not
enable us to come up with a clear-cut answer. Nevertheless, we
could not find any evidence that nitrate leaching will be reduced
by the introduction of organic farming practices, if the goal is to
maintain the same crop yield levels as in conventional farming
systems. Reduction of nitrate leaching is not a question of organic
or conventional farming, but rather of introduction and use of
appropriate counter- measures. This insight should guide our
thinking when developing environmentally friendly and sustainable
cropping systems.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
376. Do U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
water quality guidelines for recreational waters prevent
gastrointestinal illness? A systematic review and
meta-analysis.
Wade, T. J.; Pai, N.; Eisenberg, J.
N. S.; and Colford, J. M. Jr.
Environmental Health
Perspectives 111 (8):
1102-1109. (2003)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1E54;
ISSN: 0091-6765
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
377. Does low biodiversity resulting from modern
agricultural practice affect crop pollination and yield.
Richards, A. J.
Annals of Botany
88 (2): 165-172. (Aug.
2001)
NAL Call #:
450-An7;
ISSN: 0305-7364 [ANBOA4]
Descriptors:
agriculture/ biodiversity/
pollination/ crop yield/ environmental impact/ foods/ crop quality/
intensive production/ habitat destruction/ pesticides/ transgenic
plants/ genetic engineering/ herbicides/ literature
reviews
Abstract: This Botanical Briefing examines the
hypothesis that modern agricultural practice affects natural biotic
pollination to the extent that crop yields suffer. Few staple foods
depend on animal pollination and relatively few other crops are
totally dependent on animal pollination. However, there are many
crops of local economic importance whose yield or quality may be
enhanced by good pollinator activity: studies of these deserve more
attention. Amongst those cases already documented, intensification
and habitat loss are the most frequent causes of pollinator
impoverishment reducing crop yield. As yet there is no clear
example of low crop yield resulting from the effect of pesticides
or transgenic plants on pollinators, and only one example involving
herbicides, although each of these agents can affect populations of
crop pollinators.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
378. Drainage Design for Water Quality
Management: Overview.
Guitjens, J. C.; Ayars, J. E.;
Grismer, M. E.; and Willardson, L. S.
Journal of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering 123 (3):
148-153. (1997)
NAL Call #:
290.9 AM3Ps (IR);
ISSN: 0733-9437.
Notes: DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1997)123:3(148)
Descriptors:
Hydrodynamics/ Water Quality
Management/ Subsurface Drainage/ Model Studies/ Design Criteria/
Solute Transport/ Water quality control/ Agricultural runoff/
Pollution control/ Drainage/ Simulation/ Control of water on the
surface/ Prevention and control/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Drainage design for water quality
management in irrigated areas requires use of hydrodynamic models
the delineate flow paths of subsurface water moving to drains. Use
of only traditional drainage design equations for protection
against water logging and salinization are inadequate for water
quality management; these equations should be coupled with
mechanistic models that account for transport and chemical changes
in the vadose and saturated zones that replace those associated
with a leaching fraction, or requirement concepts. Drainage designs
should now make use of hydrodynamic and chemical models that
simulate flow and transport of water and chemical constituents from
infiltration to drainage discharge. Management should be able to
manipulate the models prior to implementing steps aimed at
controlling the quantity and quality of drainage
discharge.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
379. Drainage manual: A water resources
technical publication: A guide to integrating plant, soil, and
water relationships for drainage of irrigated lands.
United States. Bureau of
Reclamation.
Denver, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, xviii, 321 p.: ill.
(1993)
Notes: "Revised reprint 1993" Includes bibliographical
references and index.
NAL Call #: TC970.D73--1993
Descriptors:
Drainage---Handbooks, manuals, etc/
Irrigation---Handbooks, manuals, etc
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
380. Drainage of irrigated lands: A
manual.
Ritzema, H. P.; Kselik, R. A. L.;
Chanduvi, Fernando.; and Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations.
Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; viii, 74 p.: ill.; Series:
Irrigation water management training manual no. 9.
(1996)
Notes: "M-56."--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 73-74).
NAL Call #: S621.R58--1996;
ISBN: 9251037795
Descriptors:
Drainage/
Irrigation---Management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
381. Drainage principles and
applications.
International Institute for Land
Reclamation and Improvement.
Wageningen, Netherlands:
International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement; 1125
p.: ill., map; Series: Publication (International Institute for
Land Reclamation and Improvement) 16. (1994)
Notes: 2nd ed.; Includes bibliographies and
index.
NAL Call #: 54.9--In8-no.16
Descriptors:
Drainage
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
382. Dynamic cropping systems: An adaptable
approach to crop production in the Great Plains.
Tanaka, D. L.; Krupinsky, J. M.;
Liebig, M. A.; Merrill, S. D.; Ries, R. E.; Hendrickson, J. R.;
Johnson, H. A.; and Hanson, J. D.
Agronomy Journal
94 (5): 957-961. (2002)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
383. Dynamics and availability of the
non-exchangeable NH4-N: A review.
Scherer HW
European Journal of
Agronomy 2 (3): 149-160; 115
ref. (1993)
NAL Call #:
SB13.E97
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
384. Dynamics of leaf litter accumulation and
its effects on riparian vegetation: A review.
Xiong ShaoJun and Nilsson,
C.
Botanical Review
63 (3): 240-264. (1997)
NAL Call #:
450 B6527 DNAr;
ISSN: 0006-8101
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
385. Earthen manure storage design
considerations.
Wright, P.; Grajko, W.; Lake, D.;
Perschke, S.; Schenne, J.; Sullivan, D.; and Tillapaugh,
B.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Natural Resource,
Agriculture, and Engineering Service, Cooperative Extension;
Series: NRAES 109; ix, 90 p.: ill., map. (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
90).
NAL Call #: S675-.N72-no.-109; ISBN: 0935817387 (pbk.)
Descriptors:
Farm manure---Storage/ Earth
construction
Abstract: Earthen manure storages are becoming
more common for economic, environmental, and management reasons,
but there is a lack of information about safe, environmentally
sound, practical designs. This book was written to meet the needs
of producers, engineers, and design professionals who are seeking
information about designing, constructing, and managing earthen
storages. It covers environmental policies (both existing and
pending legislation); design standards and planning documents (such
as nutrient management and waste management plans); manure
characteristics; storage planning (determining size and location,
loading and unloading methods, on-site soils investigations, and
regulations); storage design (stability and drainage issues, types
of liners, and safety); construction (quality assurance, earthwork,
topsoil placement, seeding, and documentation); management
(maintaining the structure, clearing drains, and manure
management); and liability. A lengthy appendix provides guidelines
and calculations for soil liners; other appendixes provide pump
information, cost estimate information, and addresses for helpful
organizations.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
386. Eastern Sierra Nevada riparian field
guide.
Weixelman, Dave.; Zamudio,
Desiderio C.; and Zamudio, Karen A.
Sparks, NV: Humbolt-Toiyabe
National Forest; 1 v. (various pagings): ill. (some col.).
(1999)
Notes: Humboldt National Forest (Nev.) and Toiyabe
National Forest (Nev. and Calif.).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.R52-W436-1999
Descriptors:
Riparian
ecology---California---Sierra Nevada---Handbooks, manuals, etc/
Riparian ecology---Nevada---Sierra Nevada---Handbooks, manuals,
etc
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
387. Ecological approaches and the development
of "truly integrated" pest management.
Thomas, M. B.
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 96 (11):
5944-5951. (1999);
ISSN: 0027-8424
Descriptors:
Pest control/ Biological control/
Integrated control/ Crop production/ Reviews/ Insecta/ Insects/
Control/ Agricultural & general applied entomology
Abstract: Recent predictions of growth in human
populations and food supply suggest that there will be a need to
substantially increase food production in the near future. One
possible approach to meeting this demand, at least in part, is the
control of pests and diseases, which currently cause a 30-40% loss
in available crop production. In recent years, strategies for
controlling pests and diseases have tended to focus on short-term,
single-technology interventions, particularly chemical pesticides.
This model frequently applies even where so-called integrated pest
management strategies are used because in reality these often are
dominated by single technologies (e.g., biocontrol host plant
resistance, or biopesticides) that are used as replacements for
chemicals. Very little attention is given to the interaction or
compatibility of the different technologies used. Unfortunately
evidence suggests that such approaches rarely yield satisfactory
results and are unlikely to provide sustainable pest control
solutions for the future. Drawing on two case histories, this paper
demonstrates that by increasing our basic understanding of how
individual pest control technologies act and interact, new
opportunities for improving pest control can be revealed. This
approach stresses the need to break away from the existing
single-technology, pesticide-dominated paradigm and to adopt a more
ecological approach built around a fundamental understanding of
population biology at the local farm level and the true integration
of renewable technologies such as host plant resistance and natural
biological control, which are available to even the most
resource-poor farmers.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
388. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in
western North America.
Fleischner, T. L.
Conservation Biology
8 (3): 629-644.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5;
ISSN: 0888-8892
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
389. Ecological forecasting and the urbanization
of stream ecosystems: Challenges for economists, hydrologists,
geomorphologists, and ecologists.
Nilsson, C.; Pizzuto, J. E.;
Moglen, G. E.; Palmer, M. A.; Stanley, E. H.; Bockstael, N. E.; and
Thompson, L. C.
Ecosystems 6 (7): 659-674. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E3645;
ISSN: 1432-9840.
Notes: Number of References: 117; Publisher:
Springer-Verlag
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ land use
change/ ecological forecasts/ limitations of modeling/ streams/
urbanization/ watersheds/ urban land use/ headwater streams/ water
resources/ riparian zones/ flow/ management/ nitrogen/ rivers/
cover/ sediment
Abstract: The quantity and quality of freshwater
resources are now being seriously threatened, partly as a result of
extensive worldwide changes in land use, and scientists are often
called upon by policy makers and managers to predict the ecological
consequences that these alterations will have for stream
ecosystems. The effects of the urbanization of stream ecosystems in
the United States over the next 20 years are of particular concern.
To address this issue, we present a multidisciplinary research
agenda designed to improve our forecasting of the effects of
land-use change on stream ecosystems. Currently, there are gaps in
both our knowledge and the data that make it difficult to link the
disparate models used by economists, hydrologists,
geomorphologists, and ecologists. We identify a number of points
that practitioners in each discipline were not comfortable
compromising on-for example, by assuming an average condition for a
given variable. We provide five instructive examples of the
limitations to our ability to forecast the fate of stream and
riverine ecosystems one drawn from each modeling step: (a) Accurate
economic methods to forecast land-use changes over long periods
(such as 20 years) are not available, especially not at spatially
explicit scales; (b) geographic data are not always available at
the appropriate resolution and are not always organized in
categories that are hydrologically, ecologically, or economically
meaningful; (c) the relationship between low flows and land use is
sometimes hard to establish in anthropogenically affected
catchments; (d) bed mobility, suspended sediment load, and channel
form-all of which are important for ecological communities in
streams-are difficult to predict; and (e) species distributions in
rivers are not well documented, and the data that do exist are not
always publicly available or have not been sampled at accurate
scales, making it difficult to model ecological responses to
specified levels of environmental change. Meeting these challenges
will require both interdisciplinary cooperation and a reviewed
commitment to intradisciplinary research in the fields of
economics, geography, quantitative spatial analysis, hydrology,
geomorphology, and ecology.
© Thomson ISI
390. Ecological impacts of arable
intensification in Europe.
Stoate, C.; Boatman, N.; Borralho,
R.; Carvalho, C.; Snoo, G.; and Eden, P.
Journal of environmental
management 63 (4): 337-365.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6;
ISSN: 0301-4797.
Notes: Publisher: Academic Press
Descriptors:
Agricultural practices/ Land use/
Agriculture/ Environmental impact/ Crops/ Biological diversity/
Soil contamination/ Groundwater pollution/ Air pollution/ Ecology/
Europe/ Agricultural Runoff/ Cultivated Lands/ Soil Erosion/ Water
Pollution Sources/ Surface Runoff/ Nutrients/ Pesticides/ Farms/
Organic Matter/ Environmental Quality/ Agricultural pollution/
Community composition/ Man induced effects/ Ecosystem disturbance/
Ecological crisis/ Biodiversity/ Pollution effects/ Nutrients
(mineral)/ Eutrophication/ Europe/ arable landscapes/ Cultivated
lands/ farms/ Environmental degradation / Environmental action/
Sources and fate of pollution/ Mechanical and natural
changes
Abstract: Although arable landscapes have a long
history, environmental problems have accelerated in recent decades.
The effects of these changes are usually externalised, being
greater for society as a whole than for the farms on which they
operate, and incentives to correct them are therefore largely
lacking. Arable landscapes are valued by society beyond the farming
community, but increased mechanisation and farm size,
simplification of crop rotations, and loss of non-crop features,
have led to a reduction in landscape diversity. Low intensity
arable systems have evolved a characteristic and diverse fauna and
flora, but development of high input, simplified arable systems has
been associated with a decline in biodiversity. Arable
intensification has resulted in loss of non-crop habitats and
simplification of plant and animal communities within crops, with
consequent disruption to food chains and declines in many farmland
species. Abandonment of arable management has also led to the
replacement of such wildlife with more common and widespread
species. Soils have deteriorated as a result of erosion,
compaction, loss of organic matter and contamination with
pesticides, and in some areas, heavy metals. Impacts on water are
closely related to those on soils as nutrient and pesticide
pollution of water results from surface runoff and subsurface flow,
often associated with soil particles, which themselves have
economic and ecological impacts. Nitrates and some pesticides also
enter groundwater following leaching from arable land. Greatest
impacts are associated with simplified, high input arable systems.
Intensification of arable farming has been associated with
pollution of air by pesticides, NO sub(2)and CO sub(2), while the
loss of soil organic matter has reduced the system's capacity for
carbon sequestration. Copyright 2001 Academic Press
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
391. Ecological implications of using thresholds
for weed management.
Norris, R. F.
Journal of Crop
Production 2 (1): 31-58.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Expanding the context of weed
management / edited by Douglas D. Buhler.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
weeds/ weed control/ integrated pest
management/ environmental assessment/ tolerance/ crop weed
competition/ decision making/ insect pests/ population dynamics/
economic analysis/ yield losses/ seed banks/ plant density/ seed
output/ establishment/ literature reviews/ economic
thresholds
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
392. Ecological issues related to wetland
preservation, restoration, creation and assessment.
Whigham, Dennis F
Science of the Total
Environment 240 (1-3): 31-40.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365;
ISSN: 0048-9697
Descriptors:
ecologically based Hydrogeomorphic
approach/ wetland assessment/ wetland creation/ wetland ecosystem
function/ wetland-no-net-loss policy/ wetland preservation/ wetland
restoration
Abstract: A wide range of local, state, federal, and
private programs are available to support the national (USA) policy
of wetland 'No Net Loss'. Implementation of programs, however, has
resulted in the continued loss of natural wetlands on the premise
that restored or created wetlands will replace the functions and
values lost by destruction of natural wetlands. What are the
ecological implications and consequences of these programs from a
biodiversity and ecosystem perspective? From a biodiversity
perspective, ongoing wetland protection policies may not be working
because restored or created wetlands are often very different from
natural wetlands. Wetland protection policies may also be
inadequate to preserve and restore ecological processes such as
nutrient cycling because they mostly focus on individual wetlands
and ignore the fact that wetlands are integral parts of landscapes.
Wetland mitigation projects, for example, often result in the
exchange of one type of wetland for another and result in a loss of
wetland functions at the landscape level. The most striking
weakness in the current national wetlands policy is the lack of
protection for 'dry-end' wetlands that are often the focus of
debate for what is and what is not a wetland. From an ecological
perspective, dry-end wetlands such as isolated seasonal wetlands
and riparian wetlands associated with first order streams may be
the most important landscape elements. They often support a high
biodiversity and they are impacted by human activities more than
other types of wetlands. The failings of current wetland protection
and mitigation policies are also due, in part, to the lack of
ecologically sound wetland assessment methods for guiding decision
making processes. The ecologically based Hydrogeomorphic (HGM)
approach to wetland assessment has the potential to be an effective
tool in managing biodiversity and wetland ecosystem function in
support of the national 'No Net Loss' policy.
© Thomson
393. Ecological management of vertebrate pests
in agricultural systems.
Van Vuren, D. and Smallwood, K.
S.
Biological Agriculture and
Horticulture 13 (1): 39-62.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.B5;
ISSN: 0144-8765 [BIAHDP]
Descriptors:
vertebrate pests/ pest management/
farming systems/ sustainability/ control methods/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
394. Ecological relative risk (EcoRR): Another
approach for risk assessment of pesticides in
agriculture.
Sanchez-Bayo, F.; Baskaran, S.; and
Kennedy, I. R.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 9 (1/3): 37-57.
(Sept. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
gossypium hirsutum/ environmental
impact/ risk assessment/ pesticides/ toxicity/ application rates/
evaluation/ persistence/ residual effects/ water/ sediment/ soil/
vegetation/ air/ simulation models
Abstract: Summary: A site-specific methodology was
developed to assess and compare the ecotoxicological risk that
agricultural pesticides pose to ecosystems. The ecological relative
risk (EcoRR) is a composite scoring index for comparing relative
risks between different plant protection products, and is used to
assess the potential ecological impact their residues have after
being applied to agricultural systems. The EcoRR model is based on
standard frameworks for risk assessment (e.g. PEC/toxicity), but
takes account of factors such as persistence of residues and
biodiversity of ecosystems. The exposure module considers the
environmental concentrations of a substance, its persistence,
bioaccumulation and probability of exposure in several
environmental compartments (water, sediment, soil, vegetation,
air). The toxicity module takes into account the biodiversity of
the ecosystems affected, whereby the endpoints used are weighted by
the proportional contribution of each taxon in a given
environmental compartment. EcoRR scores are calculated
independently for each compartment and affected areas, thus
enabling pinpointing of where risks will occur. The procedure to
calculate EcoRR scores is explained using an example, and a
sensitivity analysis of the model is included. A simulated risk
assessment of 37 pesticides intended for use in a cotton
development is also given as a case study. Exposure data were
obtained using fugacity model II in areas previously defined by
spray drift models. Toxicity data to vertebrate taxa and
crustaceans were obtained from several databases, and biodiversity
data from local sources. EcoRR scores were calculated for each
compartment both on- and off-farm, during a normal growing season
and during a flood, and a comparative relative assessment for all
pesticides is discussed. EcoRR scores were also compared to
traditional assessments using quotients for some taxa in the
aquatic and terrestrial environments, revealing a good correlation
between both models in some cases. It is apparent that EcoRR scores
reflect adequately the potential risk of those chemicals to
ecosystems, though they are less dependent on toxicity to sensitive
species than the simple quotient. This methodology can be used
either with field measured data or model predicted data, so
management options for new chemicals can be tested prior to their
application on crops.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
395. Ecological restoration and creation: A
review.
Anderson, P.
Biological Journal of the
Linnean Society 56 (suppl.A):
187-211. (Dec. 1995)
NAL Call #:
QH301.B56;
ISSN: 0024-4066 [BJLSBG].
Notes: Special issue: The National Trust and Nature
Conservation--100 years on / edited by D.J. Bullock and H.J.
Harvey. Proceedings of a conference held June 20-21, 1994, London,
England.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
nature conservation/ wildlife
conservation/ nature reserves/ habitat destruction/ grasslands/
heathland/ woodlands/ vegetation management/ grazing/ mowing/
prescribed burning/ literature reviews/ Europe/ habitat
restoration/ habitat creation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
396. Ecological risk assessment for aquatic
organisms from over-water uses of glyphosate.
Solomon, Keith R and Thompson, Dean
G
Journal of Toxicology and
Environmental Health: Part B, Critical Reviews 6 (3): 289-324. (2003)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1J6;
ISSN: 1093-7404
Descriptors:
Induce: pesticide, surfactant/
Roundup: pesticide, surfactant/ Vision: pesticide, surfactant / X
77: pesticide, surfactant, toxin/ glyphosate [Rodeo formulation]:
accidental overspray, efficacy, enzyme inhibitor, herbicide, over
water uses, soil pollutant, toxicodynamics, toxicokinetics, toxin,
water pollutant/ estuary/ forestry area/ pond/ sediment/ soil/
stream/ water bodies/ wetland
© Thomson
397. Ecology and integrated pest
management.
Lenteren, J C van and Overholt, W
A
Insect Science and its
Application 15 (6): 557-582.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
QL461.I57;
ISSN: 0191-9040
Descriptors:
animals (Animalia Unspecified)/
Animalia (Animalia Unspecified)/ animals/ behavior/ ecology/
integrated pest management/ pest/ pest management/ pesticides/
population dynamics
Abstract: The struggle to control Populations of
organisms that feed on agricultural crops, livestock, and directly
on humans is as old as recorded history, and will continue into the
perceivable future. Only 30 years ago, the availability of
relatively cheap and highly effective synthetic organic pesticides
was thought to be the ultimate solution to pest populations.
However, our naivete regarding the ability of pest Populations to
rapidly adapt to simplistic man-induced selection pressures has
become increasingly apparent, as have the detrimental impacts of
pesticides on the environment. The evolution of the integrated pest
management paradigm can be traced to these concerns, and it is now
accepted that sustainable solutions to the management of pest
populations will only be borne out of an increased understanding of
the functioning of ecosystems. Knowledge of the population
dynamics, and underlying causes of density changes in pest
populations, behavioural ecology, and population genetics of pests
and natural enemies, are essential elements for designing
appropriate biologically intensive strategies for pest management.
Progress is being made, and several examples of innovative
strategies and promising areas of research, are discussed. Future
work must continue to be based on a solid foundation of ecological
understanding, to avoid the pitfalls of simple opportunistic
solutions.
© Thomson
398. Ecology and management of Arundo donax, and
approaches to riparian habitat restoration in southern
California.
Bell, G. P.
In: Plant invasions studies from
North Ameria and Europe/ Brock, J. H.; Wade, M.; Pysek, P.; and
Green, D.
Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys,
1997; pp. 103-113.
ISBN: 9073348234
NAL Call #: SB613.5.P582-1997
Descriptors:
arundo donax/ ecology/ weed control/
habitats/ riparian vegetation/ riparian forests/ plant succession/
wildfires/ water quality/ rivers/ plant competition/ wildlife/
species diversity/ competitive ability/ asexual reproduction/
integrated pest management/ glyphosate/ literature reviews/
California
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
399. Ecology of insect communities in nontidal
wetlands.
Batzer, D. P. and Wissinger, S.
A.
Annual Review of
Entomology 41: 75-100.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
421-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA]
Descriptors:
insects/ wetlands/ community
ecology/ habitats/ interactions/ colonization/ nature conservation/
insect communities/ reviews/ freshwater ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
400. The ecology of interfaces: Riparian
zones.
Naiman, R. J. and Decamps,
H.
Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 28: 621-658.
(1997);
ISSN: 0066-4162
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
401. Ecology of wetlands and associated
systems.
Majumdar, Shyamal K.; Miller, E.
Willard; and Brenner, Fred J.
Easton, PA: Pennsylvania Academy of
Science; xv, 685 p.: ill., maps. (1998)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3E38-1998; ISBN: 094580914X
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology/ Wetlands
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
402. The economic and environmental consequences
of nutrient management in agriculture.
Huang, Wen Yuan. and Uri, Noel
D.
Commack, N.Y.: Nova Science; viii,
174 p. (1999)
NAL Call #: S651-.H826-1999;
ISBN: 1560727543
Descriptors:
Nitrogen fertilizers/ Nitrogen
fertilizers---Environmental aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
403. Economic and environmental contribution of
wetlands in agricultural landscapes.
Janssen, Larry.
Brookings, S.D.: Economics Dept.,
South Dakota State University; ii, 34 p.: ill.; Series: Economic
staff paper series no. 95-3. (1995)
Notes: "May 1995." Includes bibliographical references
(p. 19-21).
NAL Call #: HD1775.S8E262--no.95-3
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
404. Economic and environmental contributions of
wetlands in agricultural landscapes.
Janssen, Larry. and South Dakota
State University. Economics Dept.
Brookings, S.D.: Economics Dept.
South Dakota State University; ii, 35 p.: ill., map; Series:
Economics staff paper series 95-3. (1995)
Notes: "Revised July 1995." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 19-21).
NAL Call #: HD1775.S8E262-no.95-3-1995
Descriptors:
Wetlands---South Dakota/ Wetland
conservation---South Dakota/ Wetland ecology---South
Dakota
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
405. Economic evaluation of manure management
and farm gate applications: A literature review of environmental
and economic aspects of manure management in Alberta's livestock
sectors.
Unterschultz, James R.
Edmonton, Canada: Dept. of Rural
Economy, Faculty of Agriculture & Forestry, and Home Economics,
University of Alberta; 64 p.: ill.; Series: Project report
(University of Alberta. Dept. of Rural Economy) 01-03.
(2001)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
35-43).
NAL Call #: HD1790.A35-P76-no.-2001-03
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
406. Economics and environmental benefits and
costs of conservation tillage.
United States. Dept. of
Agriculture. Economic Research Service and United States. Natural
Resources Conservation Service.
Washington, DC: ERS, USDA; vi, 88
leaves: col. ill., col. maps. (1998)
Notes: Cover title. "February 1998"--P. [i]. Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aS604-.E26-1998
Descriptors:
Conservation tillage---Environmental
aspects/ Conservation tillage---Economic aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
407. Economics of dryland cropping systems in
the Great Plains: A review.
Dhuyvetter, K. C.; Thompson, C. R.;
Norwood, C. A.; and Halvorson, A. D.
Journal of Production
Agriculture 9 (2): 216-222.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
408. The economics of prescribed burning: A
research review.
Hesseln, H.
Forestry Sciences
46 (3): 322-334. (Aug.
2000)
NAL Call #:
99.8-F7632;
ISSN: 0015-749X [FOSCAD]
Descriptors:
prescribed burning/ wildfires/ risk
factors/ economic analysis/ literature reviews/ fire management/
risk management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
409. Ecosystems, sustainability, and animal
agriculture.
Heitschmidt, R. K.; Short, R. E.;
and Grings, E. E.
Journal of Animal
Science 74 (6): 1395-1405.
(June 1996)
NAL Call #:
49-J82;
ISSN: 0021-8812 [JANSAG].
Notes: Presented at a symposium titled "Toward
Sustainability: Animal Agriculture in the Twenty-First Century" at
the ASAS 86th Annu. Mtg., Minneapolis, MN.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
beef cattle/ animal production/
sustainability/ input output analysis/ ecological balance/ energy
relations/ energy expenditure/ feed intake/ grazing/ dry lot
feeding/ irrigated farming/ alfalfa hay/ maize silage/ barley/
pastures/ body weight/ body protein/ body fat/ calving
rate
Abstract: The long-term sustainability of animal
agriculture is examined in an ecological context. As an aid to
defining agriculture, animal agriculture, and sustainable
agriculture, a broad overview of the structural and functional
aspects of ecosystems is presented. Energy output/cultural energy
input ratios were then calculated for 11 beef cattle management
systems as relative measures of their long-term sustainability.
Energy output was estimated by direct conversion of whole body mass
of steers to caloric values. Cultural energy inputs were estimated
using published forage and cereal grain production budgets in
combination with estimated organic matter intakes. Cultural energy
inputs included raw materials, manufacturing, distribution,
maintenance, and depreciation of all equipment and products used in
a 250-animal cow-calf farm/ranch operation. Management systems
evaluated included 1) spring calving with slaughter beginning at
either weaning (age of calf approximately 6 mo) or after 84, 168,
or 252 d in postweaning finishing lot; 2) spring calving with
slaughter beginning at about 18 mo of age after either 0, 42, 84,
or 126 d in finishing lot; and 3) fall calving with slaughter
beginning at about 14 mo of age after either 63, 126, or 189 d in
finishing lot. Estimate efficiencies were < 1.0 in all
treatments, even wine: assumed marketed calf crop was 100%. Product
energy output/cultural energy input ratios ranged from a high of
.40 in the spring calving leads to stocker leads to 126 d in
finishing lot treatment to a low of .23 in the spring calving leads
to slaughter at weaning treatment. The low levels of efficiency
were found to be largely the result of the interaction effects of
the high levels of culture energy required to maintain a productive
cow herd and grow and finish calves in the rather harsh environment
of the Northern Great Plains. Result pointedly reveal the high
level of dependency of the U.S. beef cattle industry on fossil
fuels. These finding in turn bring into question the ecological and
economic risks associated with the current technology driving North
American animal agriculture.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
410. Ecotoxicity tests for compost
applications.
Kapanen, A and Itavaara,
M
Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety 49 (1):
1-16. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E29;
ISSN: 0147-6513
Descriptors:
enzymes/ microbe (Microorganisms)/
plant (Plantae)/ Microorganisms/ Plants/ biodegradation/ composted
material toxicity/ soil fauna
Abstract: Interest in the ecological effects of
composting has been growing recently. However, no established
methods are available for testing the toxicity of composted
materials. Despite this, international and national quality
requirements define that compost shall not contain any
environmentally harmful substances. Safety requirements have to be
fulfilled if the produced compost is intended for agricultural use.
This literature review focuses on methods that could potentially be
used to evaluate the ecotoxicity of compost. The toxicity test
methods discussed are those employing microbes, enzymes, soil
fauna, and plants.
© Thomson
411. Ecotoxicological risk assessment of soil
fauna recovery from pesticide application.
Straalen, N. M. van. and Rijn, J.
P. van
Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 154: 83-141. (1998)
NAL Call #:
TX501.R48;
ISSN: 0179-5953 [RCTOE4]
Descriptors:
soil fauna/ pesticides/ toxicology/
risk assessment / literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
412. Ecotoxicology and Wetland Ecosystems:
Current Understanding and Future Needs.
Catallo, W. J.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12 (12): 2209-2224.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:
wetlands/ contaminants/ ecosystem
analysis/ toxins/ ecosystems/ pollutants/ environmental policy/
aquatic environment/ literature reviews/ ecotoxicology/ Wetlands/
Sources and fate of pollution/ Freshwater pollution/ Pollution
Environment
Abstract: The term wetlands refers to a mosaic of
important ecosystems that typically form transition zones between
uplands and aquatic environments. These areas provide support
functions for natural and living resources and mediate
biogeochemical transformations of global significance. It is
becoming clear that the introduction of toxic and other
contaminants to large wetland areas has contributed to a series of
undesirable trends in habitat quality; availability of valuable
fish and wildlife; and quality of associated resources, including
surface and ground waters. The purpose of this review is to
indicate the importance of wetlands to regional and global ecology
and discusses research on the effects of contaminants in wetland
ecosystems. Areas of needed future research also are
suggested.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
413. Effect of Agricultural Production on the
Chemistry of Natural Waters: A Survey.
Khilchevskiy, V. K.
Hydrobiological Journal /
Gidrobiologicheskiy Zhurnal 29/30 (1): 82-93. (1994);
ISSN: 0018-8166
Descriptors:
literature reviews/ agricultural
pollution/ water pollution/ agricultural runoff/ literature review/
natural waters/ geochemistry/ nonpoint pollution sources/ erosion/
nonpoint pollution/ Characteristics, behavior and fate/ Sources and
fate of pollution/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: The effect of agriculture on the chemical
composition of natural waters is surveyed, focusing on the factors
through which it acts (chemical melioration, use of pesticides,
hydromelioration), the sources of pollution (surface runoff from
nonirrigated farming, drainage from reclaimed lands, effluent from
livestock-raising farms) and the role of erosion.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
414. Effect of animal production on
environment.
Vondraskova S
Studijni Informace
Zivocisna Vyroba 3:
1-31. (1998)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
415. Effect of Land Development and Forest
Management on Hydrologic Response in Southeastern Coastal Wetlands:
A Review.
Richardson, C. J. and Mccarthy, E.
J.
Wetlands 14 (1): 56-71. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:
forest industry/ land use/
hydrology/ United States, Southeast/ wetlands/ literature reviews/
United States, North Carolina/ resource management/ runoff/
evapotranspiration/ environmental impact/ land development/ forest
management/ hydrologic models/ environmental effects/ forest
management/ Mechanical and natural changes/ Ecosystems and
energetics/ Freshwater pollution/ Effects on water of human
nonwater activities/ Environmental degradation
Abstract: Land development activities such as
agriculture, clear cutting, peat mining, and the planting of forest
plantations on wetlands can affect the hydrologic behavior of these
ecosystems by affecting their water storage and release patterns on
the landscape. The effects of these development activities on
hydrologic fluxes in peatlands (Typic Medisaprists) were compared
to the effects of forest management practices in North Carolina
using a field-tested hydrologic simulation model (DRAINMOD).
Simulations revealed that natural peat-based (Histosol) pocosin
systems lose 66% (80 cm) of the 123 cm of average annual rainfall
by evapo-transpiration (ET) and 34% (42 cm/yr) via annual runoff.
Annual runoff values were 63 cm/yr for peat mining areas, 48 cm/yr
for cleared peatlands, 46 cm/yr for peatlands converted to
agriculture and 34 cm/yr for pine plantations, once the forest
canopy is closed. Thus, these wetlands alterations, except for
forestry, significantly increased runoff and decreased ET compared
to the natural ecosystem. Forest pine plantation management
decreased runoff and increased ET. A case study of the effects of
forest management practices was reviewed for a 15-year-old drained
loblolly pine plantation growing on fine sandy loam soils (Thermic
Typic umbraquults) in the coastal plains of North Carolina.
Forestry activities such as thinning (i.e., reduced leaf area index
by 50%) decreased ET and canopy interception and nearly doubled
drainage loss (38 cm/yr to 60 cm/yr). Commonly applied forest
practices, such as drainage, increased the average number of flow
events with flows > 5 mm/day to 86 days per year from 26 days
per year under natural conditions.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
416. The Effect of Macrobenthos on the Mass
Exchange at the Water-Sediment Interface (Review).
Brekhovskikh, V. F. and
Vishnevskaya, G. N.
Water Resources / Vodnye
Resursy 21 (3): 301-307.
(1994);
ISSN: 0097-8078
Descriptors:
Erosion and sedimentation/
Geochemistry of sediments
Abstract: The effect of macrobenthos on the mass
exchange at the water-sediment interface is considered. Evidence is
presented on the intensification of mass exchange processes in the
presence of benthos organisms, specifically, an increase in the
dissolved substance fluxes through the water-sediment interface,
the oxygen consumption by the sediment, as well as the washout of
bound bottom material.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
417. Effect of milk yield level and feeding
systems on N excretion in dairy cows.
Delaby L; Peyraud JL; and Verite
R.
In: 2emes rencontres autour des
recherches sur les ruminants. (Held 13 1995 at Paris, France.); pp. 349-353;
1995.
Notes: 10 ref.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
418. Effect of phytase on production parameters
and nutrient availability in broilers and laying hens: A
review.
Hatten, L. F.; Ingram, D. R.; and
Pittman, S. T.
Journal of Applied Poultry
Research 10 (3): 274-278.
(Fall 2001)
NAL Call #:
SF481.J68;
ISSN: 1056-6171
Descriptors:
broilers / hens/ phytase/ nutrient
availability/ poultry manure/ nutrient content/ phosphorus/
leaching/ runoff/ excretion/ water pollution/ feed additives/
cations/ calcium/ magnesium/ zinc/ copper/ nitrogen/ proteinases/
phytic acid/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
419. Effect of soil properties and water quality
on concentrated flow erosion (rills, ephermal gullies and
pipes).
Bradford, J. M.; Shainberg, I.;
Norton, L. D.; and United States-Israel Binational Agricultural
Research and Development Fund.
Bet Dagan, Israel: BARD; 1 v.
(various pagings): ill. (1996)
Notes: Final report. Project no. US-2039-91. Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: S623.B69--1996
Descriptors:
Soil erosion
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
420. Effect of Stream Channel Size on the
Delivery of Nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico: Nature.
Alexander, R. B.; Smith, R. A.; and
Schwarz, G. E.
Macmillan Journals, 2000.
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/nature/nature_alexetal.pdf
(preprint)
NAL Call #: TD223.5-.A64-2000
Descriptors:
Water---Nitrogen
content---Environmental aspects---Mexico, Gulf of/
Eutrophication---Control---Mexico, Gulf of/
Hypoxia---Water---Mexico, Gulf of/ Agricultural
chemicals---Environmental aspects---Mexico, Gulf of / Water
Pollution---Environmental aspects---Mexico, Gulf of/
Rivers---Environmental aspects---Mexico, Gulf of/ Stream
flow---Environmental aspects---Mexico, Gulf of/ Nitrogen/
Electronic publications/ Government publications/ Basins---Geology/
Mexico, Gulf of---Channels/ Mexico, Gulf of/ United States Dept of
the Interior---Geological Survey
Abstract: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
presents the article entitled "Effect of Stream Channel Size on the
Delivery of Nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico," written by Richard B.
Alexander, Richard A. Smith, and Gregory E. Schwarz. This paper
offers an analysis of data from 374 U.S. monitoring stations that
shows a rapid decline in the average first-order rate of nitrogen
loss with channel size. The authors find that the closeness of
sources to large streams and rivers is an important determinant of
nitrogen delivery to the estuary in the Mississippi
basin.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
421. The effectiveness and restoration potential
of riparian ecotones for the management of nonpoint source
pollution, particularly nitrate.
Fennessy, M S and Cronk, J
K
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 27 (4): 285-317. (1997)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
carbon/ nitrate: loading, pollutant,
removal, uptake/ nutrients: surface retention/ channel morphology/
denitrification/ land use/ nitrogen cycling/ nonpoint source
pollution/ restoration potential/ riparian ecotones/ seasonal
dynamics/ stream vegetation/ subsurface flow/ surface water
contamination/ terrestrial systems/ water quality
© Thomson
422. Effects of agricultural diversification on
the abundance, distribution, and pest control potential of spiders:
A review.
Sunderland, K. and Samu,
F.
Entomologia Experimentalis
et Applicata 1: 1-13.
(2000);
ISSN: 0013-8703
Descriptors:
Population density/ Population
dynamics/ Agricultural practices/ Pest control/ Araneae/
Agricultural & general applied entomology
Abstract: A review of the literature showed that
spider abundance was increased by diversification in 63% of
studies. A comparison of diversification modes showed that spider
abundance in the crop was increased in 33% of studies by
`aggregated diversification' (e.g. intercropping and non-crop
strips) and in 80% of studies by `interspersed diversification'
(e.g., undersowing, partial weediness, mulching and reduced
tillage). It is suggested that spiders tend to remain in
diversified patches and that extending the diversification
throughout the whole crop (as in interspersed diversification)
offers the best prospects for improving pest control. There is
little evidence that spiders walk in significant numbers into
fields from uncultivated field edges, but diversification at the
landscape level serves to foster large multi-species regional
populations of spiders which are valuable as a source of aerial
immigrants into newly planted crops. There are very few
manipulative field studies where the impact of spiders on pests has
been measured in diversified crops compared with undiversified
controls. It is encouraging, however, that in those few studies an
increased spider density resulted in improved pest control. Future
work needs are identified.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
423. Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) on
terrestrial vegetation: A review.
Krupa, S. V.
Environmental
Pollution 124 (2): 179-221.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491.
Notes: Number of References: 327
Descriptors:
ammonia/ effects/ terrestrial
vegetation/ ecosystems/ critical levels/ critical loads/ pine/
Pinus sylvestris/ Vulgaris l hull/ young coniferous trees/ long
term exposure/ root zone acidity/ bound amino acids/ Arnica Montana
l/ Flexuosa l trin/ nitrogen deposition/ air pollution
Abstract: At the global scale, among all N
(nitrogen) species in the atmosphere and their deposition on to
terrestrial vegetation and other receptors, NH3 (ammonia) is
considered to be the foremost. The major sources for atmospheric
NH3 are agricultural activities and animal feedlot operations,
followed by biomass burning (including forest fires) and to a
lesser extent fossil fuel combustion. Close to its sources, acute
exposures to NH3 can result in visible foliar injury on vegetation.
NH3 is deposited rapidly within the first 4-5 km from its source.
However, NH3 is also converted in the atmosphere to fine particle
NH4+ (ammonium) aerosols that are a regional scale problem. Much of
our current knowledge of the effects of NH3 on higher plants is
predominantly derived from studies conducted in Europe. Adverse
effects on vegetation occur when the rate of foliar uptake of NH3
is greater than the rate and capacity for in vivo detoxification by
the plants. Most to least sensitive plant species to NH3 are native
vegetation > forests > agricultural crops. There are also a
number of studies on N deposition and lichens, mosses and green
algae. Direct cause and effect relationships in most of those cases
(exceptions being those locations very close to point sources) are
confounded by other environmental factors, particularly changes in
the ambient SO2 (Sulfur dioxide) concentrations. In addition to
direct foliar injury, adverse effects of NH3 on higher plants
include alterations in: growth and productivity, tissue content of
nutrients and toxic elements, drought and frost tolerance,
responses to insect pests and disease causing microorganisms
(pathogens), development of beneficial root symbiotic or
mycorrhizal associations and inter species competition or
biodiversity. In all these cases, the joint effects of NH3 with
other air pollutants such as all-pervasive O-3 or increasing CO2
concentrations are poorly understood. While NH3 uptake in higher
plants occurs through the shoots, NH4+ uptake occurs through the
shoots, roots and through both pathways. However, NH4+ is immobile
in the soil and is converted to NO3- (nitrate). In agricultural
systems, additions of NO3- to the soil (initially as NH3 or NH4+)
and the consequent increases in the emissions of N2O (nitrous
oxide, a greenhouse gas) and leaching of NO3- into the ground and
surface waters are of major environmental concern. At the ecosystem
level NH3 deposition cannot be viewed alone, but in the context of
total N deposition. There are a number of forest ecosystems in
North America that have been subjected to N saturation and the
consequent negative effects. There are also heathlands and other
plant communities in Europe that have been subjected to N-induced
alterations. Regulatory mitigative approaches to these problems
include the use of N saturation data or the concept of critical
loads. Current information suggests that a critical load of 5-10 kg
ha(-1) year(-1) of total N deposition (both dry and wet deposition
combined of all atmospheric N species) would protect the most
vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems (heaths, bogs, cryptogams) and
values of 10-20 kg ha(-1) year(-1) would protect forests, depending
on soil conditions. However, to derive the best analysis, the
critical loa (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson ISI
424. Effects of Disturbance on Birds of
Conservation Concern in Eastern Oregon and Washington.
Bull, E. L. and Wales, B.
C.
Northwest Science
75 ([supplement]): 166-173.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
470-N81;
ISSN: 0029-344X
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Disturbance/ Rare species/
Conservation/ Fires/ Roads/ Human impact/ Forest management/ Aves/
Haliaeetus leucocephalus/ Falco peregrinus/ Histrionicus
histrionicus/ Bartramia longicauda/ Accipiter gentilis/ Buteo
regalis/ Leucosticte atrata/ Pinus ponderosa/ United States,
Washington/ United States, Oregon/ Birds/ Bald eagle/ Peregrine
falcon/ Harlequin duck/ Upland sandpiper/ Northern goshawk/
Ferruginous hawk/ Black Rosy finch/ Ponderosa Pine/
Management
Abstract: The effects on birds of forest insects,
tree diseases, wildfire, and management strategies designed to
improve forest health (e.g., thinning, prescribed burns, road
removal, and spraying with pesticides or biological microbial
agents) are discussed. Those bird species of concern that occur in
forested habitats in eastern Oregon and Washington include the bald
eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), peregrine falcon (Falco
peregrinus), harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus), upland
sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), northern goshawk (Accipiter
gentilis), ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis), and black rosy finch
(Leucosticte arctoa). In addition, seven species of woodpeckers and
nuthatches were considered because of their rare status. Forest
disturbances that create dead trees and logs are critical to
cavity-nesting birds because the dead trees with their subsequent
decay provide nesting and roosting habitat. The insects associated
with outbreaks or dead trees provide prey for the woodpeckers and
nuthatches. The loss of nest or roost trees as a result of
disturbance could be detrimental to bald eagles, goshawks, or
ferruginous hawks, while the loss of canopy cover could be
detrimental to harlequin ducks and goshawks or to prey of some of
the raptors. The more open canopies created by thinning may be
beneficial to a species like the black rosy finch, yet detrimental
to some woodpeckers due to a decrease in cover. Prescribed burning
may be beneficial to those woodpeckers primarily associated with
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands and detrimental to other
woodpeckers because of the loss of coarse woody debris. Removal of
roads is likely to benefit most of these species because of the
subsequent decrease in human activity. Recovery plans for bald
eagles and peregrine falcons are available for managers to use in
managing habitat for these species.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
425. Effects of forest management on soil C and
N storage: Meta analysis.
Johnson, D. W. and Curtis, P.
S.
Forest Ecology and
Management 140 (2/3):
227-238. (Jan. 2001)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127 [FECMDW]
Descriptors:
forest management/ forest soils/
carbon/ nitrogen/ soil fertility/ nutrient availability/ data
analysis/ carbon cycle/ nitrogen cycle/ logging/ species
differences/ logs/ forest fires/ prescribed burning/ wildfires/
charcoal/ organic matter/ vegetation/ nitrogen fixation/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
426. Effects of Forest Management on Surface
Water Quality in Wetland Forests.
Shepard, J. P.
Wetlands 14 (1): 18-26. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:
wetlands/ water quality/ forest
industry/ fertilizers/ harvesting/ literature reviews/
environmental impact/ United States/ nutrients (mineral)/
sediments/ resource management/ forest management/ literature
review/ logging/ environmental effects/ Ecosystems and energetics/
Mechanical and natural changes/ Freshwater pollution/ Effects on
water of human nonwater activities/ Environmental
degradation
Abstract: A literature review on the effects of
silvicultural practices on water quality in wetland forests was
conducted. The review summarized results from nine wetland forests
in five states (AL, FL, MI, NC, and SC). Silvicultural practices
assessed were timber harvesting (including thinning and
clearcutting), site preparation, bedding, planting, drainage, and
fertilization. Many of the studies reviewed observed increased
concentrations of suspended sediment and nutrients following
silvicultural operations when compared with undisturbed controls.
Water quality criteria were rarely exceeded by silvicultural
operations, however, and effects on water quality were transient.
Water quality parameters returned to undisturbed levels within a
period ranging from months to several years.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
427. Effects of hay management on grassland
songbirds in Saskatchewan.
Dale, B. C.; Martin, P. A.; and
Taylor, P. S.
Wildlife Society
Bulletin 25 (3): 616-626
(1997)
NAL Call #:
SK357.A1W5
Descriptors:
birds/ environmental impact/
agricultural practices
Abstract: Evaluated impacts of hay management on
endemic grassland birds.
428. Effects of land application of waste water
from Mexico City on soil fertility and heavy metal accumulation: A
bibliographical review.
Gutierrez Ruiz, M. E.; Siebe, C.;
and Sommer, I.
Environmental Review
3 (3/4): 318-330. (1995)
NAL Call #:
GE140.E59;
ISSN: 1181-8700
Descriptors:
waste water/ irrigation water/ heavy
metals/ concentration/ crops/ crop yield/ soil fertility/
nutrient
content/ soil salinity/ application
to land/ irrigation/ agricultural land/ Mexico
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
429. Effects of livestock grazing on stand
dynamics and soils in upland forests of the interior
west.
Belsky, A Joy and Blumenthal, Dana
M
Conservation Biology
11 (2): 315-327. (1997)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5;
ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors:
pine (Coniferopsida)/ gymnosperms/
plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ conservation/ livestock
grazing/ mixed conifer forests/ soil erosion/ species composition/
stand dynamics/ upland forests/ Western USA
Abstract: Many ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer
forests of the western, interior United States have undergone
substantial structural and compositional changes since settlement
of the West by Euro-Americans. Historically, these forests
consisted of widely spaced, fire-tolerant trees underlain by dense
grass swards. Over the last 100 years they have developed into
dense stands consisting of more fire-sensitive and
disease-susceptible species. These changes, sometimes referred to
as a decline in 'forest health,' have been attributed primarily to
two factors: active suppression of low-intensity fires (which
formerly reduced tree recruitment, especially of fire-sensitive,
shade-tolerant species), and selective logging of larger, more
fire-tolerant trees. A third factor, livestock grazing, is seldom
discussed, although it may be as important as the other two
factors. Livestock alter forest dynamics by (1) reducing the
biomass and density of understory grasses and sedges, which
otherwise outcompete conifer seedlings and prevent dense tree
recruitment, and (2) reducing the abundance of fine fuels, which
formerly carried low-intensity fires through forests. Grazing by
domestic livestock has thereby contributed to increasingly dense
western forests and to changes in tree species composition. In
addition, exclosure studies have shown that livestock alter
ecosystem processes by reducing the cover of herbaceous plants and
litter, disturbing and
compacting soils, reducing water
infiltration rates, and increasing soil erosion.
© Thomson
430. Effects of manure amendments on
environmental and production problems.
Moore, P. A. Jr.; Joern, B. C.;
Edwards, D. R.; Wood, C. W.; and Daniel, T. C.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
431. Effects of open marsh water management on
selected tidal marsh resources: A review.
Wolfe, R. J.
Journal of the American
Mosquito Control Association 12 (4): 701-712. (Dec. 1996)
NAL Call #:
QL536.J686;
ISSN: 8756-971X
Descriptors:
pest control/ marshes/ water
management/ reviews/ literature reviews/ aquatic insects/
literature review/ mosquito control/ ecological effects/ resources
management/ Culicidae/ Diptera/ Diptera/ Medical & veterinary
entomology/ Control/ Species interactions: pests and control/
Ecological impact of water development/ Brackish water
Abstract: Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) is a
method of salt-marsh mosquito control that advocates source
reduction and biological control through selective pond creation
and ditching in mosquito breeding areas. This method has been used
as an alternative to chemical insecticides in coastal wetlands for
30 years. This paper reviews the effects of OMWM on hydrology,
topography, vegetation, mosquitoes, invertebrates, fishes, birds,
mammals, and water quality. Other source reduction techniques and
the economics of OMWM are also discussed.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
432. Effects of pesticides and other organic
pollutants in the aquatic environment on immunity of fish: A
review.
Dunier, M. and Siwicki, A.
K.
Fish and Shellfish
Immunology 3 (6): 423-438.
(1993);
ISSN: 1050-4648
Descriptors:
pesticides/ organic compounds/
immunology/ disease resistance/ fish culture/ literature reviews/
pollutants/ immunity/ effects on/ aquatic environment/ Pisces/
reviews/ aquatic environments/ organic/ Fish culture/ Effects on
organisms/ Reviews/ Reviews/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: In the present paper the effects of
various pollutants from industry or agriculture on the fish immune
system are reviewed. The major xenobiotics involved as
immunomodulators are pesticides (insecticides, herbicides,
fungicides) and other organic pollutants such as polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and
tributyltin (TBT). Immunotoxicology in mammals has become a very
active discipline, but there remains a scarcity of information
concerning fish immunotoxicology. This review gathers the data
available on the effects of certain pollutants in the aquatic
environment on the humoral and cellular immunity of
fish.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
433. Effects of Pesticides on Soil and Water
Microflora and Mesofauna in Wetland Ricefields: A Summary of
Current Knowledge and Extrapolation to Temperate
Environments.
Roger, P. A.; Simpson, I.; Oficial,
R.; Ardales, S.; and Jimenez, R.
Australian Journal of
Experimental Agriculture 34
(7): 1057-1068. (1994)
NAL Call #:
23-Au792;
ISSN: 0816-1089
Descriptors:
reviews/ pesticides/ bibliographies/
wetlands/ rice/ temperate zone/ invertebrates/ fertilizers/
agricultural practices/ rice fields/ pollution effects/
microorganisms/ Invertebrata/ literature reviews/ agricultural
pollution/ data collections/ biodiversity/ Effects of pollution/
Effects on organisms/
Freshwater pollution
Abstract: This review summarises information on the
behaviour of pesticides and their impacts on microorganisms and
non-target invertebrates that was collected in, or is applicable
to, temperate wetland ricefields. An extensive bibliographic survey
shows that current knowledge is fragmentary and partly outdated.
Pesticides applied on soil at recommended levels rarely had a
detrimental effect on microbial populations or their activities.
They had more effect on invertebrate populations, inducing the
blooming of individual species of floodwater zooplankton and
reducing populations of aquatic oligochaetes in soil. Available
information raises concerns regarding the long-term effects of
pesticides on (i) microorganisms, primary producers, and
invertebrates of importance to soil fertility, (ii) predators of
rice pests and vectors, and (iii) microbial metabolism of
pesticides.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
434. Effects of Pollutants on Freshwater
Organisms.
Hall, S.; Chamberlain, J.; and
Godwin-Sadd, E.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 713-718.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ water pollution
effects/ surface water/ ecosystems/ toxicity/ aquatic environment/
aquatic life/ metals/ pesticides/ Effects of pollution
Abstract: A myriad of "pollutants" enter freshwater
from innumerable sources, and their effects on aquatic life are
exhibited from the cellular to ecosystem levels. Much research has
been published in these areas. This paper views some of the
published research on the effects of chemicals on freshwater
organisms.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
435. Effects of Pollution on Saltwater
Organisms.
Reish, D. J.; Oshida, P. S.;
Mearns, A. J.; and Ginn, T. C.
Water Environment
Research 65 (6): 573-585.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47
Descriptors:
Literature review/ Marine fisheries/
Marine life/ Marine pollution/ Oil pollution/ Reviews/ Toxicity/
Water pollution effects/ Bioassay/ Heavy metals/ Monitoring/
Organic compounds/ Organotin compounds/ Pesticides/ Polychlorinated
biphenyls/ Shellfish/ Toxicology/ Wastewater disposal/ Effects of
pollution
Abstract: The concentrations of metals, other
elements, and organic compounds (including pesticides and
polychlorinated biphenyls) in marine organisms were tabulated.
Marine debris, mostly in the form of plastic, has caused the death
of manatees off the Florida coast. Contamination of marine
sediments by pollutants has in turn caused an increase in the
incidence of tumors in marine fish. Abnormalities in mollusks
caused by tributyltin continue to be reported. Culture techniques
and early-life-stage (ELS) tests have been developed for the
topsmelt, Atherinops affinis. Comparative ELS tests indicate that
for 11 toxic chemicals, the topsmelt were equal to or more
sensitive than the commonly used east coast inland silversides. A
chemical toxicity and teratogenicity protocol was developed using
silverside embryos to determine the effects of microbial pest
control agents on fish eggs and larvae. Levels of heavy metals were
studied in fish near ocean wastewater discharge outfalls. Chlorine,
commonly used to disinfect wastewater and powerplant discharges,
was toxic to various stages of northern anchovy eggs and larvae at
concentrations well below recommended treatment doses. The effects
of oil pollution were studied in Antarctic and North Sea fish and
in Norway seal pups. New monitoring and assessment techniques for
marine pollution are reviewed. Several surveys of marine life and
communities showed the effects of marine sediment pollution and
water pollution in different parts of the world. Toxicity studies
were also performed in fish, shellfish, and microalgae exposed to
such pollutants as pesticides, wastewater sludge, mineral oil-based
drilling mud, Hibernia crude oil, arsenate, copper, cadmium,
mercury, lead, zinc, DDT, Arochlor 1254, and the water-soluble
fraction of diesel fuel. (Geiger-PTT) 35 050508002
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
436. Effects of prescribed burning on ecosystem
processes and attributes in pine/hardwood forests of the southern
Appalachians.
Vose, J. M.
Proceedings - Hardwood
Symposium of the Hardwood Research Council (22): 81-90. (1994)
NAL Call #:
SD397.H3H37;
ISSN: 0193-8495.
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium on
Opportunities for the Hardwood Industry to Address Environmental
Challenges held May 12-15, 1994, Cashiers, North Carolina. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
mixed forests/ ecosystems/ pinus/
hardwoods/ silvicultural systems/ prescribed burning/ revegetation/
species diversity/ nitrogen cycle/ nitrogen content/ losses from
soil/ water erosion/ streams/ water quality/ stand density/ forest
litter/ literature reviews/ North Carolina/ Appalachian states of
USA/ South Carolina/ fell and burn/ nitrogen pool/ nitrogen
loss
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
437. Effects of Rock Fragments on Soil Erosion
by Water at Different Spatial Scales: A Review.
Poesen, J. W.; Torri, D.; and
Bunte, K.
Catena 23 (1-2): 141-166. (1994)
NAL Call #:
GB400.C3;
ISSN: 0341-8162.
Notes: Special issue: Rock fragments in soil: Surface
dynamics
Descriptors:
soil erosion/ rocks/ sediment yield/
soil properties/ rill erosion/ soil conservation/ Erosion and
sedimentation
Abstract: This paper reviews the various effects of
rock fragments on soil erosion by water. Since these effects are
scale dependent, they are investigated at three different nested
spatial scales: the microplot (4 x 10 super(-6)-10 super(0) m
super(2)), the mesoplot (10 super(-2)-10 super(2) m super(2)) and
the macroplot (10 super(1)-10 super(4) m super(2). For each scale
the corresponding process mechanisms are discussed. Particular
attention is paid to the effects of rock fragment cover on the
intensity of soil erosion processes. At the mesoplot scale, i.e. on
interrill areas, rock fragments at the soil surface can have
negative as well as positive effects on sediment yield. These
ambivalent effects are conditioned by the type of fine earth
porosity, soil surface slope, vertical position and size of rock
fragments and by the occurrence of horseshoe vortex erosion. At the
microplot scale, i.e. the soil surface area which is covered by a
single rock fragment, and at the macroplot scale, i.e. upland areas
where both interrill and rill erosion takes place, rock fragments
at the soil surface have a negative effect on sediment yield. In
these two scales rock fragments can thus be considered as natural
soil surface stabilizers. At the macroplot scale the mean decrease
of relative interrill and rill sediment yield with rock fragment
cover can be expressed by an exponential decay function. The
scatter of the data indicates that a given rock fragment cover can
have different efficiencies in reducing interrill and rill sediment
yield depending on the varying intensities of the hydrological and
erosion subprocesses. These findings have implications for erosion
modelling and soil conservation.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
438. Effects of Sedimentation and Turbidity on
Lotic Food Webs: A Concise Review for Natural Resource
Managers.
Henley, W. F.; Patterson, M. A.;
Neves, R. J.; and Lemly, A. D.
Reviews in Fisheries
Science 8 (2): 125-139.
(2000);
ISSN: 1064-1262
Descriptors:
Sediment load/ Nephelometers/
Trophic levels/ Environmental impact/ Ecosystem disturbance/ Water
quality control/ Population dynamics/ Food chains/ Turbidity/
Environment management/ Zooplankton/ Sedimentation/ Mollusks/ Fish/
Insects/ Watersheds/ Suspended Sediments/ Monitoring/ Streams/
Habitat community studies/ Mechanical and natural changes/ Erosion
and sedimentation
Abstract: Sedimentation and turbidity are
significant contributors to declines in populations of North
American aquatic organisms. Impacts to lotic fauna may be expressed
through pervasive alterations in local food chains beginning at the
primary trophic level. Decreases in primary production are
associated with increases in sedimentation and turbidity and
produce negative cascading effects through depleted food
availability to zooplankton, insects, freshwater mollusks, and
fish. Direct effects at each trophic level are mortality, reduced
physiological function, and avoidance; however, decreases in
available food at trophic levels also result in depressed rates of
growth, reproduction, and recruitment. Impacts of turbidity to
aquatic organisms often seem inconsistent among watersheds and
experiments, but this apparent difference is actually due to the
lack of correlation between suspended sediment concentrations
(mg/L) and units of measure (Nephelometric Turbidity Units, NTU).
The use of NTU as a surrogate measurement of suspended sediment to
predict biotic effects within watersheds is dubious. Similar NTU
measurements from different watersheds may be correlated with
different concentrations of suspended sediment. For monitoring the
effects of turbidity within local watersheds, we recommend that the
correlation between suspended sediment and NTUs be examined over a
range of discharge recordings, and that this be used as a baseline
to examine local effects. We recommend that riparian buffer strips
and livestock fencing be used to reduce sediment input to
streams.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
439. Effects of soil abiotic processes on the
bioavailability of anthropogenic organic residues.
Ruggiero, P.; Pizzigallo, M. D. R.;
and Crecchio, C.
In: Ecological significance of the
interactions among clay minerals, organic matter and soil biota:
3rd Symposium on Soil Mineral-Organic Matter-Microorganism
Interactions and Ecosystem Health. (Held 22 May 2000-26 May 2000 at Naples-Capri,
Italy.) Violante, A.; Huang, P. M.; Bollag, J. M.; and Gianfreda,
L. (eds.); pp. 95-133; 2002.
ISBN: 0-444-51039-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
440. Effects of soil solution on the dynamics of
N2O emissions: A review.
Heincke, M. and Kaupenjohann,
M.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 55 (2):
133-157. (Oct. 1999)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC]
Descriptors:
soil solution/ nitrous oxide/
emission/ soil air/ solubility/ nitrogen/ nutrient balance/
leaching/ mathematical models/ soil water content/ soil
temperature/ movement in soil/ literature reviews
Abstract: In this review, which consists of two
parts, major interactions between nitrous oxide (N2O) and soil
solution are described. In the first part, as an introduction,
concentrations of dissolved N2O in different aqueous systems are
summarized. An inventory of data on maximal N2O concentrations in
soil solution (up to 9984 micrograms N2O-N l-1 and in soil air up
to 8300 ppm) from literature is presented. The peak N2O
concentrations represent a N2O supersaturation in the soil solution
up to 30000 times with respect to ambient air and a soil air N2O
concentration about 25000 times higher than in the atmosphere. The
main physicochemical parameters (solubility, diffusion) controlling
N2O distribution between soil solution and soil air are outlined.
The influences of cultivation practice, nitrogen turnover, water
content and temperature on N2O accumulation in soil solution and
soil air are reviewed. In the second part some models of N2O
dynamics in soils are discussed with emphasis on N2O transport
processes. A simple qualitative scheme is developed to categorize
the effects of the soil solution on N2O dynamics in soils. In this
scheme the temporary, intensive N2O oversaturation of the soil
solution is interpreted as a result of gas diffusion inhibition by
water (barrier function of soil solution) resulting in an
accumulation of N2O. In addition, N2O supersaturation is an
indication that transitory much N2O can be stored in the soil
solution (storage function of soil solution). Where the soil
solution flows up-, down- or sidewards it can act as a relevant
transport medium for dissolved N2O (transport function of soil
solution). This scheme is applied to examples from the
literature.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
441. Effects of timber management on the
hydrology of wetland forests in the southern United
States.
Sun, G.; Mcnulty, S. G.; Shepard,
J. P.; Amatya, D. M.; Riekerk, H.; Comerford, N. B.; Skaggs, W.;
and Swift, L. Jr.
Forest Ecology and
Management 143 (1/3):
227-236. (Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127 [FECMDW].
Notes: Special issue: The science of managing forests
to sustain water resources / edited by R.T. Brooks and N. Lust.
Paper presented at a conference held November 8-11, 1998,
Sturbridge, Massachusetts. Includes references.
Descriptors:
forests/ wetlands/ forest
management/ hydrology/ logging/ site preparation/ drainage/
simulation models/ geographical information systems/ water table/
groundwater level/ storms/ runoff/ spatial variation/ temporal
variation/ evapotranspiration/ literature reviews/ Alabama/
Georgia/ South Carolina/ Texas/ Virginia/ North Carolina/
Florida
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
442. The Effects of Uv-B Radiation and
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (Edcs) on the Biology of
Amphibians.
Crump, D.
Environmental Reviews
9 (2): 61-80. (2001)
NAL Call #:
GE140.E59;
ISSN: 1208-6053
Descriptors:
Toxicity / Xenobiotics/ Chemical
pollution/ Pollution effects/ Ultraviolet radiation/ Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons/ Pesticides/ endocrine disruptors/ population
decline/ metamorphosis/ Breeding success/ Survival/ Mortality/
Population dynamics/ Water Pollution Effects/ Ecological Effects/
Animal Populations/ Amphibians/ Growth/ Sexual Reproduction/
Reviews/ Amphibia/ Amphibians/ endocrine disrupting chemicals/
endocrine disrupters/ Freshwater pollution/ Effects on organisms/
Effects of pollution
Abstract: Statistical meta-analysis of large and
diverse data sets has indicated that amphibians have been declining
worldwide since the 1960s. Exposure to UV-B radiation (280-320 nm)
and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been considered as
possible hypotheses to explain the observed declines. Equivocal
conclusions have been reached with respect to the effects of UV-B
on amphibian populations. Field and laboratory studies employing
both ecologically relevant and enhanced UV-B levels have been
conducted using a variety of amphibian species and reports differ
with respect to the most sensitive developmental stage and the
ultimate implications. UV-B radiation has also been shown to
interact with other stressors (e.g., pesticides, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, low pH) resulting in decreased survivorship
for several amphibian species. Limited evidence of reproductive
toxicity of xenobiotics in amphibians exist; however, early
exposure to EDCs could cause abnormal development of the amphibian
reproductive system, inhibit vital hormone messages that drive
metamorphosis, and ultimately contribute to the decline of some
amphibian populations. The available evidence suggests that more
than one agent is contributing to amphibian population declines and
the following review narrows the focus to address the existing data
on the effects of UV-B, alone and in combination with other
stressors, and EDCs on amphibian survivorship and
development.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
443. Effects of windbreaks on airflow,
microclimates and crops yields.
Cleugh, H. A.
Agroforestry Systems
41 (1): 55-84. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366 [AGSYE6].
Notes: Special issue: Windbreaks in support of
agricultural production in Australia / edited by R. Prinsley.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
shelterbelts/ microclimate/ crop
yield/ crops/ air flow/ evaporation/ mathematical
models/ turbulence/ permeability/
air
temperature/ relative humidity/
heat/ shade/ lodging/ water use efficiency/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
444. Efficiency and uniformity of the LEPA and
spray sprinkler methods: A review.
Schneider, A. D.
Transactions of the
ASAE 43 (4): 937-944. (July
2000-Aug. 2000)
NAL Call #:
290.9-Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351 [TAAEAJ]
Descriptors:
sprinkler irrigation/ application
methods/ runoff/ evaporation/ drift/ efficiency/ low energy
precision application/ uniformity coefficient
Abstract: Application efficiencies and uniformity
coefficients reported for the low energy precision application
(LEPA) and spray sprinkler irrigation methods are reviewed and
summarized. The relative sizes of the water loss pathways for the
two sprinkler methods are also summarized. With negligible runoff
and deep percolation, reported application efficiencies for LEPA
are typically in the 95 to 98% range. Measurements such as chemical
tracers, weighing lysimeter catches, and energy balance modeling
are believed to be more accurate than small collector measurements
for estimating spray application efficiency. Spray application
efficiencies based on these other measurements exceed 90% when
runoff and deep percolation are negligible. Because of the start
and stop nature of mechanical move irrigation systems, uniformity
coefficients for LEPA and spray are measured both along the
irrigation system mainline and in the direction of travel. Along
the mainline, reported uniformity coefficients are generally in the
0.94 to 0.97 range for LEPA and in the 0.75 to 0.85 range for
spray. In the direction of travel, the uniformity coefficients are
generally in the 0.75 to 0.85 range for LEPA with furrow diking and
in the 0.75 to 0.90 range for spray. On start and stop sprinkler
systems, basin tillage on a 2 to 4 m spacing is critical for
uniform LEPA irrigation because the basins prevent runoff and
average the applications during several unequal start and stop
times. Runoff is the largest potential water loss pathway for both
LEPA and spray irrigation. For the spray method, runoff can exceed
either droplet evaporation and drift or non-beneficial canopy
evaporation.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
445. Efficiency of nutrient utilization and
sustaining soil fertility with particular reference to
phosphorus.
Helyar, K. R.
Field Crops Research
56 (1/2): 187-195. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB183.F5;
ISSN: 0378-4290 [FCREDZ].
Notes: Special issue: Nutrient use efficiency in rice
cropping systems / edited by K.G. Cassman and H.R. Lafitte.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ nutrition physiology/
soil fertility/ use efficiency/ sustainability/ phosphorus
fertilizers/ crop management/ economic analysis/ cultivars/
nutrient availability/ application rates/ runoff/ erosion/
leachates/ crop yield/ roots/ rotations/ surface area/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
446. Efficient feed nutrient utilization to
reduce pollutants in poultry and swine manure.
Nahm, K H
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 32 (1): 1-16. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
amino acids: feed additive,
synthetic/ ammonia: emissions/ enzymes: feed supplement/ growth
promoting substances/ nitrogen: environmental contaminant,
nutrient/ phosphorus: environmental contaminant, nutrient/ phytase:
feed supplement/ protein: reduced feed content/ chicken
(Galliformes): broiler, chick, commercial species, layer,
livestock/ pig (Suidae): commercial species, finishing, livestock,
piglet/ Animals / Artiodactyls/ Birds/ Chordates/ Mammals/ Nonhuman
Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ diet modification/
efficient feed nutrient utilization/ feed manufacturing technique
modification/ highly digestible raw feed materials/ manure dry
matter weight [manure DM weight]/ odor/ pollutant reduction/
poultry manure: environmental contaminant/ swine manure:
environmental contaminant
© Thomson
447. Effluent treatment: Options for treating
pig slurry.
Kilgallen P and O'Shea
J.
In: Concepts in pig science 2001:
The 3rd annual Turtle Lake Pig Science Conference.
Lyons TP and Cole DJ
(eds.)
Nottingham, UK: Nottingham
University Press; pp. 97-105; 2001.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
448. Efforts by industry to improve the
environmental safety of pesticides.
James, J. R.; Tweedy, B. G.; and
Newby, L. C.
Annual Review of
Phytopathology 31: 423-439.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
464.8-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4286 [APPYAG]
Descriptors:
pesticides/ agricultural chemicals/
environmental impact/ product development/ environmental
protection/ toxicology/ safety/ health hazards/ trends/ plant
disease control/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
449. El Nino as a window of opportunity for the
restoration of degraded arid ecosystems.
Holmgren, Milena and Scheffer,
Marten
Ecosystems 4 (2): 151-159. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E3645;
ISSN: 1432-9840
Descriptors:
El Nino Southern Oscillation [ENSO]/
agriculture/ alternative stable states/ arid ecosystems:
degradation, restoration/ biomass depletion/ climatic oscillation/
desertification/ graphic models/ overexploitation/ overgrazing/
rangelands/ soil erosion/ vegetation shifts/ wood
harvesting
Abstract: Most arid ecosystems have suffered from
severe overexploitation by excessive wood harvesting, overgrazing,
and agriculture, resulting in depletion of vegetation biomass and
soil erosion. These changes are often difficult to reverse due to
positive feedbacks that tend to stabilize the new situation. In
this paper, we briefly review evidence for the idea that different
states in these ecosystems might represent alternative equilibria
and present a graphic model that summarizes the implications for
their response to changing environmental conditions. We show how,
in the light of this theoretical framework, climatic oscillations
such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) could be used in
combination with grazer control to restore degraded and ecosystems.
We also present evidence that, depending on grazing pressure, ENSO
episodes can trigger structural and long-lasting changes in these
ecosystems.
© Thomson
450. Electrical conductivity methods for
measuring and mapping soil salinity.
Rhoades, J. D.
Advances in Agronomy 49:
201-251. (1993)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
soil salinity/ mapping/ measurement/
methodology/ sensors/ site factors/ electrical conductivity/
irrigated soils/ literature reviews/ mathematical models/ soil
physical properties
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
451. Eliminating waste: Strategies for
sustainable manure management: Review.
Richard, T. L. and Choi, H.
L.
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 12 (7):
1162-1169. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7;
ISSN: 1011-2367
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
452. Emerging Pathogens: Viruses, Protozoa, and
Algal Toxins.
AWWA Research Division
Microbiological Contaminants Research Committee
Journal of the American
Water Works Association 91
(9): 110-121. (1999);
ISSN: 0003-150X.
Notes: Title: Committee Report
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Water borne diseases/ Water
supplies/ Drinking water/ Water treatment/ Pathogens/ Protozoa/
Algae/ Toxins/ Viruses/ Water Quality/ Bacteria/ Data Collections/
Calicivirus/ Enterovirus/ Hepatitis D virus/ Norwalk virus/
Cyanophyta/ Microsporidia/ Toxoplasma gondii/ Cyclospora/ viruses/
Epidemiology/ Other water systems/ Protozoa: human/ Water treatment
and distribution/ Plants
Abstract: The list of constituents of concern in
drinking water now includes viruses, protozoa, and algal toxins as
well as more widely known bacteria. Information about these less
well known constituents can be difficult to gather, a difficulty
this AWWA committee report helps to alleviate. The report reviews
six increasingly important viral and protozoan organisms and an
algal toxin, all of which are documented in water and have been
linked to disease: the caliciviruses, particularly Norwalk virus,
enteroviruses, and hepatitis virus; the protozoans Cyclospora,
microsporidia, and Toxoplasma gondii; and cyanobacterial toxins.
The good news is that none of these constituents is considered of
great concern in drinking water treatment. Norwalk virus and other
caliciviruses, Cyclospora, microsporidia, and algal toxins are
rated as of moderate concern, largely because waterborne outbreaks
are documented for most, but little is known about their occurrence
or how to control them. This report will serve as a convenient
first source of information for water suppliers.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
453. Emission of nitrous oxide from salts used
for agriculture.
Freney, J. R.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 49 (1/3): 1-6.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC].
Notes: Paper presented at the International Symposium
on "Soil-Source and Sink of Greenhouse Gases" held September 18-21,
1995, Nanjing, China. Includes references.
Descriptors:
agricultural soils/ nitrous oxide/
emission/ losses from soil/ sources/ biomass/ prescribed burning/
nitrification/ denitrification/ nitrogen fertilizers/ nitrogen
fixing bacteria/ anaerobiosis/ flooding/ soil management/ nitrogen/
use efficiency/ reviews/ greenhouse gases
Abstract: Nitrous oxide is emitted into the
atmosphere as a result of biomass burning, and biological processes
in soils. Biomass burning is not only an instantaneous source of
nitrous oxide, but it results in a longer term enhancement of the
biogenic production of this gas. Measurements of nitrous oxide
emissions from soils before and after a controlled burn showed that
significantly more nitrous oxide was exhaled after the burn. The
current belief is that 90% of the emissions come from soils.
Nitrous oxide is formed in soils during the microbiological
processes nitrification and denitrification. Because nitrous oxide
is a gas it can escape from soil during these transformations.
Nitrous oxide production is controlled by temperature, pH, water
holding capacity of the soil, irrigation practices, fertilizer
rate, tillage practice, soil type, oxygen concentration,
availability of carbon, vegetation, land use practices and use of
chemicals. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils are
increased by the addition of fertilizer nitrogen and by the growth
of legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen. A recent analysis suggests
that emissions of nitrous oxide from fertilized soils are not
related to the type of fertilizer nitrogen applied and emissions
can be calculated from the amount of nitrogen applied. Legumes also
contribute to nitrous oxide emission in a number of ways, viz.
atmospheric nitrogen fixed by legumes can be nitrified and
denitrified in the same way as fertilizer nitrogen, thus providing
a source of nitrous oxide, and symbiotically living Rhizobia in
root nodules are able to denitrify and produce nitrous oxide.
Conversion of tropical forests to crop production and pasture has a
significant effect on the emission of nitrous oxide. Emissions of
nitrous oxide increased by about a factor of two when a forest in
central Brazil was clear cut, and pasture soils in the same area
produced three times as much nitrous oxide as adjacent forest
soils. Studies on temperate and tropical rice fields show that less
than 0.1% of the applied nitrogen is emitted as nitrous oxide if
the soils are flooded for a number of days before fertilizer
application. However, if mineral nitrogen is present in the soil
before flooding it will serve as a source of nitrous oxide during
wetting and drying cycles before permanent flooding. Thus dry
seeded rice can be a source of considerable nitrous oxide. There
are also indirect contributions to nitrous oxide emission through
volatilization of ammonia and emission of nitric oxides into the
atmosphere, and their redistribution over the landscape through wet
and dry deposition. In general nitrous oxide emissions can be
decreased by management practices which optimize the crop's natural
ability to compete with processes whereby plant available nitrogen
is lost from the soil-plant system. If these options
were
implemented they would also result
in increased productivity and reduced inputs.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
454. Emission of pesticides into the
air.
Berg, F. van den; Kubiak, R.;
Benjey, W. G.; Majewski, M. S.; Yates, S. R.; Reeves, G. L.; Smelt,
J. H.; and Linden, A. M. A. van der.
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 115 (1/4): 195-218.
(Oct. 1999)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979 [WAPLAC].
Notes: Special section: Fate of pesticides in the
atmosphere: Implications for environmental risk assessment.
Proceedings of a workshop held April 22-24, 1998, Driebergen, The
Netherlands. Includes references.
Descriptors:
pesticides/ pesticide residues/
emission/ air/ air pollution/ air pollutants/ volatilization/
drift/ agricultural soils/ polluted soils/ greenhouses/ simulation
models/ mathematical models/ literature reviews/ regional
emissions
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
455. Emissions of aerial pollutants in livestock
buildings in northern Europe: Overview of a multinational
project.
Wathes, C. M.; Phillips, V. R.;
Holden, M. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Short, J. L.; White, R. P.; Hartung,
J.; Seedorf, J.; Schroder, M.; and Linkert, K. H.
Journal of Agricultural
Engineering Research 70 (1):
3-9. (May 1998)
NAL Call #:
58.8-J82;
ISSN: 0021-8634 [JAERA2].
Notes: Special issue: Emissions of aerial pollutants in
livestock buildings in Northern Europe / edited by D. White, C. M.
Wathes and V. R. Phillips. Includes references.
Descriptors:
air pollution/ animal housing/
emission/ research projects/ organization of research/ methodology/
international cooperation/ environmental protection/ England/
Netherlands/ Denmark/ Germany
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
456. Emissions of N2O and NO associated with
nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the potential
for mitigation.
Smith, K A; McTaggart, I P; and
Tsuruta, H
Soil Use and
Management 13 (4
[supplement]): 296-304. (1997)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68;
ISSN: 0266-0032
Descriptors:
nitric oxide: emission, greenhouse
gas/ nitrogen: fertilizer/ nitrous oxide: emission, greenhouse gas/
greenhouse gas emission mitigation potential/ intensive
agriculture
Abstract: Increases in the atmospheric
concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O) contribute to global warming
and to ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Nitric oxide (NO) is a
cause of acid rain and tropospheric ozone. The use of N fertilizers
in agriculture has direct and indirect effects on the emissions of
both these gases, which are the result of microbial nitrification
and denitrification in the soil, and which are controlled
principally by soil water and mineral N contents, temperature and
labile organic matter. The global emission of N2O from cultivated
land is now estimated at 3.5 Tg N annually, of which 1.5 Tg has
been directly attributed to synthetic N fertilizers, out of a total
quantity applied in 1990 of about 77Tg N. This amount was 150%
above the 1970 figure. The total fertilizer-induced emissions of NO
are somewhere in the range 0.5-5 Tg N. Mineral N fertilizers can
also be indirect as well as direct sources of N2O and NO emissions,
via deposition of volatilized NH3 on natural ecosystems and
denitrification of leached nitrate in subsoils, waters and
sediments. IPCC currently assume an N2O emission factor of 1.25 +-
1.0% of fertilizer N applied. No allowance is made for different
fertilizer types, on the basis that soil management and cropping
systems, and unpredictable rainfall inputs, are more important
variables. However, recent results show substantial reductions in
emissions from grassland by matching fertilizer type to
environmental conditions, and in arable systems by using controlled
release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors. Also, better
timing and placement of N, application of the minimum amount of N
to achieve satisfactory yield, and optimization of soil physical
conditions, particularly avoidance of excessive wetness and
compaction, would be expected to reduce the average emission factor
for N2O. Some of these adjustments would also reduce NO emissions.
However, increasing global fertilizer use is likely to cause an
upward trend in total emissions even if these mitigating practices
become widely adopted.
© Thomson
457. Emissions of organic air toxics from open
burning: A comprehensive review.
Lemieux, P. M.; Lutes, C. C.; and
Santoianni, D. A.
Progress in Energy and
Combustion Science 30 (1):
1-32. (2004);
ISSN: 0360-1285.
Notes: Number of References: 93; Publisher:
Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd
Descriptors:
Environmental Engineering &
Energy/ uncontrolled combustion/ open burning/ HAPS/ air toxics/
emissions/ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ dibenzo p dioxins/
Kuwaiti oil fires/ molecular tracers/ landfill fires/ aerosols/
waste/ identification/ combustion/ particle
Abstract: Emissions from open burning, on a mass
pollutant per mass fuel (emission factor) basis, are greater than
those from well-controlled combustion sources. Some types of open
burning (e.g. biomass) are large sources on a global scale in
comparison to other broad classes of sources (e.g. mobile and
industrial sources). A detailed literature search was performed to
collect and collate available data reporting emissions of organic
air toxics from open burning sources. The sources that were
included in this paper are: Accidental Fires, Agricultural Burning
of Crop Residue, Agricultural Plastic Film, Animal Carcasses,
Automobile Shredder Fluff Fires, Camp Fires, Car-Boat-Train (the
vehicle not cargo) Fires, Construction Debris Fires, Copper Wire
Reclamation, Crude Oil and Oil Spill Fires, Electronics Waste,
Fiberglass, Fireworks, Grain Silo Fires, Household Waste, Land
Clearing Debris (biomass), Landfills/Dumps, Prescribed Burning and
Savanna/Forest Fires, Structural Fires, Tire Fires, and Yard Waste
Fires. Availability of data varied according to the source and the
class of air toxics of interest. Volatile organic compound (VOC)
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) data were available for
many of the sources. Non-PAH semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC)
data were available for several sources. Carbonyl and
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofuran
(PCDD/F) data were available for only a few sources. There were
several known sources for which no emissions data were available at
all. It is desirable that emissions from those sources be tested so
that the relative degree of hazard they pose can be assessed.
Several observations were made including: Biomass open burning
sources typically emitted less VOCs than open burning sources with
anthropogenic fuels on a mass emitted per mass burned basis,
particularly those where polymers were concerned. Biomass open
burning sources typically emitted less SVOCs and PAHs than
anthropogenic sources on a mass emitted per mass burned basis.
Burning pools of crude oil and diesel fuel produced significant
amounts of PAHs relative to other types of open burning. PAH
emissions were highest when combustion of polymers was taking
place. Based on very limited data, biomass open burning sources
typically produced higher levels of carbonyls than anthropogenic
sources on a mass emitted per mass burned basis, probably due to
oxygenated structures resulting from thermal decomposition of
cellulose. It must be noted that local bum conditions could
significantly change these relative levels. Based on very limited
data, PCDD/F and other persistent bioaccumulative toxic (PBT)
emissions varied greatly from source to source and exhibited
significant variations within source categories. This high degree
of variation is likely due to a combination of factors, including
fuel composition, fuel heating value, bulk density, oxygen
transport, and combustion conditions. This highlights the
importance of having acceptable test data for PCDD/F and PBT
emissions from open burning so that contributions of sources to the
overall PCDD/F and PBT emissions inventory can be better
quantified. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
© Thomson ISI
458. Encyclopedia of pest management.
Pimentel, D.: Marcel Dekker; 903 p.
(2002); ISBN:
0824708474
Descriptors:
disease and pest management/
integrated pest management/ pests/ pest control/ laws and
regulations/ semiochemicals/ pesticides/ pesticide application/
human health/ cost analysis
459. Encyclopedia of soil science.
Lal, R.: Marcel Dekker; 1450 p.
(2002); ISBN:
0824708466
Descriptors:
soil science/ agriculture/ soil
productivity/ sustainable agriculture/ environmental
quality
460. Encyclopedia of water science.
Stewart, B. A. and Howell, T.
A.
New York: Marcel Dekker.
(2003); ISBN:
0824709489
Descriptors:
Agricultural water supply/ Water in
agriculture/ Irrigation efficiency
461. Endangered species and irrigated
agriculture: Water resource competition in western river
systems.
Moore, Michael R.; Mulville,
Aimee.; Weinberg, Marca.; and United States. Dept. of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service; iv, 20 p.: ill., maps;
Series: Agriculture information bulletin no. 720 (An Economic
Research Service report). (1995)
Notes: Cover title. Distributed to depository libraries
in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 97-0500-M. "November 1995"--P.
[i]. Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-19). SUDOCS: A
1.75:720.
NAL Call #: Fiche--S-133-A-1.75:720-
Descriptors:
Endangered species---West---United
States/ Water resources development---West---United States/
Irrigation farming---West---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
462. Engineering systems to enhance irrigation
performance.
Hoffman, G. J. and Martin, D.
L.
Irrigation Science
14 (2): 53-63. (1993)
NAL Call #:
S612.I756;
ISSN: 0342-7188 [IRSCD2].
Notes: Paper presented at the First Volcani
International Symposium on The Limits of Water Use Efficiency in
Agriculture, October 1992, Bet Dagan, Israel. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
irrigation systems/ water use
efficiency/ irrigation water/ engineering/ surface irrigation/
sprinkler irrigation/ irrigation scheduling/ performance/
microirrigation
Abstract: The desirable irrigation system applies
water at a rate that allows all water to infiltrate and distributes
the water in space and time to match crop requirements in each
parcel of the field. Various types of irrigation systems and
management strategies have been developed in attempts to achieve
the "desired" system. Our objective is to review various methods of
enhancing irrigation performance. Although the "desired" system has
not been attained, considerable improvements have been made based
upon selection and management technologies which generate profits
within the constraints of environmental prudence. Each irrigation
system has inherent opportunities for enhancing irrigation
performance. Likewise, each has limitations in achieving maximum
crop productivity per unit of applied water. Methods to improve the
performance or surface irrigation can be grouped into those that
increase the uniformity of water intake, reduce runoff losses, or
decrease spatial variability. Two surface irrigation systems that
enhance performance are surge-flow and level-basin. The uniformity
and efficiency of sprinkler systems can be enhanced by
computer-based design procedures and, in some cases, by applying
low-energy, precision application concepts. Advantages of
microirrigation are less surface area wetted, which minimizes
evaporation and weed growth, and improved application uniformity
which is specifically designed into the distribution network. An
appropriate management strategy is necessary to attain the
potential of an irrigation system engineered to match crop water
requirements, and soil and environmental conditions. The best
irrigation method applies the amount of water desired at the
appropriate time while providing for leaching requirements,
agronomic operations, and environmental considerations. With
enhanced engineering and computer capabilities and improved
knowledge of the soil-plant-water continuum, irrigators will adopt
"prescription" irrigation. Prescription systems apply precisely the
prescribed amounts of water, nutrients. and pesticides to match the
production capacity of each parcel of land.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
463. Enhancing riparian habitat for fish,
wildlife, and timber in managed forests.
Newton, Michael; Willis, Ruth;
Walsh, Jennifer; Cole, Elizabeth; and Chan, Samuel
Weed Technology 10 (2): 429-438. (1996)
NAL Call #:
SB610.W39;
ISSN: 0890-037X
Descriptors:
conifer (Coniferopsida)/ fish
(Pisces Unspecified) / Pisces (Pisces Unspecified)/ animals/
chordates/ fish/ gymnosperms/ nonhuman vertebrates/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ vertebrates/ conservation/
forestry/ riparian habitat
Abstract: The productivity of riparian sites in
managed forests can be focused to provide productive fish and
wildlife habitat while yielding most of its productive capacity for
other than amenity values. Establishment of habitat protection
goals and measures of achievement permit flexible approaches for
meeting them. Once the protection standards are set, intensive
management of the woody cover is logically dependent on minimum
disturbance methods, in general, for both vegetation management and
harvest. Several currently registered chemical products and
non-chemical methods are helpful and safe in achieving both yield
and protection goals.
© Thomson
464. Enhancing the carbon sink in European
agricultural soils: Including trace gas fluxes in estimates of
carbon mitigation potential.
Smith, P.; Goulding, K. W.; Smith,
K. A.; Powlson, D. S.; Smith, J. U.; Falloon, P.; and Coleman,
K.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 60 (1/3):
237-252. (2001)
NAL Call #:
S631 .F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC]
Descriptors:
agricultural soils/ carbon/ efflux/
climatic change/ methane/ gases/ forestry/ land use/ animal
manures/ sewage sludge/ no-tillage/ rotations/ woodlands/
bioenergy/ agricultural land/ ecosystems/ environmental impact/
literature reviews/ Europe
Abstract: The possibility that the carbon sink in
agricultural soils can be enhanced has taken on great political
significance since the Kyoto Protocol was finalised in December
1997. The Kyoto Protocol allows carbon emissions to be offset by
demonstrable removal of carbon from the atmosphere. Thus, forestry
activities (Article 3.3) and changes in the use of agricultural
soils (Article 3.4) that are shown to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels
may be included in the Kyoto emission reduction targets. The
European Union is committed to a reduction in CO2 emissions to 92%
of baseline (1990) levels during the first commitment period
(2008-2012). We have shown recently that there are a number of
agricultural land-management changes that show some potential to
increase the carbon sink in agricultural soils and others that
allow alternative forms of carbon mitigation (i.e. through fossil
fuel substitution), but the options differ greatly in their
potential for carbon mitigation. The changes examined were, (a)
switching all animal manure use to arable land, (b) applying all
sewage sludge to arable land, (c) incorporating all surplus cereal
straw, (d) conversion to no-till agriculture, (e) use of surplus
arable land to de-intensify 1/3 of current intensive crop
production (through use of 1/3 grass/arable rotations), (f) use of
surplus arable land to allow natural woodland regeneration, and (g)
use of surplus arable land for bioenergy crop production. In this
paper, we attempt for the first time to assess other (non-CO2)
effects of these land-management changes on (a) the emission of the
other important agricultural greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous
oxide, and (b) other aspects of the ecology of the agroecosystems.
We find that the relative importance of trace gas fluxes varies
enormously among the scenarios. In some such as the sewage sludge,
woodland regeneration and bioenergy production scenarios, the
inclusion of trace gases makes only a small (<10%) difference to
the CO2-C mitigation potential. In other cases, for example the
no-till, animal manure and agricultural de-intensification
scenarios, trace gases have a large impact, sometimes halving or
more than doubling the CO2-C mitigation potential. The scenarios
showing the greatest increase when including trace gases are those
in which manure management changes significantly. In the one
scenario (no-till) where the carbon mitigation potential was
reduced greatly, a small increase in methane oxidation was
outweighed by a sharp increase in N2O emissions. When these
land-management options are combined to examine the whole
agricultural land area of Europe, most of the changes in mitigation
potential are small, but depending upon assumptions for the animal
manure scenario, the total mitigation potential either increases by
about 20% or decreases by about 10%, shifting the mitigation
potential of the scenario from just above the EU's 8% Kyoto
emission reduction target (98.9 Tg C y(-1)) to just below it. Our
results suggest that (a) trace gas fluxes may change the mitigation
potential of a land management option significantly and should
always be considered alongside CO2-C mitigation potentials and (b)
agricultural management options show considerable potential for
carbon mitigation even after accounting for trace gas
fluxes.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
465. Enhancing water use efficiency in irrigated
agriculture.
Howell, T. A.
Agronomy Journal
93 (2): 281-289. (Mar. 2001-Apr.
2001)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962 [AGJOAT].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium "Improving crop
water use efficiency and yield: Management influences" held
November 2, 1999, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
agriculture/ water use efficiency/
irrigation/ irrigation systems/ trends/ rain/ surface water/
environmental degradation/ crops/ literature reviews/
sustainability
Abstract: Irrigated agriculture is a vital component
of total agriculture and supplies many of the fruits, vegetables,
and cereal foods consumed by humans; the grains fed to animals that
are used as human food; and the feed to sustain animals for work in
many parts of the world. Irrigation worldwide was practiced on
about 263 Mha in 1996, and about 49% of the world's irrigation
occurred in India, China, and the USA. The objectives of this paper
are to (i) review irrigation worldwide in its ability to meet our
growing needs for food production, (ii) review irrigation trends in
the USA, (iii) discuss various concepts that define water use
efficiency (WUE) in irrigated agriculture from both engineering and
agronomic viewpoints, and (iv) discuss the impacts of enhanced WUE
on water conservation. Scarcely one-third of our rainfall, surface
water, or ground water is used to produce plants that are useful to
mankind. Without appropriate management, irrigated agriculture can
be detrimental to the environment and endanger sustainability.
Irrigated agriculture is facing growing competition for low-cost,
high-quality water. In irrigated agriculture, WUE is broader in
scope than most agronomic applications and must be considered on a
watershed, basin, irrigation district, or catchment scale. The main
pathways for enhancing WUE in irrigated agriculture are to increase
the output per unit of water (engineering and agronomic management
aspects), reduce losses of water to unusable sinks, reduce water
degradation (environmental aspects), and reallocate water to higher
priority uses (societal aspects).
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
466. Entomology and nature
conservation.
New, T. R.
European Journal of
Entomology 96 (1): 11-17.
(1999);
ISSN: 1210-5759
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
467. Environment-friendly swine feed formulation
to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus excretion.
Honeyman MS
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 8
(3): 128-132; 28 ref. (1993)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
468. Environmental activation of
pesticides.
Wolfe, Martha F and Seiber, James
N
Occupational Medicine
8 (3): 561-574. (1993);
ISSN: 0885-114X
Descriptors:
Hominidae (Hominidae)/ animals/
chordates/ humans/ mammals/ primates/ vertebrates/ human
exposure
© Thomson
469. Environmental analysis of volatile organic
compounds in water and sediment by gas chromatography.
Kuran, P and Sojak, L
Journal of Chromatography
A 733 (1-2): 119-141.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
QD272.C4J68;
ISSN: 0021-9673
Descriptors:
analytical method/ environmental
surveillance
Abstract: Considerable attention is still devoted to
the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) owing to their
occurrence in various fields and also harmful effects on health.
The techniques used for their analysis are also manifold. The use
of headspace techniques in the analysis of VOCs in various matrices
has been well reviewed several times, but other techniques have
been discussed only very briefly. The aim of this review is to give
a brief survey of all techniques used in the environmental analysis
of volatiles in water and sediment with emphasis on new trends and
the applicability of these techniques in the analysis of water and
sediment samples.
© Thomson
470. Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil
Erosion and Conservation Benefits.
Pimentel, David; Harvey, C;
Resosudarmo, P; Sinclair, K; Kurz, D; Ncnair, M; Crist, S; Shpritz,
L; Fitton, L; Saffouri, R; and Blair, R
Science 267 (5201): 1117-1123. (1995)
NAL Call #:
470 Sci2;
ISSN: 0036-8075
Descriptors:
agriculture sustainability/
cropland/ food productivity/ pasture
Abstract: Soil erosion is a major environmental
threat to the sustainability and productive capacity of
agriculture. During the last 40 years, nearly one-third of the
world's arable land has been lost by erosion and continues to be
lost at a rate of more than 10 million hectares per year. With the
addition of a quarter of a million people each day, the world
population's food demand is increasing at a time when per capita
food productivity is beginning to decline.
© Thomson
471. Environmental behavior and analysis of
veterinary and human drugs in soils, sediments and
sludge.
Diaz Cruz, M Silvia; Lopez de Alda,
Maria J; and Barcelo, Damia
Trends in Analytical
Chemistry 22 (6): 340-351.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:
human drugs: detection,
environmental fate, extraction, pharmaceutical, pollutant, sediment
content, sludge content, soil content, soil pollutant/ veterinary
drugs: detection, environmental fate, extraction, pharmaceutical,
pollutant, sediment content, sludge content, soil content, soil
pollutant/ environmental contamination
Abstract: Human and veterinary drugs are continually
being released in the environment mainly as a result of
manufacturing processes, disposal of unused or expired products,
and excreta. Because of their physical and chemical properties,
many of these substances or their bioactive metabolites end up in
soils and sediments, where they can accumulate and induce adverse
effects in terrestrial or aquatic organisms. Among these effects,
bacterial resistance is increasingly observed and is caused by the
extensive use of antibiotics in animal and fish farming and the
growing practice of adding manure and sewage sludge to agricultural
fields, which is of particular concern. Literature on the
environmental analysis and occurrence of drugs has addressed a very
small percentage of these compounds, so very little information is
available about the fate and the potential effects of drugs in the
environment. This article presents an overview of recent
developments in the determination of veterinary and human drugs in
solid environmental matrices, including soil, sediment and sludge.
The analysis of pharmaceuticals in the such samples has always been
carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to
ultraviolet detection, and, to a lesser extent, to mass
spectrometry and fluorescence detection. In most cases, sample
pretreatment includes extraction of the solid sample and further
purification of the extract by solid phase extraction with C18
sorbents. In addition to analytical articles, this overview
includes papers concerning usage of drugs, as well as sources,
fate, persistence, and effects of pharmaceuticals in solid
environmental matrices.
© Thomson
472. The environmental benefits and costs of
conservation tillage.
Uri, N D; Atwood, J D; and
Sanabria, J
Environmental Geology
38 (2): 111-140. (1999)
NAL Call #:
QE1.E5;
ISSN: 0943-0105
Descriptors:
conservation tillage/ environmental
benefits
Abstract: Every production practice, including
conservation tillage, has positive or negative environmental
consequences that may involve air, land, water, and/or the health
and ecological status of wildlife. The negative impacts associated
with agricultural production, and the use of conventional tillage
systems in particular, include soil erosion, energy use, leaching
and runoff of agricultural chemicals, and carbon emissions. Several
of these impacts are quantified. The conclusions suggest that the
use of conservation tillage does result in less of an adverse
impact on the environment from agricultural production than does
conventional tillage by reducing surface water runoff and wind
erosion. Additionally, wildlife habitat will be enhanced to some
extent with the adoption of conservation tillage and the benefits
to be gained from carbon sequestration will depend on the soil
remaining undisturbed. Finally, further expansion of conservation
tillage on highly erodible land will unquestionably result in an
increase in social benefits, but the expected gains will be
modest.
© Thomson
473. Environmental benefits of genetically
modified crops: Global and European perspectives on their ability
to reduce pesticide use.
Phipps, R H and Park, J
R
Journal of Animal and Feed
Sciences 11 (1): 1-18.
(2002); ISSN:
1230-1388
Descriptors:
carbon dioxide/ pesticide/ cotton
(Malvaceae): fiber crop/ maize (Gramineae): grain crop/ oil seed
rape (Cruciferae): oil crop/ soyabean (Leguminosae): oil crop/
sugar beet (Chenopodiaceae): sugar crop/ Angiosperms/ Dicots/
Monocots/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ European Union/
Green Revolution/ diesel/ environment/ genetically modified crops/
public health
Abstract: The Green Revolution, which brought
together improved varieties, increased use of fertilizer,
irrigation and synthetic pesticides, is credited with helping to
feed the current global population of 6 billion. While this paper
recognizes the ability of pesticides to reduce crop losses, it also
discusses their potential negative effects on public health, with
particular emphasis in developing countries, and the environment.
The response of the agricultural industry in bringing forward new
technology such as reduced application rates of targeted pesticides
with lower toxicity and persistency is noted. However, with
increasing world population, a slowing of the rate of crop
improvement through conventional breeding and a declining area of
land available for food production there is a need for new
technologies to produce more food of improved nutritional value in
an environmentally acceptable and sustainable manner. Whilst the
authors recognize that the introduction of genetically modified
(GM) crops is controversial, the benefits of these crops, including
their effect on pesticide use is only now beginning to be
documented. Published data are used to estimate what effect GM
crops have had on pesticide use first on a global basis, and then
to predict what effect they would have if widely grown in the
European Union (EU). On a global basis GM technology has reduced
pesticide use, with the size of the reduction varying between crops
and the introduced trait. It is estimated that the use of GM
soyabean, oil seed rape, cotton and maize varieties modified for
herbicide tolerance and insect protected GM varieties of cotton
reduced pesticide use by a total of 22.3 million kg of formulated
product in the year 2000. Estimates indicate that if 50% of the
maize, oil seed rape, sugar beet, and cotton grown in the EU were
GM varieties, pesticide used in the EU/annum would decrease by 14.5
million kg of formulated product (4.4 million kg active
ingredient). In addition there would be a reduction of 7.5 million
ha sprayed which would save 20.5 million litres of diesel and
result in a reduction of approximately 73,000 t of carbon dioxide
being released into the
atmosphere. The paper also points
to areas where GM technology may make further marked reductions in
global pesticide use.
© Thomson
474. Environmental consequences of alternative
practices for intensifying crop production.
Gregory, P. J.; Ingram, J. S. I.;
Andersson, R.; Betts, R. A.; Brovkin, V.; Chase, T. N.; Grace, P.
R.; Gray, A. J.; Hamilton, N.; and Hardy, T. B.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 88 (3): 279-290.
(Mar. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
crop production/ intensive farming/
intensification/ environmental impact/ crop yield/ seasonal
variation/ site preparation/ germplasm/ irrigation/ fertilizers/
pest control/ efficiency/ farm inputs/ climatic change/ water
quality/ soil/ genetic engineering/ literature reviews
Abstract: Summary: The increasing global demand for
food will be met chiefly by increased intensification of
production. For crops, this will be achieved largely by increased
yields per area with a smaller contribution from an increased
number of crops grown in a seasonal cycle. Production systems show
a spectrum of intensification practices characterised by varying
methods of site preparation and pest control, and inputs of
germplasm, nutrients and water. This paper highlights three main
types of intensification (based largely on the quantity and
efficiency of use of external inputs) and examines both the on- and
off-site environmental consequences of each for soils, water
quantity and quality, and climate forcing and regional climate
change. The use of low amounts of external inputs is generally
regarded as being the most environmentally-benign although this
advantage over systems with higher inputs may disappear if the
consequences are expressed per unit of product rather than per unit
area. The adverse effects of production systems with high external
inputs, especially losses of nutrients from fertilisers and manures
to water courses and contributions of gases to climate forcing,
have been quantified. Future intensification, including the use of
improved germplasm via genetic modification, will seek to increase
the efficiency of use of added inputs while minimising adverse
effects on the environment. However, reducing the loss of nutrients
from fertilisers and manures, and increasing the efficiency of
water utilisation in crop production, remain considerable
challenges.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
475. Environmental consequences of increasing
production: Some current perspectives.
Bennett, A. J.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 82 (1/3): 89-95.
(Dec. 2000)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: Special issue: Food and forestry: Global change
and global challenges / edited by P.J. Gregory and J.S.I. Ingram.
Paper presented at a conference held September 1999, Reading, UK.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
food production/ environmental
impact/ prediction/ environmental degradation/ climatic change/
population growth/ demand/ supply balance/ land use/ soil/ water
availability/ literature reviews
Abstract: Thomas Malthus, in his 'Essay on
Population' in 1798, argued that food production would not be able
to keep pace with our capacity to produce. Contrary to this
prediction there seems to be no evidence that our ability to
produce food has been a lasting break on population growth. There
are, however, several major areas of concern regarding
environmental degradation associated with production having kept
pace with demand. This paper examines some of the current drivers
of development and environmental change. It identifies some of the
impacts of growth and development on land use, soils, water
availability and the possible consequences of climate change.
Finally the paper returns to the question--will Malthus be proved
right.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
476. Environmental consequences of soil
sodicity.
Fitzpatrick, R W; Boucher, S C;
Naidu, R; and Fritsch, E
Australian Journal of Soil
Research 32 (5): 1069-1093.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
56.8 Au7;
ISSN: 0004-9573
Descriptors:
agricultural productivity/ dryland
salinity/ management strategies/ water erosion/ water quality/
waterlogging
© Thomson
477. Environmental conservation and locust
control: Possible conflicts and solutions.
Peveling, R.
Journal of Orthoptera
Research 10 (2): 171-187.
(2001);
ISSN: 1082-6467.
Notes: Publisher: Orthopterists' Society
Descriptors:
Pest control/ Insecticides/ Habitat
preferences/ Acrididae/ Orthoptera/ Grasshoppers/ Agricultural
& general applied entomology
Abstract: In contrast to pests developing in close
association with a particular host crop, locusts and grasshoppers
are often controlled in natural or semi-natural landscapes,
exposing structurally and functionally diverse communities to
agrochemicals, chemicals to which they are not adapted. This
suggests that insecticide-induced perturbations may be severe. On
the other hand, with acridids being highly mobile, exposure of
non-target biota at any one location tends to be rare, and
insecticides might be seen as yet another component in a canon of
stochastic and deterministic, natural or human-induced
environmental catastrophes and selective forces, shaping
communities and ecosystems. Moreover, habitat loss is by far the
most important single threat to biodiversity, so why should doubt
be cast on the potential and resilience of populations to recover
from occasional insecticide stress? This paper reviews the
environmental impact, as well as ecological and conceptual
characteristics of acridid pest control. It concludes that
ecologically significant risks may arise, in particular in
ecosystems exposed to multiple stressors. Four priorities in
ecological risk assessment and acridid pest management are
proposed: 1) delimitation and characterization of sensitive areas
within locust and grasshopper habitats, 2) ecosystem-specific,
long-term field studies and operational monitoring, 3) real-time
stewardship of control campaigns, with adequate participation of
stakeholders, and 4) incorporation of the precautionary principle
into decision-making and risk management.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
478. Environmental control of dormancy in weed
seed banks in soil.
Benech Arnold, R. L.; Sanchez, R.
A.; Forcella, F.; Kruk, B. C.; and Ghersa, C. M.
Field Crops Research
67 (2): 105-122. (2000)
NAL Call #:
SB183.F5;
ISSN: 0378-4290 [FCREDZ].
Notes: Special issue: Plant phenology and the
management of crop-weed interactions / edited by C.M. Ghersa. Paper
presented at a workshop held October 13-15, 1997, Buenos Aires,
Argentina. Includes references.
Descriptors:
weeds/ seed banks/ weed biology/
seed dormancy/ seedling emergence/ dormancy breaking/ prediction /
soil temperature/ soil water content/ light/ nitrate/ nutrient
availability/ seed germination/ carbon dioxide/ ethylene/ tillage/
flooding/ crop residues/ prescribed burning/ fertilizers/
application rates/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
479. The environmental effects of genetically
modified crops resistant to insects.
Fontes, E. M. G.; Pires, C. S. S.;
Sujii, E. R.; and Panizzi, A. R.
Neotropical
Entomology 31 (4): 497-513.
(Oct. 2002-Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #:
QL461-.S64;
ISSN: 1519-566X [NEENDV]
Descriptors:
environmental impact/ transgenic
plants/ crops/ pest resistance/ insect pests/ cultivars/ risk/ risk
assessment/ ecology/ commercial hybrids/ biosafety/ agricultural
adjustment/ pest management/ world markets/ insecticide resistance/
transgenics/ plant protection/ bacterial toxins/ endotoxins/
bacillus thuringiensis/ nontarget organisms/ gene flow/ insecticide
residues/ weeds/ wild plants/ ecosystems/ literature reviews/
insecticidal action/ gene expression/ enzyme inhibitors/ proteinase
inhibitors/ amylases/ transgenic crops
Abstract: Transgenic crops are currently being
cultivated on a commercial scale in many countries. The area
devoted to transgenic pest resistant varieties worldwide reached 13
million hectares in 2001. These varieties offer valuable benefits
but also pose potential risks. Assessments of their impact on the
environment are conducted before they are approved for commercial
use, as required by the regulatory biosafety frameworks. In this
review, we discuss the potential ecological consequences of the
commercial use in agriculture of genetically modified insect
resistant crops. We also discuss the impacts caused by the change
in agricultural practices, and attempt to identify gaps and
possible opportunities for research, considering this new
technological tool. We based our analysis and comments on the
current knowledge of the risks and benefits of these genetically
modified insect resistant crops, within the context of traditional
insect management strategies.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
480. The environmental fate of phthalate esters:
A literature review.
Staples, Charles A; Peterson,
Dennis R; Parkerton, Thomas F; and Adams, William J
Chemosphere 35 (4): 667-749. (1997)
NAL Call #:
TD172.C54;
ISSN: 0045-6535
Descriptors:
abiotic transformations/ aquatic
foodchain/ bioaccumulation processes/ biotic transformations/
partitioning behavior/ phthalate esters/ physicochemical
properties/ pollution/ sediment/ soil/ surface waters/ terrestrial
foodchain/ toxicology
Abstract: A comprehensive and critical review was
performed on the environmental fate of eighteen commercial
phthalate esters with alkyl chains ranging from 1 to 13 carbons. A
synthesis of the extensive literature data on physicochemical
properties, partitioning behavior, abiotic and biotic
transformations and bioaccumulation processes of these chemicals is
presented. This chemical class exhibits an eight order of magnitude
increase in octanol-water partition coefficients (K-ow) and a four
order of magnitude decrease in vapor pressure (VP) as alkyl chain
length increases from 1 to 13 carbons. A critical review of water
solubility measurements for higher molecular weight phthalate
esters (i.e. alkyl chains gtoreq 6 carbons) reveals that most
published values exceed true water solubilities due to experimental
difficulties associated with solubility determinations for these
hydrophobic organic liquids. Laboratory and field studies show that
partitioning to suspended solids, soils, sediments and aerosols
increase as K-ow increases and VP decreases. Photodegradation via
free radical attack is expected to be the dominant degradation
pathway in the atmosphere with predicted half-lives of ca. 1 day
for most of the phthalate esters investigated. Numerous studies
indicate that phthalate esters are degraded by a wide range of
bacteria and actinomycetes under both aerobic and anaerobic
conditions. Standardized aerobic biodegradation tests with sewage
sludge inocula show that phthalate esters undergo gtoreq 50%
ultimate degradation within 28 days. Biodegradation is expected to
be the dominant loss mechanism in surface soils and sediments.
Primary degradation half-lives in surface and marine waters range
from lt 1 day to 2 weeks and in soils from lt 1 week to several
months. Longer half-lives may occur in anaerobic, oligotrophic, or
cold environments. Numerous experiments have shown that the
bioaccumulation of phthalate esters in the aquatic and terrestrial
food-chain is limited by biotransformation, which increases with
increasing trophic level. Consequently, models that ignore
biotransformation grossly exaggerate bioaccumulation potential of
higher molecular weight phthalate esters. This review provides the
logical first step in elucidating multimedia exposure to phthalate
esters.
© Thomson
481. Environmental impact assessment of
conventional and organic milk production.
Boer, I. J. M. de
Livestock Production
Science 80 (1/2): 69-77.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
SF1.L5;
ISSN: 0301-6226
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
482. Environmental impact assessment of
irrigation and drainage projects.
Dougherty, T. C.; Hall, A. W.; and
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; x, 74 p.: ill.; Series: FAO
irrigation and drainage paper 0254-5284 53. (1995)
Notes: "M-56"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 68-71).
NAL Call #: S612.I754--no.53;
ISBN: 9251037310
Descriptors:
Irrigation farming---Environmental
aspects---Developing countries/ Drainage---Environmental
aspects---Developing countries/ Environmental impact
analysis---Developing countries/ Agriculture---Environmental
aspects---Developing countries
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
483. Environmental impact of fertilizing soils
by using sewage and animal wastes.
Benckiser, G. and Simarmata,
T.
Fertilizer Research
37 (1): 1-22.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 0167-1731 [FRESDF]
Descriptors:
organic wastes/ sewage sludge/
animal wastes/ animal manures/ slurries/ application to land/
environmental impact/ macronutrients/ carbon/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/
cycling/ heavy metals/ soil pollution/ pathogens/ contamination/
soil flora/ biological activity in soil/ Germany
Abstract: The European Community is producing
annually about 300 X 10(6) tons of sewage sludges as well as about
150, 950, 160 and 200 tons of domestic, agricultural, industrial
and other wastes (street litter, dead leaves etc.). About 20-25% of
the German sewage sludges, which contain in average about 3.8,1.6,
0.4, 0.6, 5.3% DM-1 N, P, K, Mg and Ca, 202, 5, 131, 349, 53, 3 and
1446 mg kg-1 DM Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn as well as ca. 37 and 5
mg kg-1 Dm polychlorinated hydrocarbons and biphenyls, are recycled
annually as fertilizer. In addition environmental impacts on the
arable land of Germany may derive from 76, 19.2, 64.7, 33.6, 7.8
and 0.1 kg ha-1 a-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu added as animal
manures. Besides heavy metals and hazardous organics pathogens are
disseminated with organic wastes. Crop production and soil
fertility generally profit from the considerable amounts of plant
nutrients and carbon in sewage sludges, animal slurries and
manures, but the physicochemical soil properties, the composition
of microbial, faunal and plant communities as well as the metabolic
processes in the soil-, rhizo- and phyllosphere are changed by
organic manuring. Consequences for the soil carbon-, nitrogen and
phosphorus-cycle are discussed. Impacts of heavy metals and
hazardous organics on the soil biomass and its habitat as well as
on transport mechanisms and survival times of disseminated
pathogens in soils are reviewed with emphasis on the German
situation. A proposal for future strategies (landscape recycling)
is made.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
484. Environmental impacts of forest
monocultures: Water use, acidification, wildlife conservation, and
carbon storage.
Cannell, M. G. R.
New Forests 17/18 (1/3/1): 239-262. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD409.N48;
ISSN: 0169-4286.
Notes: Special issue: Planted forests: Contributions to
the quest for sustainable societies / edited by J. R. Boyle, J.
Winjum, K. Kavanagh and E. Jensen. Paper presented at a symposium
held June 1995, Portland, Oregon. Includes references.
Descriptors:
forest plantations/ monoculture/
sustainability/ water use/ species diversity/ wildlife/ habitats/
wildlife conservation/ carbon/ carbon cycle/ evapotranspiration/
plant height/ pollutants/ surface water/ water pollution/ forest
management/ volume/ yields/ plant succession/ botanical
composition/ stand structure/ literature reviews
Abstract: A broad assessment is given of the
contentions that plantation forests are high consumers of water,
increase acidification, sustain a low diversity of wildlife, and
store more carbon than do unmanaged forests. The following
conclusions are drawn: (1) Evapotranspiration from planted forest
monocultures is greater than from short vegetation, as a result of
greater interception loss. Water loss from conifer forests is
usually greater than from deciduous hardwoods, but
evapotranspiration from Eucalyptus in the dry tropics is often no
greater than from native hardwoods. (2) Compared to short
vegetation, forests can significantly increase the transfer of
acidifying pollutants from the air to the soil and surface waters,
and conifers are more likely to enhance acidification than are
hardwoods. (3) There are normally sufficient plantation management
options available to make most plantation landscapes the homes of a
rich diversity of flora and fauna. (4) An area covered with a
plantation managed for maximum volume yield will normally contain
substantially less carbon than the same area of unmanaged
forest.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
485. Environmental impacts of livestock on U.S.
grazing lands.
Krueger, W. C. and Sanderson, M. A.
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST); Issue Paper
Number 22, 2002. 16 p.
http://www.heartland.org/pdf/11131.pdf
Descriptors:
land management/ range management/
grazing/ soil quality/ water quality/ riparian areas/ invasive
species
486. Environmental impacts of nitrogen and
phosphorus cycling in grassland systems.
Watson CJ and Foy RH
Outlook on
Agriculture 30 (2): 117-127;
61 ref. (2001)
NAL Call #:
10 Ou8
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
487. Environmental implications of excessive
selenium: A review.
Lemly, A Dennis
Biomedical and Environmental
Sciences 10 (4): 415-435.
(1997);
ISSN: 0895-3988
Descriptors:
selenium: trace metals/ agricultural
irrigation/ fossil fuel waste disposal/ human activities/ land
management/ public health/ water management
Abstract: Selenium is a naturally occurring trace
element that is nutritionally required in small amounts but it can
become toxic at concentrations only twice those required. The
narrow margin between beneficial and harmful levels has important
implications for human activities that increase the amount of
selenium in the environment. Two of these activities, disposal of
fossil fuel wastes and agricultural irrigation of arid,
seleniferous soils, have poisoned fish and wildlife, and threatened
public health at several locations in the United States. Research
studies of these episodes have generated a data base that clearly
illustrates the environmental hazard of excessive selenium, It is
strongly bioaccumulated by aquatic organisms and even slight
increases in waterborne concentrations can quickly result in toxic
effects such as deformed embryos and reproductive failure in
wildlife. The selenium data base has been very beneficial in
developing hazard assessment procedures and establishing
environmentally sound water quality criteria. The two faces of
selenium, required nutrient and potent toxin, make it a
particularly important trace element in the health of both animals
and man. Because of this paradox, environmental selenium in
relation to agriculture, fisheries, and wildlife will continue to
raise important land and water-management issues for decades to
come. If these issues are dealt with using prudence and the
available environmental selenium data base, adverse impacts to
natural resources and public health can be avoided.
© Thomson
488. Environmental implications of wood
production in intensively managed plantations.
Bowyer, J. L.
Wood and Fiber
Science 33 (3): 318-333.
(July 2001)
NAL Call #:
TA419.W6;
ISSN: 0735-6161 [WFSCD4]
Descriptors:
forest plantations/ forest
management/ intensive silviculture/ environmental impact/
environmental protection/ forest trees/ biomass production/
forests/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
489. Environmental indicators of pesticide
leaching and runoff from farm fields.
Kellogg, Robert L. and United
States. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
(2000)
Notes: Title from web page. "February 2000." "Presented
at a Conference on "Agricultural Productivity: Data, Methods, and
Measures," Description based on content viewed May 15, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aTD196.P38-E48-2000
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/eip_pap.html
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States---Measurement/ Pesticides---Risk
assessment---United States/ Pesticides degradation---United States/
Runoff---United States/ Indicators---Biology---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
490. Environmental management best practice
guidelines for the nursery industry.
South Perth, WA: Dept. of
Agriculture, Water and Rivers Commission, Government of Western
Australia; ii, 44 p.: ill.; Series: Miscellaneous publication
(Western Australia. Dept. of Agriculture) 2002/2. (2002)
Notes: "April 2002"--Cover. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 39).
NAL Call #: S397-.M57-no.-2002/2
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
491. Environmental performance reviews: United
States.
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development.
Paris: Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development; 274 p.: col. ill., maps.
(1996)
Notes: OECD environmental performance reviews; Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: GE180.E586--1996; ISBN: 9264147713
Descriptors:
Ecology---United States/
Environmental policy---United States/ Environmental
protection---United States/ Environmental monitoring---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
492. An Environmental Planning Model for the
Design of Buffer Zones.
Cacho, M.; Radke, J. D.; and
Kondolf, G. M.
In: Buffer Zones: Their Processes
and Potential in Water Protection Conference Handbook.
(Held 2 Aug 1930-2 Sep 1996 at
Oxfordshire, UK.)
Cardigan, UK: Samara Publishing
Limited; pp. 31-32; 1996.
Notes: Conference: Int. Conf. Buffer Zones: Their
Processes and Potential in Water Protection, Woodstock, Oxfordshire
(UK), 30 Aug-2 Sep 1996
Descriptors:
planning / zones/ model studies/
decision making/ environmental policy/ information systems/ design
criteria/ literature review/ buffer zones/ Water quality control/
Techniques of planning
Abstract: Even after an exhaustive review of
the scientific literature on buffer zones (with compilation and
annotation of over 230 publications on the topic) we must still
conclude that the design of buffer zones is difficult and its
implementation conflictive. The difficulty of buffer zone design
lies in its own nature, one dominated by variability. This
variability stems from its natural composition, its geomorphic and
geographic locations, and its functions. We identify the main
problem in the designing of the buffer zones in the lack of a sound
planning model which integrates its principal components: science,
decision makers and land ownership. An environmental planning model
is proposed for the design of buffer zones. This model is intended
to be used by decision makers (e.g. watershed managers). It
provides the decision makers with the framework to design the
buffer zone under different conditions, for specific problems and
objectives. This model systematically integrates existing
(historical) and current research of buffer zones within a decision
making process. It provides a feedback mechanism which sustains the
application of specific formulas and models for the calculation of
the buffer zone. It has two components: 1. A conceptual component
which defines an environmental planning approach where a framework
is established to integrate science into the planning process not
as the solution to the problem but as a component of the problem
resolution. It brings together scientific work done in the field
and establishes a framework where future work can be incorporated.
2. An operative component which establishes a Geographic
Information System (GIS), a Library and a Graphic User Interface
(GUI). This component helps the decision maker to build the
necessary infrastructure to accommodate the planning
process.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
493. Environmental policy: The other global
pollutant: Nitrogen proves tough to curb.
Kaiser, J.
Science 294 (5545): 1268-1269. (2001)
NAL Call #:
470 Sci2;
ISSN: 0036-8075.
Notes: Publisher: American Association for the
Advancement of Science
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Nitrogen/ Air pollution/
Environmental policy / International cooperation/ Ozone/ Greenhouse
gases/ Chlorofluorocarbons/ Nitrogen cycle/ Fertilizers/
Environmental impact / Ecosystem disturbance/ Pollution effects/
Pollution control/ Air pollution control/ Human Population
Atmosphere Interactions/ Mechanical and natural changes/
Environmental action/ General Environmental Engineering
Abstract: Experts call for international cooperation
to slash nitrogen pollution, which they say ranks with greenhouse
gases as an environmental threat. Nitrogen is an essential element
for the crops that feed the world's 6 billion people. But a surfeit
of nitrogen, from fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels, is
harming ecosystems and threatening public health. Although the
disruption of the nitrogen cycle has largely failed to attract the
sweeping public attention accorded to other global pollutants, such
as chlorofluorocarbons that fray the Antarctic ozone layer and
carbon dioxide that spurs global warming, ecologists say that
nitrogen's impacts are at least as great.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
494. Environmental properties and effects of
nonionic surfactant adjuvants in pesticides: A review.
Krogh, K. A.; Halling-Soerensen,
B.; Mogensen, B. B.; and Vejrup, K. V.
Chemosphere 50 (7): 871-901. (2003)
NAL Call #:
TD172.C54;
ISSN: 0045-6535
Descriptors:
Surfactants/ Pesticides/
Agricultural pollution/ Fate/ Leaching/ Agricultural runoff/
Degradation/ Pollution dispersion/ Chemical pollutants/ Pollution
effects/ Aquatic environment/ Reviews/ Chemical pollution/
adjuvants/ Characteristics, behavior and fate/ Pollution
Environment/ Freshwater pollution/ Water Pollution: Monitoring,
Control & Remediation
Abstract: Little is known about the environmental
fate of adjuvants after application on the agricultural land.
Adjuvants constitute a broad range of substances, of which solvents
and surfactants are the major types. Nonionic surfactants such as
alcohol ethoxylates (AEOs) and alkylamine ethoxylates (ANEOs) are
typically examples of pesticide adjuvants. In view of their
chemical structure this paper outlines present knowledge on
occurrence, fate and effect on the aquatic and terrestrial
environment of the two adjuvants: AEOs and ANEOs. Both AEOs and
ANEOs are used as technical mixtures. This implies that they are
not one single compound but a whole range of compounds present in
different ratios. Structurally both groups of substances have a
mutual core with side chains of varying lengths. Each of these
compounds besides having the overall ability to distribute between
different phases also possesses some single compound behaviour.
This is reflected in the parameters describing the fate e.g.
distribution coefficient, leaching, run-off, adsorption to soil,
degradation and effects of these substances. The adsorption
behaviour of ANEOs in contrast to AEOs is particularly variable and
matrix dependent due to the ability of the compound to ionise at
environmentally relevant pH. Probably because the compounds exceeds
high soil adsorption and are easily degradable which is reflected
in the low environmental concentrations generally found in
monitoring studies. The compounds generally possess low potency to
both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. The major environmental
problem related to these compounds is the ability to enhance the
mobility of other pollutants in the soil column.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
495. The Environmental Protection Agency's white
paper on Bacillus thuringiensis plant-pesticide resistance
management.
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic
Substances. Washington, DC:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and
Toxic Substances; ii, 86 p.: ill. (1998)
Notes: Cover title. "May 1998." "EPA 739-S-98-001."
"PB98-153133." Includes bibliographical references (p.
82-86).
NAL Call #: SB976.M55-E58-1998
Descriptors:
Microbial pesticides/ Bacillus
thuringiensis/ Plant parasites---Control
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
496. Environmental regulations and technology:
Control of pathogens and vector attraction in sewage
sludge.
Center for Environmental Research
Information (U.S.) and United States. Environmental Protection
Agency. Office of Research and Development.
Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research Development.
(1999)
Notes: Original title: Environmental regulations and
technology: Control of pathogens and vector attraction in sewage
sludge (including domestic septage) under 40 CFR part 503. Rev.
Oct. 1999: Control of pathogens and vector attraction in sewage
sludge. "EPA/625/R-92/013." Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD768-.E57-1999
http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/Pubs/1992/625R92013.pdf
Descriptors:
Sewage
sludge---Disinfection---United States/ Sewage disposal---United
States/ Waste management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
497. Environmental science in the coastal zone:
Issues for further research.
National Research Council.
Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources
Washington DC: National Academies
Press; 184 p. (1994);
ISBN: 0-309-04980-6
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309049806/html/
Descriptors:
coastal plains/ ecosystem
management/ wetlands/ pollution/ waste management
498. Environmental significance of ice to
streamflow in cold regions.
Prowse, T D
Freshwater Biology
32 (2): 241-259. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH96.F6;
ISSN: 0046-5070
Descriptors:
arctic nival/ ice effects/ moisture
source/ proglacial/ runoff pathway/ spring fed/ subarctic nival/
wetland
Abstract: 1. The five major hydrologic regimes of
cold regions are typically classified as proglacial, wetland,
spring-fed, arctic nival and subarctic nival. Each has a
distinctive hydrograph determined by the source and timing of
runoff. 2. The hydrologic response of streams in cold regions is
influenced significantly by the source and pathways of moisture
from the landscape to the stream channel. Snow and ice masses, such
as snow cover, permafrost and icings, play principal and unique
roles as major moisture sources, and in affecting runoff pathways.
3. Once flow has been routed from the landscape into a channel
system, the effects of floating ice begin to control the flow
system. Notably, many of the most significant hydrologic events in
cold regions, such as floods and low flows, are more the result of
in-channel ice effects than of landscape runoff processes. This has
not been adequately recognized in general assessments of
cold-regions water resources. 4. Only recently have the broader
environmental effects of river ice been addressed in any concerted
fashion. This paper reviews the various stages of ice formation,
growth and break-up, and summarizes the major hydrologic and
ecological effects associated with each. Priority research topics
are also identified.
© Thomson
499. Environmental soil testing for
phosphorus.
Sims, J T
Journal of Production
Agriculture 6 (4): 501-507.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ agriculture/
fertilizers/ management/ manure/ nonpoint source pollution
potential/ surface waters
Abstract: Many soils in the USA have extremely high
soil test P levels from long-term fertilization and manuring.
Sediment-bound and soluble P in runoff from these soils may
contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. A field rating
system, the 'P index,' has been developed to assess the potential
for soil P to contribute to nonpoint source pollution. A critical
component in this index is soil test P. The primary objective of
this paper is to discuss the roles soil testing programs can play
in the development of nutrient management strategies, such as the P
index, that are needed to minimize nonpoint source pollution by
soil P. A survey of soil testing labs participating in four
regional soil testing committees (North Central, Northeast,
Mid-Atlantic, Southeast) was conducted in 1991-1992 to determine
current approaches to soil P testing, the percentage of soils
testing in the high or excessive range, and major concerns with
high P soils. Results indicated a need for more consistency in
defining and identifying soils that are excessive in P, from an
environmental standpoint, and that P management in animal
waste-amended soils was the major environmental issue for most
states. Soil P testing for environmental purposes will require a
careful re-evaluation of the sampling, analytical, interpretive,
and educational roles of soil testing programs. Alternatives
considered in this paper include integration of soil testing
databases with land-use planning information via geographic
information systems, the use of special soil tests for biologically
available P, or to estimate P sorption/desorption, and expanded
educational efforts focused not only on farmers, but on advisory
and regulatory agencies and the general public.
© Thomson
500. Environmental threats and environmental
future of estuaries.
Kennish, M. J.
Environmental
Conservation 29 (1): 78-107.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E55;
ISSN: 0376-8929
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
501. Environmentally degradable polymeric
materials (EDPM) in agricultural applications: An
overview.
Chiellini, E. M. O.; Cinelli,
Patrizia; D'Antone, Salvatore; and Ilieva, Vassilka
Ivanova
Polimery / Polymers
47 (7-8): 538-544.
(2002);
ISSN: 0032-2725.
Notes: Published: Warszawa (Warsaw, Poland), Instytut
Tworzyw Sztucznych
Descriptors:
Glass/ Waste disposal/ Packaging/
Biodegradation/ Recycling/ Environmental impact/ Environmentally
degradable polymeric materials (EDPM)/ Plastics Products/ Glass/
Industrial Wastes Treatment/ Packaging/ Biotechnology/
Biochemistry
Abstract: Owing to their low production cost, good
physical properties and lightweight, plastic objects have slowly
substituted glass, paper and metals in several fields of
application including agriculture. At the same time, the current
huge global production of plastics (200 million tons/year) has
generated an enormous environmental concerns, mainly related to the
waste generation by plastic packaging, which are responsible for
35-40% share of annual plastics consumption. Where recovery of
plastics is not economically feasible, viable, controllable or
attractive, plastics often remain as litter. This is the case in
most of agricultural applications of polymeric materials. The
market for biodegradable polymers is at this moment focusing on
products in which biodegradability provides beneficial effects
(e.g. waste-disposal, recycling) and a number of biodegradable
materials are already being marketed or are close to market
introduction and customer acceptance. This overview is meant to
provide an outline on the history and recent developments in
biodegradable polymeric materials applied in agricultural practices
with particular reference to the mulching segment. Special
attention has been devoted to material based on renewable resources
or utilization of waste products from the agroindustrial sector,
thus suggesting cost-effective and environmentally sound solutions
to specific social needs.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
502. The environmentally-sound management of
agricultural phosphorus.
Sharpley, Andrew N and Withers,
Paul J A
Fertilizer Research
39 (2): 133-146. (1994)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 0167-1731
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ plant (Plantae
Unspecified)/ Angiospermae (Angiospermae)/ angiosperms/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ agriculture/ fertilizer use/
manure/ runoff/ water pollution
Abstract: Freshwater eutrophication is often
accelerated by increased phosphorus (P) inputs, a greater share of
which now come from agricultural nonpoint sources than two decades
ago. Maintenance of soil P at levels sufficient for crop needs is
an essential part of sustainable agriculture. However, in areas of
intensive crop and livestock production in Europe and the U.S.A., P
has accumulated in soils to levels that are a long-term
eutrophication rather than agronomic concern. Also, changes in land
management in Europe and the U.S.A. have increased the potential
for P loss in surface runoff and drainage. There is, thus, a need
for information on how these factors influence the loss of P in
agricultural runoff. The processes controlling the build-up of P in
soil, its transport in surface and subsurface drainage in dissolved
and particulate forms, and their biological availability in
freshwater systems, are discussed in terms of environmentally sound
P management. Such management will involve identifying P sources
within watersheds; targeting cost-effective remedial measures to
minimize P losses; and accounting for different water quality
objectives within watersheds. The means by which this can be
achieved are identified and include developing soil tests to
determine the relative potential for P enrichment of agricultural
runoff to occur; establishing threshold soil P levels which are of
environmental concern; finding alternative uses for animal manures
to decrease land area limitations for application; and adopting
management systems integrating measures to reduce P sources as well
as runoff and erosion potential.
© Thomson
503. Envisioning the agenda for water resources
research in the twenty-first century.
National Research
Council
Washington DC: National Academy
Press; 61 p. (2001)
Notes: Biblipgraphy: p. 50;
ISBN: 0309075661
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309075661/html/
Descriptors:
water supply/ water quality/
hydrologic data/ water use/ laws and regulations
504. Epistemology of environmental
microbiology.
Madsen, Eugene L
Environmental Science and
Technology 32 (4): 429-439.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ microorganisms
(Microorganisms)/ Animals/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/
Microorganisms/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ environmental microbiology/
epistemology/ molecular biology/ sediments/ soils
Abstract: Despite critical geochemical roles of
microorganisms in biosphere maintenance, knowledge of
microorganisms as they function in soils, sediments, and waters is
limited. Constraints on knowledge are caused largely by
methodologies that do not contend well with the complexity of field
sites, with the scale differential between microorganisms and
humans, and with artifacts that may arise in characterizing
microorganisms using laboratory-based physiological, biochemical,
genetic, and molecular biological assays. A paradigm describing how
knowledge is obtained in environmental microbiology suggests that
the constraints on knowledge will yield to relationships developing
between methodological innovations and their iterative application
to naturally occurring microorganisms in field sites.
© Thomson
505. Equipment technologies for precision
agriculture.
Stombaugh, T. S. and Shearer,
S.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 55 (1): 6-11.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
506. Eradication and pest management.
Myers, J. H.; Savoie, A.; and
Randen, E. van
Annual Review of
Entomology 43: 471-491.
(1998);
ISSN: 0066-4170
Descriptors:
Eradication/ Pest control/ Insecta/
Agricultural & general applied entomology
Abstract: Eradication is the elimination of every
single individual of a species from an area to which recolonization
is unlikely to occur. Cost-benefit analyses of eradication programs
involve biases that tend to underestimate the costs and
overestimate the benefits. In this review, we (a) highlight
limitations of current cost-benefit analyses, (b) assess
eradication strategies from biological and sociological
perspectives by discussing particular cases of successful and
failed eradication efforts, and (c) briefly contrast eradication
and ongoing area-wide control as pest management strategies. Two
successful eradication programs involve the screwworm and cattle
ticks. Gypsy moth and medfly eradication programs have not been
successful, and subsequent captures of insects recur in eradication
areas. In situations where heterogeneity of land use patterns make
it difficult to prevent reinvasion of the pest, education and
area-wide suppression are probably more realistic goals than
eradication.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
507. Erosion and sedimentation as multiscale,
fractal processes: Implications for models, experiments and the
real world.
Noordwijk, M. van; Roode, M. van;
McCallie, E. L.; and Lusiana, B.
In: Soil erosion at multiple
scales: Principles and methods for assessing causes and impacts/
Penning de Vries, F. W. T.; Agus, F.; and Kerr, J.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International,
1998; pp. 223-253.
ISBN: 0-85199-290-0
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
508. Erosion and sedimentation processes on
irrigated fields.
Trout, T. J. and Neibling, W.
H.
Journal of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering 119 (6):
947-963. (1993)
NAL Call #:
290.9 AM3Ps (IR);
ISSN: 0733-9437
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
509. Erosion control research update.
Biocycle 43 (4): 78-79. (2002)
NAL Call #:
57.8-C734;
ISSN: 0276-5055
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
510. Erosion models: Quality of spatial
predictions.
Jetten, V.; Govers, G.; and Hessel,
R.
Hydrological
Processes 17 (5): 887-900.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
GB651.H93;
ISSN: 0885-6087.
Notes: Issue editors: Ritchie, J. C.; Walling, D. E.;
Peters, N. E.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
511. Esterases as Markers of Exposure to
Organophosphates and Carbamates.
Thompson, H. M.
Ecotoxicology 8 (5): 369-384. (1999)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1 E27;
ISSN: 0963-9292.
Notes: Special Issue: Biomarkers
Descriptors:
Organophosphates/ Carbamate
compounds/ Agrochemicals/ Bioindicators/ Enzymes/ Esters/ Wildlife/
Toxicity/ Biochemistry/ Pesticides (carbamates)/ Pesticides
(organophosphorus) / Reviews/ Pollution indicators/ Chemical
pollution/ esterase/ Literature reviews/ Pesticides/ Biomarkers/
Pollution effects/ Biological sampling/ Sample storage/ Analytical
techniques/ Agricultural pollution/ wildlife/ esterases/ Toxicology
and health/ Analytical procedures/ Methods and
instruments
Abstract: Esterases have been widely used over the
last 20 years initially to assess the exposure of spray operators
and then wildlife to organophosphorus and carbamate agricultural
pesticides. They have also been used to determine whether these
chemicals have been the cause of wildlife casualties. Given the
correct assay techniques and control data a significant amount of
information can be derived from inhibition of esterase activity.
This chapter aims to provide detailed guidance on the collection of
samples, storage, assay (including reactivation techniques) and the
problems associated with the interpretation of collected data
together with a brief review of how esterases have been used in
assessing the exposure of wildlife to agricultural
insecticides.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
512. Estimates of minimum viable population
sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those
estimates.
Reed, D. H.; O'Grady, J. J.; Brook,
B. W.; Ballou, J. D.; and Frankham, R.
Biological
Conservation 113 (1): 23-34.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S900.B5;
ISSN: 0006-3207.
Notes: Number of References: 92; Publisher: Elsevier
Sci Ltd
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ demographic
stochasticity/ endangered species/ extinction/ minimum viable
population size/ population variability/ population viability
analysis/ spatial pva models/ inbreeding depression/ density
dependence/ conservation biology/ viability analysis/ extinction
risk/ butterfly metapopulation/ orb spiders/ variability/
dynamics
Abstract: Population size is a major determinant of
extinction risk. However, controversy remains as to how large
populations need to be to ensure persistence. It is generally
believed that minimum viable population sizes (MVPs) would be
highly specific, depending on the environmental and life history
characteristics of the species. We used population viability
analysis to estimate MVPs for 102 species. We define a minimum
viable population size as one with a 99% probability of persistence
for 40 generations. The models are comprehensive and include
age-structure, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity,
environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding depression. The mean
and median estimates of MVP were 7316 and 5816 adults,
respectively. This is slightly larger than, but in general
agreement with, previous estimates of MVP. MVPs did not differ
significantly among major taxa, or with latitude or trophic level,
but were negatively correlated with population growth rate and
positively correlated with the length of the study used to
parameterize the model. A doubling of study duration increased the
estimated MVP by approximately 67%. The increase in extinction risk
is associated with greater temporal variation in population size
for models built from longer data sets. Short-term studies
consistently underestimate the true variances for demographic
parameters in populations. Thus, the lack of long-term studies for
endangered species leads to widespread underestimation of
extinction risk. The results of our simulations suggest that
conservation programs, for wild populations, need to be designed to
conserve habitat capable of supporting approximately 7000 adult
vertebrates in order to ensure long-term persistence. (C) 2003
Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
© Thomson ISI
513. European perspective of compost
co-utilization for horticulture.
Szmidt, Robin
In: Beneficial co-utilization of
agricultural, municipal and industrial by-products/ Brown, S.;
Angle, J. S.; and Jacobs, L.
Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic, 1998;
pp. 55-68.
ISBN: 0792351894; Proceedings of the Beltsville
Symposium XXII, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, May 4-8, 1997;
Conference Sponsors: Beltsville Agricultural Research Center,
Agricultural Research Service, US Dept. of Agriculture with the
cooperation of Friends of Agriculture Research - Beltsville
(FAR-B)
NAL Call #: TD796.5.B45 1998
Descriptors:
Horticulture (Agriculture)/ Waste
Management (Sanitation)/ compost co-utilization/ waste treatment
methods
© Thomson
514. Evaluating Extension-Based Water Resource
Outreach Programs: Are We Meeting the Challenge?
Shepard, R.
Journal of Extension [Also
available as: Journal
of Extension , February 2002,
Volume 40 Number 1;
ISSN 1077-5315], 2002
(text/html)
NAL Call #: LC45.4 J682
http://www.joe.org/joe/2002february/a3.html
Descriptors:
program evaluation/ program
planning/ water quality/ water resources/ watershed management/
surveys/ agricultural education/ extension education/ United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
515. Evaluation and demonstration of deads
composting as an option for dead animal management in
Saskatchewan.
University of Saskatchewan.
Agriculture and Bioresource Engineering. Saskatchewan. Agriculture
Development Fund.
Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan
Agriculture Development Fund; 1 v. (various pagings): ill.
(2001)
Notes: "March 2001." "101-05424"--Mounted on label.
Includes bibliographical references. ADF Project
98000245.
NAL Call #: QL87.5-.E92-2001
Descriptors:
Dead animals---Saskatchewan/ Dead
animal disposal---Saskatchewan/ Compost---Saskatchewan
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
516. Evaluation of seven sampling techniques for
wireworms (Coleoptera : Elateridae).
Simmons, C. L.; Pedigo, L. P.; and
Rice, M. E.
Environmental
Entomology 27 (5): 1062-1068.
(Oct. 1998)
NAL Call #:
QL461.E532;
ISSN: 0046-225X [EVETBX]
Descriptors:
elateridae/ sampling/ population
density/ conservation areas/ costs/ Iowa/ Conservation Reserve
Program
Abstract: During 1995 and 1996, 7 sampling
techniques were examined to develop a farmer or consultant-oriented
system of sampling for wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) to
determine field populations. In an intensive sampling program, the
soil core (absolute) sampling technique was compared with 6
relative sampling techniques [corn (Zea mays L.)/wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) bait, melon (Cucumis melo L.) bait, potato (Solanum
tuberosum L.) bait, wire-mesh bait, pheromone trap, and pitfall
trap]. In an extensive sampling program, the corn/wheat bait was
examined for its utility in Conservation Reserve Program habitats.
Each relative method was evaluated for its precision and accuracy
in determining populations of Elateridae. The corn/wheat bait
showed the highest level of precision and accuracy in the intensive
sampling program. Acceptable levels of precision for the corn/wheat
baits were also found in the extensive sampling program. In terms
of cost, the corn/wheat bait was a cost-effective method for a
sampling program. When examining relative net precision, the
corn/wheat bait was the most efficient and effective sampling
technique for determining wireworm populations in agricultural
habitats and in conservation land returning to
production.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
517. Evaluation of soil organic carbon under
forests, cool-season and warm-season grasses in the northeastern
US.
Corre, M. D.; Schnabel, R. R.; and
Shaffer, J. A.
Soil Biology and
Biochemistry 31 (11):
1531-1539. (Oct. 1999);
ISSN: 0038-0717
Descriptors:
Organic matter/ Soil nutrients/
Forests/ Grasslands/ Northeast/ soil organic carbon/ Soil/
Temperate grasslands/ Temperate forests/ United States
Abstract: There is insufficient information on
whether or not soil organic carbon (SOC) under forest and grass
vegetation differs, and such information is needed by conservation
programs targeted for C sequestration. When these contrasting types
of vegetation are used for restoration of degraded riparian areas,
evaluation of water-extractable and bioavailable dissolved organic
carbon (WEOC and BDOC, respectively) is also important for
assessing their potential in supplying available SOC for microbial
degradation of nonpoint-source pollutants (e.g. nitrate removal by
denitrification). Our objective was to compare the total SOC, WEOC
and BDOC under forests, cool-season (C sub(3)) and warm-season (C
sub(4)) grasses in the northeastern U S. Six locations were
selected which had mature stands of forests, C sub(3) and C sub(4)
grasses. The total SOC, WEOC and BDOC were measured to a depth of 1
m. Analysis based on pooled data from all locations showed no
difference in total SOC under forest (averages between 17-48 Mg C
ha super(-1) at 0-5 cm depth), C sub(3) (19-35 mg C ha super(-1))
and C sub(4) grasses (13-39 mg C ha super(-1)). However, analysis
conducted at each location indicated that total SOC was, in part,
influenced by vegetation age. When vegetation age is the same,
temperature was also implicated to influence changes in SOC.
Neither forests nor C sub(3) and C sub(4) grasses consistently
supported the highest amounts of WEOC, BDOC and the proportion of
BDOC to WEOC (%BDOC) across locations. The %BDOC ranged from 2 to
84% and averages were 47% under forest, 49% under C sub(3) grass,
39% under C sub(4) grass, 41% above 60 cm depth, 47% below 60 cm
depth. The uniform %BDOC with depth suggested similar amounts of
available C resource for denitrifiers under these vegetation types.
Conversion of C sub(3) grass to C sub(4) grass resulted to a loss
of SOC during the early years of C sub(4) grass establishment. It
took 16 to 18 y after planting for the total SOC under C sub(4)
grass to approach that under the original C sub(3) grass. Under
16-y and 18-y C sub(4) grasses, the contribution of C
sub(4)-derived SOC ranged from 53% to 72% of the total SOC under
the original C sub(3) grass. The slow accumulation of C
sub(4)-derived SOC is an important consideration for its use in
restoring riparian and conservation areas in the northeastern
US.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
518. Evaluation of the environmental impact of
agriculture at the farm level: A comparison and analysis of 12
indicator-based methods.
Werf, H. M. G. van der. and Petit,
J.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 93 (1/3):
131-145. (Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
farms/ agriculture/ environmental
impact/ estimation/ techniques/ evaluation/ indicators/ guidelines/
erosion/ water quality/ farm management/ data collection
Abstract: An increasing variety of evaluation
methods is being proposed to address the question of the
environmental impacts of agriculture. This paper compares and
analyses 12 indicator-based approaches to assessing environmental
impact at the farm level, in order to propose a set of guidelines
for the evaluation or development of such methods. These methods
take into account a number of environmental objectives (e.g. soil
erosion, water quality). A set of indicators is used to quantify
the degree to which these objectives are attained. A total of 26
objectives were taken into account by one or several of the
methods. A great diversity in breadth of analysis exists: the
number of objectives considered per method varies from 2 to 13.
Indicator-based methods for environmental evaluation at the farm
level should take into account a range of objectives covering both
local and global effects. Indicators based on the environmental
effects of farmer practices are preferable to indicators based on
farmer practices as the link with the objective is direct and the
choice of means is left to the farmer. Indicators based on farmer
practices cost less in data collection but do not allow an actual
evaluation of environmental impact. Indicators allowing expression
of impacts both per unit surface and per unit product are
preferable. Indicators producing output in the form of values are
preferred to indicators producing scores. If possible,
science-based threshold values should be defined for indicators.
The method should be validated with respect to (a) the
appropriateness of its set of objectives relative to its purpose
and (b) its indicators.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
519. Evaluation of the RUSLE soil erosion
model.
Yoder, D. C.; Foster, G. R.;
Weesies, G. A.; Renard, K. G.; McCool, D. K.; and Lown, J.
B.
In: ASAE Annual International
Meeting. (Held 12 Jul
1998-16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE);
9 p.; 1998.
Notes: ASAE Paper no. 982197
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
520. An evaluation of vernal pool creation
projects in New England: Project documentation from
1991-2000.
Lichko, L. E. and Calhoun,
AJK.
Environmental
Management 32 (1): 141-151.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X.
Notes: Number of References: 55; Publisher:
Springer-Verlag
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ vernal pool/
wetland creation/ compensatory mitigation/ wetland monitoring/
reference wetlands/ New England/ metapopulation dynamics/ amphibian
conservation/ temporary wetlands/ self design/ mitigation/
landscape/ declines/ biodiversity/ populations/
hydroperiod
Abstract: Vernal pools are vulnerable to loss
through development and agricultural and forestry practices owing
to their isolation from open water bodies and their small size.
Some vernal pool-dependent species are already listed in New
England as Endangered, Threatened, or Species of Special Concern.
Vernal pool creation is becoming more common in compensatory
mitigation as open water ponds, in general, may be easier to create
than wooded wetlands. However, research on vernal pool creation is
limited, A recent National Research Council study (2001) cites
vernal pools as "challenging to recreate." We reviewed
documentation on 15 vernal pool creation projects in New England
that were required by federal regulatory action. Our purpose was to
determine whether vernal pool creation for compensatory mitigation
in New England replaced key vernal pool functions by assessing
project goals and documentation (including mitigation plans, pool
design criteria, monitoring protocols, and performance standards).
Our results indicate that creation attempts often fail to replicate
lost pool functions. Pool design specifications are often based on
conjecture rather than on reference wetlands or created pools that
function successfully. Project monitoring lacks consistency and
reliability, and record keeping by regulatory agencies is
inadequate. Strengthening of protection of isolated wetlands in
general, and standardization across all aspects of vernal pool
creation, is needed to ensure success and to promote conservation
of the long-term landscape functions of vernal pools.
© Thomson ISI
521. Evaluation of water quality projects in the
Lake Tahoe basin.
Schuster, S. and Grismer, M.
E.
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 90 (1-3): 225-242.
(2004)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369.
Notes: Number of References: 61; Publisher: Kluwer
Academic Publ
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ best
management practices/ erosion/ eutrophication/ nutrient loadings/
water quality/ California Nevada/ detention ponds/ constructed
wetlands/ nutrient transport/ surface runoff/ Sierra Nevada/
removal/ improvement/ enrichment/ Washington
Abstract: Lake Tahoe is a large sub alpine lake
located in the Sierra Nevada Range in the states of California and
Nevada. The Lake Tahoe watershed is relatively small (800 km(2))
and is made up of soils with a very low nutrient content and when
combined with the Lake's enormous volume (156 km(3)) produces water
of unparalleled clarity. However, urbanization around the Lake
during the past 50 yr has greatly increased nutrient flux into the
Lake resulting in increased algae production and rapidly declining
water clarity. Lake transition from nitrogen limiting to
phosphorous limiting during the last 30 yr suggests the onset of
cultural eutrophication of Lake Tahoe. Protecting Lake Tahoe's
water quality has become a major public concern and much time,
effort, and money has been, and will be, spent on this undertaking.
The effectiveness of remedial actions is the subject of some
debate. Local regulatory agencies have mandated implementation of
best management practices (BMPs) to mitigate the effects of
development, sometimes at great additional expense for developers
and homeowners who question their effectiveness. Conclusive studies
on the BMP effectiveness are also expensive and can be difficult to
accomplish such that very few such studies have been completed.
However, several project evaluations have been completed and more
are underway. Such study usually demonstrates support of the
project's effectiveness in decreasing nutrient flux to Lake Tahoe.
Here, we review the existing state of knowledge of nutrient loading
to the Lake and to highlight the need for further evaluative
investigations of BMPs in order to improve their performance in
present and future regulatory actions.
© Thomson ISI
522. Evapotranspiration parameters for
variably-sized wetlands.
Allen, R. G.; Hill, R. W.; and
Srikanth, V.
In: 1994 International Summer
Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural
Engineers. (Held 19 Jun
1994-22 Jun 1994 at Kansas City, Missouri.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers; 24 p.; 1994.
Notes: Paper numbers: 94-2120/94-2155;
ISSN: 0149-9890
NAL Call #: 290.9-Am32P
Descriptors:
wetlands / evapotranspiration/ arid
regions/ water use/ vegetation/ plant height/ plant density/ open
water/ algorithms/ equations/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
523. Evapotranspiration responses of plants and
crops to carbon dioxide and temperature.
Allen, L. H. Jr.
Journal of Crop
Production 2 (2): 37-70.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Water use in crop production /
edited by M.B. Kirkham. Includes references.
Descriptors:
plants/ crops/ evapotranspiration/
carbon dioxide/ environmental temperature/ carbon dioxide
enrichment/ climatic change/ prediction/ air temperature/ water use
efficiency/ leaf conductance/ stomatal resistance/ water vapor/
temperature/ leaves/ leaf area/ crop yield/ seed output/ biomass
production/ mathematical models/ glycine max/ zea mays/ irrigation/
precipitation/ water use/ literature reviews/ leaf
temperature
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
524. Examination of the wetland hydrologic
criterion and its application in the determination of wetland
hydrologic status.
Hunt, W. F.; Water Resources
Research Institute of the University of North Carolina; Geological
Survey (U.S.); and North Carolina Agricultural Research
Service
Raleigh, NC: Water Resources
Research Institute of the University of North Carolina; Series:
Report (Water Resources Research Institute of the University of
North Carolina) no. 333; xxii, 119 p.: ill., map. (2001)
Notes: "June 2001." "UNC-WRRI-2001-333." "The research
on which this report is based was supported in part by the United
States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, the Water
Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina
and by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service." Includes
bibliographical references (p. 61-63). Water Resources Research
Institute. Number 70137.
NAL Call #: TD201-.N6-no.-333
Descriptors:
Wetland hydrology/ Water
quality---Standards
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
525. Expected Climate Change Impacts on Soil
Erosion Rates: A Review.
Nearing, M. A.; Pruski, F. F.; and
O'Neal, M. R.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 59 (1): 43-50.
(Jan. 2004-Feb. 2004)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
Climate Change/ Runoff/ Sediment/
Soil Erosion/ Soil Loss/ Midwestern United States/ Greenhouse Gas/
Model/ Precipitation/ Simulation/ Circulation/ Variability/
Yields
Abstract: Global warming is expected to lead to a
more vigorous hydrological cycle, including more total rainfall and
more frequent high intensity rainfall events. Rainfall amounts and
intensities increased on average in the United States during the
20th century, and according to climate change models they are
expected to continue to increase during the 21st century. These
rainfall changes, along with expected changes in temperature, solar
radiation, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, will have
significant impacts on soil erosion rates. The processes involved
in the impact of climate change on soil erosion by water are
complex, involving changes in rainfall amounts and intensities,
number of days of precipitation, ratio of rain to snow, plant
biomass production, plant residue decomposition rates, soil
microbial activity, evapo-transpiration rates, and shifts in land
use necessary to accommodate a new climatic regime. This paper
reviews several recent studies conducted by the authors that
address the potential effects of climate change on soil erosion
rates. The results show cause for concern. Rainfall erosivity
levels may be on the rise across much of the United States. Where
rainfall amounts increase, erosion and runoff will increase at an
even greater rate: the ratio of erosion increase to annual rainfall
increase is on the order of 1.7. Even in cases where annual
rainfall would decrease, system feedbacks related to decreased
biomass production could lead to greater susceptibility of the soil
to erode. Results also show how farmers' response to climate change
can potentially exacerbate, or ameliorate, the changes in erosion
rates expected.
© Thomson ISI
526. Experimental basin studies: An
international and historical perspective of forest
impacts.
Whitehead, P. G. and Robinson,
M.
Journal of Hydrology
145 (3/4): 217-230. (May
1993)
NAL Call #:
292.8-J82;
ISSN: 0022-1694 [JHYDA].
Notes: Special Issue: The Balquhidder Catchment and
Process Studies / edited by P.G. Whitehead and I.R. Calder.
Literature review. Includes references.
Descriptors:
watersheds/ forests/ catchment
hydrology/ forest influences/ stream flow/ precipitation/ site
factors/ land use/ forestry practices/ research/ literature
reviews
Abstract: The long tradition of catchment studies in
hydrology results from the need to understand the water balance
operating in basins, the processes controlling water movements and
the impacts of land-use change on water quantity and quality. The
interactions between physical, chemical and biological behaviour
have become an increasingly dominant theme in recent years, and
this has been boosted by global environmental problems such as acid
rain and climatic change. After a historical summary of catchment
studies, a brief review is given of some of the most influential
experiments and their underlying objectives and results,
concentrating on those concerned with one land-use change in
particular--to/from forestry. In interpreting the effects of a
change in forest cover, it is necessary also to consider impacts of
the associated site disturbance, including possible soil compaction
and road construction as a result of logging and any artificial
drainage before tree planting. The recent tendency to link basin
studies into networks is discussed, with examples of currently
active networks.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
527. Experimental evidence of transport of
pesticides through field soils: A review.
Flury, M.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 25 (1): 24-45. (Jan.
1996-Feb. 1996)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA]
Abstract: Much information is available in the
literature about pesticide transport through soils at the field
scale. The purpose of this study is to review the literature with a
focus on pesticide leaching to groundwater. The literature was
compiled and discussed with respect to different factors that
influence pesticide leaching. Pesticide leaching below the root
zone has been demonstrated in sandy as well as in loamy soils.
Particularly in loamy soils, there is evidence that even strongly
adsorbing chemicals can move along preferential flow pathways and
that the travel times of pesticides are comparable to those of
conservative solutes. The amounts of pesticides leached below the
root zone by worst case rainfall events depend on the chemical
properties and can reach up to 5% of the applied mass. When there
is no heavy rainfall shortly following application of chemicals,
the mass annually leached below the root zone is in the range of
< 0.1 to 1%, occasionally it can reach up to 4%. Although a
direct comparison cannot be made, the mass lost by leaching seems
generally to be smaller than that lost by runoff, depending of
course on the slope of the fields. Several factors that affect
pesticide leaching, such as surface preparation, soil structure,
soil water content, type of irrigation, pesticide formulation, time
of application and rainfall events, are discussed with support of
experimental evidence. While some factors showed inconsistent
effects, others show promise in controlling leaching mechanisms.
These latter factors include initial water content, surface
preparation, and time of pesticide application. Based on the
reviewed literature, recommendations were made for future research
activities.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
528. Expert system applications in irrigation
management: An overview.
Mohan, S and Arumugam, N
Computers and Electronics in
Agriculture 17 (3): 263-280.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.D3C652;
ISSN: 0168-1699
Descriptors:
bioprocess engineering/ computer
language/ computerized technique/ expert system applications/
irrigation management/ reservoir operation/ soil science/ user
interface
Abstract: Due to the complexity of irrigation
management problems, reliance on experience and experts is
necessary for effective decision-making in this domain. Expert
systems (ES) are efficient means for providing decision support to
tasks that primarily require experience based knowledge. This paper
reviews the adoptability and suitability of ES applications in the
domain of irrigation management. Core concepts of ES are briefly
discussed. A detailed review of the existing applications of ES is
presented under three classes of ES applications: (a) expert
systems proper, (b) intelligent front-ends, and (c) hybrid systems.
This review of literature shows that the ES approach is applied
more recently to broader domain areas in contrast to the earlier
systems that were focused on narrower domain problems. Additional
research on ES application to domains such as real-time irrigation
scheduling, reservoir operation involving stochastic nature of
inflows and evapotranspiration demand, and integrated operation of
irrigation system components is needed to evolve guidelines for
optimal water use. The problem of handling multiple experts to
evolve decisions that are less biased than an individual expert
needs to be addressed. A methodology that. takes into account the
uncertainty of the ES decisions is also warranted. Further, there
is a need for practical evaluation of the quality of
recommendations made by the ES which would result in the successful
implementation of the ES.
© Thomson
529. Exploitation of composting management for
either reclamation of organic wastes or solid-phase treatment of
contaminated environmental matrices.
Vallini, Giovanni; Di Gregorio,
Simona; Pera, Antonio; Queda, A; and Cunha, Cristina F
Environmental Reviews
10 (4): 195-207. (2002)
NAL Call #:
GE140.E59;
ISSN: 1181-8700
Descriptors:
bioremediation/ contaminated
sediments/ contaminated soils
© Thomson
530. Exploring the opportunities for
agroforestry in changing rural landscapes: Selected papers from the
5th Biennial Conference on Agroforestry in North America, August
3-6, 1997.
Lassoie, J. P. and Buck, L.
E.
Agroforestry Systems
44 (2/3): 106-357. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366.
Notes: Special issue.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
531. Extraction and purification of microbial
DNA from soil and sediment samples.
Roose, Amsaleg C L; Garnier, Sillam
E; and Harry, M
Applied Soil Ecology
18 (1): 47-60. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.S6A67;
ISSN: 0929-1393
Descriptors:
microbial DNA: extraction,
purification, sediment, soil/ microbes (Microorganisms): diversity/
Microorganisms/ cell fragment removal/ contaminant extraction/
extraction/ purification efficiency: environmental sample
dependent
Abstract: Knowledge of the microbial diversity in
natural ecosystems has long been limited because only a minority of
naturally occurring microbes can be cultured using standard
techniques. Several protocols for the extraction of nucleic acids
directly from the environmental matrix have been recently developed
to circumvent this problem and this review covers the major
extraction procedures currently used to obtain microbial DNA from
environmental samples. DNA extraction procedures can involve cell
extraction or direct lysis, depending on whether or not the
microbial cells are isolated from their matrix. An extraction
protocol generally comprises three steps: cell lysis that can be
chemical, mechanical and enzymatic, removal of cell fragments and
nucleic acid precipitation and purification. Direct lysis methods
are more often used than cell extraction ones because they are less
time consuming and give a better recovery, resulting in an
extracted DNA more representative of the whole microbial community
present in the sample. However, with direct lysis, contaminants are
also extracted which interfere with the DNA extract. As a
consequence, a more extensive purification step is required. At
least four types of purification are commonly used: cesium chloride
density gradient ultracentrifugation, chromatography,
electrophoresis and dialysis and filtration. To remove all
contaminants, it could be recommended that several purification
procedures be combined, depending on the environmental matrix. The
efficiency of extraction/purification depends on the properties of
the environmental sample, and each step of the extraction procedure
must be adjusted for each sample. Moreover, each step of the
procedure suffers from shortcomings, and each additional step
inevitably induces a DNA loss. Thus, the choice of a protocol must
be a compromise between the recovery of DNA that will be the most
representative of the microbial community and the quality of the
DNA obtained that is imposed by the objectives of the work, such as
detection of specific organisms or assessment of the total
microbial community structure. Nevertheless, molecular techniques,
that could be used in combination with cultivation techniques, are
powerful methods for surveying the microbial diversity in
environmental samples, although investigators must be aware that
such techniques are not exempt of methodological biases.
© Thomson
532. Factors affecting the performance of
stormwater treatment wetlands.
Carleton, J N; Grizzard, T J;
Godrej, A N; and Post, H E
Water Research 35 (6): 1552-1562. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TD420.W3;
ISSN: 0043-1354
Descriptors:
ammonia: pollutant/ nitrate:
pollutant/ phosphorus: pollutant/ hydraulic loading rate/ pollutant
input/ pollutant removal/ stormwater runoff/ stormwater treatment
wetlands/ wastewater treatment
Abstract: Data from 35 studies on 49 wetland systems
used to treat stormwater runoff or runoff-impacted surface waters
were examined and compared in order to identify any obvious trends
that may aid future stormwater treatment wetland design efforts.
Despite the intermittent nature of hydrologic and pollutant inputs
from stormwater runoff, our analysis demonstrates that steady-state
first-order plug-flow models commonly used to analyze wastewater
treatment wetlands can be adapted for use with stormwater wetlands.
Long-term pollutant removals are analyzed as functions of long-term
mean hydraulic loading rate and nominal detention time. First-order
removal rate constants for total phosphorus, ammonia, and nitrate
generated in this fashion are demonstrated to be similar to values
reported in the literature for wastewater treatment wetlands.
Constituent removals are also demonstrated via regression analyses
to be functions of the ratio of wetland area to watershed area.
Resulting equations between these variables can be used as
preliminary design tools in the absence of more site-specific
details, with the understanding that they should be employed
cautiously.
© Thomson
533. Factors determining the effects of
pesticides upon butterflies inhabiting arable farmland.
Longley, M. and Sotherton, N.
W.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 61 (1): 1-12.
(Jan. 1997)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
agricultural land/ pesticides/
exposure/ nontarget effects/ lepidoptera/ sublethal effects/
mortality/ fecundity/ longevity/ toxicity/ environmental factors/
farm management/ reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
534. Factors of variation of the fate of
nitrogen from cattle ejections on forage surfaces.
Simon JC; Decau ML; and Morvan
T.
In: Cinquiemes rencontres autour
des recherches sur les ruminants:
Rencontres-Recherches-Ruminants. (Held 2 Dec 1998-3 Dec 1998 at Paris, France.);
Vol. 5.; pp. 193-200; 1998.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
535. Farm scale composting: Biocycle.
Emmaus, Pa.: JG Press; 80 p.: ill.
(some col.). (1995)
Notes: Cover title. "A Biocycle
publication."
NAL Call #: S661.F37--1995
Descriptors:
Compost---Management/
Compost---Economic aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
536. Farming for a better environment: A white
paper.
Soil and Water Conservation Society
(U.S.).
Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water
Conservation Society; vii, 67 p. (1995)
NAL Call #: S604.F28--1995;
ISBN: 0935734376
Descriptors:
Conservation tillage/ Soil
conservation/ Soil erosion
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
537. Farming systems and conservation needs in
the Northwest Wheat Region.
Papendick, R. I.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 11
(2/3): 52-57. (1996)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43;
ISSN: 0889-1893
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
538. Farmland biodiversity: Is habitat
heterogeneity the key?
Benton, T. G.; Vickery, J. A.; and
Wilson, J. D.
Trends in Ecology and
Evolution
18 (4): 182-188. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH540.T742;
ISSN: 0169-5347
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
539. Faster, better data for burned watersheds
needing emergency rehab.
Lachowski, H.; Hardwick, P.;
Griffith, R.; Parsons, A.; and Warbington, R.
Journal of Forestry
95 (6): 4-8. (1997);
ISSN: 0022-1201
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
540. The fate and transport of phosphorus in
agricultural systems.
Hansen, N. C.; Daniel, T. C.;
Sharpley, A. N.; and Lemunyon, J. L.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 408-417.
(Nov. 2002-Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
nitrogen / losses from soil/
nitrogen fertilizers/ animal manures/ nitrogen cycle/ soil flora/
biological activity in soil/ nitrous oxide/ emission/ nitrate/
leaching/ simulation models/ use efficiency/ water pollution/ soil
biology/ water erosion
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
541. Fate and transport of surface water
pathogens in watersheds.
Ferguson, C.; Husman, A. M. de R.;
Altavilla, N.; Deere, D.; and Ashbolt, N.
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 33 (3): 299-361. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
542. Fate, Dissipation and Environmental Effects
of Pesticides in Southern Forests: A Review of a Decade of Research
Progress.
Neary, D. G.; Bush, P. B.; and
Michael, J. L.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12 (3): 411-428.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58 [ETOCDK]
Descriptors:
Descriptors: Dissipation/ Fate of
pollutants/ Leaching/ Literature review/ Path of pollutants/
Pesticides/ CREAMS Model/ Carbofuran/ Environmental effects/
Fenvalerate/ GLEAMS Model/ Hexazinone/ Infiltration/ Lindane/
Malathion/ Model studies/ Nitrates/ PRZM Model/ Picloram/ Sediment
yield/ Sulfometuron methyl/ Surface runoff/ Triclopyr/ Water
pollution effects/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Ultimate disposal
of wastes
Abstract: Ten years of watershed-scale research has
been conducted on the fate of forestry-use pesticides in forested
catchments under mainly operational conditions throughout the
southern U.S. Studies have evaluated chemicals such as hexazinone,
picloram, sulfometuron methyl, met-sulfuron methyl, azinphosmethyl,
triclopyr, carbofuran, lindane, malathion, fenvalerate,
copper-chromium-arsenic, and pentachlorophenol. Model verifications
of pesticide fate and dissipation and risk analyses have been
conducted using simulation models such as GLEAMS, CREAMS, and PRZM.
Field study data indicate that movement is controlled by the main
hydrologic pathways (e.g., surface runoff, infiltration, interflow,
and leaching below the root zone). Peak residue concentrations tend
to be low (<500 microgm/L), except where direct applications are
made to perennial streams or to ephemeral channels, and where
buffer strips are not used and do not persist for extended periods
of time. Indirect effects noted from the use of pesticides in
forested watersheds include temporarily increased nitrate nitrogen
losses, reduced sediment yields, temporal changes in terrestrial
invertebrate abundance, reduced plant diversity, and changes in
particulate organic matter transport in streams. Analyses conducted
in regional environmental impact statements indicate that the low
concentrations and short persistence of forestry pesticides in
surface water and groundwater do not post a significant risk to
water quality, aquatic biota, or human health. (Author's
abstract)
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
543. Fate of Applied Fertilizer Nitrogen in
Rainfed and Irrigated Rice Soils Under Green Manuring Condition: A
Review.
Mohanty, S. and Mandal, S.
R.
Environment and
Ecology 17 (1): 157-163.
(1999);
ISSN: 0970-0420
Descriptors:
Fertilizers/ Nitrogen/ Rice/
Irrigation/ Hydrology/ Fate of Pollutants/ Sources and fate of
pollution
Abstract: Basic studies to quantify the fate of
added fertilizer nitrogen in rice soil previously enriched with
green manures under irrigated and rainfed condition has summarily
been presented here. Results suggest that with similar N-use
efficiency, green manure-N is less prone to loss mechanisms that
mineral-N fertilizers and may therefore contribute to long term
residual effects on productivity. The various channels through
which applied fertilizer nitrogen gets distributed after
application under different hydrologic conditions and subsequently
the effect of green manuring modifying the trends have been
elucidated.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
544. Fate of Environmental
Pollutants.
Davis, J. F. and Kratzer, T.
W.
Water Environment
Research 69 (4): 861-869.
(June 1997)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ fate of
pollutants/ surface water/ surveys/ contamination/ water pollution
sources/ kinetics/ ecosystems/ acidification/ metals/ nutrients/
pathogens/ organic compounds/ literature reviews/ pollution
dispersion/ chemical kinetics/ literature review/ Sources and fate
of pollution/ Behavior and fate characteristics/ Freshwater
pollution
Abstract: This review covers studies related to the
fate of pollutants in natural surface waters including surveys of
contamination, assessment of pollutant sources, measurement of
reaction kinetics, and modeling and analysis of aquatic ecosystems.
Sections are provided on acidification and humic substances,
metals, nutrients, pathogens, and xenobiotic organics.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
545. Fate of poultry manure estrogens in soils:
A review.
Hanselman, T. A.; Graetz, D. A.;
and Wilkie, A. C.
Soil and Crop Science
Society of Florida: Proceedings 62: 8-12. (2003)
NAL Call #:
56.9 So32;
ISSN: 0096-4522
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ pka values/
17 beta estradiol / estrone/ litter/ estradiol/ hormones/ runoff/
testosterone/ persistence/ exposure
Abstract: Agricultural drainage waters may become
contaminated with natural steroidal estrogen hormones, i.e.
estradiol and estrone, when poultry wastes are land-applied at
agronomic rates. Estrogen contamination of waterways is a concern
because low concentrations (ng L-1) of these chemicals in water can
adversely affect the reproductive biology of aquatic vertebrates
(fish, turtles, frogs, etc.) by disrupting the normal function of
their endocrine systems. This review provides some information
about the physicochemical properties of estradiol and estrone and
summarizes current knowledge of estrogen fate and transport in
soils. Estradiol and estrone are nonionic (pKa 10.3 to 10.8),
slightly hydrophobic (log K-ow 3.1 to 4.0) compounds that have low
solubility in water (0.8 to 13.0 mg L-1). The fate of manure-borne
estrogens in soils is not well-established. Laboratory studies
suggest that estrogens should be rapidly dissipated in soils due to
sorption and transformation, but field studies have demonstrated
that estrogens are sufficiently mobile and persistent to impact
surface and ground water quality. More information is needed about
the types and amounts of estrogens that occur in various poultry
wastes, e.g. broiler litter vs. layer manure. More information is
also needed about the sorption, biodegradation, and leaching
potential of estradiol and estrone in soils.
© Thomson ISI
546. Feasibility of prescription pesticide use
in the United States.
Coble, Harold D.
Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology; Series: CAST issue paper no. 9.
(1998)
Notes: Caption title. "August 1998."
NAL Call #: S441-.I87-no.-9
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Government
policy---United States/ Pesticide regulations
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
547. Feeding and management system to reduce
environmental pollution in swine production.
Han IK; Lee JH; Piao XS; Li DeFa;
and Li DF
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 14 (3):
432-444; 81 ref. (2001)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
548. Fertilizer and Manure Application
Equipment.
Bartok, J. W.
Ithaca, NY: Natural Resource,
Agriculture, and Engineering Service NRAES-57; 22 p.
(1994)
Descriptors:
animal manures/ fertilizer
application/ application equipment/ manure storage
Abstract: This publication discusses types of
fertilizer and manure nutrient values and provides guidance on
equipment selection. Procedures for calibrating fertilizer and
manure application equipment are reviewed. The publication includes
over thirty illustrations, six tables, a plan for a fertilizer
storage shed, and a glossary of terms.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
549. Fertilizer recommendations for intensively
managed grassland.
Unwin RJ and Vellinga
TH.
In: Grassland and society:
Proceedings of the 15th General Meeting of the European Grassland
Federation. (Held 6 Jun
1994-9 Jun 1994 at Wageningen, The Netherlands.) Mannetje, L. and
Frame, J. (eds.)
Wageningen, The Netherlands:
Wageningen Pers; pp. 590-602; 1994.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
550. Fertilizers and manures.
Hall, Daniel and Smith, A.
M.
Delhi: Biotech Books; xvii, 333 p.:
ill. (2002)
Notes: 5th ed. (Rev.); Includes bibliographical
references and index.
NAL Call #: S654-.H362-2002;
ISBN: 8176220663
Descriptors:
Fertilizers/ Manures
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
551. Fertilizers and the environment.
Ayoub, A. T.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 55 (2):
117-121. (Oct. 1999)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC]
Descriptors:
fertilizers/ soil fertility/ soil
degradation/ cultivation/ deforestation/ land clearance/ erosion/
ecosystems/ pollutants/ socioeconomics/ technology transfer/
sustainability/ eutrophication/ global warming/ ozone/ acid rain/
algae/ environmental impact/ literature reviews/ water
pollution
Abstract: Soil fertility decline is occurring over
large parts of the world, particularly the developing world. It
occurs mainly through intensive cultivation and the inadequate
application of replacement nutrients, and through deforestation and
clearance of vegetation on sandy soils. Large amounts of soil
nutrients are also lost to the terrestrial ecosystems through wind
and water erosion. Low soil fertility is considered as one of the
most important constraints on improved agricultural production. To
sustain the future world population more fertilizers are required,
which may become an environmental hazard, unless adequate technical
and socio-economic measures are taken. It is estimated that, by the
year 2020 at a global level, 70% of plant nutrients will have to
come from fertilizers. Fertilizers are thus indispensable for
sustained food production, but excessive use of mineral fertilizers
has roused environmental concerns. Chief among these concerns are
eutrophication of fresh water bodies, global warming and
stratospheric ozone depletion, proliferation of algal blooms in
coastal waters and contribution towards acid rain.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
552. Fertilizers in agroforestry
systems.
Szott, L T and Kass, D C
L
Agroforestry Systems
23 (2-3): 157-176. (1993)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366
Descriptors:
plant (Plantae Unspecified)/ tree
(Spermatophyta)/ Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ agriculture/ alley cropping/
ecology/ forestry/ home gardens/ nutrient cycling/ organic
fertilizer/ shaded perennial
Abstract: This review encompasses results of
fertilization experiments on several agroforestry systems - alley
cropping, perennial shade systems, home gardens - in which
fertilizer use is a likely management alternative. Fertilizer
response was found to be most common in alley cropping, variable in
perennial shade systems, and rarely reported in home gardens. Level
of nutrient removal in harvested products is probably the
overriding factor in determining fertilizer response; greater
accumulation of organic residues, slower growth under shade, and
longer periods of nutrient uptake probably also contribute to the
relatively smaller fertilizer response of the perennial shade
systems and home gardens. Considerable knowledge gaps exist
regarding the breakdown of organic residues, and interactions
between mineral and organic amendments. Systems based on annual
crops (e.g., alley cropping) are likely to be less
nutrient-efficient and sustainable than systems based on perennial
crops, due to reduced fixation and transfer of N to the crops, the
tendency of the trees to compete for and sequester nutrients,
relatively high P requirements of the crops, and the high labor
cost of tree management. The possible benefits of fertilization of
specific components in home gardens, and relative advantages of
including low-value tree legumes, high-value shade trees, and
fertilization in shaded perennial systems are only beginning to
receive research attention.
© Thomson
553. Field effects of simazine at lower trophic
levels: A review.
Strandberg, Morten T and Scott
Fordsmand, Janeck J
Science of the Total
Environment 296 (1-3):
117-137. (2002)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365;
ISSN: 0048-9697
Descriptors:
simazine: aerial fallout rain
concentrations, application rate, bioaccumulation, disappearance
time, dissipation, fate, field effects, fresh water concentrations,
herbicide, lower trophic level effects, phytotoxicity, pollutant,
sediment decomposition, toxicity/ algae (Algae)/ aquatic
invertebrate (Invertebrata)/ bacteria (Bacteria)/ fungi (Fungi)/
plant (Plantae)/ terrestrial invertebrate (Invertebrata)/ Algae/
Animals/ Bacteria/ Eubacteria/ Fungi/ Invertebrates/
Microorganisms/ Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ dissipation pathways/
drought/ field studies/ laboratory studies/ low
temperatures
Abstract: Simazine is a triazine herbicide used in
agriculture, pot-plant and tree production. The total
concentrations (dissolved + adsorbed) in soil depend on the
application rate, for example an application rate of 1500 g
simazine/ha will result in approximately 4 mg simazine/kg in the
top 1 cm. It may be spread to adjacent areas due to drift, runoff
or evaporation. In fresh water concentrations approximately 4 mug
simazine/l has been recorded. In aerial fallout-rain-concentrations
of 0.680 mug simazine/l has been recorded. In both soil and water,
degradation studies have in most cases shown DT50 times that vary
between a few days and 150 days, indicating that total or near
total disappearance time may be at least three times longer. Low
temperatures and drought may prolong the dissipation time by a
factor of two or more. Laboratory studies indicate that the primary
site of decomposition in the aquatic environment is the sediment.
Field studies showed deleterious effects of simazine on terrestrial
invertebrates at application rates below 2 kg simazine/ha. The
direct toxicity was not confirmed by laboratory results, however,
these were sparse and did not cover a broad range of soil
organisms. No field studies were found dealing with invertebrates,
but laboratory studies have shown deleterious effects of simazine
on aquatic invertebrates at concentrations above 20 mug simazine/l.
Simazine is phytotoxic to many non-target species at rates below
the recommended rate. At least under some environmental conditions,
simazine can remain for a long time in the active layer and still
be toxic to sensitive plants 1 year after application. Despite its
phytotoxicity many plant species become more and more tolerant in
cases of repeated use for many years and some have become
resistant. Simazine is not highly toxic to soil microflora and
algae, although some species definitely are affected both in an
inhibitory and a stimulatory way. Most investigations predict no
long-term consequences to soil and aquatic microflora in
association with recommended and appropriate use giving rise to
maximum expected environmental concentrations of 5 mg simazine/kg
in soil and 4 mug simazine/l in water.
© Thomson
554. A field guide for the assessment of
erosion, sediment transport, and deposition in incised channels of
the southwestern United States.
Parker, John T. C.; United States.
Bureau of Indian Affairs; and Geological Survey (U.S.).
Tucson, Ariz.: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey; vi, 34 p.: col. ill.; Series:
Water-resources investigations report 99-4227. (2000)
Notes: Shipping list no.: 2000-0371-P. Includes
bibliographical references
(p 34).
NAL Call #: GB701 .W375 no. 99-4227
Descriptors:
Erosion---Southwestern States/
Sedimentation and deposition---Southwestern States/ Sediment
transport---Southwestern States/ River channels---Southwestern
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
555. Field guide to coastal wetland plants of
the southeastern United States.
Tiner, Ralph W.
Amherst: University of
Massachusetts Press; xiii, 328 p.: ill. (1993)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 311-313)
and index.
NAL Call #: QK125.T55--1993;
ISBN: 0870238329 (cloth: alk. paper); 0870238337
(pbk.: alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetland plants---Southern
States---Identification/ Coastal plants---Southern
States---Identification/ Wetland plants---Southern
States---Pictorial works/ Coastal plants---Southern
States---Pictorial works
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
556. Field guide to compost use.
Composting Council.
Alexandria, Va.: Composting
Council; 128 p.: col. ill. (1996)
Notes: Cover title. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 124).
NAL Call #: S661-.F54-1996
Descriptors:
Compost
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
557. Field guide to on-farm
composting.
Dougherty, Mark and Natural
Resource, Agriculture and Engineering Service. Cooperative
Extension.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Natural Resource,
Agriculture, and Engineering Service, Cooperative Extension; x, 118
p.: ill. (some col.); Series: NRAES 114. (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
115-118).
NAL Call #: S675-.N72-no.-114; ISBN: 0935817395 (pbk.)
Descriptors:
Compost---Handbooks, manuals,
etc
Abstract: Topics discussed in the book
include: operations and equipment; raw materials and recipe making;
process control and evaluation; site considerations, environmental
management, and safety; composting livestock and poultry
mortalities; and compost utilization on the farm. Highlights of the
guide include an equipment identification table, diagrams showing
windrow formation and shapes, examples and equations for recipe
making and compost use estimation, a troubleshooting guide, and 24
full-color photos.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
558. Field measurement of soil surface hydraulic
properties by disc and ring infiltrometers a review and recent
developments.
Angulo-Jaramillo, R.; Vandervaere,
J. P.; Roulier, S.; Thony, J. L.; Gaudet, J. P.; and Vauclin,
M.
Soil and Tillage
Research 55 (1/2): 1-29.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
559. Field methods for measurement of fluvial
sediment.
Edwards, Thomas K.; Glysson, G.
Douglas.; and Geological Survey (U.S.).
Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological
Survey: Denver, Co.: Information Services; viii, 89 p.: ill.;
Series: Techniques of water-resources investigations of the United
States Geological Survey. Book 3, Applications of hydraulics, ch.
C2. (1999)
Notes: Revised edition; "U.S. Department of the
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey"--Verso t.p. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 87-89).
NAL Call #: TC409 .U5 Book 3, ch. C2;
ISBN: 0607897384
Descriptors:
Alluvium---Measurement/ Sediment
transport---Measurement
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
560. Field studies on pesticides and birds:
Unexpected and unique relations.
Blus, Lawrence J and Henny, Charles
J
Ecological
Applications 7 (4):
1125-1132. (1997)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E23;
ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors:
dicofol: pesticide/ famphur:
pesticide/ pesticide/ DDE: pesticide/ DDT: pesticide/ bird (Aves)/
Animals/ Birds/ Chordates/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/
eggshell thickness/ population stability/ productivity/
reproductive success/ survival/ trophic level
bioaccumulation
Abstract: We review the advantages and disadvantages
of experimental and field studies for determining effects of
pesticides on birds. Important problems or principles initially
discovered in the field include effects of DDT (through its
metabolite DDE) on eggshell thickness, reproductive success, and
population stability; trophic-level bioaccumulation of the
lipid-soluble organochlorine pesticides; indirect effects on
productivity and survival through reductions in the food supply and
cover by herbicides and insecticides; unexpected toxic effects and
routes of exposure of organophosphorus compounds such as famphur
and dimethoate; effects related to simultaneous application at full
strength of several pesticides of different classes; and others.
Also, potentially serious bird problems with dicofol, based on
laboratory studies, later proved negligible in the field. In
refining field tests of pesticides, the selection of a species or
group of species to study is important, because exposure routes may
vary greatly, and 10-fold interspecific differences in sensitivity
to pesticides are relatively common. Although there are limitations
with field investigations, particularly uncontrollable variables
that must be addressed, the value of a well-designed field study
far outweighs its shortcomings.
© Thomson
561. Fields of change: A new crop of American
farmers finds alternatives to pesticides.
Curtis, Jennifer. and Natural
Resources Defense Council.
New York, NY: Natural Resources
Defense Council; ix, 230 p.: ill., map. (1998)
Notes: "July, 1998." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 223-228).
NAL Call #: S494.5.A65-C78-1998
Descriptors:
Alternative agriculture---United
States/ Agricultural chemicals---Environmental aspects---United
States/ Pesticides---Environmental aspects---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
562. Fifty years of crop evapotranspiration
studies in Puerto Rico.
Harmsen, E. W.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 58 (4): 214-223.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
crops/ water use/
evapotranspiration/ water resources/ Puerto Rico
563. Fifty years of entomological research in
orchard and vegetable crops in British Columbia.
Vernon, R. S.
Journal of the Entomological
Society of British Columbia 98: 143-151. (2001)
NAL Call #:
420-B77;
ISSN: 0071-0733 [JEBCA4]
Descriptors:
tree fruits/ vegetables/ arthropod
pests/ insect pests/ mites/ aphidoidea/ pest management/
pesticides/ entomology/ research/ literature reviews/ British
Columbia/ root maggots/ flea beetles
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
564. Final report of the Riparian Forest Buffer
Panel.
Riparian Forest Buffer Panel.
Chesapeake Bay Program (U.S.) and Chesapeake Executive
Council.
Philadelphia, Pa.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region III; 8 p.; Series: CBP/TRS
96/158. (1996)
Notes: "October 1996." "Printed by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency for the Chesapeake Bay Program"--P.
[2] of cover. "EPA 903-R-96-015."
NAL Call #: QH541.5.R52-R58-1996
Descriptors:
Riparian forests---Chesapeake
Bay---Md and Va/ Water quality management---Chesapeake Bay
Watershed---Md and Va/ Natural resources---Chesapeake Bay
Watershed---Md and Va/ Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and
Va
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
565. Fire and Aquatic Ecosystems in Forested
Biomes of North America.
Gresswell, R. E.
Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society 2: 193-221.
(1999);
ISSN: 0002-8487.
Notes: Publisher: American Fisheries Society
Descriptors:
Aquatic ecosystems/ Forests/ Fires/
Vegetation patterns/ North America/ Ecosystem disturbance/ Fire/
Environmental protection/ Freshwater fish/ Ecosystem resilience/
Zoobenthos/ Nature conservation/ Aquatic communities/ Forest Fires/
Ecosystems/ Watersheds/ Fish/ Benthos/ Literature Review/ Habitats/
Aquatic environment/ Vegetation/ Weather/ Habitat/ Biota/ Wildlife/
Pisces/ Bacillariophyceae/ Invertebrata/ North America/ Freshwater/
Habitat community studies/ Mechanical and natural changes/
Watershed protection/ Environmental action
Abstract: Synthesis of the literature suggests that
physical, chemical, and biological elements of a watershed interact
with long-term climate to influence fire regime, and that these
factors, in concordance with the postfire vegetation mosaic,
combine with local-scale weather to govern the trajectory and
magnitude of change following a fire event. Perturbation associated
with hydrological processes is probably the primary factor
influencing postfire persistence of fishes, benthic
macroinvertebrates, and diatoms in fluvial systems. It is apparent
that salmonids have evolved strategies to survive perturbations
occurring at the frequency of wildland fires (100-102 years), but
local populations of a species may be more ephemeral. Habitat
alteration probably has the greatest impact on individual organisms
and local populations that are the least mobile, and reinvasion
will be most rapid by aquatic organisms with high mobility. It is
becoming increasingly apparent that during the past century fire
suppression has altered fire regimes in some vegetation types, and
consequently, the probability of large stand-replacing fires has
increased in those areas. Current evidence suggests, however, that
even in the case of extensive high-severity fires, local
extirpation of fishes is patchy, and recolonization is rapid.
Lasting detrimental effects on fish populations have been limited
to areas where native populations have declined and become
increasingly isolated because of anthropogenic activities. A
strategy of protecting robust aquatic communities and restoring
aquatic habitat structure and life history complexity in degraded
areas may be the most effective means for insuring the persistence
of native biota where the probability of large-scale fires has
increased.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
566. Fish and land-inland water ecotones:
Overview and synthesis.
Zalewski, M.; Schiemer, F.; and
Thorpe, J.
International journal of
ecohydrology and hydrobiology 1 (1-2): 261-266. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.E19 I58;
ISSN: 1642-3593.
Notes: Special Issue: Catchment Processes Land/Water
Ecotones and Fish Communities
Descriptors:
Freshwater fish/ Riparian
environments/ Species diversity/ Population number/ Water quality/
Fishery management/ Stock assessment and management/ Conservation,
wildlife management and recreation
Abstract: The dramatic depletion of diversity and
standing crop of freshwater fish has been due mostly to degradation
of their habitats and water quality. To halt and reverse this
negative trend, a new approach is needed urgently toward
sustainability of fish resources. The UNESCO MAB programme on the
role of land-water ecotones has opened a new perspective towards
solving problems in landscape management and conservation.
Land-water ecotones, if restored and managed in a sustainable way,
can buffer and filter impacts on aquatic ecosystems due to
catchment development, by moderating hydrological processes,
improving water quality, and increasing spatial complexity of
habitats. This way, fish resources can be safeguarded, restored and
sustained. The programme of the "Fish and Land-Inland Water
Ecotones" (FLIWE) team has shown strong links between fish life
histories and structures and processes in land-water ecotones. To
be able to sustain freshwater fish populations a good understanding
is needed of the biological linkages and pathways through
land-water ecotones; of biogeochemistry; of modern techniques for
habitat inventories; and of methods of habitat evaluation, planning
and assessment of socio-economic feedback.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
567. Flood control and drainage
engineering.
Ghosh, S. N.
Rotterdam; Brookfield, VT: A.A.
Balkema; xiv, 299 p.: ill. (1997)
Notes: 2nd ed.; Includes bibliographical references and
index.
NAL Call #: TC530.G56--1997;
ISBN: 9061914817
Descriptors:
Flood control/ Drainage
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
568. Flood pulsing in wetlands: Restoring the
natural hydrological balance.
Middleton, Beth.
New York: Wiley, c2002. xii, 308
p.: ill., maps. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.V3-F46-2002; ISBN: 0471418072 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Floodplain ecology---North America/
Wetland restoration---North America
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
569. Flow Duration Curves 2: A Review of
Applications in Water Resources Planning.
Vogel, R. M. and Fennessey, N.
M.
Water Resources
Bulletin 31 (6): 1029-1039.
(1995);
ISSN: 0043-1370
Descriptors:
water resources/ hydrology/ stream
flow rate/ river engineering/ flood control/ water resources
planning/ streamflow/ hydraulics/ engineering/ flow duration/
hydroelectric plants/ river regulation/ water allocation/ instream
flow/ Dynamics of lakes and rivers/ Techniques of
planning
Abstract: A streamflow duration curve illustrates
the relationship between the frequency and magnitude of streamflow.
Flow duration curves have a long history in the field of
water-resource engineering and have been used to solve problems in
water-quality management, hydropower, instream flow methodologies,
water-use planning, flood control, and river and reservoir
sedimentation, and for scientific comparisons of streamflow
characteristics across watersheds. This paper reviews traditional
applications and provides extensions to some new applications,
including water allocation, wasteload allocation, river and wetland
inundation mapping, and the economic selection of a water-resource
project.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
570. Fluorimetric analysis of pesticides:
Methods, recent developments and applications.
Coly, Atanasse and Aaron, Jean
Jacques
Talanta 46 (5): 815-843. (1998);
ISSN: 0039-9140
Descriptors:
pesticides: analysis/ photochemical
reactivity/ photodegradation pathway
Abstract: The fluorimetric analysis of pesticides is
reviewed with emphasis on the description of direct and indirect
fluorimetric methods, including chemical derivatization,
fluorogenic labelling, and photochemically-induced fluorescence.
The use of fluorescence detection in TLC, HPLC and FIA as well as
applications to environmental samples are discussed in
detail.
© Thomson
571. Fluorimetric determination of nitrate and
nitrite.
Viriot, M L; Mahieuxe, B; Carre, M
C; and Andre, J C
Analusis 23 (7): 312-319. (1995)
NAL Call #:
QD71.A52;
ISSN: 0365-4877
Descriptors:
nitrate/ nitrite/ analytical method/
environmental chemistry/ fertilizer
© Thomson
572. Forage based farming, manure handling and
farm composting.
Koepf, Herbert H.
East Troy, Wis.: Michael Fields
Agricultural Institute; 48 p.: ill.; Series: Michael Fields
Agricultural Institute bulletin no. 4. (1993)
Notes: "This is a compilation of the proceedings of a
one day conference held on Thursday, March 18, 1993, at Michael
Fields Agricultural Institute, Inc., in East Troy, Wisconsin."
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: S494.5.S86M53--no.4
Descriptors:
Forage plants---Congresses/ Manure
handling---Congresses/ Sustainable
agriculture---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
573. Forest ecosystem recovery in the southeast
US: Soil ecology as an essential component of ecosystem
management.
Johnston, J. M. and Crossley, D. A.
Jr.
Forest Ecology and
Management 155 (1/3):
187-203. (2002)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
574. Forest harvesting and riparian management
guidelines: A review.
Boothroyd, Ian.; Langer, E. R.; and
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
(N.Z.).
Wellington: NIWA; 53, 5 p.: ill.;
Series: NIWA technical report 1174-2631 (56). (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
48-53).
NAL Call #: SD391-.B66-1999;
ISBN: 0478084773
Descriptors:
Forests and forestry/ Riparian
areas---Management
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
575. Forest health monitoring in the United
States: First four years.
Alexander, S. A. and Palmer, C.
J.
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 55 (2): 267-277.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors:
Federal programs/ Government
programs/ Environmental monitoring/ Forests/ Research programs/
EPA/ United States/ Land pollution/ Management
Abstract: To address the need for more effective
methods for evaluating and assessing forest ecosystem health, the
USDA-Forest Service and the US Environmental Protection Agency
through its Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
developed the Forest Health Monitoring program. The program was
initiated in 1990 and by 1994 was present in the major areas of the
United States. This paper presents an overview of the program, the
indicators and methods developed for the program, and some of the
results after four years of monitoring and research.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
576. Forest management and wildlife in forested
wetlands of the southern Appalachians.
Wigley, T Bently and Roberts,
Thomas H
Water Air and Soil
Pollution 77 (3-4): 445-456.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors:
animal (Animalia Unspecified)/ plant
(Plantae Unspecified)/ Animalia (Animalia Unspecified)/ Plantae
(Plantae Unspecified)/ animals/ plants/ biodiversity/ ecology/
environmental protection/ forestry/ habitat/ resource
management
Abstract: The southern Appalachian region contains a
variety of forested wetland types. Among the more prevalent types
are riparian and bottomland hardwood forests. In this paper we
discuss the temporal and spatial changes in wildlife diversity and
abundance often associated with forest management practices within
bottomland and riparian forests. Common silvicultural practices
within the southern Appalachians are diameter-limit cutting,
clearcutting, single-tree selection, and group selection. These
practices alter forest composition, structure, and spatial
heterogeneity, thereby changing the composition, abundance, and
diversity of wildlife communities. They also can impact special
habitat features such as snags, den trees, and dead and down woody
material. The value of wetland forests as habitat also is affected
by characteristics of adjacent habitats. More research is needed to
fully understand the impacts of forest management in wetlands of
the southern Appalachians.
© Thomson
577. Forest & Riparian Buffer Conservation:
Local Case Studies From the Chesapeake Bay Program.
Stabenfeldt, L.; Chesapeake Bay
Program, Forestry Workgroup of the Nutrient
Subcommittee.
Chesapeake Bay Program, 1996
(application/pdf)
NAL Call #: aQH104.5.C45 S73 1996
http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/158.pdf
Descriptors:
riparian areas/ riparian buffers/
riparian forests/ forest ecology/ conservation buffers/ ecological
restoration/ watershed management/ citizen participation/ local
government/ urban areas/ wildlife habitats/ public finance/ case
studies/ Delaware/ District of Columbia/ Maryland/ Pennsylvania/
Virginia/ West Virginia/ Chesapeake Bay/ GIS
Abstract: A collection of case-studies that
highlight accomplishments of local governments and citizen
organizations to recognize the importance of forests to their
communities and to take action to retain and restore those
forests.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
578. Forested wetlands: Functions, benefits and
the use of best management practices.
Welsch, David J. and United States.
State and Private Forestry. Northeastern Area.
Radnor, PA: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Natural Resources Conservation
Service; S.l.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service; 62 p.: col. ill., col maps. (1995)
Notes: Cover title. Authors: David J. Welsch ... [et
al.]. "NA-PR-01-95." Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: aQH541.5.M3F67--1995
Descriptors:
Forest ecology---United States/
Wetland ecology---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
579. Forests planted for ecosystem restoration
or conservation.
Harrington, C. A.
New Forests 17/18 (1/3/1): 175-190. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD409.N48;
ISSN: 0169-4286.
Notes: Special issue: Planted forests: Contributions to
the quest for sustainable societies / edited by J. R. Boyle, J.
Winjum, K. Kavanagh and E. Jensen. Paper presented at a symposium
held June 1995, Portland, Oregon. Includes references.
Descriptors:
forest plantations/ ecosystems/
forest ecology/ nature conservation/ sustainability/ afforestation/
disturbed land/ planting/ land management/ stand establishment/
forest management/ fertilizers/ placement/ liming/ cultivation/
site preparation/ herbivores/ browsing/ vegetation management/
plant competition/ abiotic injuries/ wind/ sun/ species
differences/ growth/ nurse trees/ literature reviews
Abstract: Although the phrase, "planting for
ecosystem restoration," is of recent origin, many of the earliest
large-scale tree plantings were made for what we now refer to as
"restoration" or "conservation" goals. Forest restoration
activities may be needed when ecosystems are disturbed by either
natural or anthropogenic forces. Disturbances can impact (1) basic
components of the system (e.g., plant and animal composition, soil
pools, and atmospheric pools), (2) ecosystem processes, i.e.,
interactions among basic components, or (3) both components and
processes. Early efforts at restoration or site rehabilitation
focused primarily on reducing off-site impacts, such as sediment
introduced into streams from ecosystems that had been severely
disturbed. More recent restoration programs include ecosystems in
which only some of the components are missing or some of the
processes have been impacted. Restoration activities can begin
immediately after the disturbance has ended. Although forest
restoration projects can include many activities, planting is
almost always a key component. When planning an ecosystem
restoration project, land managers need to be aware that commonly
used plant establishment and management procedures may need to be
altered to meet project objectives. Some systems may have been so
severely impacted that ameliorative activities, e.g.,
fertilization, liming, land contouring, and microsite preparation,
will be necessary, prior to planting. Managers may also need to
take special measures to reduce herbivory, control competing
vegetation, or reduce physical damage from wind or sun. Choice of
species needs careful consideration. Desired species may not grow
well on degraded sites, may need a nurse species to become
established, or may not provide an opportunity to harvest a
short-term crop to reduce restoration costs. New methods may need
to be developed for projects that require underplanting or
interplanting. The end result of restoration should be an ecosystem
with the same level of heterogeneity inherent in an undisturbed
system; thus, managers should consider how pre- and postplanting
activities will affect system variability. As our understanding of
ecosystems has increased, so has our expectation that restored
ecosystems have the same components and function in the same manner
as do undisturbed systems. These expectations require that land
managers have more sophisticated information than was considered
necessary previously. In the absence of more pertinent information,
we can prescribe restoration activities based on results from
related ecosystems or on theoretical considerations. Additional
research, careful monitoring, and adaptive management are critical
to our long-term success.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
580. The Fourth no-till Q&A book: Practical
down-to-earth answers to 184 of the most commonly asked questions
about all aspects of no-till farming.
Lessiter, Frank.
Brookfield, WI: Lessiter
Publications; 48 p.: ill. (1993)
Notes: 4th ed.
NAL Call #: S604.N675--1993
Descriptors:
No tillage---United States/
Conservation tillage---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
581. Fractionation studies of trace elements in
contaminated soils and sediments: A review of sequential extraction
procedures.
Gleyzes, Christine; Tellier,
Sylvaine; and Astruc, Michel
Trends in Analytical
Chemistry 21 (6-7): 451-467.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:
aluminum hydrous oxides/ anionic
species/ hydrogen peroxide/ hydroxylamine/ iron hydrous oxides /
manganese hydrous oxides/ metals: solid phase forms/ oxalate/
oxalic acid buffered solution/ sodium dithionite/ sodium hydroxide/
sodium hypochlorite/ sodium pyrophosphate/ trace elements/
agricultural soils/ contaminated sediments/ contaminated
soils
Abstract: Sequential selective extraction techniques
are commonly used to fractionate the solid-phase forms of metals in
soils. Many sequential extraction procedures have been developed,
particularly for sediments or agricultural soils, and, despite
numerous criticisms, they remain very useful. This article reviews
the reagents used in the various schemes, with their advantages and
disadvantages. The particular case of elements giving anionic
species is also developed. Finally, there is discussion of the
limits of sequential extraction procedures.
© Thomson
582. A framework for evaluating BMP effects on N
discharges from watersheds.
Shukla S and Mostaghimi
S.
In: ASAE Annual International
Meeting. (Held 12 Jul
1998-16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE); 21 p.; 1998.
Notes: ASAE Paper no. 982008
NAL Call #: S671.3 .A54
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
583. Framework for wetland systems management:
Earth resources perspective: Final report.
Warne, Andrew G.; Smith, Lawson M.;
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; U.S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station; and Wetlands Research Program
(U.S.).
Vickburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station; viii, 143 p.: ill. maps; Series:
Wetlands Research Program technical report WRP-SM-12.
(1995)
Notes: "October 1995." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 131-143).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W37--1995
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology---United
States---Management/ Wetlands---United States---Management/
Ecosystems management---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
584. Fremont cottonwood-Goodding willow riparian
forests: A review of their ecology, threats, and recovery
potential.
Stromberg, J. C.
Journal of the
Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 27 (1): 97-110. (1993)
NAL Call #:
500-Ar44;
ISSN: 0193-8509 [JAASDM]
Descriptors:
populus fremontii/ salix/ forest
ecology/ riparian forests/ endangered species/ forest resources/
literature reviews/ nature conservation/ Arizona/ California/ Utah/
salix gooddingii
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
585. Freshwater liming.
Henrikson, L; Hindar, A; and
Thornelof, E
Water Air and Soil
Pollution 85 (1): 131-142.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors:
calcium carbonate/ aluminum/ acid
deposition/ air pollution/ aluminum/ calcium carbonate/ cost
benefit analyses/ environmental contamination/ lake/
neutralization/ organic matter/ stream/ water pollution/
wetlands
Abstract: Operational liming of surface waters is
part of Sweden and Norway's strategy to counteract freshwater
acidification caused by air pollutants. Smaller scale liming
efforts are performed as research or experimental programs in other
countries. Yearly, approx. 300,000 tons of fine-grained limestone
(CaCO-3) is spread in lakes and streams and on wetlands to raise
the Ph in surface water at a cost of approximately 40-50 million
US. The chemical target is set by the biological goals and
objectives. A total of over 11,000 lakes and streams are treated on
a continuing basis. Dose calculations consider pH, inorganic
monomeric Al, dissolved organic matter and the necessary buffering.
Lake liming, limedosers at streams and terrestrial liming are used.
A mix of different liming techniques is often preferred to get an
optimal result. The vast majority of changes are desirable and
expected. Undesirable effects may appear and damaged wetlands are
probably the most serious ones. Cost-benefit analysis show that
liming may be profitable for the society. Recovery of the systems
can take up to 10-20 years. Liming will in the long run restore the
ecosystems but will not make them identical to what may be the
original ones. In some cases, complementary measures, e.g.
facilitation of recolonization, are necessary to enhance recovery.
Reduced emissions of acidifying pollutants according to signed
protocols will decrease the need for liming, but still liming is
needed for several decades in large regions to preserve
biodiversity.
© Thomson
586. Freshwater sediment toxicity tests:
Technical evaluations and responses with receiving water
sediments.
Haley, Richard K. and National
Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
(U.S.).
Research Triangle Park, NC:
National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement; iii, 69, 6 p.: ill.; Series: Technical bulletin
(National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement (U.S.): 1981) no. 719. (1996)
Notes: Cover title. Prepared by Richard K. Haley. "July
1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-69).
NAL Call #: TD899.P3N34--no.719
Descriptors:
Toxicity testing---Methodology/
Sediments---Geology---Toxicology---United States/ Water quality
biological assessment---United States/ Effluent quality---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
587. From laboratory to field: Uses and
limitations of pesticide behaviour models for the soil/plant
system.
Boesten, J. J. T. I.
Weed Research 40 (1): 123-138. (Feb. 2000)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W412;
ISSN: 0043-1737 [WEREAT]
Descriptors:
pesticides/ soil/ mathematical
models/ simulation models/ pollution/ contamination/ movement in
soil/ volatilization/ surfaces/ rain/ plants/ persistence/
groundwater/ groundwater pollution/ simulation/ leaching/ water
quality/ validity/ literature reviews/ pesticide
residues
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
588. A functional classification of wetland
plants.
Boutin, C. and Keddy, P.
A.
Journal of Vegetation
Science 4 (5): 591-600.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QK900.J67;
ISSN: 1100-9233
Descriptors:
bog plants/ community ecology/ plant
ecology/ wetlands/ literature reviews/ pot experimentation/ North
America/ eastern North America
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
589. Functional ecology of vesicular arbuscular
mycorrhizas as influenced by phosphate fertilization and tillage in
an agricultural ecosystem.
Miller, M. H.; McGonigle, T. P.;
and Addy, H. D.
Critical Reviews in
Biotechnology 15 (3/4):
241-255. (1995)
NAL Call #:
TP248.13.C74;
ISSN: 0738-8551
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
590. Fungicide resistance. Lessons for herbicide
resistance management?
Peever, Tobin L and Milgroom,
Michael G
Weed Technology 9 (4): 840-849. (1995)
NAL Call #:
SB610.W39;
ISSN: 0890-037X
Descriptors:
cross resistance/ fitness/ pathogen
populations
© Thomson
591. Future benefits from biological nitrogen
fixation: An ecological approach to agriculture.
Giller KE and Cadisch G
Plant and Soil 174 (1-2): 255-277. (1995)
NAL Call #:
450 P696.
Notes: Number of References: 105; Extended versions of
papers presented at Management of biological nitrogen fixation for
the development of more productive and sustainable agricultural
systems: Symposium on biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable
agriculture at the 15th Congress of Soil Science / Acapulco,
Mexico, 1994
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
592. Future directions for biodiversity
conservation in managed forests: Indicator species, impact studies
and monitoring programs.
Lindenmayer, D. B.
Forest Ecology and
Management 115 (2/3):
277-287. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
593. The future of herbicides in weed control
systems of the Great Plains.
Lyon, D. J.; Miller, S. D.; and
Wicks, G. A.
Journal of Production
Agriculture 9 (2): 209-215.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
594. Future of irrigated agriculture.
Vaux, H.
Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology, 1996. 76 p.
Notes: "August 1996."
Descriptors:
agriculture/ irrigation/ Western
United States/ agricultural policy/ groundwater/ water
supply
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
595. The future role of biotechnology in
integrated pest management.
Osir, E O and Gould, F
Insect Science and its
Application 15 (6): 621-631.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
QL461.I57;
ISSN: 0191-9040
Descriptors:
animal (Animalia Unspecified)/
Animalia (Animalia Unspecified)/ animals/ agriculture/ biological
control/ biotechnology/ crop loss/ integrated pest management/
pest/ pest management/ population dynamics
Abstract: Crop losses caused by pests are a major
problem in both developed and developing countries. Increasing
awareness of the environmental consequences of indiscriminate use
of chemical pesticides has provided new impetus for the search for
alternative ways of managing pests. Particular emphasis has been
placed on strategies that cause less pollution to the environment
and those that are affordable, especially for the less developed
countries. One concept that has received a lot of attention is
integrated pest management (IPM), which seeks to manage pests and
minimise crop losses by using methods that are economically viable
and less harmful to the environment. At least three distinct
classes of new biotechnologies can have impacts on integrated pest
management. These include microbial biotechnologies, plant
molecular biology and genetics, and insect molecular biology and
genetics. For example, recent advances in molecular biology have
enabled scientists to overcome species barriers and to genetically
alter plants, animals and microorganisms in ways that were not
possible before. Already, several genetically altered plants which
express genes that confer protection against pests have been
produced. The techniques of biotechnology have also played
important roles in elucidating pest populations and in studying the
population dynamics of biological control agents and other types of
organisms that live in association with crop plants. This article
examines some of the major developments in the areas of molecular
biology, genetics and biotechnology and the potential impacts that
they could have on integrated pest management worldwide.
© Thomson
596. The future role of pesticides in US
agriculture.
National Research Council (U.S.).
Committee on the Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture and
National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Environmental Studies
and Toxicology.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press; xx, 301 p.: ill. (2000)
NAL Call #: SB950.2.A1-F88-2000; ISBN: 0309065267 (case bound)
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309065267/html/
Descriptors:
Pesticides---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
597. Fuzzy environmental decision-making:
Applications to air pollution.
Fisher, Bernard
Atmospheric
Environment 37 (14):
1865-1877. (2003)
NAL Call #:
TD881.A822;
ISSN: 1352-2310
Descriptors:
air pollution/ air quality
management/ environmental decision making/ fuzzy set theory/ human
health assessment/ integrated pollution prevention/ uncertainty/
urban air quality
Abstract: This paper illustrates ways in which
concepts from fuzzy set theory may be applied to decision-making in
the environmental sciences. Examples of its application to
uncertainty, particularly in air pollution, are illustrated. No one
of a number of methods for dealing with uncertainty is advocated,
but rather a choice from a range of techniques should be made,
appropriate to the application. Use of fuzzy sets formalises the
underlying assumptions regarding uncertainty and therefore leads to
better decision-making. This paper illustrates the flexibility of
the approach, taking examples from air quality management,
integrated pollution prevention and control, and human health
assessment.
© Thomson
598. The General Ecology of Beavers (Castor
Spp.), As Related to Their Influence on Stream Ecosystems and
Riparian Habitats, and the Subsequent Effects on Fish: A
Review.
Collen, P and Gibson, RJ
Reviews in Fish Biology and
Fisheries 10 (4): 439-461.
(2000);
ISSN: 0960-3166
Descriptors:
Aquatic mammals/ Freshwater ecology/
Habitat selection/ Environmental impact/ Interspecific
relationships/ Sedimentation/ Nature conservation/ Environmental
protection/ Habitat changes/ Water temperature/ Hydrology/ Dams/
Reviews/ Streams/ Riparian environments / Aquatic ecosystems/
Castor/ Salmonidae/ Castor canadensis/ Castor fiber/ Beavers/
Salmonids/ American Beaver/ European Beaver/ Species interactions:
general/ Mammals
Abstract: The Eurasian and North American beavers
are similar in their ecological requirements, and require water
deep enough to cover the entrance to their lodge or burrow. A food
cache is often built next to the lodge or burrow, except in some
southern areas. On small streams (up to fourth order) dams are
frequently built to create an impoundment, generally on low
gradient streams, although at high population densities dams may be
built on steeper gradient streams. On large rivers or in lakes,
simply a lodge with its food cache may be built. The beaver is a
keystone riparian species in that the landscape can be considerably
altered by its activities and a new ecosystem created. The stream
above a dam changes from lotic to lentic conditions. There are
hydrological, temperature and chemical changes, depending on types
of dams and locations. Although the invertebrates may be fewer per
unit area, total number of organisms increases, and diversity
increases as the pond ages. In cool, small order streams, the
impoundments provide better habitat for large trout, possibly
creating angling opportunities. However, at sites where water
temperatures rise above their optimum preferenda, salmonids may be
replaced by other species, such as cyprinids, catostomids, percids
or centrarchids. As the habitat is altered, interactions amongst
co-habiting species may change. For example, brown trout or brook
trout (charr) may become dominant over Atlantic salmon. In warm
water streams there may be a shift from faster water dwellers to
pond dwellers. Larger bodied fish, such as centrarchids and esocids
may displace smaller bodied fish such as cyprinids, providing
better angling. Refugia from high or low water flows, low oxygen or
high temperatures, may be provided in adverse conditions in winter
or summer. However, in some cases dams are obstructions to upstream
migration, and sediment may be deposited in former spawning areas.
The practicality and benefits of introducing or restoring beaver
populations will vary according to location, and should be
considered in conjunction with a management plan to control their
densities.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
599. Genetically modified crops and the
environment.
Barton, J. E. and Dracup,
M.
Agronomy Journal
92 (4): 797-803. (July 2000-Aug.
2000)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962 [AGJOAT]
Descriptors:
crops/ genetic engineering/
environmental protection/ nature conservation/ crop management/
risk assessment/ gene flow/ ecosystems/ environmental impact/
temporal variation/ spatial variation/ decision making/ monitoring/
sustainability/ literature reviews/ transgenic plants
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
600. Geochemical processes and nutrient uptake
by plants in hydric soils.
McKee, W. H. Jr. and McKevlin, M.
R.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12 (12): 2197-2207.
(Dec. 1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268 [ETOCDK].
Notes: Annual Review Issue: Wetland Ecotoxicology and
Chemistry. Includes references.
Descriptors:
wetland soils/ flooding/ biological
production/ plant water relations/ plant nutrition/ metabolism/
mineral nutrition/ nutrient uptake/ soil physical properties/
reduction
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
601. Geographically isolated wetlands: A
preliminary assessment of their characteristics and status in
selected areas of the United States.
Tiner, Ralph W. and U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. Region 5.
Hadley, Mass.: U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Northeast Region. (2002)
Notes: Title from web page. "June 2002." Description
based on content viewed July 3, 2003. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: QH87.3-.G64-2002
http://wetlands.fws.gov/Pubs%5FReports/isolated/report.htm
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/ Wetland
ecology---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
602. Geology, climate, land, and water
quality.
Fox, D. G.; Jemison, R.; Potter, D.
U.; Valett, H. M.; and Watts, R.
In: Ecology, diversity, and
sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin; Fort Collins, Colo.:
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station, 1995. pp. 52-79.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.268
Descriptors:
pollutants/ geology/ climate/ water
quality/ rivers/ ecosystems/ topography/ hydrology/ river valleys/
drainage/ watersheds/ history/ human activity/ dams/ contamination/
water pollution/ organic compounds/ biocides/ radionuclides/ heavy
metals/ nutrients/ water availability/ water resources/ carbon
cycle/ sediment/ literature reviews/ New Mexico
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
603. Geomorphic thresholds in riverine
landscapes.
Church, Michael
Freshwater Biology
47 (4): 541-557. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH96.F6;
ISSN: 0046-5070
Descriptors:
alluvial deposits/ drainage basins/
flow regimes/ fluvial competence/ fluvial geomorphology/ geomorphic
thresholds/ habitat types/ human activity/ river channels: form,
processes/ river organization/ riverine landscapes/ sediment
caliber/ sediment quality/ sediment transport/
topography
Abstract: 1. Rivers are subject to thresholds of
several types that define significant changes in processes and
morphology and delimit distinctive riverine landscapes and
habitats. Thresholds are set by the conditions that govern river
channel process and form, amongst which the most important are the
flow regime, the quantity and calibre of sediment delivered to the
channel, and the topographic setting (which determines the gradient
of the channel). These factors determine the sediment transport
regime and the character of alluvial deposits along the channel. 2.
Changes occur systematically along the drainage system as flow,
gradient and sediment character change, so a characteristic
sequence of morphological and habitat types - hence of riverine
landscapes - can be described from uplands to distal channels. The
sequence is closely associated with stream competence to move
sediment and with bank stability. 3. The paper proposes a first
order classification of river channel and landscape types based on
these factors. The riverine landscape is affected seasonally by
flow thresholds, and further seasonal thresholds in northern rivers
are conditioned by the ice regime. 4. It is important to understand
geomorphic thresholds in rivers not only for the way they determine
morphology and habitat, but because human activity can precipitate
threshold crossings which change these features significantly,
through either planned or inadvertent actions. Hence, human actions
frequently dictate the character of the riverine
landscape.
© Thomson
604. Global estimates of potential mitigation of
greenhouse gas emissions by agriculture.
Cole, C. V.; Duxbury, J.; Freney,
J.; Heinemeyer, O.; Minami, K.; Mosier, A.; Paustian, K.;
Rosenberg, N.; Sampson, N.; Sauerbeck, D.; and Zhao, Q.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 49 (1/3):
221-228. (1997)
NAL Call #:
S631 .F422
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
605. Global patterns of dissolved N, P and Si in
large rivers.
Turner, R. E.; Rabalais, N. N.;
Justic, D.; and Dortch, Q.
Biogeochemistry 64 (3): 297-317. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH345.B564;
ISSN: 0168-2563
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ coastal
waters/ estuaries/ large rivers/ limnology/ nitrogen/ nutrient
ratios/ phosphate/ silicate/ stoichiometry/ Mississippi River/
coastal eutrophication/ Brest, France/ food webs/ nitrogen/
silicate/ phytoplankton/ nutrient/ waters/ ocean
Abstract: The concentration of dissolved inorganic
nitrogen (DIN), dissolved nitrate-N, Total-N (TN), dissolved
inorganic phosphate (DIP), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved
silicate-Si (DSi) and their ratios in the world's largest rivers
are examined using a global data base that includes 37% of the
earth's watershed area and half its population. These data were
compared to water quality in 42 subbasins of the relatively
well-monitored Mississippi River basin (MRB) and of 82 small
watersheds of the United States. The average total nitrogen
concentration varies over three orders of magnitude among both
world river watersheds and the MRB, and is primarily dependent on
variations in dissolved nitrate concentration, rather than
particulate or dissolved organic matter or ammonium. There is also
a direct relationship between the DIN: DIP ratio and nitrate
concentration. When nitrate-N exceeds 100 mug-at l(-1), the DIN:
DIP ratio is generally above the Redfield ratio (16:1), which
implies phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth. Compared to
nitrate, the among river variation in the DSi concentration is
relatively small so that the DSi loading (mass/area/time) is
largely controlled by runoff volume. The well-documented influence
of human activities on dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading thus
exceeds the influences arising from the great variability in soil
types, climate and geography among these watersheds. The DSi:
nitrate-N ratio is controlled primarily by nitrogen loading and is
shown to be inversely correlated with an index of landscape
development-the "City Lights" nighttime imagery. Increased nitrogen
loading is thus driving the world's largest rivers towards a higher
DIN: DIP ratio and a lower DSi: DIN ratio. About 7.3 and 21% of the
world's population lives in watersheds with a DSi: nitrate-N ratio
near a 1:1 and 2:1 ratio, respectively. The empirical evidence is
that this percentage will increase with further economic
development. When the DSi: nitrate-N atomic ratio is near 1:1,
aquatic food webs leading from diatoms (which require silicate) to
fish may be compromised and the frequency or size of harmful or
noxious algal blooms may increase. Used together, the DSi:
nitrate-N ratio and nitrate-N concentration are useful and robust
comparative indicators of eutrophication in large rivers. Finally,
we estimate the riverine loading to the ocean for nitrate-N, TN,
DIP, TP and DSi to be 16.2, 21, 2.6, 3.7 to 5.6, and 194 Tg yr(-1),
respectively.
© Thomson ISI
606. Glyphosate-resistant soybean as a weed
management tool: Opportunities and challenges.
Reddy, K. N.
Weed Biology and
Management 1 (4): 193-202.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SB610-.W447;
ISSN: 1444-6162
Descriptors:
glycine max/ glyphosate/ herbicide
resistance/ weed control/ transgenic plants/ weeds/ costs/
innovation adoption/ integrated pest management/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
607. Grass roots range management education with
a high-tech twist.
Surber, G. and Porter,
S.
In: People and rangelands: Building
the future: Proceedings of the VI International Rangeland
Congress. (Held 19 Jul
1999-23 Jul 1999 at Townsville, Queensland, Australia.) Eldridge,
D. and Freudenberger, D. (eds.); Vol. 1-2.
Aitkenvale, Australia:
International Rangeland Congress; pp. 358-362; 1999.
ISBN: 0-9577394-0-0
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
608. Grass versus trees: Managing riparian areas
to benefit streams of central North America.
Lyons, J.; Trimble, S. W.; and
Paine, L. K.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 36 (4): 919-930. (Aug. 2000)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315;
ISSN: 1093-474X [JWRAF5]
Abstract: Forestation of riparian areas has long
been promoted to restore stream ecosystems degraded by agriculture
in central North America. Although trees and shrubs in the riparian
zone can provide many benefits to streams, grassy or herbaceous
riparian vegetation can also provide benefits and may be more
appropriate in some situations. Here we review some of the positive
and negative implications of grassy versus wooded riparian zones
and discuss potential management outcomes. Compared to wooded
areas, grassy riparian areas result in stream reaches with
different patterns of bank stability, erosion, channel morphology,
cover for fish, terrestrial runoff, hydrology, water temperature,
organic matter inputs, primary production, aquatic
macroinvertebrates, and fish. Of particular relevance in
agricultural regions, grassy riparian areas may be more effective
in reducing bank erosion and trapping suspended sediments than
wooded areas. Maintenance of grassy riparian vegetation usually
requires active management (e.g., mowing, burning, herbicide
treatments, and grazing), as successional processes will tend
ultimately to favor woody vegetation. Riparian agricultural
practices that promote a dense, healthy, grassy turf, such as
certain types of intensively managed livestock grazing, have
potential to restore degraded stream ecosystems.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
609. Grazing animals as weed control
agents.
Popay, I. and Field, R.
Weed Technology 10 (1): 217-231. (Mar. 1996)
NAL Call #:
SB610.W39;
ISSN: 0890-037X
Descriptors:
weed control/ grazing/ reviews/
cattle/ goats/ sheep/ Control
Abstract: Literature on the effectiveness of grazing
animals (especially cattle, goats, and sheep) in controlling weeds
is reviewed. Availability of animals and the ability to fence them
onto or off weed infestations are essential. Weeds of pastures are
the most suitable subjects for control, although weeds of arable
crops, forestry, and waste places are sometimes amenable to control
by grazing animals. Although grazing animals themselves often cause
weed problems in pasture, adjusting grazing timing or intensity or
both can sometimes redress the balance. Increasing sheep or cattle
stocking rates prevents animals from grazing selectively and can
help control some weeds. Adjusting grazing pressure can also
improve the growth of desirable pasture species so that these are
more competitive and able to resist invasion of annual or biennial
weeds. Introducing a different class of stock, like sheep into a
cattle system or goats into a sheep system can control many weeds.
Goats are capable of browsing on and controlling spiny or poisonous
brush weeds, including gorse and poison ivy, without suffering
adverse effects. Examples are given of the use of grazing animals
for weed control in crops and forestry.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
610. Grazing management for riparian wetland
areas.
Leonard, S. G.; National Applied
Resource Sciences Center (U.S.); and United States. Forest
Service.
Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Applied Resource
Sciences Center; viii, 63 p.: ill.; Series: Riparian area
management. Technical reference (United States. Bureau of Land
Management) 1737-14. (1997)
Notes: "U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service"--Cover. Shipping list no.: 98-0126-P.
"BLM/RS/ST-97/002+1737"--P. [2] of cover. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 57-63). SUDOCS: I 53.35:1737-14.
NAL Call #: SF85.3.G75--1997
Descriptors:
Range management---United States/
Grazing---Environmental aspects---United States/ Riparian
ecology---United States/ Wetland conservation---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
611. Green-Ampt runoff model: A
review.
Manivannan, S. and Raman, S.
S.
Indian Journal of Soil
Conservation 31 (2): 105-113.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S625.I47S6;
ISSN: 0970-3349
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
612. Green revolution: Preparing for the 21st
century.
Khush, G. S.
Genome 42 (4): 646-655. (Aug. 1999)
NAL Call #:
QH431.G452;
ISSN: 0831-2796 [GENOE3].
Notes: Genetic resources, biotechnology and world food
supply: A special symposium held June 20-21, 1997, London, Ontario,
Canada. Includes references.
Descriptors:
green revolution/ genetic
improvement/ food security/ sustainability/ agriculture/ maximum
yield/ high yielding varieties/ yield increases/ food production/
population growth/ triticum aestivum/ oryza sativa/ fertilizers/
lodging/ resistance/ disease resistance/ pest resistance/ genetic
resistance/ irrigation/ government policy/ literature
reviews
Abstract: In the 1960s there were large-scale
concerns about the world's ability to feed itself. However,
widespread adoption of "green revolution" technology led to major
increases in food-grain production. Between 1966 and 1990, the
population of the densely populated low-income countries grew by
80%, but food production more than doubled. The technological
advance that led to the dramatic achievements in world food
production over the last 30 years was the development of
high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. These varieties are
responsive to fertilizer inputs, are lodging resistant, and their
yield potential is 2-3 times that of varieties available prior to
the green revolution. In addition, these varieties have multiple
resistance to diseases and insects and thus have yield stability.
The development of irrigation facilities, the availability of
inorganic fertilizers, and benign government policies have all
facilitated the adoption of green-revolution technology. In the
1990s, the rate of growth in food-grain production has been lower
than the rate of growth in population. If this trend is not
reversed, serious food shortages will occur in the next century. To
meet the challenge of feeding 8 billion people by 2020, we have to
prepare now and develop the technology for raising farm
productivity. We have to develop cereal cultivars with higher yield
potential and greater yield stability. We must also develop
strategies for integrated nutrient management, integrated pest
management, and efficient utilization of water and soil
resources.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
613. The green technology of selenium
phytoremediation.
Banuelos, G S
Biofactors 14 (1-4): 255-260. (2001);
ISSN: 0951-6433
Descriptors:
selenium: pollutant, toxin/
selenoprotein/ Brassica sp. (Cruciferae)/ canola (Cruciferae)/
microorganism (Microorganisms)/ Angiosperms/ Dicots/
Microorganisms/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/
agricultural effluent/ contaminated sediments/ selenium laden
soil
Abstract: Selenium toxicity is encountered in arid
and semi-arid regions of the world with alkaline, seleniferous
soils derived from marine sediments. Once present in soils and
waters at high concentrations, Se is very complicated and highly
expensive to remove with conventional physical and chemical
techniques. Phytoremediation is a plant-based technology that is
being considered for managing Se in central California soils. The
technology involves the use of plants in conjunction with microbial
activity associated with the plants to extract, accumulate, and
volatilize Se. Once absorbed by plant roots, Se is translocated to
the shoot where it may be harvested and removed from the site.
Therefore, plant species used for phytoremediation of Se-laden
soils may by plant uptake and volatilization minimize the Se load
eventually entering agricultural effluent and the harvested crop
can be carefully blended with animal forage and fed to animals in
Se-deficient areas.
© Thomson
614. Greenhouse gas emissions from farmed
organic soils: A review.
Kasimir, Klemedtsson A;
Klemedtsson, L; Berglund, K; Martikainen, P; Silvola, J; and
Oenema, O
Soil Use and
Management 13 (4
[supplement]): 245-250. (1997)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68;
ISSN: 0266-0032
Descriptors:
carbon dioxide: greenhouse gas/
methane: greenhouse gas/ nitrous oxide: greenhouse gas/
agriculture/ climate change/ farmed organic soil/ greenhouse gas
emission/ soil management
Abstract: The large boreal peatland ecosystems
sequester carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere due to a low
oxygen pressure in waterlogged peat. Consequently they are sinks
for CO2 and strong emitters of CH4. Drainage and cultivation of
peatlands allows oxygen to enter the soil, which initiates
decomposition of the stored organic material, and in turn CO2 and
N2O emissions increase while CH4 emissions decrease. Compared to
undrained peat, draining of organic soils for agricultural purposes
increases the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) by
roughly 1 t CO2 equivalents/ha per year. Although farmed organic
soils in most European countries represent a minor part of the
total agricultural area, these soils contribute significantly to
national greenhouse gas budgets. Consequently, farmed organic soils
are potential targets for policy makers in search of socially
acceptable and economically cost-efficient measures to mitigate
climate gas emissions from agriculture. Despite a scarcity of
knowledge about greenhouse gas emissions from these soils, this
paper addresses the emissions and possible control of the three
greenhouse gases by different managements of organic soils. More
precise information is needed regarding the present trace gas
fluxes from these soils, as well as predictions of future emissions
under alternative management regimes, before any definite policies
can be devised.
© Thomson
615. A greenhouse without pesticides: Fact or
fantasy.
Lenteren, J. C. van.
Crop Protection 19 (6): 375-384. (July
2000)
NAL Call #:
SB599.C8;
ISSN: 0261-2194 [CRPTD6]
Descriptors:
greenhouse culture/ plant
protection/ crops/ integrated pest management/ plant disease
control/ biological control/ natural enemies/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
616. Ground water contaminants and their
sources-a review of state reports.
Canter, L. W. and Maness,
K.
International Journal of
Environmental Studies 47 (1):
1-17. (1995);
ISSN: 0020-7233
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
617. Groundwater as a Geologic Agent: An
Overview of the Causes, Processes, and Manifestations.
Toth, J.
Hydrogeology Journal
7 (1): 1-14. (1999);
ISSN: 1431-2174.
Notes: DOI: 10.1007/s100400050176
Descriptors:
Groundwater/ Geology/ Porous Media/
Geohydrologic Units/ Hydraulics/ Geochemistry/ Soil Mechanics/ Rock
Mechanics/ Geomorphology/ Groundwater
Abstract: The objective of the present paper is to
show that groundwater is a general geologic agent. This perception
could not, and did not, evolve until the system nature of basinal
groundwater flow and its properties, geometries, and controlling
factors became recognized and understood through the 1960s and
1970s. The two fundamental causes for groundwater's active role in
nature are its ability to interact with the ambient environment and
the systematized spatial distribution of its flow. Interaction and
flow occur simultaneously at all scales of space and time, although
at correspondingly varying rates and intensities. Thus, effects of
groundwater flow are created from the land surface to the greatest
depths of the porous parts of the Earth's crust, and from a day's
length through geologic times. Three main types of interaction
between groundwater and environment are identified in this paper,
with several special processes for each one, namely: (1) Chemical
interaction, with processes of dissolution, hydration, hydrolysis,
oxidation-reduction, attack by acids, chemical precipitation, base
exchange, sulfate reduction, concentration, and ultrafiltration or
osmosis; (2) Physical interaction, with processes of lubrication
and pore-pressure modification; and (3) Kinetic interaction, with
the transport processes of water, aqueous and nonaqueous matter,
and heat. Owing to the transporting ability and spatial patterns of
basinal flow, the effects of interaction are cumulative and
distributed according to the geometries of the flow systems. The
number and diversity of natural phenomena that are generated by
groundwater flow are almost unlimited, due to the fact that the
relatively few basic types are modified by some or all of the three
components of the hydrogeologic environment: topography, geology,
and climate. The six basic groups into which manifestations of
groundwater flow have been divided are: (1) Hydrology and
hydraulics; (2) Chemistry and mineralogy; (3) Vegetation; (4) Soil
and rock mechanics; (5) Geomorphology; and (6) Transport and
accumulation. Based on such a diversity of effects and
manifestations, it is concluded that groundwater is a general
geologic agent.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
618. Groundwater quality.
Mayer, A. S.; Imhoff, P. T.;
Mitchell, R. J.; Rabideau, A. J.; McBride, J. F.; and Miller, C.
T.
Water Environment
Research 66 (4): 532-585.
(June 1994)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
groundwater pollution/ pollutants/
transport processes/ water quality/ monitoring/ biodegradation/
movement in soil/ groundwater flow/ sorption/ desorption/
pesticides/ leaching/ models/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
619. Groundwater quality.
Mayer, A. S.; Mitchell, R. J.;
Carriere, P. P. E.; Hein, G. L.; Rabideau, A. J.; and Wojick, C.
L.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 629-685.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1047-7624
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
620. Groundwater quality.
Mayer, A. S.; Carriere, P. P. E.;
Gallo, C.; Pennell, K. D.; Taylor, T. P.; Williams, G. A.; and
Zhong, L.
Water Environment
Research 69 (4): 777-844.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1047-7624
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
621. Growth and functioning of roots and of root
systems subjected to soil compaction: Towards a system with
multiple signalling?
Tardieu, F.
Soil and Tillage
Research 30 (2/4): 217-243.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987.
Notes: Issue editor: Jensen, H. E.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
622. A guidebook for application of
hydrogeomorphic assessments to riverine wetlands.
Brinson, Mark M. and United States.
Army. Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station. Wetlands Research Program (U.S.).
Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station; Series: Wetlands Research Program
technical report WRP-DE-11. (1995)
Notes: Title from caption. At head of title: Wetlands
Research Program. "December 1995 - Operational draft." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: GB621-.G84-1995
http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/wetlands/pdfs/wrpde11.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetlands Classification/ Ecosystem
management/ Wetlands---Law and legislation---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
623. Guideline for dairy manure management from
barn to storage.
Weeks, Stanley A.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Northeast Regional
Agricultural Engineering Service; vii, 36 p.: ill.; Series: NRAES
108. (1998)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
36).
NAL Call #: S675-.N72-no.108;
ISBN: 0935817271
Abstract: The 36-page guideline covers the
following topics: planning the development or improvement of a
manure handling system, getting technical information and
assistance, and meeting regulations; manure characteristics and
production; alternatives for manure management; options for
transferring manure from barn to storage; and manure storage types
and storage management.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
624. Guideline for dairy odor
management.
Wright, P. E.; Graves, R. E.; and
Koelsch, R. K.
Ithaca, NY: Natural Resource,
Agriculture, and Engineering Service//Dairy Practices Council
NRAES-146; 34 p. (2001);
ISBN: 0-935817-65-4
Descriptors:
dairy farm management/ odor control/
animal manure management
Abstract: This guideline, a joint publication
between NRAES and the Dairy Practices Council, presents various
ways to reduce or eliminate odor from dairy manure and other
sources on dairy farms. Topics covered include odors: perception,
characteristics, and measurement; sources of on-farm odors;
preventing and reducing odors from livestock and other facilities;
preventing and reducing odors from manure handling systems;
reducing odors during land application; and neighbor relations and
regulation. An appendix provides an off-site odor report that can
be used by producers to survey farm neighbors and help pinpoint
odor problems. Nineteen figures and three tables supplement the
text.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
625. Guideline for milking center
wastewater.
Wright, P. and Graves, R.
E.
Ithaca, NY: Natural Resource,
Agriculture, and Engineering Service NRAES-115; 34 p.
(1998);
ISBN: 0-935817-26-3
Descriptors:
wastewater/ milking/ drainage/ laws
and regulations / animal manure management
Abstract: Topics covered include wastewater
characteristics and estimating the amount of waste produced; source
control of milking center wastewater; the milking center drainage
system, including codes and regulations, components, and drainage
systems for the milking center; and treatment alternatives,
including liquid manure system, short-term storage and land
application with manure spreader, settling tanks, grass filter,
aerobic lagoon, organic filter bed, septic system, constructed
wetlands, stone-filled treatment trench, spray irrigation, lime
flocculator treatment, and aerated septic system. Safety and health
concerns are also summarized.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
626. Guidelines for managing cattle grazing in
riparian areas to protect water quality: Review of research and
best management practices policy.
Mosley, Jeffrey C.
Moscow, ID: Idaho Forest, Wildlife
and Range Policy Analysis Group, University of Idaho; v, 67 p.:
col. ill.; Series: Report (Idaho Forest, Wildlife, and Range Policy
Analysis Group) no. 15. (1997)
Notes: "December 1997"--Cover. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 51-63).
NAL Call #: SF85.35.I2G95--1997
Descriptors:
Grazing---Idaho---Management/ Water
quality---Idaho/ Riparian areas---Idaho---Management / Stream
conservation---Idaho
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
627. Guiding concepts for the application of
indicators to interpret change in soil properties and processes in
forests.
Raison, R. J. and Rab, M.
A.
In: Criteria and indicators for
sustainable forest management: Papers presented at a
IUFRO/CIFOR/FAO conference, Sustainable forest management:
Fostering stakeholder input to advance development of
scientifically based indicators. (Held Aug 1998 at Melbourne, Australia.) Raison,
R. J.; Brown, A. G.; and Flinn, D. W. (eds.)
Wallingford, UK: CAB International;
pp. 231-258; 2001.
ISBN: 0-85199-392-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
628. Guiding principles for constructed
treatment wetlands: Providing for water quality and wildlife
habitat.
Interagency Workgroup on
Constructed Wetlands (U.S.) and United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
Watersheds.
Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds.
(2001)
Notes: Rev. 06/26/2001, Original document published in
2000; Title from web page. Developed by Interagency Workgroup on
Constructed Wetlands. "October 2000" Description based on content
viewed April 11, 2002. "EPA-843-B-00-003" Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD756.5-.G85-2000
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/constructed/
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands---United
States/ Water quality---United States/ Water quality
management---United States/ Wetland ecology---United
States
Abstract: This User's Guide provides: guiding
principles for planning, siting, design, construction, operation,
maintenance, and monitoring of constructed treatment wetlands;
information on current [Environmental Protection] Agency policies,
permits, regulations, and resources; and answers to common
questions.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
629. Gully erosion and environmental change:
Importance and research needs.
Poesen, J.; Nachtergaele, J.;
Verstraeten, G.; and Valentin, C.
Catena 50 (2/4): 91-133. (2003)
NAL Call #:
GB400.C3;
ISSN: 0341-8162
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
630. Habitat coupling in lake
ecosystems.
Schindler, Daniel E and Scheuerell,
Mark D
Oikos 98 (2): 177-189. (2002);
ISSN: 0030-1299
Descriptors:
nutrients/ aquatic organism
(Organisms)/ fish (Pisces): habitat couplers, omnivore/ organism
(Organisms): alien species, benthivorous consumer, carnivore/
plankton (Organisms)/ Animals/ Chordates/ Fish/ Nonhuman
Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ anthropogenic disturbances/ benthic
habitats/ biological processes/ chemical processes/ ecological
characteristics/ ecosystem processes/ energy flow/ eutrophication/
evolutionary characteristics/ exotic species introduction/ food web
stability/ food web structure/ habitat coupling/ habitat
modification/ lake ecosystems/ nutrient cycling/ pelagic habitats/
physical processes/ population dynamics/ predator prey
interactions/ riparian habitats
Abstract: Lakes are complex ecosystems composed of
distinct habitats coupled by biological, physical and chemical
processes. While the ecological and evolutionary characteristics of
aquatic organisms reflect habitat coupling in lakes, aquatic
ecology has largely studied pelagic, benthic and riparian habitats
in isolation from each other. Here, we summarize several ecological
and evolutionary patterns that highlight the importance of habitat
coupling and discuss their implications for understanding ecosystem
processes in lakes. We pay special attention to fishes because they
play particularly important roles as habitat couplers as a result
of their high mobility and flexible foraging tactics that lead to
inter-habitat omnivory. Habitat coupling has important consequences
for nutrient cycling, predator-prey interactions, and food web
structure and stability. For example, nutrient excretion by
benthivorous consumers can account for a substantial fraction of
inputs to pelagic nutrient cycles. Benthic resources also subsidize
carnivore populations that have important predatory effects on
plankton communities. These benthic subsidies stabilize population
dynamics of pelagic carnivores and intensify the strength of their
interactions with planktonic food webs. Furthermore, anthropogenic
disturbances such as eutrophication, habitat modification, and
exotic species introductions may severely alter habitat connections
and, therefore, the fundamental flows of nutrients and energy in
lake ecosystems.
© Thomson
631. Handbook for wetland creation on reclaimed
surface mines.
Brooks, Robert P.; Gardner, T. W.;
United States. Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and
Enforcement; Pennsylvania State University, Environmental Resources
Research Institute; and Penn State Cooperative Wetlands
Center
University Park, PA: Environmental
Resources Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University and
Penn State Cooperative Wetlands Center; Series: Report
(Pennsylvania State University, Environmental Resources Research
Institute) no. ER9503; iv, 59 p.: ill. (1995)
Notes: "May 1995" Includes bibliographical references
(p. 55-59). Prepared under Office of Surface Mining cooperative
agreement. GR196421.
NAL Call #: S621.5.S8B762--1995
Descriptors:
Abandoned mined lands reclamation/
Wetlands/ Constructed wetlands/ Strip mining---Environmental
aspects/ Reclamation of land
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
632. A handbook of constructed wetlands: A guide
to creating wetlands for: Agricultural wastewater, domestic
wastewater, coal mine drainage, stormwater in the Mid-Atlantic
Region.
Davis, Luise.; United States.
Natural Resources Conservation Service; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Region III; and Pennsylvania.
Dept. of Environmental Resources.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department
of Agriculture. (1995)
Notes: "This document was prepared by Luise Davis"--P.
[2] of cover; Contents note: v.1. General considerations -- v.2.
Domestic wastewater -- v.3. Agricultural wastewater -- v.4. Coal
mine drainage -- v.5. Stormwater.
NAL Call #: TD756.5.D39--1995; ISBN: 0160529999 (v.1); 0160530008 (v.2); 0160530016
(v.3); 0160530024 (v.4); 0160530032 (v.5)
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands---Middle
Atlantic States---Handbooks, manuals, etc/ Sewage
Purification---Handbooks, manuals, etc/ Agricultural
pollution---Handbooks, manuals, etc/ Coal mine waste---Handbooks,
manuals, etc / Storm sewers---Handbooks, manuals, etc
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
633. Harvesting, propagating,and planting
wetland plants.
Hoag, J. Chris. and Plant Materials
Center
Aberdeen, ID: USDA, Natural
Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center; Series:
Riparian/Wetland Project information series no. 14.
(2000)
Notes: Title from web page. "July, 2000." Description
based on content viewed May 8, 2002. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: aQK115-.H63-2000
http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/idpmcarwproj14.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetland plants---United States/
Wetland plants---Harvesting---United States/ Wetland
plants---Propagation---United States/ Wetland
plants---Planting---United States/ Wetland
plants---Transplanting---United States/ Riparian ecology---United
States/ Revegetation---United States/ Wetlands---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
634. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) and their
effects on biodiversity: An overview of the atmospheric pathways of
persistent organic pollutants (POPS) and suggestions for future
studies.
Finizio, A.; Di Guardo, A.; and
Cartmale, L.
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 49 (2/3): 327-336.
(Feb. 1998)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369 [EMASDH].
Notes: In the special issue: Atmospheric change and
biodiversity: formulating a Canadian science agenda / edited by
R.E. Munn. Proceedings of the workshop held February 26-29, 1996,
in Toronto, Canada. Includes references.
Descriptors:
organic compounds/ organochlorine
pesticides/ air pollutants/ persistence/ biodiversity/ ecosystems/
toxicity/ atmosphere/ world/ cycling/ global atmospheric
change
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
635. Health Effects Associated With Wastewater
Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse.
Kindzierski, W. B.; Rogers, R. E.;
and Low, N. J.
Water Environment
Research 65 (6): 599-605.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47
Descriptors:
Literature review/ Public health/
Reviews/ Wastewater disposal/ Wastewater renovation/ Wastewater
treatment/ Water pollution effects/ Water reuse/ Chlorination/
Drinking water/ Hazardous wastes/ Human pathogens/ Nitrates/ Odors/
Organic compounds/ Shellfish/ Swimming pools/ Viruses/ Wastewater
treatment processes/ Ultimate disposal of wastes/ Preparation of
reviews
Abstract: The incidence of conditions such as
cardiovascular and respiratory diseases is higher among retired
sanitation workers of New York City than among closely matched
relatives. Infectious human immunodeficiency virus is reported to
be fairly stable in wastewater for up to 12 hr, but it experiences
a 2-log to 3-log reduction in infectivity after 48 hr. Other
studies of public-health implications of exposure to wastes and
wastewater include: the survival of hepatitis A virus on human
hands and its transfer on contact with animate and inanimate
surfaces; the contamination of water supplies and shellfish by
Giardia cysts, Legionella pneumophila, hookworm (Necator
americanus), Aeromonas strains, Clostridium perfringens,
Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter jejuni, and fecal coliforms; ill
health in children aged 6-11 who used recreational beaches
contaminated with wastewater; viral contamination of adjacent
coastal bathing waters by wastewater outfalls and rivers; and
pathogen removal efficiency of wastewater treatment and renovation
schemes for purposes of wastewater irrigation. Residents near a
wastewater treatment plant quantified odors by completing a
numerical odor rating form for a 6-month period. A methodology for
predicting volatile organic chemical levels immediately downwind of
surface aeration wastewater treatment plants under neutral or
stable atmospheric conditions was developed. The effects on human
health of chemical contamination of drinking water supplies was
studied for arsenic, methylmercury, organic solvents, chloroform,
chlorine, and nitrate. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in swimming
pools was reported. Densely populated cities discharging untreated
wastewater into an estuary of Venezuela were likely responsible for
the presence of infectious enteroviruses in the water and
sediments. (Geiger-PTT)
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
636. Health Effects Associated With Wastewater
Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse.
Kindzierski, W. B. and Gabos,
S.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 749-755.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ public health/
wastewater treatment/ wastewater disposal/ water reuse/ wastewater
collection/ water treatment facilities/ diseases/ human diseases/
disease transmission/ pathogens/ waste water/ waste utilization/
hazard assessment/ Effects of pollution/ Public health/ medicines/
dangerous organisms
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
637. Health effects of aerial emissions from
animal production and waste management systems.
Schiffman, S. S.; Auverman, B. W.;
and Bottcher, R. W.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
638. Health risks caused by freshwater
cyanobacteria in recreational waters.
Chorus, I.; Falconer, I. R.; Salas,
H. J.; and Bartram, J.
Journal of Toxicology and
Environmental Health: Part B, Critical Reviews 3 (4): 323-347. (2000)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1J6;
ISSN: 1093-7404
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
639. Herbaceous stubble height as a warning of
impending cattle grazing damage to riparian areas.
Hall, Frederick C.; Bryant, Larry.;
and Pacific Northwest Research Station
Portland, Or.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station;
Series: General technical report PNW 362;
10 p.: ill. (1995)
Notes: Cover title. Distributed to depository libraries
in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 97-0633-M. "September 1995."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-9). SUDOCS: A
13.88:PNW-GTR-362.
NAL Call #: Fiche-S-133-A-13.88:PNW-GTR-362
Descriptors:
Grazing---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Riparian areas---United States/ Riparian
ecology---United States/ Vegetation monitoring---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
640. Herbicide dissipation studies in southern
forest ecosystems.
Michael, J. L. and Neary, D.
G.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12 (3): 405-410.
(Mar. 1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268 [ETOCDK].
Notes: Paper presented at the "Symposium on Pesticides
in Forest Management, 11th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry," November 11-15, 1990,
Arlington, Virginia. Literature review.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
watersheds/ forests/ picloram/
hexazinone/ imazapyr/ sulfonylurea herbicides/ pollution/
application methods/ surface water/ streams/ forest soils/
vegetation/ persistence/ degradation/ half life/ literature
reviews/ forestry/ southeastern states of USA/ sulfometuron
methyl
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
641. Herbicide effects on ground-layer
vegetation in southern pinelands (USA): A review.
Litt, Andrea R; Herring, Brenda J;
and Provencher, Louis
Natural Areas Journal
21 (2): 177-188. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH76.N37;
ISSN: 0885-8608
Descriptors:
herbicides: pollutant, toxin/
Aristida beyrichiana [wiregrass] (Gramineae): nontarget organism/
Aristida stricta [wiregrass] (Gramineae): nontarget organism/ Pinus
palustris [longleaf pine] (Coniferopsida)/ woody plants
(Spermatophyta): endangered species, threatened species/
Angiosperms/ Gymnosperms/ Monocots/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/
Vascular Plants/ ecotoxicology/ experimental design/ ground layer
vegetation/ hardwoods/ pine plantations/ quantitative data/
southern pinelands/ species richness/ woody plant cover
Abstract: Despite the fact that herbicides are
widely used across the southeastern United States, their effects on
ground-layer vegetation (woody and herbaceous species <1.4 m
tall) are not well understood. We conducted a literature review to
examine published studies and compile available data. More than 125
studies were examined, based on several criteria (e.g., a sound
experimental design, quantitative data, study conducted in southern
pinelands). Only 21 studies were retained for our review, and the
majority of studies were conducted in pine plantations. Few clear,
consistent results were revealed, probably due in large part, to
the wide array of herbicides and diverse response variables
examined in the studies. Woody plant cover generally declined with
herbicide application, an expected result from use of
hardwood-specific herbicides in most studies, but results for
herbaceous plant cover were mixed. Most studies showed a decrease
in total (woody and herbaceous plant) species richness. We also
examined the response of plant species of special concern to
herbicide application. Most species declined, while wiregrass
(Aristida beyrichiana Trinius and Ruprecht (syn. A. stricta Michx.
s.i.)) showed mixed responses across studies. Because our findings
show that few studies have been conducted under natural conditions,
experimental design shortfalls have been common, and study
conclusions have been widely divergent, we suggest that research
precede extensive herbicide use in pinelands.
© Thomson
642. Herbicide-soil interactions in reduced
tillage and plant residue management systems.
Locke, M. A. and Bryson, C.
T.
Weed Science 45 (2): 307-320. (Mar. 1997-Apr.
1997)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745 [WEESA6]
Descriptors:
herbicides/ soil/ interactions/
no-tillage/ crop residues/ crop management/ sustainability/ cover
crops/ erosion/ soil water content/ weeds/ seedling emergence/
tilth/ conservation tillage/ tillage/ degradation/ leaching/
runoff/ sorption/ literature reviews
Abstract: Recent changes in technology; governmental
regulation and scrutiny, and public opinion have motivated the
agricultural community to examine current management practices from
the perspective of how they fit into a sustainable agricultural
framework. One aspect which can be incorporated into many existing
farming systems is plant residue management (e.g., reduced tillage,
cover crops). Many residue management systems are designed to
enhance accumulation of plant residue at the soil surface. The
plant residue covering the soil surface provides many benefits,
including protection from soil erosion, soil moisture conservation
by acting as a barrier against evaporation, improved soil tilth,
and inhibition of weed emergence. This review summarizes recent
literature (ca. last 25 yr) concerning the effects of plant residue
management on the soil environment and how those changes impact
herbicide interactions.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
643. Herbicides: A two-edged sword.
Kudsk, P and Streibig, J
C
Weed Research 43 (2): 90-102. (2003)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W412;
ISSN: 0043-1737
Descriptors:
herbicide: discovery, fate,
resistance/ crop plant (Angiospermae)/ weed (Tracheophyta)/
Angiosperms/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants
Abstract: Weeds cause yield losses and reductions in
crop quality. Prior to the introduction of selective herbicides,
the drudgery of manual weeding forced farmers to adhere to a suit
of weed management tactics by carefully combining crop rotation,
appropriate tillage and fallow systems. The introduction of
selective herbicides in the late 1940s and the constant flow of new
herbicides in the succeeding decades provided farmers with a new
tool, 'the chemical hoe', putting them in a position to consider
weed control more independently of the crop production system than
hitherto. The reliance on herbicides for weed control, however,
resulted in shifts in the weed flora and the selection of
herbicide-resistant biotypes. In the 1980s, the public concern
about side-effects of herbicides on the environment and human
health resulted in increasingly strict registration requirements
and, in some countries, political initiatives to reduce the use of
pesticides were launched. Today, the number of new herbicides being
introduced has decreased significantly and integrated weed
management has become the guiding concept. Farmers also have the
option of growing herbicide-resistant crops where the biology of
the crop has been adapted to tolerate herbicides considered safe to
humans and environmentally benign. This paper discusses some of the
recent developments in herbicide discovery, technology and fate,
and sketches important future developments.
© Thomson
644. Higher performance through combined
improvements in irrigation methods and scheduling: A
discussion.
Pereira, Luis S
Agricultural Water
Management 40 (2-3): 153-169.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3;
ISSN: 0378-3774
Abstract: Prior to the discussion on approaches to
combine irrigation scheduling and water application practices,
several farm irrigation performance indicators are defined and
analysed. These indicators concern the uniformity of water
distribution along an irrigated field and the efficiency of on-farm
water application. Then, the analysis focus is on three main
irrigation systems: surface, sprinkler and microirrigation. For
each of these systems, the analysis concerns the main
characteristics and constraints of the systems, more relevant
aspects influencing irrigation performances, and approaches which
could lead to a more appropriate coupling of irrigation scheduling
and water application methods. Conclusions point out on the need
for combined improvements in irrigation scheduling and methods, for
expanding field evaluation of irrigation in farmers fields, for
improved design of on-farm systems, and for quality control of
irrigation equipments and design.
© Thomson
645. Higher plants as accumulative
bioindicators.
Weiss, P.; Offenthaler, I.;
Öhlinger, R.; and Wimmer, J.
In: Bioindicators and biomonitors:
Principles, concepts and applications/ Markert, B. A.; Breure, A.
M.; and Zechmeister, H. G., 2003; pp. 465-500.
ISBN: 0-08-044177-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
646. Higher-tier laboratory methods for
assessing the aquatic toxicity of pesticides.
Boxall, Alistair B A; Brown, Colin
D; and Barrett, Katie L
Pest Management
Science 58 (7): 637-648.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X
Descriptors:
pesticides: aquatic toxicity/ risk
assessment
Abstract: Registration schemes for plant-protection
products require applicants to assess the potential ecological risk
of their products using a tiered approach. Standard aquatic
ecotoxicity tests are used at lower tiers and clearly defined
methodologies are available for assessing the potential
environmental risks. Safety factors are incorporated into the
assessment process to account for the uncertainties associated with
the use of lower-tier single-species ecotoxicity studies. If
lower-tier assessments indicate that a substance may pose a risk to
the environment, impacts can be assessed using more environmentally
realistic conditions through the use of either pond mesocosms,
artificial streams or field monitoring studies. Whilst these
approaches provide more realistic assessments, the results are
difficult to interpret and extrapolation to other systems is
problematic. Recently it has been recognised that laboratory
approaches that are intermediate between standard aquatic toxicity
tests and field/mesocosm studies may provide useful data and help
reduce the uncertainties associated with standard single-species
tests. However, limited guidance is available on what tests are
available and how they can be incorporated into the risk-assessment
process. This paper reviews a number of these higher-tier
laboratory techniques, including modified exposure studies, species
sensitivity studies, population studies and tests with sensitive
life stages. Recommendations are provided on how the approaches can
be incorporated into the risk-assessment process.
© Thomson
647. The hindrance in the development of pit
additive products for swine manure odor control: A
review.
Zhu, J.; Bundy, D. S.; Li, X.; and
Rashid, N.
Journal of Environmental
Science and Health: Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering
and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control A32 (9/10): 2429-2448. (1997)
NAL Call #:
TD172.J6;
ISSN: 1077-1204 [JESHE6]
Descriptors:
pig manure/ odor abatement/
intensive livestock farming/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
648. Historical overview of
vermicomposting.
Edwards, C. A.
Biocycle 36 (6): 56-58. (June 1995)
NAL Call #:
57.8-C734;
ISSN: 0276-5055
Descriptors:
vermicomposting/ organic wastes/
waste utilization/ earthworms
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
649. History, Development and Characteristics of
Lake Ecological Models.
Xu, Fu-Liu; Tao, S. H.;
Dawson, R. W.; and Lu,
Xiao-Yan
Journal of Environmental
Sciences (China) 14 (2):
255-263. (2002);
ISSN: 1001-0742
Descriptors:
Lakes/ Aquatic Habitats/ Ecosystems/
Model Studies/ Water Quality/ Eutrophication/ Wetlands/ Model
Testing/ Models/ Historical account/ Literature reviews/ Freshwater
ecology/ Acidification / Pollution effects/ Ecosystem management/
Lake dynamics/ Aquatic environment/ metals/ pesticides/ Lakes/
Habitat community studies/ Environmental Modeling
Abstract: This paper provides some introductory
information on the history, development, and characteristics of
various lake ecosystem models. The modeling of lake ecological
processes began to gain importance in the early 1960s. There are a
number of models available today, with varying levels of complexity
to cope with the variety of environmental problems found in lake
environments, e.g. eutrophication, acidification, oxygen depletion,
wetland management, heavy metal and pesticide pollution, as well as
hydrodynamic problems. In particular, this paper focuses on lake
eutrophication and wetland models, as well as addressing strategies
appropriate for the design and development of reliable lake
ecological models.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
650. History of coordinated resources management
planning (CRMP) in Oregon: An overview.
Anderson, E. W.
Rangelands 21 (2): 6-11. (Apr. 1999)
NAL Call #:
SF85.A1R32;
ISSN: 0190-0528
Descriptors:
range management/ resource
conservation/ game animals/ prescribed burning/ watershed
management/ environmental protection/ regional planning/
Oregon
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
651. Hormonal regulation in insects: Facts,
gaps, and future directions.
Gaede, G.; Hoffmann, K. H.; and
Spring, J. H.
Physiological Reviews
77 (4): 963-1032. (1997);
ISSN: 1031-9333
Descriptors:
ecdysteroids/ juvenile hormones/
nEuropeptide hormones/ reviews/ Insecta/ Neuroendocrinology/
Hormones
Abstract: There are two main classes of hormones in
insects: 1) the true hormones produced by epithelial glands and
belonging to the ecdysteroids or juvenile hormones and 2) the
neuropeptide hormones produced by neurosecretory cells. Members of
these classes regulate physiological, developmental, and behavioral
events in insects. Detailed accounts are given on isolation,
identification, structure-activity relationships, mode of action,
biological function, biosynthesis, inactivation, metabolism, and
feedback for hormones involved in 1) metabolic regulation such as
the adipokinetic/hypertrehalosemic peptides and the diuretic and
antidiuretic peptides; 2) stimulation or inhibition of muscle
activity such as the myotropic peptides; 3) control of
reproduction, growth, and development such as allatotropins,
allatostatins, juvenile hormones, ecdysteroids, folliculostimulins
and folliculostatins, ecdysis-triggering and eclosion hormones,
pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides, and diapause
hormones; and 4) regulation of tanning and of color change. Because
of the improvements in techniques for isolation and structure
elucidation, there has been rapid progress in our knowledge of the
chemistry of certain neuropeptide families. With the employment of
molecular biological techniques, the genes of some neuropeptides
have been successfully characterized. There are, however, areas
that are still quite underdeveloped. These are, for example, 1)
receptor studies, which are still in their infancy; 2) the hormonal
status of certain sequenced peptides is not clarified; and 3)
functional studies are lacking even for established hormones. The
authors plead for a concerted effort to continue research in this
field, which will also advance our knowledge into the use of insect
hormones as safer and species-specific molecules for insect pest
management.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
652. How can increased use of biological N2
fixation in agriculture benefit the environment?
Jensen, E. S. and
Hauggaard-Nielsen, H.
Plant and Soil 252 (1): 177-186. (2003)
NAL Call #:
450 P696;
ISSN: 0032-079X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
653. How much biodiversity is enough.
Main, A. R.
Agroforestry Systems
45 (1/3): 23-41. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366 [AGSYE6].
Notes: Special issue: Agriculture as a mimic of natural
ecosystems / edited by E.C. Lefroy, R.J. Hobbs, M.H. O'Connor and
J.S. Pate. Paper presented at a workshop held September 2-6, 1997,
Williams, Western Australia, Australia.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
biodiversity/ agriculture/
ecosystems/ sustainability/ genetic diversity/ species diversity/
history/ crop yield/ salinity/ erosion/ groundwater/ leaching/ soil
fertility/ risk reduction/ cycling/ plant pests/ plant diseases/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
654. Hungry water: Effects of dams and gravel
mining on river channels.
Kondolf, G Mathias
Environmental
Management 21 (4): 533-551.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
channel instability/ conservation/
damming/ floodplain gravel pits/ gravel loss/ gravel mining/
reservoirs/ resource management/ river channels/ River Rhine/
sediment deposition/ sediment transport/ spawning
habitat
Abstract: Rivers transport sediment from eroding
uplands to depositional areas near sea level. If the continuity of
sediment transport is interrupted by dams or removal of sediment
from the channel by gravel mining, the flow may become
sediment-starved (hungry water) and prone to erode the channel bed
and banks, producing channel incision (downcutting), coarsening of
bed material, and loss of spawning gravels for salmon and trout (as
smaller gravels are transported without replacement from upstream).
Gravel is artificially added to the River Rhine to prevent further
incision and to many other rivers in attempts to restore spawning
habitat. It is possible to pass incoming sediment through some
small reservoirs, thereby maintaining the continuity of sediment
transport through the system. Damming and mining have reduced
sediment delivery from rivers to many coastal areas, leading to
accelerated beach erosion. Sand and gravel are mined for
construction aggregate from river channel and floodplains.
In-channel mining commonly causes incision, which may propagate up-
and downstream of the mine, undermining bridges, inducing channel
instability, and lowering alluvial water tables. Floodplain gravel
pits have the potential to become wildlife habitat upon
reclamation, but may be captured by the active channel and thereby
become instream pits. Management of sand and gravel in rivers must
be done on a regional basis, restoring the continuity of sediment
transport where possible and encouraging alternatives to
river-derived aggregate sources.
© Thomson
655. Hydraulic agitation of an earthen manure
storage: Final report.
Stock, Wayne F.; Prairie
Agricultural Machinery Institute (Canada); and Saskatchewan.
Agriculture Development Fund.
Regina, Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan
Agriculture Development Fund.; 15 p.: ill. (2000)
Notes: Cover title. "19980116." "February 2000."
Project Technologist Wayne Stock ... [et al.]. Cf.
prelim.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.H92-2000
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
656. A hydrogeomorphic classification for
wetlands.
Brinson, Mark M.; Wetlands Research
Program (U.S.); United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; and U.S.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.
Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; Series: Technical report
(U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station) WRP-DE-4.
(1993)
Notes: Title from caption. "August 1993." At head of
title: "Wetlands Research Program." "Final report." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: GB621.B75-1993
http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/wetlands/pdfs/wrpde4.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetlands Classification/
Geomorphology/ Hydrology/ Wetland ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
657. Hydrologic and water quality impacts of
agricultural drainage.
Skaggs, R W; Breve, M A; and
Gilliamg, J W
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 24 (1): 1-32. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
nutrient loss/ pesticides/ pollutant
load/ runoff/ salinity/ sediment loss/ water table
© Thomson
658. The Hydrological and Geomorphological
Significance of Forested Floodplains.
Gurnell, A
Global Ecology and
Biogeography Letters 6 (3-4):
219-229. (1997);
ISSN: 0960-7447.
Notes: Conference: Floodplain Forests: Structure,
Functioning and
Management, Leicester (UK), Mar
1995; Publisher: Blackwell Science Ltd
Descriptors:
flood plains/ forests/ hydrology/
geomorphology/ vegetation/ riparian environments/ Vegetation cover/
Riparian Vegetation/ interactions/ Woodlands/ Habitat community
studies / Streamflow and runoff
Abstract: Within river corridors, the distribution
of plant species and communities is heavily influenced by
hydrological and geomorphological processes. Furthermore, the
vegetation can have a direct influence on the detailed character
and rate of hydrogeomorphological processes. This paper reviews
such interactions at a variety of spatial scales ranging from
vegetation gradients across entire floodplains from hillslope to
river channel, to the local influences of bank vegetation and
in-channel accumulations of woody debris.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
659. Hydrological processes in abandoned and
restored peatlands: An overview of management
approaches.
Price, J S; Heathwaite, A L; and
Baird, A J
Wetlands Ecology and
Management 11 (1-2): 65-83.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.M3 W472;
ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors:
methane: production/ Sphagnum
(Sphagnobrya)/ Bryophytes/ Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ abandoned
peatland/ ditch blocking/ drainage/ ecological processes/ hydraulic
conductivity/ hydrological processes/ management approach overview/
microclimate management/ pore water pressure/ restoration peatland/
soil wetness/ spring snowmelt/ water balance component restoration/
water management options/ water tension/ wetlands ecology/ winter
precipitation
Abstract: Mined peatlands do not readily recover
their hydrological function, mainly because the dominant
peat-forming plant genus, Sphagnum, cannot easily reestablish on
the degraded surface peat found on cutover sites. Drainage and
removal of the acrotelm can result in surface subsidence of up to
3.7 cm y-1 m-1 of peat shortly after drainage (compression), and
long-term rates up to 0.3 cm y-1 m-1 (compression and oxidation).
This can decrease the hydraulic conductivity by over 75%, and
decrease the water retention capacity and specific yield. In old
abandoned systems, drainage ditches may continue to facilitate a
significant seasonal water loss. Colonization of abandoned sites by
trees may increase the evapotranspirative losses by as much as 25%,
and interception losses can be as high as 32% of rainfall. Without
natural or planned occlusion of ditches, some peatlands become
drier over time. Blocking ditches may largely restore water balance
components, although the hydrological regime requires years to
stabilise sufficiently for Sphagnum recolonization, especially
where residual peat is well decomposed, having inadequate water
storage capacity. Consequently, winter precipitation (Europe) and
spring snowmelt (North America) are critical recharge periods. Over
the long term, consolidation of the peat due to drainage and
methane production (where drainage systems are blocked and soils
reflooded) decreases hydraulic conductivity, thereby reducing
lateral seepage losses. This may actually assist in Sphagnum
recolonization. A regenerated cover of Sphagnum increases soil
wetness and reduces water tension (increases pore-water pressure)
in the substrate, thus ameliorating its own environment. However,
natural recolonization and recovery of many hydrological and
ecological processes may not occur, or may require many decades.
Water management and selective plant reintroduction can accelerate
this. Water management options such as blocking ditches,
constructing bunds, reconfiguring the surface and managing
microclimate have met with varying degrees of success. No standard
management prescription can be made because each site presents
unique challenges.
© Thomson
660. Hydrology and wetland
conservation.
Gilman, Kevin.
Chichester; New York: Wiley; xii,
101 p.: ill., maps; Series: Water science series. (1994)
Notes: "Published on behalf of the Institute of
Hydrology" Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: GB628.43.G55--1994; ISBN: 0471951528
Descriptors:
Wetlands---Great Britain/ Wetland
conservation---Great Britain
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
661. Hydrolysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in
soils and aqueous solutions: A review.
Sarmah, Ajit K and Sabadie,
Jean
Journal of agricultural and
food chemistry 50 (22):
6253-6265. (2002)
NAL Call #:
381 J8223;
ISSN: 0021-8561
Descriptors:
minerals / sulfonylureas: herbicide,
hydrolysis, pyridinic ring, pyrimidine ring, triazinic ring/
aqueous solutions/ pH effect/ soils/ temperature effect
Abstract: Sulfonylureas are a unique group of
herbicides used for controlling a range of weeds and some grasses
in a variety of crops and vegetables. They have been extremely
popular worldwide because of their low mammalian toxicity, low use
rate, and unprecedented herbicidal activity. Knowledge about the
fate and behavior of sulfonylurea herbicides in the soil-water
environment appears to be of utmost importance for agronomic
systems and environmental protection. Because these herbicides are
applied at a very low rate, and their mobility is greatly affected
by the chemicals' anionic nature in alkaline soils, a thorough
understanding of their degradation/hydrolysis processes and
mechanisms under aqueous and soil systems is important. This review
brings together published information on the hydrolysis of several
sulfonylureas in aqueous and soil solutions that includes the
effects of pH, temperature, functional relationship between pH vs
hydrolysis rate constants, and hydrolysis behavior of sulfonylureas
in the presence of minerals. In addition, the transformations of
sulfonylureas in soil, under laboratory and field experiments, have
been discussed in connection with the compounds' varied structural
features, i.e., sulfonylureas that are with or without the
pyridinic, pyrimidine, and triazinic ring.
© Thomson
662. Identification of pesticide poisoning in
wildlife.
Brown, Peter; Charlton, Andrew;
Cuthbert, Mary; Barnett, Libby; Ross, Leigh; Green, Margaret;
Gillies, Liz; Shaw, Kathryn; and Fletcher, Mark
Journal of Chromatography
A 754 (1-2): 463-478.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
QD272.C4J68;
ISSN: 0021-9673
Descriptors:
strychnine/ chloralose/ metaldehyde/
paraquat/ animal (Animalia Unspecified)/ Animalia (Animalia
Unspecified)/ animals/ analytical method/ analytical methods/
chloralose/ environmental analysis/ metaldehyde/ methodology/
nontarget organism/ paraquat/ pesticide poisoning/ pesticides/
pollution/ strychnine/ toxicity/ toxicology/ wildlife
Abstract: The Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme
investigates incidents of suspected poisoning of wildlife (also
honey bees and companion animals) by pesticides in the United
Kingdom. The approach to these investigations has evolved over the
past 30 years. Field investigations, postmortem examinations,
toxicological data and experience of previous poisoning incidents
assist in the selection and interpretation of appropriate chemical
analyses. Several 'multi-residue' and several 'individual compound'
analytical methods for pesticides in wildlife are currently in use;
these are described.
© Thomson
663. Identifying the major sources of nutrient
water pollution.
Puckett, L. J.
Environmental Science and
Technology 29 (9): 408A-414A.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X [ESTHAG]
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
664. IDMP guidelines: How to prepare an
irrigation and drainage management plan.
NSW Agriculture.
New South Wales: NSW Agriculture,
c2002. 17 p.: col. ill., col. maps. (2002)
Notes: WaterWise on the farm.
NAL Call #: TC812-.I36-2002;
ISBN: 0734714122
Descriptors:
Irrigation---Australia---New South
Wales---Management/ Drainage---Australia---New South
Wales---Management/ Irrigation---Australia---New South
Wales---Planning/ Drainage---Australia---New South
Wales---Planning
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
665. Illustrations and guidelines for selecting
statistical methods for quantifying spatial pattern in ecological
data.
Perry, J N; Liebhold, A M;
Rosenberg, M S; Dungan, J; Miriti, M; Jakomulska, A; and Citron,
Pousty S
Ecography 25 (5): 578-600. (2002);
ISSN: 0906-7590
Descriptors:
animal (Animalia)/ plant (Plantae)/
Animals/ Plants/ animal ecology/ coastal regions/ deserts/
frequency distributions/ geostatistics/ landscape ecology/ mapping/
mountainous regions/ philosophy/ plant ecology/ rangeland types/
sampling effects/ shrub cover/ spatial patterns: quantification/
spatially explicit data/ variance mean indices/ visualization
techniques
Abstract: This paper aims to provide guidance to
ecologists with limited experience in spatial analysis to help in
their choice of techniques. It uses examples to compare methods of
spatial analysis for ecological field data. A taxonomy of different
data types is presented, including point- and area-referenced data,
with and without attributes. Spatially and non-spatially explicit
data are distinguished. The effects of sampling and other
transformations that convert one data type to another are
discussed; the possible loss of spatial information is considered.
Techniques for analyzing spatial pattern, developed in plant
ecology, animal ecology, landscape ecology, geostatistics and
applied statistics are reviewed briefly and their overlap in
methodology and philosophy noted. The techniques are categorized
according to their output and the inferences that may be drawn from
them, in a discursive style without formulae. Methods are compared
for four case studies with field data covering a range of types.
These are: 1) percentage cover of three shrubs along a line
transect; 2) locations and volume of a desert plant in a 1 ha area;
3) a remotely-sensed spectral index and elevation from 105 km2 of a
mountainous region; and 4) land cover from three rangeland types
within 800 km2 of a coastal region. Initial approaches utilize
mapping, frequency distributions and variance-mean indices.
Analysis techniques we compare include: local quadrat variance,
block quadrat variance, correlograms, variograms, angular
correlation, directional variograms, wavelets, SADIE, nearest
neighbour methods, Ripley's L(t), and various landscape ecology
metrics. Our advice to ecologists is to use simple visualization
techniques for initial analysis, and subsequently to select methods
that are appropriate for the data type and that answer their
specific questions of interest. It is usually prudent to employ
several different techniques.
© Thomson
666. Immunoassays for Pesticides.
Meulenberg, E. P.; Mulder, W. H.;
and Stoks, P. G.
Environmental Science and
Technology 29 (3): 553-561.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X
Descriptors:
assay/ pollutants/ pesticides/
assessments/ cost benefit analysis/ sampling/ water analysis/ water
pollution control/ water quality standards/ immunoassays/ water
sampling/ reviews/ water quality/ water quality control/ toxicity
tests/ bioassays/ immunology/ pollution detection/ immunoassay/
Identification of pollutants/ Freshwater pollution/ Analytical
procedures/ Immunology/ Instrumentation and process engineering/
Methods and instruments
Abstract: Immunoassay is recognized as a promising
method for screening environmental contaminants. Numerous
immunoassays have already been developed, and especially the
rapidity, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness of this method are
considered as advantageous for screening purposes to reduce sample
load for conventional analyses. A particular interesting
application involves water quality control with regard to
pesticides, for which in Europe a threshold concentration of 0.1 mu
g/L applies. An overview is given of the various pesticides for
which immunoassays have been developed, including commercially
available kits. Pros and cons, applicability, and results of fields
tests are discussed. Additionally, a survey is given on further
developments for improvement of existing or new immunoassays and on
the application of immunochemistry in other embodiments
(immunoaffinity chromatography, immunosensors). Particular emphasis
is laid on validation and standardization of
immunoassays.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
667. Impact and management of purple loosestrife
(Lythrum salicaria) in North America.
Blossey, Bernd; Skinner, Luke C;
and Taylor, Janith
Biodiversity and
Conservation 10 (10):
1787-1807. (2001);
ISSN: 0960-3115
Descriptors:
Lythrum salicaria [purple
loosestrife] (Lythraceae): weed/ black tern (Charadriiformes)/
insects (Insecta)/ least bittern (Ciconiiformes)/ marsh wren
(Passeriformes)/ pied billed grebe (Podicipediformes)/ Angiosperms/
Animals/ Arthropods/ Birds/ Chordates/ Dicots/ Insects/
Invertebrates/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/
Vascular Plants/ Vertebrates/ biological invasions/ ecological
succession/ ecosystem function/ ecosystem integrity/ environmental
impact/ weed management: benefits, risks/ wetland habitats:
encroachment
Abstract: The invasion of non-indigenous plants is
considered a primary threat to integrity and function of
ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or experimental
evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications
for control are often based on potential, but not presently
realized, recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack
of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species
result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently,
management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been
criticized for (1) lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts
of L. salicaria, and (2) management using biocontrol for lack of
evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods.
Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native
wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of
the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the
invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater
wetlands alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling, leads to
reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed
output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat
suitability for specialized wetland bird species such as black
terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens.
Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have
continuously failed to curb the spread of purple loosestrife or to
provide satisfactory control. Although a number of generalist
insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat
specialists are excluded by encroachment of L. salicaria. We
conclude that (1) negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife
in North America justify control of the species and that (2)
detrimental effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and
biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential
risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents.
Long-term experiments and monitoring programs that are in place
will evaluate the impact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on
wetland plant succession and other wetland biota.
© Thomson
668. The impact of agricultural practices on
biodiversity.
McLaughlin, A. and Mineau,
P.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 55 (3): 201-212.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
669. Impact of alien plants on Grant Basin
rangelands.
Young, James A and Longland,
William S
Weed Technology 10 (2): 384-391. (1996)
NAL Call #:
SB610.W39;
ISSN: 0890-037X
Descriptors:
weeds (Tracheophyta)/ Artemisia
tridentata (Compositae)/ angiosperms/ dicots/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ alien plants/ big sagebrush/
ecosystem function/ environmental sciences/ terrestrial ecology/
great basin rangeland/ pest assessment control and management/
succession
Abstract: Our purpose is to discuss the impact of
alien plants on rangeland ecosystems of the Great Basin in terms of
their effects on biological functions. The sagebrush/bunchgrass
ranges of western North America are used as a model ecosystem for
the impact of alien plants. Alien weed species have been introduced
in successive waves, with the success of each new introduction
dependent on how well adapted to the environment and how
competitive the new weed is with those previously introduced.
Annual species have been successful across extensive areas of Great
Basin rangelands. Biennial and short- and long-lived perennial
introductions have been restricted to much more specific habitats.
Alien plants impact rangelands through stand renewal and
successional processes. Alien weeds can cause such processes to be
accelerated and/or truncated depending on the species and range
site.
© Thomson
670. Impact of composting strategies on the
treatment of soils contaminated with organic pollutants.
Semple, K T; Reid, B J; and Fermor,
T R
Environmental
Pollution 112 (2): 269-283.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491
Descriptors:
organic compounds: degradation,
pollutant, soil, toxin/ actinomycetes (Actinomycetes and Related
Organisms): decomposer, xenobiotic degrading microorganism/
bacteria (Bacteria): decomposer, xenobiotic degrading
microorganism/ fungi (Fungi): decomposer, lignolytic, xenobiotic
degrading microorganism/ Bacteria/ Eubacteria/ Fungi/
Microorganisms/ Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ pollutant
bioavailability/ pollutant biotransformation/ soil
contamination
Abstract: Chemical pollution of the environment has
become a major source of concern. Studies on degradation of organic
compounds have shown that some microorganisms are extremely
versatile at catabolizing recalcitrant molecules. By harnessing
this catabolic potential, it is possible to bioremediate some
chemically contaminated environmental systems. Composting matrices
and composts are rich sources of xenobiotic-degrading
microorganisms including bacteria, actinomycetes and lignolytic
fungi, which can degrade pollutants to innocuous compounds such as
carbon dioxide and water. These microorganisms can also
biotransform pollutants into less toxic substances and/or lock up
pollutants within the organic matrix, thereby reducing pollutant
bioavailability. The success or failure of a composting/compost
remediation strategy depends however on a number of factors, the
most important of which are pollutant bioavailability and
biodegradability. This review discusses the interactions of
pollutants with soils; look critically at the clean up of soils
contaminated with a variety of pollutants using various composting
strategies and assess the feasibility of using composting
technologies to bioremediate contaminated soil.
© Thomson
671. The impact of conservation tillage on
pesticide runoff into surface water: A review and
analysis.
Fawcett, R. S.; Christensen, B. R.;
and Tierney, D. P.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 49 (2): 126-135.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
672. Impact of crop rotation and land management
on soil erosion and rehabilitation.
Amir, J.
In: Soil erosion, conservation and
rehabilitation/ Agassi, M.
New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996; pp.
375-397.
ISBN: 0-8247-8984-9
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
673. Impact of environmental regulations on
cattle production.
Morse, D.
Journal of Animal
Science 74 (12): 3103-3111.
(Dec. 1996)
NAL Call #:
49-J82;
ISSN: 0021-8812 [JANSAG].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium "Ruminant
Nutrition from an Environmental Perspective" at the ASAS 87th
Annual Meeting, July 1995, Orlando, Florida.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
livestock farming/ water quality/
environmental legislation/ regulations/ endangered species/
riparian vegetation/ environmental protection/ economic impact/
animal manures/ application to land/ pollution control/ dairy
farms/ poultry manure/ United States/ Florida
Abstract: A greater focus of legislative mandates is
directed toward nonpoint sources of pollution. This article focuses
on environmental regulations and their impact on cattle production.
Key legislation will be reviewed to stress how variations in the
type of law, degree of impact, enforcement mechanism, and time line
for compliance affect the ability for research to be designed and
accomplished in a desired time frame and to yield data on which
imposed management practices should be based. Science-based
regulations are desired to maximize beneficial impacts of
management practices; however, many regulations are developed and
management practices are imposed prior to research to minimize
liability of the regulatory agency in case natural resources are
degraded in the absence of management practices. The technology
adoption process will be reviewed. Documented impact of imposed
management practices (technology adoption) will be presented. Of
particular interest is the importance of documenting the economic
and resource impacts of regulations on livestock operators. Types
of research needed prior to implementing management practices will
be reviewed. Local involvement can increase the adoption rate of
practices and technologies.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
674. The impact of human activities on
freshwater aquatic systems.
Skurlatov, Yu I and Ernestova, L
S
Acta Hydrochimica et
Hydrobiologica 26 (1): 5-12.
(1998);
ISSN: 0323-4320
Descriptors:
hydrogen peroxide/ hydroxyl
radicals/ manganese: pollutant/ oxygen/ sulfur: pollutant/
superoxide radicals/ atmospheric fallout/ biogeochemical cycling/
biological quality/ bottom sediment composition/ environmental
quality/ freshwater aquatic systems/ human activities/ wastewater
treatment
Abstract: The roles of oxygen and its activated
species (superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl
radicals), as well as that of sulfur compounds, are considered in
relation to biological quality and the self-cleaning capacity of
freshwater aquatic systems. The effects on the aquatic
redox-processes are discussed in terms of atmospheric fallout of
sulfur compounds, bottom sediment composition, and input of
wastewaters containing reducing substances. It is shown that the
totality of anthropogenic influences, and/or unfavourable natural
geochemical conditions, as well as climatic effects in a region can
increase the significance of one-electron transfer processes in
bio-geochemical cycles of oxygen, sulfur and manganese, compared
with the significance of two-electron transfer processes. The
resulting, reactive intermediate products of one-electron transfer
processes are very important with respect to the composition and
properties of aquatic systems. Examples are given of practical
applications of wastewater treatment, using hydrogen peroxide and
UV-irradiation, and of regulation of consumers' activities which
affect natural waters.
© Thomson
675. Impact of insecticide resistance mechanisms
on management strategies.
Horowitz, A. R. and Denholm,
I.
In: Biochemical sites of
insecticide action and resistance/ Ishaaya, Isaac.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001; pp.
323-338.
ISBN: 3540676252
Descriptors:
insecticides/ applied entomology/
evolutionary biology/ insecticide resistance/ management
strategies/ Pest Assessment Control and Management/ Pesticides/ in
vitro assay: analytical method/ applied entomology/ evolutionary
biology/ insecticide resistance/ management strategies
© Thomson
676. Impact of nutrition on reduction of
environmental pollution by pigs: An overview of recent
research.
Jongbloed AW; Lenis NP; and Mroz
Z
Veterinary Quarterly
19 (3): 130-134; 36 ref.
(1997)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
677. Impact of ploughless soil tillage on yield
and soil quality: A Scandinavian review.
Rasmussen, K. J.
Soil and Tillage
Research 53 (1): 3-14.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987.
Notes: Issue editor: Arshad, M. A.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
678. The impact of reduced tillage on soilborne
plant pathogens.
Bockus, W. W. and Shroyer, J.
P.
Annual Review of
Phytopathology 36: 485-500.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
464.8-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4286 [APPYAG]
Descriptors:
plant pathogens/ soil flora/
no-tillage/ crop residues/ erosion/ soil water content/ crop yield/
degradation/ soil temperature/ plant disease control/ biological
control/ cultural control/ disease resistance/ rotations/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
679. Impact of soil erosion on crop yields in
North America.
Biggelaar, C. den.; Lal, R.; Wiebe,
K.; and Breneman, V.
Advances in Agronomy 72:
1-52. (2001)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
crop yield/ erosion/ soil
degradation/ data analysis/ data collection/ yield losses/
experimental design/ techniques/ soil management/ technology/
history/ agricultural research/ agricultural policy/ economic
analysis / literature reviews/ North America
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
680. Impacts of agricultural herbicide use on
terrestrial wildlife in temperate landscapes: A review with special
reference to North America.
Freemark, K. and Boutin,
C.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 52 (2/3): 67-91.
(Feb. 1995)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Abstract: The existing literature was examined to
assess the extent to which wildlife (plants, soil organisms,
above-ground insects/arthropods, mammals, birds) living in
terrestrial habitats has been affected by use of agricultural
herbicides in temperate landscapes. Although North America was of
special interest for regulatory reasons, the review was extended to
western Europe because the most extensive and intensive work has
been done there. The half-life of herbicides in the environment
ranges from less than 1 month to more than 1 year. Wildlife within
fields is most likely to be exposed to herbicides, particularly
when fields are planted with crops (e.g. corn, soybean, wheat,
cotton) which are routinely sprayed. Wildlife is also likely to be
exposed in non-crop habitats adjoining croplands, primarily from
direct overspray (especially during aerial application), and drift
during and/or volatilisation after application. The most conclusive
scientific evidence for direct effects of herbicides on arable
weeds, and associated indirect effects on insects and birds exists
in the United Kingdom. Evidence for similar effects in North
America is primarily circumstantial at present. Little work has
been done anywhere on impacts of herbicides on plants and their
associated fauna in non-crop habitats adjoining treated fields.
Chemical farming (in particular, the use of herbicides) has
dramatically altered the habitat pattern of temperate landscapes in
North America and western Europe. Strong evidence exists for
adverse effects of changes in habitat pattern on beneficial insects
and arthropods in the United Kingdom, and on birds in North America
and western Europe. Toxicity testing guidelines. for non-target
plant protection need to be developed and enforced to support
pesticide registration. In addition, research is needed to include
more ecologically relevant plant species in laboratory tests, to
develop multi-species tests (particularly in the field), to improve
methods for risk assessment, and to develop options for mitigating
risks. Large scale, long-term trans-disciplinary research of
different farming systems is needed, particularly in North America,
to integrate and better evaluate ecological, agronomic, and
socio-economic costs and benefits of agricultural herbicide use in
temperate landscapes.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
681. Impacts of agricultural practices on
subsurface microbial ecology.
Madsen, E. L.
Advances in Agronomy
54: 1-67. (1995)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
bacteria/ microorganisms/
groundwater/ community ecology/ environmental factors/ agriculture/
irrigation/ agricultural chemicals/ leaching/ pollutants/
groundwater pollution/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
682. Impacts of animal manure management on
ground and surface water quality.
Sharpley, A.; Meisinger, J. J.;
Breeuwsma, A.; Sims, J. T.; Daniel, T. C.; and Schepers, J.
S.
In: Animal waste utilization:
Effective use of manure as a soil resource/ Hatfield, J. L. and
Stewart, B. A.
Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press, 1998;
pp. 173-242
NAL Call #: S655.A57 1998
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
683. Impacts of Atrazine in Aquatic
Ecosystems.
Graymore, M.; Stagnitti, F.; and
Allinson, G.
Environment
International 26 (7-8):
483-495. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TD169.E54;
ISSN: 0160-4120
Descriptors:
Atrazine / Ecology/ Water quality
(Natural waters)/ Herbicides/ Runoff/ Groundwater/ Leaching/
Aquatic environment/ Community structure/ Environmental impact/
Pollution effects/ Ecosystems/ Aquatic organisms/ Community
composition/ Water Pollution Effects/ Pesticides/ Aquatic Life/
Groundwater Pollution/ Agricultural Runoff/ atrazine/ Water
Quality/ Freshwater pollution/ Effects on organisms/ Effects of
pollution
Abstract: A portion of all herbicides applied to
forests, croplands, road sides, and gardens are inevitably lost to
water bodies either directly through runoff or indirectly by
leaching through groundwater into ephemeral streams and lakes. Once
in the aquatic environment, herbicides may cause stress within
aquatic communities and radically alter community structure.
Atrazine is one of the most effective and inexpensive herbicides in
the world and is consequently used more frequently than any other
herbicide. Atrazine is frequently detected in aquatic waters, and
has been known to affect reproduction of aquatic flora and fauna,
which in turn impacts on the community structure as a whole. This
paper presents a summary of the reported direct and indirect
impacts of atrazine on aquatic organisms and community structure.
The information can be used for developing improved management
guidelines and legislation. It is concluded that a single universal
maximum limit on the atrazine application in catchments, as
suggested by many regulatory authorities, does not provide adequate
protection of the aquatic environment. Rather, it is advocated that
flexible limits on the application of atrazine be developed in line
with the potential risk of contamination to surface and subsurface
water and fragility of the aquatic environment.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
684. Impacts of Changing Precipitation Patterns
on Water Quality.
Hatfield, J. L. and Prueger, J.
H.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 59 (1): 51-58.
(Jan. 2004-Feb. 2004)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
Conservation Practices/ Drainage/
Soil Management/ Soil Water Balance/ Surface Runoff/ Water Quality/
Conservation Tillage/ Management Systems/ Manure Application/ Swine
Manure/ Runoff/ Phosphorus/ Soil/ Nitrogen/ Nitrate/
Surface
Abstract: Changing climate across the United States
has been observed in the increasing intensity and amount of
precipitation. One of the predicted areas for this impact is in the
upper Midwest or the Corn Belt, and one concern is that current
soil management practices in this region may not adequately protect
the soil under these changes resulting in water quality impacts. To
address this concern, this study was conducted to survey the
current literature on the water quality impacts from current soil
management practices and evaluate potential impacts on runoff and
drainage from soil management practices under a number of
precipitation scenarios. Soil management practices, e.g., crop
residue, no-tilt, incorporation of manure, provide protection under
today's climate. However, increasing precipitation amounts, or
frequencies, rapidly decrease the effectiveness of these practices
with the deleterious effect being even greater on soils with low
water holding capacity and limited depth. The water quality impacts
may be even more dramatic with the likelihood of increased surface
runoff events. Soil management practices need to be developed and
evaluated under precipitation patterns that may represent future
scenarios so that producers can begin to adopt these practices into
their management programs.
© Thomson ISI
685. Impacts of Climate Change on Aquatic
Ecosystem Functioning and Health.
Meyer, J. L.; Sale, M. J.;
Mulholland, P. J.; and Leroy Poff, N.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 35 (6): 1373-1386. (1999)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315;
ISSN: 1093-474X.
Notes: Special issue on water resources and climate
change; Publisher: American Water Resources Association
Descriptors:
USA/ Ecosystems/ Climatic Changes/
Food Chains/ Reviews/ Mixing/ Runoff/ Instream Flow/ Model Studies/
Risk/ Benefits/ Cost Analysis/ Inland water environment/
Environmental impact/ Fresh water/ Ecosystem disturbance/
Freshwater environments/ Water quality/ Nutrient loading/
Hydrology/ North America/ Ecology/ Climate/ Food chains/ Hazard/
Economics/ United States/ Mechanical and natural changes/ Air
pollution/ Water Resources and Supplies
Abstract: We review published analyses of the
effects of climate change on goods and services provided by
freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Climate-induced changes
must be assessed in the context of massive anthropogenic changes in
water quantity and quality resulting from altered patterns of land
use, water withdrawal, and species invasions; these may dwarf or
exacerbate climate-induced changes. Water to meet instream needs is
competing with other uses of water, and that competition is likely
to be increased by climate change. We review recent predictions of
the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems in eight
regions of North America. Impacts include warmer temperatures that
alter lake mixing regimes and availability of fish habitat; changed
magnitude and seasonality of runoff regimes that alter nutrient
loading and limit habitat availability at low flow; and loss of
prairie pothole wetlands that reduces waterfowl populations. Many
of the predicted changes in aquatic ecosystems are a consequence of
climatic effects on terrestrial ecosystems; shifts in riparian
vegetation and hydrology are particularly critical. We review
models that could be used to explore potential effects of climate
change on freshwater ecosystems; these include models of instream
flow, bioenergetics models, nutrient spiraling models, and models
relating riverine food webs to hydrologic regime. We discuss
potential ecological risks, benefits, and costs of climate change
and identify information needs and model improvements that are
required to improve our ability to predict and identify climate
change impacts and to evaluate management options.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
686. Impacts of disturbance on detritus food
webs in agro-ecosystems of contrasting tillage and weed management
practices.
Wardle, D. A.
Advances in Ecological
Research 26: 105-185.
(1995);
ISSN: 0065-2504
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
687. The impacts of irrigation and drainage on
the environment = Les impacts de l'irrigation et du drainage sur
l'environnement.
Jensen, Marvin Eli
The Hague, the Netherlands: ICID;
26 p.: ill.; Series: N.D. Gulhati memorial lecture (5th).
(1993)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
24-26).
NAL Call #: TC809-.J46-1993
Descriptors:
Irrigation---Environmental
aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
688. Impacts of riparian vegetation on
hydrological processes.
Tabacchi, E.; Lambs, L.; Guilloy,
H.; Planty-Tabacchi, A. M.; Muller, E.; and Decamps, H.
Hydrological
Processes 14 (16/17):
2959-2976. (2000)
NAL Call #:
GB651.H93;
ISSN: 0885-6087
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
689. The Implications of Grassland and Heathland
Management for the Conservation of Spider Communities: A
Review.
Bell, JR; Wheater, CP; and Cullen,
WR
Journal of Zoology
255 (3): 377-387. (2001);
ISSN: 0952-8369
Descriptors:
Heaths/ Grasslands/ Conservation/
Community composition/ Habitat/ Management/ Araneae/ Spiders/
Populations & general ecology/ Conservation
Abstract: Both intensity and type of habitat
management in grasslands and heathlands affect spider communities.
With high intensity management, spider communities often lack
diversity and are dominated by a few r-selected species affiliated
with bare ground. Low intensity management produces more complex
communities introducing more niches for aerial web spinners and
climbing spiders. The preferred management will be site-dependent
and may not be appropriate for all spiders in all situations,
particularly for some rare or threatened species. Providing natural
cover is recommended when using extreme forms of management or
intensive grazing (particularly by sheep). In extreme cases, or
where trampling is heavy, the litter layer should be conserved. We
advocate research and survey before and after major management
implementation. Habitat management for spiders should not be
considered alone, but integrated into a holistic plan. Management
for spiders may conflict with rare plant conservation and small
reserves should examine the viability of providing two contrasting
regimes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
690. Implications of grazing vs. no grazing on
today's rangelands.
Laycock, W. A.
In: Ecological implications of
livestock herbivory in the West/ Vavra, M.; Laycock, W. A.; and
Pieper, R. D.
Denver, CO: Society for Range
Management, 1994; pp. 250-280.
ISBN: 1-884930-00-X; Proceedings of the 42nd annual
meeting of the American Institute of Biological
Sciences.
NAL Call #: SF85.35.A17E28
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
691. Implications of movement in developing and
deploying integrated pest management strategies.
Irwin, Michael E
Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology 97 (4): 235-248.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
340.8-AG8;
ISSN: 0168-1923
Descriptors:
aphid (Homoptera)/ vector/ soybean
mosaic potyvirus (Potyvirus)/ pathogen/ Animals/ Arthropods/
Insects/ Invertebrates/ Microorganisms/ Plant Viruses/ Viruses/
integrated pest management/ pest movement/ disease transmission/
movement/ soybean mosaic potyvirus/ disease vectors/ case studies/
information needs/ flight/ disease prevention/ epidemiology/
simulation models/ mathematical models/ aphididae/ glycine max/
aerial insects/ air microbiology/ literature reviews
Abstract: To develop an integrated pest management
(IPM) program, one must rely on detailed knowledge of pest movement
at several levels. The tenets of IPM and the three tiers of
information (fundamental, tactical, and operational) needed to
deploy an IPM program are considered. I highlight the soybean
mosaic potyvirus pathosystem, a pest system that is nearly
impossible to control once the pathogen enters a field, to
illustrate how the pathogen can be contained through IPM practices,
but only with a reasonable understanding of pathogen transport by
insect vectors. The virus is transmitted by a suite of aphids with
different flight activity modes. Disease spread is rapid and
irreversible if initial inoculum is high and vector flight activity
is great. For that reason, the management mode must be preventive,
not remedial. The complex epidemiology involves vector movement
over both landscape and ecoregional scales, and movement,
especially as it is influenced by atmospheric motion systems over
both scales, should be understood to effectively manage soybean
mosaic virus epidemics. The importance of conceptual, simulation,
and predictive models that take into consideration vector movement
cannot be overstated when dealing with a pest complex of this
nature.
© Thomson
692. Implications of phytic acid and
supplemental microbial phytase in poultry nutrition: A
review.
Sebastian, S.; Touchburn, S. P.;
and Chavez, E. R.
World's Poultry Science
Journal 54 (1): 27-47. (Mar.
1998)
NAL Call #:
47.8-W89;
ISSN: 0043-9339 [WPSJAO]
Descriptors:
broilers/ turkeys/ bioavailability/
phosphorus/ phytic acid/ nutrient-nutrient interactions/ female
animals/ male animals/ enzyme preparations/ feed additives/ dietary
minerals/ calcium/ fiber content/ copper/ zinc/ cereals/ grain
legumes/ oilseeds/ age differences/ sex differences/ protein
digestibility/ excretion/ poultry manure/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
693. Implications of weed seedbank dynamics to
weed management.
Buhler, D. D.; Hartzler, R. G.; and
Forcella, F.
Weed Science 45 (3): 329-336. (May 1997-June
1997)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745 [WEESA6].
Notes: Paper presented at the Weed Science Society of
America Meeting on Importance of weed biology to weed management
held February 6, 1996, Norfolk, VA.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
weeds/ seed banks/ population
dynamics/ weed control/ tillage/ weed biology/ population ecology/
botanical composition/ cropping systems/ depth/ rotations/
integrated pest management/ decision making/ mathematical models/
yield losses/ crop yield/ light/ requirements/ literature
reviews
Abstract: The species composition and density of
weed seed in the soil vary greatly and are closely linked to the
cropping history of the land. Altering tillage practices changes
weed seed depth in the soil, which plays a role in weed species
shifts and affects efficacy of control practices. Crop rotation and
weed control practices also affect the weed seedbank. Information
on the influence of cropping practices on the weed seedbank should
be a useful tool for integrated weed management. Decision aid
models use information on the weed seedbank to estimate weed
populations, crop yield loss, and recommend weed control tactics.
Understanding the light requirements of weed seed may provide new
approaches to weed management. Improving and applying our
understanding of weed seedbank dynamics is essential to developing
improved weed management systems. The principles of plant ecology
must be integrated with the science of weed management to develop
strategies that take advantage of basic plant responses in weed
management systems for agronomic crops.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
694. The importance of different scale processes
for the restoration of floodplain woodlands.
Hughes, F M R; Adams, W M; Muller,
E; Nilsson, C; Richards, K S; Barsoum, N; Decamps, H; Foussadier,
R; Girel, J; Guilloy, H; Hayes, A; Johansson, M; Lambs, L; Pautou,
G; Peiry, J L; Perrow, M; Vautier, F; and Winfield, M
Regulated Rivers Research
and Management 17 (4-5):
325-345. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TC530.R43;
ISSN: 0886-9375
Descriptors:
trees (Spermatophyta): seedling/
Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ channel movements/
ecosystem responses/ environmental flows/ environmental management/
flood events/ floodplain woodlands: restoration/ geomorphological
processes/ hydrology/ mortality/ river restoration/ sediment
inputs/ sedimentation sites/ spatial scale processes/ tree
regeneration/ water tables
Abstract: The restoration of floodplain woodlands
demands an understanding of the linkages between process, form and
past management history at both a local and catchment scale. Site
and reach scale processes that influence the species composition of
floodplain woodland species are described with a particular focus
on the relationships between hydrological and sediment inputs to
floodplains and the regeneration response by tree species. The
importance of integrating natural science knowledge gained at the
site reach scale with decisions taken at the catchment scale on
water allocation priorities is then discussed. Research was carried
out on the River Ore in Sweden, The River Ouse in the United
Kingdom and the River Isere and River Garonne in France. Research
results at the site and reach scale allow broad definition of ideal
conditions for the regeneration and growth of floodplain tree
species and the flows that provide them: (1) channel movement has
to occur for the creation of sedimentation sites required for the
regeneration of early successional species and the flows that
provide them; (2) flooding events should occur periodically to
cause both channel movement and recharge floodplain water tables;
(3) water table decline rates following a flood event must be slow
enough that seedling roots can maintain contact with the retreating
water front; (4) unseasonal flood events can cause high mortality
of seedlings and prevent successful regeneration in any season.
Some of the requirements for the restoration of floodplain
woodlands can be delivered through site and reach scale restoration
projects with reasonably predictable ecological outcomes. A more
holistic approach to the provision of regeneration sites for
floodplain woodlands would also include water allocation decisions
targeted at providing flow conditions which could restore
geomorphological processes. However, it is difficult to predict
ecosystem responses to catchment scale flow allocation measures
and, therefore, in the intensively managed river corridors of
Western Europe, river restoration initiatives tend to be restricted
to the site and reach scale.
© Thomson
695. Importance of mechanisms and processes of
the stabilisation of soil organic matter for modelling carbon
turnover.
Krull, E. S.; Baldock, J. A.; and
Skjemstad, J. O.
Functional Plant
Biology 30 (2): 207-222.
(2003);
ISSN: 1445-4408
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
696. The Importance of Palaeolimnology to Lake
Restoration.
Battarbee, R. W.
Hydrobiologia 395/396: 149-159. (1999)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors:
Lake Restoration/ Paleolimnology/
Reviews/ Lake Sediments/ Lakes/ Paleoecology/ Methodology/
Environmental restoration/ Restoration/ Eutrophication/
Acidification/ Environment management/ Palaeolimnology/ Lake
deposits/ Ecosystem management/ transfer functions/ Lakes/
Methodology general/ Protective measures and control/ Freshwater
pollution/ Water quality control/ Reclamation
Abstract: Palaeolimnology has developed rapidly over
the last two decades to deal with problems of eutrophication, and
acidification. This paper reviews the techniques for coring, dating
and interpreting sediments. The applications of palaeolimnology in
interpreting the past through `transfer functions' calculated from
biological indices are reviewed. Rates of change, the causes of
change, and the restoration of lakes to some predefined target are
reviewed and the direction of future developments
considered.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
697. The Importance of Pathogenic Organisms in
Sewage and Sewage Sludge.
Dumontet, S.; Scopa, A.; Kerje, S.;
and Krovacek, K.
Journal of the Air and Waste
Management Association 51
(6): 848-860. (2001);
ISSN: 1047-3289
Descriptors:
Pathogens/ Sewage/ Sewage sludge/
Waste treatment/ Soil amendment/ Reviews/ Viruses/ Bacteria/
Yeasts/ Fungi/ Parasites/ Recycling/ Epidemiology/ Waste
management/ Wastewater/ Sludge/ Organic Matter/ Public Health/
epidemiology/ Non patents/ Waste management/ Wastewater treatment
processes/ Waste Management/ Sewage & wastewater
treatment
Abstract: Deficient sanitation poses a serious
threat to human and animal health, involving complex relationships
between environments, animals, refuse, food, pathogens, parasites,
and man. However, by sanitizing and stabilizing the organic matter
of sewage sludge, agriculture can utilize it to maintain soil,
water, and air quality. As ingredients in soil amendments, such
bioresidues are a source of nutrients for plants. Stabilization and
sanitation of sewage sludge safely couple its recycling and
disposal. This coupling becomes increasingly important as economic
and environmental constraints make strategies for waste disposal
more difficult to apply. The occurrence of viruses, bacteria,
yeasts, fungi, and zooparasites in sewage sludge is reviewed in
this article, and consequential epidemiologic concerns that arise
from sewage sludge recycling is also addressed.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
698. The importance of pesticides and other pest
management practices in U.S. alfalfa production.
Hower, Arthur A.; Harper, Jayson
K.; Harvey, R. Gordon.; and National Agricultural Pesticide Impact
Assessment Program (U.S.).
United States: s.n.; xi, 221 p.:
map; Series: NAPIAP report no. 2-CA-99. (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
124-131). Funded by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National
Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program.
NAL Call #: SB608.A5-H69-1999
Descriptors:
Alfalfa---Diseases and
pests---Control---United States/ Pesticides---United States/
Pests---Control/ Weeds---Control/ Alfalfa industry---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
699. The importance of pesticides and other pest
management practices in U.S. tomato production.
Davis, R. Michael.
United States: s.n.; x, 263 p.:
maps; Series: NAPIAP report no. 1-CA-98. (1998)
Notes: "A special funded project of the United States
Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact
assessment Program, document number 1-CA-98." Includes
bibliographical references (p. 262-263).
NAL Call #: SB608.T75-I48-1998
Descriptors:
Tomatoes---Diseases and
pests---Control---United States/ Tomato industry---United States/
Pesticides---Economic aspects---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
700. The importance of scouting in cotton
IPM.
Matthews, G. A.
Crop Protection 15 (4): 369-374. (1996)
NAL Call #:
SB599.C8;
ISSN: 0261-2194
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
701. Importance of the riparian zone to the
conservation and management of freshwater fish: A
review.
Pusey, Bradley J and Arthington,
Angela H
Marine and Freshwater
Research 54 (1): 1-16.
(2003);
ISSN: 1323-1650
Descriptors:
nutrients/ fish (Pisces): alien
species, egg, freshwater species, larva/ grass (Gramineae): alien
species, exotic pasture species, insolation, proliferation/
Angiosperms/ Animals/ Chordates/ Fish/ Monocots/ Nonhuman
Vertebrates/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ Vertebrates/
UV B irradiation/ atmosphere/ biodiversity/ body morphology/ coarse
organic matter/ disease resistance/ flow regimen/ food web
structure/ habitat structure/ light quality/ light quantity/
metabolic rate/ mortality rate/ population deterioration/ potential
mate discrimination / predation/ reproduction/ riparian zone
integrity/ riparian aquatic ecosystem linkages / solar energy
transmission/ stream shade/ terrestrial sediments/ thermal energy
transfer/ water clarity
Abstract: The relationship between freshwater fish
and the integrity of the riparian zone is reviewed with special
emphasis on the fauna of northern Australia. Linkages between
freshwater fish and riparian zone processes are diverse and
important. The riparian zone occurs at the interface between
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and it may, therefore, regulate
the transfer of energy and material between these systems, as well
as regulating the transmission of solar energy into the aquatic
ecosystem. Riparian influences on light quantity, quality and shade
in streams are discussed and predictions are made about the likely
impacts associated with changes in light quality. Increased rates
of transfer of thermal energy between the atmosphere and the
aquatic environment in the absence of an intact riparian zone may
potentially disrupt reproduction by desynchronizing the thermal
regimen from regional factors, such as the flow regimen, as well as
having direct effects on mortality rates, body morphology, disease
resistance and metabolic rates. Impacts associated with changes in
light quality range from increased egg and larval mortality due to
increased ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation and a decreased ability to
discriminate between potential mates to increased conspicuousness
to predators. Increased insolation and proliferation of exotic
pasture grasses, an increasing threat in northern Australia, are
shown to have a range of impacts, including changes in habitat
structure, food-web structure and the facilitation of invasion by
exotic fish species. The interception of terrestrial sediments and
nutrients by the riparian zone has important consequences for
stream fish, maintaining habitat structure, water clarity and
food-web structure. Coarse organic matter donated to the aquatic
environment by the riparian zones has a large range of influences
on stream habitat, which, in turn, affect biodiversity and a range
of process, such as fish reproduction and predation. Terrestrial
matter is also consumed directly by fish and may be a very
important source of energy in some Australian systems and under
certain circumstances. Attention to the linkages between fish and
riparian systems is essential in efforts to rehabilitate degraded
stream environments and to prevent further deterioration in
freshwater fish populations in northern Australia.
© Thomson
702. The importance of wetlands in water
resource management: A literature review.
Brady, Anne.; Riding, Tim.; and New
South Wales. Dept. of Land and Water Conservation.
Sydney: Dept. of Land & Water
Conservation; 48 p.: ill. (1996)
Notes: "March 1996"--T.p. verso. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 30-37).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3B73--1996; ISBN: 0731023544
Descriptors:
Wetland
conservation---Australia---New South Wales/
Wetlands---Australia---New South Wales---Management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
703. Improved methods of injecting swine manure
to agricultural land.
Prairie Agricultural Machinery
Institute (Canada) and Saskatchewan. Agriculture Development
Fund.
Regina: Agriculture Development
Fund, Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food; 19, 40 p.: ill.
(1996)
Notes: "Final report" "March, 1996."
NAL Call #: S655-.I47-1996
Descriptors:
Manures/ Manure handling
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
704. Improved technologies to reduce emission of
methyl bromide from fumigated soil.
Gamliel, A; Grinstein, A; and
Katan, J
Phytoparasitica 25 ([supplement]): 21S-30S.
(1997);
ISSN: 0334-2123
Descriptors:
methyl bromide/ emission reduction/
fumigated soil/ improved technologies/ intensive agriculture/
methodology/ methyl bromide/ pesticides/ postharvest quarantine
treatments/ soil fumigant/ soil science
Abstract: Methyl bromide (MB) is the chemical most
widely used for soil fumigation in intensive agriculture, and for
commodity and postharvest quarantine treatments. MB was listed by
the Montreal Protocol in 1992 as a controlled ozone-depleting
substance, and a phaseout process has been initiated. Several
technologies to reduce the fumigation dosage and subsequent
emission of MB from the fumigated soil were tested and applied in
field trials and commercial application. These include dosage
reduction by using impermeable films, improving uniformity of
distribution, and preventing possible escape sources such as the
edges of the fumigated plot. Combining MB with other pesticides,
solarization, or biocontrol agents is another approach to reducing
MB emission and dosage. Adapting these technologies may result in a
60-90% reduction of MB emitted from fumigated soil.
© Thomson
705. Improvement of vegetable quality and water
and fertilizer utilization in low-tech greenhouses through a
decision support management system.
Passam, H. C.; Sideridis, A. B.;
Yialouris, C. P.; and Maliappis, M. T.
Journal of Vegetable Crop
Production 7 (1): 69-82.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SB320.J68;
ISSN: 1049-6467
Descriptors:
lycopersicon esculentum/ cucumis
sativus/ cucumis melo/ solanum melongena/ capsicum annuum/ lactuca
sativa/ greenhouse culture/ decision making/ crop quality/
irrigation water/ nutrient requirements/ fertilizers/ evaporation/
expert systems/ plant pests/ plant diseases/ diagnosis/ symptoms/
nutritional disorders/ databases/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
706. Improving the Evaluation of Conservation
Programs.
Kleiman, G. D.; Reading, P. R.;
Miller, J. B.; Clark, W. T.; Scott, M. J.; Robinson, J.; Wallace,
L. R.; Cabin, J. R.; and Felleman, F.
Conservation Biology
14 (2): 356-365. (Apr.
2000)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5;
ISSN: 0888-8892.
Notes: Publisher: Blackwell Science Ltd
Descriptors:
Conservation/ Reviews/ Government
policy
Abstract: The evaluation of conservation programs is
rare but increasingly important in improving their effectiveness.
Regular evaluations of conservation programs and the implementation
of recommendations resulting from such assessments are infrequent
because of resistance by participants and lack of funding.
Evaluations may be internal or external, depending on the purpose
of the review and how broadly it is focused. We strongly recommend
external peer review of long-term complex conservation programs
every 5 years, supported by more frequent (annual) internal
reviews. Criteria for success must encompass both biological and
social measures and include learning and the application of new
knowledge to management. Evaluations must also go beyond monitoring
to assess the value of the program. We emphasize the need to
include the organization and function of a conservation program
(the process) in any evaluation in addition to substantive criteria
for success, which usually involve biological measures (numbers). A
dysfunctional program organization and process can as effectively
cripple a conservation effort as can a major biological
catastrophe. We provide examples of different types of conservation
program evaluations, including moderated workshops and case-study
analysis, and provide advice on the logistics and organization of
the review, emphasizing the importance of the evaluation process
itself to a successful outcome. One important aspect of an
evaluation is having an individual with leadership ability and
considerable expertise to organize the format and oversee the
review process itself. Second, it is essential at the outset to
ensure agreement among the program participants and the review
committee on the goals and objectives of the conservation program,
what is to be evaluated, and the criteria for defining success.
Finally, the best evaluations are inclusive and involve all
participants and stakeholders.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
707. Improving water use efficiency as part of
integrated catchment management.
Batchelor, Charles
Agricultural Water
Management 40 (2-3): 249-263.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3;
ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:
water use efficiency: integrated
catchment management
Abstract: Sustainable agricultural development
requires technologies and practices that make more efficient and
productive use of resources and an enabling environment that
encourages the adoption of these technologies. Many institutions
and international agencies are showing considerable interest in
integrated catchment management (ICM) as a practical means of
improving the management of water resources, reducing environmental
degradation and promoting sustainable agricultural development.
This paper outlines some of the main components of ICM and lists
some of the prerequisites for establishing collective
responsibility for, in particular, groundwater resources. This
paper also discusses the extent to which programmes of ICM can be
used as a means of conserving water resources and improving water
use efficiency and productivity at the farm and catchment
scales.
© Thomson
708. In search of swampland: A wetland
sourcebook and field guide.
Tiner, Ralph W.
New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers
University Press; xviii, 264 p.: ill. (some col.), maps.
(1998)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
[259]-260) and index.
NAL Call #: GB624.T56--1998;
ISBN: 0813525055 (cloth: alk. paper); 0813525063
(pbk.: alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetlands---Northeastern
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
709. The incidence and severity of sediment
contamination in surface waters of the United States: National
sediment survey: Data summaries for areas of probable
concern.
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology.
Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology; 3 v.: ill.,
maps. (1997)
Notes: National sediment contaminant point source
inventory; "September 1997." Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD223.I53-1997
http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/claritgw?op-Display&document=clserv:OW:1030;rank=1&template=epa
Descriptors:
Water---Pollution---United States/
Contaminated sediments---United States/ Sedimentation and
deposition---Environmental aspects---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
710. Incorporating natural variability,
uncertainty, and risk into water quality evaluations using duration
curves.
Bonta, J. V. and Cleland,
B.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 39 (6): 1481-1496. (2003)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315;
ISSN: 1093-474X.
Notes: Number of References: 38
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ water quality/
BMP/ best management practice/ derived distribution/ TMDL/ duration
curves/ Ohio watersheds/ flow duration/ reclamation/ discharge/
impact
Abstract: Quantifying natural variability,
uncertainty, and risk with minimal data is one of the greatest
challenges facing those engaged in water quality evaluations, such
as development of total maximum daily loads (TMDL), because of
regulatory, natural, and analytical constraints. Quantification of
uncertainty and variability in natural systems is illustrated using
duration curves (DCs), plots that illustrate the percent of time
that a particular flow rate (FDC), concentration (CDC), or load
rate (LDC; "TMDL") is exceeded, and are constructed using simple
derived distributions. Duration curves require different
construction methods and interpretations, depending on whether
there is a statistically significant correlation between
concentration (C) and flow (Q), and on the sign of the C-Q
regression slope (positive or negative). Flow DCs computed from
annual runoff data vary compared with an FDC developed using all
data. Percent exceedance for DCs can correspond to risk; however,
DCs are not composed of independent quantities. Confidence
intervals of data about a regression line can be used to develop
confidence limits for the CDC and LDC. An alternate expression to a
fixed TMDL is suggested as the risk of a load rate being exceeded
and lying between confidence limits. Averages over partial ranges
of DCs are also suggested as an alternative expression of TMDLs.
DCs can be used to quantify watershed response in terms of changes
in exceedances, concentrations, and load rates after implementation
of best management practices.
© Thomson ISI
711. Incorporating water goals into forest
management decisions at a local level.
Twery, M. J. and Hornbeck, J.
W.
Forest Ecology and
Management 143 (1/3): 87-93.
(Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127 [FECMDW].
Notes: Special issue: The science of managing forests
to sustain water resources / edited by R.T. Brooks and N. Lust.
Paper presented at a conference held November 8-11, 1998,
Sturbridge, Massachusetts. Includes references.
Descriptors:
forest management/ water quality/
water flow/ decision making/ local planning/ silvicultural systems/
wildlife/ water yield/ aesthetic value/ forest ecology/ streams/
wetlands/ riparian vegetation/ fishes/ habitats/ literature
reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
712. Indicators and assessment methods for
measuring the ecological integrity of semi-aquatic terrestrial
environments.
Innis, S. A.; Naiman, R. J.; and
Elliott, S. R.
Hydrobiologia 422/423: 111-131. (2000)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
713. Indicators of rangeland health and
functionality in the Intermountain West.
O'Brien, Renee and Rocky Mountain
Research Station
Fort Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Series: General
technical report RMRS GTR-104. (2003)
Notes: Title from web page viewed Oct. 1, 2003. "June
2003." Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aSD144.A14-G46-no.-104
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs%5Fgtr104.pdf
Descriptors:
Rangelands---West---United States/
Range management---West---United States/ Range
plants---West---United States/ Invasive plants---West---United
States/ Noxious weeds---West---United States/ Ecosystem health West
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
714. Industrialized animal production: A major
source of nutrient and microbial pollution to aquatic
ecosystems.
Mallin, M. A. and Cahoon, L.
B.
Population and
Environment 24 (5): 369-385.
(May 2003);
ISSN: 0199-0039.
Notes: Number of References: 54
Descriptors:
Environmental Studies, Geography
& Development/ swine/ poultry/ nutrients/ pathogens/
eutrophication/ column nitrate enrichment/ eelgrass zostera marina/
Eastern North Carolina/ water quality/ coastal plain/ toxic
pfiesteria/ lagoon effluent/ swine manure/ fish kills/ Cape
Fear
Abstract: Livestock production has undergone massive
industrialization in recent decades. Nationwide, millions of swine,
poultry, and cattle are raised and fed in concentrated animal
feeding operations (CAFOs) owned by large, vertically integrated
producer corporations. The amount of nutrients (nitrogen and
phosphorus) in animal manure produced by CAFOs is enormous. For
example, on the North Carolina Coastal Plain alone an estimated
124,000 metric tons of nitrogen and 29,000 metric tons of
phosphorus are generated annually by livestock. CAFO wastes are
largely either spread on fields as dry litter or pumped into waste
lagoons and sprayed as liquid onto fields. Large amounts of
nitrogen and phosphorus enter the environment through runoff,
percolation into groundwater, and volatilization of ammonia. Many
CAFOs are located in nutrient-sensitive watersheds where the wastes
contribute to the eutrophication of streams, rivers, and estuaries.
There is as yet no comprehensive Federal policy in place to protect
the environment and human health from CAFO generated
pollutants.
© Thomson ISI
715. Influence of abiotic and biotic factors in
measuring and modeling soil erosion on rangelands: State of
knowledge.
Weltz, M. A.; Kidwell, M. R.; and
Fox, H. D.
Journal of Range
Management 51 (5): 482-495.
(Sept. 1998)
NAL Call #:
60.18-J82;
ISSN: 0022-409X [JRMGAQ]
Descriptors:
rangeland soils/ erosion/ simulation
models/ rain/ universal soil loss equation/ slope/ canopy/ tillage/
terrain/ topography/ soil texture/ data collection/ rainfall
simulators/ interrill erosion/ rill erosion/ literature reviews/
revised universal soil loss equation/ water erosion prediction
project model
Abstract: The first standardized soil erosion
prediction equation used on rangelands was the Universal Soil Loss
Equation (USLE). The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)
was developed to address deficiencies in the USLE by accounting for
temporal changes in soil erodibility and plant factors which were
not originally considered. Improvements were also made to the
rainfall, length, slope, and management practice factors of the
original USLE model. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP)
model was developed to estimate soil erosion from single events,
long-term soil loss from hillslopes, and sediment yield from small
watersheds. Temporal changes in biomass, soil erodibility, and land
management practices, and to a limited extent, spatial distribution
of soil, vegetation, and land use are addressed in the WEPP model.
To apply new process-based erosion prediction technology, basic
research must be conducted to better model the interactions and
feedback mechanisms of plant communities and landscape ecology.
Thresholds at which accelerated soil erosion results in unstable
plant communities must be identified. Research is needed to
determine the confidence limits for erosion predictions generated
by simulation models so that the probability of meeting specified
soil loss values (kg ha-1 yr-1) for given management systems can be
calculated at specific significance levels. As the technology for
modeling soil erosion on rangelands has improved, limitations with
the techniques of parameter estimation have been encountered.
Improvements in model parameterization techniques and national
databases that incorporate vegetation and soil variability are
required before existing erosion prediction models can be
implemented.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
716. Influence of agricultural management on
soil organic carbon: A compendium and assessment of Canadian
studies.
VandenBygaart, A J; Gregorich, E G;
and Angers, D A
Canadian Journal of Soil
Science 83 (4): 363-380.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
56.8 C162;
ISSN: 0008-4271
Descriptors:
organic carbon: agricultural
management, soil/ Agropyron cristatum (Gramineae): forage crop/
Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae)/ Lolium perenne (Gramineae): forage
crop/ Medicago sativa (Leguminosae): forage crop/ Trifolium
pratense (Leguminosae): forage crop/ Triticum aestivum [wheat]
(Gramineae): grain crop/ Angiosperms/ Dicots/ Monocots/ Plants/
Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants
Abstract: To fulfill commitments under the Kyoto
Protocol, Canada is required to provide verifiable estimates and
uncertainties for soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, and for changes
in those stocks over time. Estimates and uncertainties for
agricultural soils can be derived from long-term studies that have
measured differences in SOC between different management practices.
We compiled published data from long-term studies in Canada to
assess the effect of agricultural management on SOC. A total of 62
studies were compiled, in which the difference in SOC was
determined for conversion from native land to cropland, and for
different tillage, crop rotation and fertilizer management
practices. There was a loss of 24+-6% of the SOC after native land
was converted to agricultural land. No-till (NT) increased the
storage of SOC in western Canada by 2.9+-1.3 Mg ha-1; however, in
eastern Canada conversion to NT did not increase SOC. In general,
the potential to store SOC when NT was adopted decreased with
increasing background levels of SOC. Using no-tillage, reducing
summer fallow, including hay in rotation with wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.), plowing green manures into the soil, and applying N
and organic fertilizers were the practices that tended to show the
most consistent increases in SOC storage. By relating treatment SOC
levels to those in the control treatments, SOC stock change factors
and their levels of uncertainty were derived for use in empirical
models, such as the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines model for C stock changes.
However, we must be careful when attempting to extrapolate research
plot data to farmers' fields since the history of soil and crop
management has a significant influence on existing and future SOC
stocks.
© Thomson
717. The influence of hedge structure,
management and landscape context on the value of hedgerows to
birds: A review.
Hinsley, S. A. and Bellamy, P.
E.
Journal of Environmental
Management 60 (1): 33-49.
(Sept. 2000)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6;
ISSN: 0301-4797 [JEVMAW].
Notes: Special issue: Hedgerows: perspectives on
biodiversity and environmental management / edited by D. McCollin.
Selected papers from the 'Hedgerow conservation: policy, protection
and evaluation' meeting held July 21, 1999, in Northampton, United
Kingdom. Includes references.
Descriptors:
birds/ hedges/ habitats/ lowland
areas/ farming/ landscape/ literature reviews/ UK
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
718. Influence of hydrologic loading rate on
phosphorus retention and ecosystem productivity in created
wetlands.
Mitsch, William J.; Cronk, Julie
K.; and United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station. Wetlands Research Program
(U.S.).
Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; xii, 84 p.: ill., maps;
Series: Wetlands Research Program technical report WRP-RE-6.
(1995)
Notes: At head of title: Wetlands Research Program.
"January 1995." Final report. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 73-84).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3M57--1995
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation/ Constructed
wetlands/ Freshwater productivity/ Water---Phosphorus content/
Restoration ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
719. Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure
applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical
conditions: A review.
Haynes, R. J. and Naidu,
R.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 51 (2):
123-137. (June 1998)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC]
Descriptors:
soil organic matter/ soil physical
properties/ lime/ manures/ liming/ flocculation/ sustainability/
soil ph/ calcium ions/ ion activity/ aluminum/ soil chemistry/
chemical reactions/ crop yield/ fertilizers/ application rates/
phosphate/ phosphoric acid/ ammonium/ soil water/ water holding
capacity/ soil texture/ hydraulic conductivity/ bulk density/
cation exchange capacity/ literature reviews
Abstract: The effects of lime, fertilizer and manure
applications on soil organic matter status and soil physical
properties are of importance to agricultural sustainability. Their
effects are complex and many interactions can occur. In the
short-term, liming can result in dispersion of clay colloids and
formation of surface crusts. As pH is increased the surface
negative charge on clay colloids increases and repulsive forces
between particles dominate. However, at higher lime rates, Ca2+
concentrations and ionic strength in soil solution increase causing
compression of the electrical double layer and renewed
flocculation. When present in sufficient quantities, both lime and
hydroxy-A1 polymers formed by precipitation of exchangeable A1, can
act as cementing agents bonding soil particles together and
improving soil structure. Liming often causes a temporary flush of
soil microbial activity but the effect of this on soil aggregation
is unclear. It is suggested that, in the long-term, liming will
increase crop yields, organic matter returns, soil organic matter
content and thus soil aggregation. There is a need to study these
relationships on existing long-term liming trials. Fertilizers are
applied to soils in order to maintain or improve crop yields. In
the long-term, increased crop yields and organic matter returns
with regular fertilizer applications result in a higher soil
organic matter content and biological activity being attained than
where no fertilizers are applied. As a result, long-term fertilizer
applications have been reported, in a number of cases, to cause
increases in water stable aggregation, porosity, infiltration
capacity and hydraulic conductivity and decreases in bulk density.
Fertilizer additions can also have physico-chemical effects which
influence soil aggregation. Phosphatic fertilizers and phosphoric
acid can favour aggregation by the formation of A1 or Ca phosphate
binding agents whilst where fertilizer NH4+ accumulates in the soil
at high concentrations, dispersion of clay colloids can be
favoured. Additions of organic manures result in increased soil
organic matter content. Many reports have shown that this results
in increased water holding capacity, porosity, infiltration
capacity, hydraulic conductivity and water stable aggregation and
decreased bulk density and surface crusting. Problems associated
with large applications of manure include dispersion caused by
accumulated K+, Na+ and NH4+ in the soil and production of
water-repellant substances by decomposer fungi.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
720. The influence of organic nitrogen
mineralization on the management of agricultural systems in the
UK.
Shepherd, M. A.; Stockdale, E. A.;
Powlson, D. S.; and Jarvis, S. C.
Soil Use and
Management 12 (2):
76-85. (June 1996)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68;
ISSN: 0266-0032 [SUMAEU]
Descriptors:
agricultural soils/ soil organic
matter/ nitrogen/ mineralization/ immobilization/ nutrient sources/
release/ crop management/ fertilizer requirement determination/
crop residues/ animal manures/ grassland soils/ cultivation/
nitrogen cycle/ nitrogen supply/ nitrogen management
Abstract: The understanding of nitrogen
mineralization is central to providing good advice to ensure that
nitrogen (N), from whatever source, is utilized by crops as
efficiently as possible to minimize pollution. We have reviewed how
mineralization is accounted for in current advice. It is clear that
there is at least a qualitative understanding of the effects of
soil and crop management on N mineralization and N supply, which
has enabled the development of Codes of Good Agricultural Practice
and fertilizer recommendations systems, based on sound scientific
principles. However, to refine advice there is a need for a better
quantitative understanding. Although soil organic matter (SOM) is a
major source of N for crops, we are unable adequately to predict
fertilizer requirement as affected by mineralization of SOM.
Nitrogen returns from crop residues can vary considerably between
fields; the provision of better field specific advice is restricted
by our inability accurately to quantify this variability. The
qualitative controls on the amount and timing of N release from
ploughed grass are known, but better quantification of
mineralization/immobilization over both the short- and long-term
and better understanding of the relationship with sward age, inputs
and management are essential. Much N can also be released from
pasture and lost to the environment, especially where long-term
leys have been grazed and there is a need to quantify the changing
balance of mineralization and immobilization with the age of sward
and N input. Whilst the overall principle of cultivation affecting
mineralization is well known and appreciated, little is known about
the mechanisms and quantification is only possible for a comparison
of such extremes as ploughing and direct drilling.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
721. The Influence of Salinity on the Toxicity
of Various Classes of Chemicals to Aquatic Biota.
Hall, L. W. and Anderson, R.
D.
Critical Reviews in
Toxicology 25 (4): 281-346.
(1995);
ISSN: 1040-8444
Descriptors:
salinity / toxicity/ aquatic
environment/ literature review/ organophosphorus pesticides/ heavy
metals/ biota/ salinity effects/ lethal effects/ exposure
tolerance/ pollution effects / pesticides/ bioaccumulation/ food
chains/ reviews/ aquatic organisms/ Effects of pollution /
Toxicology and health/ Effects on organisms/ Environmental
effects
Abstract: The objective of this study was to review
all available aquatic toxicity literature regarding the effects of
salinity on the toxicity of various classes of inorganic and
organic chemicals. Toxicity data for studies in which toxicity was
assessed at various salinities were organized by chemical classes
and trophic groups. Seventy percent of the studies were conducted
with either crustaceans or fish. The other 30% were with mollusks,
annelids, zooplankton, bacteria, phytoplankton, or fungi. Results
from 173 data entries showed that negative correlations (toxicity
increasing with decreasing salinity) were reported most frequently
(55%), followed by no correlations (27%) and positive correlations
(18%). The toxicity of most metals such as cadmium, chromium,
copper, mercury, nickel, and zinc was reported to increase with
decreasing salinity. This finding is likely related to the greater
bioavailability of the free metal ion (toxic form) at lower
salinity conditions. There was generally no consistent trend for
the toxicity of most organic chemicals with salinity. The one
exception to this was reported with organophosphate insecticides,
the toxicity of which appeared to increase with increasing
salinity. Physiological characteristics of the various test species
were important in determining the toxicity of the various classes
of chemicals at a range of salinities. Results from various studies
showed that euryhaline species were more resistant to toxic
conditions at isosmotic salinities due to minimization of osmotic
stress. Specific examples showed that fish were more resistant to
toxic chemicals at middle salinities when compared with either
lower or higher extremes. Life history and ecology of test species
were important factors to consider when interpreting
salinity/contaminant interaction data.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
722. The influence of soil biodiversity on
hydrological pathways and the transfer of materials between
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Bardgett, R. D.; Anderson, J. M.;
Behan-Pelletier, V.; Brussaard, L.; Coleman, D. C.; Ettema, C.;
Moldenke, A.; Schimel, J. P.; and Wall, D. H.
Ecosystems 4 (5): 421-429. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E3645;
ISSN: 1432-9840
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
723. The influence of some forest operations on
the sustainable management of forest soils: A review.
Worrell, R and Hampson,
A
Forestry 70 (1): 61-85. (1997);
ISSN: 0015-752X
Descriptors:
erosion rates/ forestry/ forestry
method/ nutrient removal/ soil science/ sustainable management/
tree harvesting methods
Abstract: This review paper describes the nature and
scale of changes to forest soils brought about by forestry
operations. A relatively non-technical approach is adopted with the
aim of stimulating debate within as wide an audience as possible.
The paper does not aim To be exhaustive but rather a position
statement. Areas where further study is required are highlighted.
The concept of sustainability is explored in relation to forest
soils, and the condition highlighted is that impacts of forest
management operations should not, in the long term, exceed the
capacity of soil to recover by natural processes (e.g. erosion
losses should not exceed soil formation rates, nutrient removals
should not exceed nutrient inputs etc.). Soil erosion, nutrient
removal, compaction, and changes in organic matter content and soil
water status are identified as the most important processes
involved in the impacts of management. The impacts of some of the
more intensive forest management regimes on soil compaction,
nutrient removal and erosion rates appear to be of similar
magnitude to the recovery capacity of soils. Where the most
intensive forms of forest operation are used on susceptible sites
some degree of long-term soil degradation appears to be likely, and
it can be regarded as valid to describe such management practices
as unsustainable. However, the scale of occurrence of such
management is probably relatively modest, and decreasing. On less
susceptible sites, and where less intensive forms of management are
employed, impacts on soils are low enough for management to be
regarded as sustainable, and are often less than under pre-existing
land uses. Compaction caused by heavy harvesting and extraction
machinery, nutrient depletion resulting from whole tree harvesting
on infertile sites where rotations are short, and erosion following
cultivation and harvesting on erodible soils are the greatest
causes of concern. Compliance with recent Forestry Commission
guidelines should lead to lower impacts than those recorded during
recent decades. However, rotation-length audits of the impacts of
different forest management regimes on a range of site types are
needed before definitive statements about the sustainability of
management operations can be made.
© Thomson
724. Influence of tillage systems on weed
population dynamics and management in corn and soybean in the
central USA.
Buhler, Douglas D
Crop Science 35 (5): 1247-1258. (1995);
ISSN: 0011-183X
Descriptors:
plant (Plantae Unspecified)/ Glycine
max (Leguminosae)/ Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ Zea mays
(Gramineae)/ angiosperms/ dicots/ monocots/ plants/ spermatophytes/
vascular plants/ population density/ species composition/ weed
control
Abstract: Species composition and population
densities of weed communities of arable land reflect agronomic
practices. The trend toward reducing tillage in corn (Zea mays L.)
and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production changes the
environment where weeds are managed, survive, and reproduce. The
shift from tillage systems that include extensive annual soil
disturbance to systems that minimize soil disturbance will cause
major changes in weed population dynamics. These changes often
reduce the effectiveness of weed control practices. Reduced
herbicide efficacy has slowed adoption of conservation tillage
because many conservation tillage systems rely heavily on
herbicides for weed management. Poor understanding of weed
population dynamics and lack of suitable control alternatives often
result in increased herbicide use in conservation tillage systems.
While results have varied among experiments, some general trends in
weed population dynamics have arisen as tillage is reduced. These
include increased populations of perennial, summer annual grass,
biennial, and winter annual species. Densities of large-seeded
dicot species often decrease. The ecological and management aspects
of these changes are varied and complex. Effective, economical, and
environmentally sound weed management in conservation tillage
systems will require integration of new information with
established principles of weed management. New management systems
and control technologies are needed to develop integrated weed
management systems for the altered ecosystems created by
conservation tillage production systems.
© Thomson
725. Inland flood hazards: Human, riparian and
aquatic communities.
Wohl, Ellen E.
Cambridge, U.K.; New York:
Cambridge University Press; xiv, 498 p., 4 p. of plates: ill. (some
col.), maps (some col.). (2000)
NAL Call #: GB1399-.I54-2000; ISBN: 0521624193 (hb)
Descriptors:
Floods/ Flood control
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
726. Innovative management of agricultural
phosphorus to protect soil and water resources.
Sharpley, A. N.; Kleinman, P.; and
McDowell, R.
Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 32
(7/8): 1071-1100. (2001)
NAL Call #:
S590.C63;
ISSN: 0010-3624 [CSOSA2].
Notes: Special issue: Potential use of innovative
nutrient management alternatives to increase nutrient use
efficiency, reduce losses, and protect soil and water
quality/edited by J. Delgado. Proceedings of the Annual Conference
of the Soil and Water Conservation Society held Aug. 8-11, 1999,
Biloxi, Mississippi.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ phosphorus fertilizers/
nitrogen/ nitrogen fertilizers/ animal manures/ losses from soil/
pollution control/ leaching/ runoff/ transport processes/ crop
management/ application rates/ application methods/ soil fertility/
literature reviews/ best management practices
Abstract: Agriculture, particularly livestock
agriculture, is receiving increasing public scrutiny due to
non-point source phosphorus (P) pollution and eutrophication. Much
of today's situation may be attributed to system level trends in
specialization and intensification that result in excess P entering
livestock farms. Balancing P at the farm gate represents a
necessary step for long-term soil and water quality protection.
Remedial P management combines source and transport control that
confront critical areas of P export in surface and subsurface
runoff from agricultural landscapes. Source management seeks to
immobilize P in the environment through such strategies as reducing
soluble P in manure, targeting P application to soils with high
retention capacities, and managing soil P. Transport controls
employ an understanding of loss or transfer mechanisms to avoid P
application on areas with a high transport potential. Also, the
potential for P transport can be reduced by implementation of
conservation practices such as reduced tillage, terracing, and
stream buffers. However, implementation of agricultural management
strategies that minimize P export must consider the cost
effectiveness of alternative measures, as low practice adoption may
limit or impede water quality benefits.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
727. Insect pheromone olfaction: New targets for
the design of species-selective pest control agents.
Plettner, Erika
Current Medicinal
Chemistry 9 (10): 1075-1085.
(2002);
ISSN: 0929-8673
Descriptors:
pheromone olfaction inhibitors:
insecticide/ pheromones: analogs, degradation, recognition,
transport/ species selective pest control agents: pesticide/ insect
(Insecta): pest/ Animals/ Arthropods/ Insects/ Invertebrates/
insect chemical communication / mating disruption/ pheromone
olfaction/ structure activity relationships
© Thomson
728. Insect population responses to
environmental stress and pollutants.
Pimentel, David
Environmental Reviews
2 (1): 1-15. (1994)
NAL Call #:
GE140.E59
Descriptors:
Insecta (Insecta Unspecified)/
animals/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/ air pollution/
biosphere/ chemicals/ ecosystem/ fertilizers/ pesticides/ soil
pollution/ water pollution
© Thomson
729. Insect resistance to Bacillus
thuringiensis: Uniform or diverse?
Tabashnik, Bruce E; Liu, Yong Biao;
Malvar, Thomas; Heckel, David G; Masson, Luke; and Ferre,
Juan
Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 353 (1376): 1751-1756. (1998)
NAL Call #:
501 L84Pb;
ISSN: 0962-8436
Descriptors:
Cry1A toxin/ Bacillus thuringiensis
(Endospore forming Gram Positives): biocontrol agent,
entomopathogen/ Plutella xylostella [diamondback moth]
(Lepidoptera): agricultural pest/ Animals/ Arthropods/ Bacteria/
Eubacteria/ Insects/ Invertebrates/ Microorganisms/ allelism/
evolution/ genetic variation/ insecticide resistance
Abstract: Resistance to the insecticidal proteins
produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been
documented in more than a dozen species of insect. Nearly all of
these cases have been produced primarily by selection in the
laboratory, but one pest, the diamondback moth (Plutella
xylostella), has evolved resistance in open-field populations.
Insect resistance to Bt has immediate and widespread significance
because of increasing reliance on Bt toxins in genetically
engineered crops and conventional sprays. Furthermore, intense
interest in Bt provides an opportunity to examine the extent to
which evolutionary pathways to resistance vary among and within
species of insect. One mode of resistance to Bt is characterized by
more than 500-fold resistance to at least one CrylA toxin,
recessive inheritance, little or no cross-resistance to CrylC, and
reduced binding of at least one CrylA toxin. Analysis of resistance
to Bt in the diamondback moth and two other species of moths
suggests that although this particular mode of resistance may be
the most common, it is not the only means by which insects can
attain resistance to Bt.
© Thomson
730. Insect-resistant transgenic plants in a
multi-trophic context.
Groot, A. T. and Dicke,
M.
Plant Journal 31 (4): 387-406. (Aug. 2002)
NAL Call #:
QK710.P68;
ISSN: 0960-7412
Descriptors:
transgenic plants/ trophic levels/
pest resistance/ genetic engineering/ genetic resistance/
insecticidal properties/ natural enemies/ arthropods/ plant
breeding/ sustainability/ pest management/ nontarget effects/
nontarget organisms/ pollinators/ parasitoids/ predators/ risk
assessment/ toxicity/ toxins/ food chains/ ecology/ literature
reviews
Abstract: So far, genetic engineering of plants in
the context of insect pest control has involved insertion of genes
that code for toxins, and may be characterized as the incorporation
of biopesticides into classical plant breeding. In the context of
pesticide usage in pest control, natural enemies of herbivores have
received increasing attention, because carnivorous arthropods are
an important component of insect pest control. However, in plant
breeding programmes, natural enemies of herbivores have largely
been ignored, although there are many examples that show that plant
breeding affects the effectiveness of biological control. Negative
influences of modified plant characteristics on carnivorous
arthropods may induce population growth of new, even more harmful
pest species that had no pest status prior to the pesticide
treatment. Sustainable pest management will only be possible when
negative effects on non-target, beneficial arthropods are
minimized. In this review, we summarize the effects of
insect-resistant crops and insect-resistant transgenic crops,
especially Bt crops, from a food web perspective. As food web
components, we distinguish target herbivores, non-target
herbivores, pollinators, parasitoids and predators. Below-ground
organisms such as Collembola, nematodes and earthworms should also
be included in risk assessment studies, but have received little
attention. The toxins produced in Bt plants retain their toxicity
when bound to the soil, so accumulation of these toxins is likely
to occur. Earthworms ingest the bound toxins but are not affected
by them. However, earthworms may function as intermediaries through
which the toxins are passed on to other trophic levels. In studies
where effects of. insect-resistant (Bt) plants on natural enemies
were considered, positive, negative and no effects have been found.
So far, most studies have concentrated on natural enemies of target
herbivores. However, Bt toxins are structurally rearranged when
they bind to midgut receptors, so that they are likely to lose
their toxicity inside target herbivores. What happens to the toxins
in non-target herbivores, and whether these herbivores may act as
intermediaries through which the toxins may be passed on to the
natural enemies, remains to be studied.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
731. Insect science in the twenty-first century:
Molting or metamorphosis?
Oberlander, Herbert
American Entomologist
42 (3): 140-147. (1996)
NAL Call #:
QL461.A52;
ISSN: 1046-2821
Descriptors:
Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/
plants/ Economic Entomology/ Entomologist/ Field Method/ Howard A.
Schneiderman/ Insect Science/ Insecticide Resistance Management/
Integrated Pest Management/ Pest Management/ Transgenic Crop
Plants/ 21st Century
© Thomson
732. Insects in biodiversity conservation: Some
perspectives and directives.
Samways, M. J.
Biodiversity and
Conservation 2 (3): 258-282.
(June 1993)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1B562;
ISSN: 0960-3115 [BONSEU].
Notes: Special Issue: Global Biodiversity and
Conservation of Insects. Includes references.
Descriptors:
insects/ conservation/ species
diversity/ landscape conservation/ biotopes/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
733. Integrated animal waste
management.
Council for Agricultural Science
and Technology.
Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology; vii, 87 p.: col. ill., col. maps; Series:
Task force report (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology)
no. 128. (1996)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-83)
and index.
NAL Call #: TD930.2.I54--1996; ISBN: 1887383085
Descriptors:
Animal waste---Management/ Dead
animals, Removal and disposal of/ Integrated solid waste
management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
734. Integrated assessment of IPM impacts: An
overview.
Antle, J. M.
In: Proceedings of the Third
National Integrated Pest Management Symposium and Workshop.
(Held February 27-March 1,
1996 at Washington, D.C.)
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service; pp. 33-39; 1997.
Notes: Miscellaneous publication (United States. Dept.
of Agriculture) no. 1542
NAL Call #: 1-Ag84M-no.1542
Descriptors:
integrated pest management/
agricultural research/ economic impact/ environmental impact/
social impact/ public health/ assessment
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
735. Integrated management of greenhouse
vegetable crops.
Papadopoulos, A. P.;
Pararajasingham, S.; Shipp, J. L.; Jarvis, W. R.; and Jewett, T.
J.
Horticultural Reviews
21: 1-39. (1997)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H6;
ISSN: 0163-7851 [HORED5]
Descriptors:
lycopersicon esculentum/ cucumis
sativus/ capsicum annuum/ greenhouse crops/ greenhouse culture /
crop management/ integrated pest management/ disease control/
relative humidity/ carbon dioxide/ environmental temperature/ light
intensity/ growing media/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
736. Integrated management of sensitive
catchment systems.
Burt, T P
Catena 42 (2-4): 275-290. (2001)
NAL Call #:
GB400.C3;
ISSN: 0341-8162
Descriptors:
nitrate: leaching, pollutant/
nutrients/ pesticides/ catchment systems/ hydrological pathways/
integrated management/ land use/ pollutant transport/ soil erosion/
water quality/ water supply
Abstract: Until recently, 'land use' was regarded as
a single function: in rural areas of the UK this simply meant
'farming' or, in the uplands, 'forestry'. However, there is now
growing recognition of the multiple use of land, and farming or
forestry must compete with other functions, in particular water
supply. Links between hydrological pathways and stream water
quality are described as a context for understanding the transport
of pollutants to the river system. The concept of landscape
sensitivity is then described and applied to the topics of soil
erosion and nitrate leaching. Based on these analyses, guidelines
for integrated management of sensitive catchment systems are
proposed.
© Thomson
737. Integrated pest management.
National Foundation for Integrated
Pest Management Education (U.S.) and International Food Information
Council (U.S.)
Austin, Tex.; Washington, D.C.
National Foundation for Integrated Pest Management Education;
International Food Information Council; 1 portfolio: ill.
(1994)
Notes: Cover title.
NAL Call #: SB950.2.A1-I57-1994
Descriptors:
Pests---Integrated control---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
738. Integrated pest management.
Dent, D.
New York: Chapman and Hall; 356 p.
(1995)
Descriptors:
integrated control/ pest control/
Insecta
Abstract: This book provides a practical guide
to the principles and practice of developing an integrated pest
management (IPM) programme. Integrated Pest Management answers the
question "how do you devise, develop and implement a practical IPM
system which will fully meet the real needs of farmers?". The term
"pest" in this book is used in its broadest sense and includes
insects, pathogens, weeds, nematodes, etc. The book commences by
outlining the basic principles which underlie pest control (crop
husbandry, socio-economics, population ecology and population
genetics) and reviews the control measures available and their use
in IPM systems. Subsequent chapters cover the techniques and
approaches used in defining a pest problem, programme planning and
management, systems analysis, experimental paradigms and
implementation of IPM systems. The final section of the book
contains four chapters giving examples of IPM in different cropping
systems, contributed by invited specialists and outlining four
different perspectives. Integrated Pest Management will be of use
to agricultural and plant scientists, entomologists, acarologists
and nematologists and all those studying crop protection,
particularly at MSc level and above. It will be particularly useful
for, and should find a place on the shelves of all personnel within
the agrochemical industry, universities and research establishments
working in this subject area and as a reference in libraries for
students and professionals alike.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
739. Integrated pest management for cotton in
the western region of the United States.
Western Regional IPM Project (U.S.)
and University of California Integrated Pest Management
Program.
Oakland, Calif.: University of
Calif., Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources; 164 p.: ill.
(chiefly col.); Series: Publication (University of California,
Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources) 3305.
(1996)
Notes: 2nd ed.; Alternative title: IPM for cotton;
"Western Regional Integrated Pest Management Project" ... [et
al.]--Cover. "Prepared by IPM Education and Publications, an office
of the University of California Statewide IPM Project at Davis"--P.
5. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 159-160).
NAL Call #: SB608.C8I585--1996; ISBN: 1879906309
Descriptors:
Cotton---Diseases and
pests---West---United States/ Cotton---Diseases and
pests---Integrated control---West---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
740. Integrated pest management: Historical
perspectives and contemporary developments.
Kogan, M.
Annual Review of
Entomology 43: 243-270.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
421-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA]
Descriptors:
integrated pest management/
integrated control/ control programs/ history/ reviews/ United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
741. Integrated pest management in European
apple orchards.
Blommers, L. H. M.
Annual Review of
Entomology 39: 213-241.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
421-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA]
Descriptors:
integrated pest management/ apples/
orchards/ malus pumila/ insect pests/ dysaphis plantaginea/ insect
control/ mite control/ biological control/ chemical control/
natural enemies/ biological control agents/ typhlodromus pyri/
pesticide resistance/ predators of insect pests/ literature
reviews/ Europe
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
742. Integrated pest management in forage
alfalfa.
Summers, C. G.
Integrated Pest Management
Reviews 3 (3): 127-154.
(Sept. 1998)
NAL Call #:
SB950.9.I572;
ISSN: 1353-5226 [IPMRF5]
Descriptors:
medicago sativa/ pest control/
integrated pest management/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
743. Integrated pest management in practice:
Pathways towards successful application.
Way, M. J. and Van Emden, H.
F.
Crop Protection 19 (2): 81-103.
(Mar. 2000)
NAL Call #:
SB599.C8;
ISSN: 0261-2194 [CRPTD6]
Descriptors:
integrated pest management/
research/ genetic engineering/ semiochemicals/ literature reviews/
bioinsecticides
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
744. Integrated pest management in
rice.
Teng, P. S.
Experimental
Agriculture 30 (2): 115-137.
(Apr. 1994)
NAL Call #:
10-Ex72;
ISSN: 0014-4797 [EXAGAL]
Descriptors:
oryza sativa/ integrated pest
management/ high yielding varieties/ pest resistance/ pesticides/
biological control/ integrated control/ profitability/ control
programs/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
745. Integrated pest management in tree fruit
crops.
Brunner, J. F.
Food Reviews
International 10 (2):
135-157. (1994)
NAL Call #:
TX341.F662;
ISSN: 8755-9129 [FRINEL].
Notes: Special issue on Integrated pest
management.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
fruit trees/ integrated pest
management/ history/ pesticide resistance/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
746. Integrated pest management in
vegetables.
Zehnder, G.
Food Reviews
International 10 (2):
119-134. (1994)
NAL Call #:
TX341.F662;
ISSN: 8755-9129 [FRINEL].
Notes: Special issue on Integrated pest
management.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
vegetables/ integrated pest
management/ food acceptability/ food safety/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
747. Integrated pest management (IPM) in fruit
orchards.
Edland, T.
In: Biological control: Benefits
and risks/ Hokkanen, H. M. and Lynch, J. M.; Vol. 4; Series: Plant
and microbial biotechnology research series No. 4, 1995; pp.
44-50.
ISBN: 052154405X
NAL Call #: TP248.27.P55P54
Descriptors:
orchards / fruit trees/ insect
pests/ integrated pest management/ integrated control/
insecticides/ acaricides/ biological control agents / biological
control/ introduced species/ natural enemies/ predatory mites/
parasites of insect pests/ predators of insect pests/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
748. Integrated Pest Management
Reviews.
Integrated Pest Management
Reviews (1995)
NAL Call #:
SB950.9.I572;
ISSN: 1353-5226 [IPMRF5].
Notes: Title from cover.London; New York, NY: Chapman
& Hall, c1995- v.: ill.
Descriptors:
Pests Integrated control
Periodicals/ Pests Integrated control Research
Periodicals
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
749. Integrated weed management and weed species
diversity.
Clements, D. R.; Weise, S. F.; and
Swanton, C. J.
Phytoprotection 75 (1): 1-18. (1994);
ISSN: 0031-9511
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
750. Integrated weed management: Quo
vadis.
Zoschke, A. and Quadranti,
M.
Weed Biology and
Management 2 (1): 1-10.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
SB610-.W447;
ISSN: 1444-6162
Descriptors:
weeds/ integrated pest management/
pest control/ crop management/ plant nutrition/ hygiene/ seed
germination/ population dynamics/ weed biology/ literature reviews/
innovation adoption
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
751. Integrating agricultural nutrient
management with environmental objectives: Current state and future
prospects.
Powlson, D. S. and Fertiliser
Society.
York: Fertiliser Society; 44 p.:
ill.; Series: Proceedings (Fertiliser Society of London) no. 402.
(1997)
Notes: "Paper presented to the Fertiliser Society in
Cambridge, on the 11th December 1997." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 33-42).
NAL Call #: 57.9-F41-no.402;
ISBN: 0853100365
Descriptors:
Fertilizer industry---Great
Britain---Management/ Soil fertility---Great
Britain---Management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
752. Integrating hydrogeomorphic and index of
biotic integrity approaches for environmental assessment of
wetlands.
Stevenson, R Jan and Hauer, F
Richard
Journal of the North
American Benthological Society 21 (3): 502-513. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QL141.F7;
ISSN: 0887-3593
Descriptors:
environmental assessments/
hydrogeomorphic indexes / index of biotic integrity/ water quality/
wetlands
© Thomson
753. Integrating management objectives and
grazing strategies on semi-arid rangeland.
Reece, Patrick E.
Hasting, Neb.: University of
Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
Agricultural Research Division, Cooperative Extension; 19 p.: col.
ill., col. map; Series: E.C. (University of Nebraska--Lincoln.
Cooperative Extension) 00-158. (2001)
Notes: Cover title. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 19).
NAL Call #: 275.29-N272Ex-no.-2001-158
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
754. Integration in orchard pest and habitat
management: A review.
Prokopy, R. J.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 50 (1): 1-10.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809.
Notes: Conference: 19. International Congress of
Entomology, Beijing (People's Rep. China), 28 Jun-4 Jul
1992
Descriptors:
orchards / biological control/
integrated control/ reviews/ pest control/ Agricultural &
general applied entomology/ Control
Abstract: Manipulating the composition of
groundcover within orchards and vegetation adjacent to orchards
might enhance biological control of orchard arthropod pests. It can
also generate effects that may be counter-productive to the overall
goals of integrated orchard pest management. Measuring progress
toward achieving integration of orchard pest management practices
can be viewed as analogous to climbing a step ladder. The first
step (equivalent to first-level integrated pest management (IPM)
entails the use of ecologically sound multiple management tactics
for a single class of pests (either arthropods, diseases, weeds or
vertebrates). The second step (second-level IPM) involves
integration of multiple management practices across all classes of
pests. The third step (third-level IPM) calls for integration of
combined pest management approaches with the entire system of crop
production. The fourth and top step of the ladder (fourth-level
IPM) envisions blending the concerns of all those having a vital
interest in pest management: researchers, extension personnel,
private consultants, industry, growers, processors and
distributors, consumers, neighbors of growers, environmentalists
and government regulatory agencies. The probability is high that
manipulating orchard groundcover and surrounding vegetation will
affect the outcome of strategies and tactics at each of these four
levels of integration of pest management practices. Here, examples
are given of potential merits and possible shortcomings of orchard
habitat manipulation at each level of integration.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
755. Integration of herbicides with arthropod
biocontrol agents for weed control.
Ainsworth, Nigel
Biocontrol Science and
Technology 13 (6): 547-570.
(2003);
ISSN: 0958-3157
Descriptors:
herbicide: herbicide/ arthropod
(Arthropoda): biological control agent/ plant (Plantae): pest/
Animals/ Arthropods/ Invertebrates/ Plants/ oviposition choice/
parasitism/ predation
Abstract: Classical biological control of weeds
using arthropods is being attempted on a large scale in a number of
countries, sometimes with spectacularly successful outcomes.
However, in many cases biocontrol is not completely effective and
use of herbicides on weeds continues to occur, either in the
presence of biocontrol agents or as an alternative to them. The
ways in which the two techniques may interact are discussed,
including direct toxicity of herbicides to biocontrol agents,
responses to death of host plants and responses to sublethal
changes caused by herbicides with different modes of action. A
literature review for selected weed taxa showed that the great
majority of publications relate to either chemical or to biological
control techniques separately, with integration of the two seldom
addressed. Possible reasons for this situation are discussed and
some suggestions for future priorities are made.
© Thomson
756. Intensive animal production and
environmental aspects with special reference to
phosphorus.
Jongbloed, A. W. and Valk,
H.
In: Production diseases in farm
animals: 10th international conference. (Held 24 Aug 1998-28 Aug 1998 at Utrecht, The
Netherlands.) Wensing, T (eds.)
Wageningen, The Netherlands:
Wageningen Pers; pp. 282-295; 1999.
Notes: A review.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
757. Interactions between forests and
herbivores: The role of controlled grazing experiments.
Hester, A. J.; Edenius, L.;
Buttenschon, R. M.; and Kuiters, A. T.
Forestry 73 (4): 381-391. (2000)
NAL Call #:
99.8-F767;
ISSN: 0015-752X [FRSTAH]
Descriptors:
forests/ herbivores/ grazing/
grazing trials/ forest management/ browsing/ wild animals/
botanical composition/ grazing intensity/ recruitment/ forest
trees/ species differences/ biomass production/ vegetation/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
758. Interactions between weeds, arthropod
pests, and their natural enemies in managed ecosystems.
Norris, R. F. and Kogan,
M.
Weed Science 48 (1): 94-158. (2000)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
759. Interactions of pesticides and metal ions
with soils: Unifying concepts.
Gamble, D. S.; Langford, C. H.; and
Barrie Webster, G. R.
Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 135: 63-91. (1994)
NAL Call #:
TX501.R48;
ISSN: 0179-5953 [RCTOE4]
Descriptors:
soil/ pesticides/ metal ions/
interactions/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
760. Interagency rangeland water erosion project
report and state data summaries: NRST's rainfall simulation
sites.
Franks, Carol D. and United States.
Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Lincoln, NE: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Resources
Conservation Service; iii, 121 p.: col. maps; Series:
NWRC 98-1. (1998)
Notes: Original title: Interagency rangeland water
erosion project report and state data summaries: Interagency
Rangeland Water Erosion Team (IRWET) and National Range Study Team
(NRST): NRST's rainfall simulation sites; "August 1998"--Cover.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-121).
NAL Call #: aGB701-.I57-1998
Descriptors:
Hydrology, Rangeland---United
States---States/ Rain and rainfall---United States---States/ Range
ecology---United States---States/ Erosion---United
States---States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
761. Intercropping and Pest Management: A Review
of Major Concepts.
Smith, H. A. and McSorley,
R.
American Entomologist
46 (3): 154-161. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QL461.A52;
ISSN: 1046-2821
Descriptors:
Crop production (intercropping)/
Agricultural practices/ Pest control/ Arthropoda/ Agricultural
& general applied entomology
Abstract: The misconception persists that crop
diversity in itself reduces pest damage. The key to managing pests
through polyculture may lie in the specifics of arthropod behavior
and arthropod-plant relations.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
762. Intercropping in field vegetable crops:
Pest management by agrosystem diversification: An
overview.
Theunissen, J.
Pesticide Science
42 (1): 65-68. (Sept.
1994)
NAL Call #:
SB951.P47;
ISSN: 0031-613X [PSSCBG].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium, "Farming for
the Environment", March 15, 1994, London, England.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
intercropping/ vegetables/ pest
management/ low input agriculture/ sustainability
Abstract: Intercropping field vegetables with other
species such as clovers shows insect pest suppression which may
make chemical control unnecessary. Examples are given to illustrate
these effects and the underlying mechanisms are discussed.
Intercropping fits into environmentally acceptable and sustainable
vegetable-producing practices. Both economic and ecological
conditions must be fulfilled before intercropping-based commercial
production methods can be developed.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
763. Interior wetlands of the United States: A
review of wetland status, general ecology, biodiversity, and
management.
Giudice, John H.; Ratti, John T.;
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; U.S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station; and Wetlands Research Program
(U.S.).
Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; 156 p. in various pagings:
ill.; Series: Wetlands Research Program technical report WRP-SM-9.
(1995)
Notes: "November 1995." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 100-132).
NAL Call #: QH76.G58-1995
Descriptors:
Biological diversity
conservation---United States/ Ecosystem management---United States/
Wetlands---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
764. Interpretation and analysis of complex
environmental data using chemometric methods.
Wenning, Richard J and Erickson,
Gerald A
Trends in Analytical
Chemistry 13 (10): 446-457.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ Plantae (Plantae
Unspecified)/ animals/ chordates/ humans/ mammals/ plants/
primates/ vertebrates/ air pollution/ analytical method/
anthropogenic contaminant distribution/ biological tissue/
contaminated sediment/ forest productivity/ industrial waste
management/ petroleum pollution/ plant productivity/
rainwater/
water quality
© Thomson
765. Interpreting indicators of rangeland
health: Version 3.
Pellant, Michael L.; National
Science and Technology Center (U.S.), Information and
Communications Staff; United States. Bureau of Land Management;
United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service; and United
States. Agricultural Research Service. Forest and Rangeland
Ecosystem Science Center (U.S.).
Denver, Colo.: United States
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National
Science and Technology Center, Information and Communications
Group, 2000. iv, 118 p.: ill. (some col.), forms. (2000)
Notes: "Nov. 2000"--Report documentation p.
"BLM/WO/ST-00/001+1734"--P. [2] of cover. Produced by interagency
coordination among "the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the Agricultural
Research Service (ARS), and the USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem
Science Center"--P. i. Also issued as a chapter in: Defining and
assessing soil quality / health on rangelands. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 43-48). SUDOCS: I
53.35:1734-06.
NAL Call #: SF85.3-.I583-2000
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/GLTI/
technical/publications/range-health-indicate.pdf
Descriptors:
Range management---United States/
Rangelands---United States/ Range ecology---United States /
Environmental monitoring---United States / Ecological
integrity---United States/ Soil stabilization---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
766. Intraguild predation among
biological-control agents: Theory and evidence.
Rosenheim, Jay A; Kaya, Harry K;
Ehler, Lester E; Marois, James J; and Jaffee, Bruce A
Biological Control
5 (3): 303-335. (1995);
ISSN: 1049-9644
Descriptors:
Parasitism/ Pest species/ Plant
pathogen/ Population dynamics/ Simulation model/ Trophic
interactions/ Weed control/ arthropods (Arthropoda Unspecified)/
nematode (Nematoda)/ Arthropoda (Arthropoda Unspecified)/ Plantae
(Plantae Unspecified)/ animals/ aschelminths/ helminths/
invertebrates/ plants
Abstract: Theoretical and empirical evidence
developed in four subdisciplines of biological control (biocontrol
of plant pathogens, weeds, nematodes, and arthropods) is brought to
bear upon a shared question: the significance of intraguild
predation. Intraguild predation ("IGP") occurs when two species
that share a host or prey (and therefore may compete) also engage
in a trophic interaction with each other (parasitism or predation).
We describe the prevalence of IGP and its role in the population
dynamics of biological-control agents and target pests. IGP is a
widespread interaction within many, but not all, communities of
biological-control agents. IGP appears to be pervasive among
communities of control agents associated with nematode or arthropod
pests. Common forms of IGP include pathogens that infect both
herbivores and parasitoids of the herbivore; facultative
hyperparasitoids, which can parasitize either an herbivore or a
primary parasitoid of the herbivore; predators that attack
herbivores that harbor a developing parasitoid; and predators that
attack each other. In contrast, IGP appears to be relatively
uncommon among biological-control agents of plant pathogens because
trophic interactions are less important than competition or
antibiosis. Likewise, biological-control agents of weeds interact
primarily through competition alone because host ranges are mostly
restricted to plant taxa. Empirically based simulation models and
general analytical models of interactions involving arthropod
pathogens or facultative hyperparasitoids yield variable and often
conflicting predictions for the influence of IGP on the success of
biological control. Models for predator-predator interactions,
however, consistently predict that IGP disrupts biological control.
All the field-documented cases of IGP leading to disruption of
biological control stem from studies of predators, including mites,
insects, and predatory fishes. IGP between two predators or between
a predator and an adult parasitoid does not require mortality of
the shared prey/host (i.e., the target pest); thus, IGP can be
intense, resulting in high levels of mortality for one or both of
the natural enemies, while the total mortality imposed on the
target pest population is minimal. For this reason, we hypothesize
that IGP by predators is particularly likely to influence the
efficacy of biological control. Our ability to develop successful
programs of biological control will be enhanced by field studies
that address the complexity of trophic interactions occurring in
agroecosystems. There is a critical need for additional
manipulative experiments conducted in the field that test not only
population ecology theory for two-species interactions, but also
community ecology theory for multispecies interactions.
© Thomson
767. An introduction and user's guide to wetland
restoration, creation, and enhancement.
Interagency Workgroup on Wetland
Restoration.
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 2003 (application/pdf)
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/restdocfinal.pdf
Descriptors:
wetlands / constructed wetlands/
ecological restoration/ monitoring/ wildlife habitats
768. Introduction: Ecosystem research in a human
context.
Finch, D. M. and Tainter, J.
A.
In: Ecology, diversity, and
sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin; Fort Collins, Colo.:
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station, 1995. pp. 1-11.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.268
Descriptors:
ecosystems/ rivers/ watersheds/
history/ natural resources/ vegetation/ ecotones/ biodiversity/
land use/ water resources/ resource management/ ecology/ upland
areas/ runoff/ social values/ land management/ literature reviews/
New Mexico/ Colorado/ Texas/ Mexico
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
769. Invasive weeds in rangelands: Species,
impacts, and management.
DiTomaso, J. M.
Weed Science 48 (2): 255-265. (Mar. 2000-Apr.
2000)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745 [WEESA6]
Descriptors:
rangelands/ pastures/ bromus
tectorum/ centaurea diffusa/ centaurea maculosa/ centaurea
solstitialis/ euphorbia esula/ species diversity/ weed control/
integrated pest management/ grasslands/ annuals/ invasion/ economic
analysis/ livestock/ forage/ yields/ nutritive value/ grazing/
costs/ land prices/ wildlife/ grassland management/ ecosystems/
weeds/ landscape/ education/ literature reviews/ range
management
Abstract: Rangeland and pastures comprise about 42%
of the total land area of the United States. About three-quarters
of all domestic livestock depend upon grazing lands for survival.
Many ranges have had domestic stock grazing for more than 100 years
and, as a result, the plant composition has changed greatly from
the original ecosystems. Western rangelands previously dominated by
perennial bunchgrasses have been converted, primarily through
overgrazing, to annual grasslands that are susceptible to invasion
by introduced dicots. Today there are more than 300 rangeland weeds
in the United States. Some of the most problematic include Bromus
tectorum, Euphorbia esula, Centaurea solstitialis, C. diffusa, C.
maculosa, and a number of other Centaurea species. In total, weeds
in rangeland cause an estimated loss of $2 billion annually in the
United States, which is more than all other pests combined. They
impact the livestock industry by lowering yield and quality of
forage, interfering with grazing, poisoning animals, increasing
costs of managing and producing livestock, and reducing land value.
They also impact wildlife habitat and forage, deplete soil and
water resources, and reduce plant and animal diversity. Numerous
mechanical and cultural control options have been developed to
manage noxious rangeland weeds, including mowing, prescribed
burning, timely grazing, and perennial grass reseeding or
interseeding. In addition, several herbicides are registered for
use on rangelands and most biological control programs focus on
noxious rangeland weed control. Successful management of noxious
weeds on rangeland will require the development of a long-term
strategic plan incorporating prevention programs, education
materials. and activities, and economical and sustainable
multi-year integrated approaches that improve degraded rangeland
communities, enhance the utility of the ecosystem, and prevent
reinvasion or encroachment by other noxious weed
species.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
770. Invasiveness in Wetland Plants in Temperate
North America.
Galatowitsch, S. M.; Anderson, N.
O.; and Ascher, P. D.
Wetlands 19 (4): 733-755. (1999)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212.
Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration
Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995; Publisher:
Society of Wetlands Scientists, Box 1897 Lawrence KS 66044 USA,
[URL: http://www.sws.org/wetlands/journalsearch.html
]
Descriptors:
North America/ Exotic Species/
Wetlands/ Vegetation/ Literature Review/ Hydrology/ Salinity /
Introduced species/ Vegetation patterns/ Growth/ Herbivores/
Hybridization/ Ecosystem disturbance/ Plant populations/ Salinity
effects/ Temperate zones/ Phragmites australis/ Typha glauca/
Lythrum salicaria/ Myriophyllum spicatum/ Phalaris arundinacea/
North America/ invasive taxa/ Water and plants/ Wetlands/ Habitat
community studies/ Mechanical and natural changes/ Geographical
distribution
Abstract: The spread of invasive taxa, including
Lythrum salicaria, Typha X glauca, Myriophyllum spicatum, Phalaris
arundinacea, and Phragmites australis, has dramatically changed the
vegetation of many wetlands of North America. Three theories have
been advanced to explain the nature of plant invasiveness.
Aggressive growth during geographic expansion could result because
1) growth is more favorable under new environmental conditions than
those of resident locales (environmental constraints hypothesis);
2) herbivores may be absent in the new locale, resulting in
selection of genotypes with improved competitive ability and
reduced allocation to herbivore defenses (evolution of increased
competitive ability hypothesis); and 3) interspecific hybridization
occurred between a new taxon and one existing in an area, resulting
in novel phenotypes with selective advantages in disturbed sites or
phenotypes that can grow under conditions not favorable for either
parent (introgression/hybrid speciation hypothesis). A review of
published literature found few studies that compare the growth and
dynamics of invasive populations in their new range versus those in
historic ranges. However, there is evidence that hydrologic
alterations could facilitate invasions by Typha X glauca and
Phalaris arundinacea and that increased salinity promoted spread of
Typha angustifolia (parental taxon) and Phragmites australis. The
potential for reduced herbivory causing aggressive growth is
greatest for Lythrum salicaria. Introgressive hybridization is
potentially a cause of invasiveness for all five species but has
been established only for Typha X glauca and Lythrum
salicaria.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
771. Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
and sinks, 1990-1994.
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation.
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning, and
Evaluation; 1 v. (various pagings): ill. (some col.), map.
(1995)
Notes: Shipping list no.: 96-0202-P. "November 1995."
"EPA-230-R-96-006"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references (R-1
- R-12). SUDOCS: EP 1.2:G 83/2.
NAL Call #: QC912.3.I58--1995
Descriptors:
Greenhouse effect,
Atmospheric---United States/ Atmospheric carbon dioxide---United
States/ Greenhouse gases---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
772. Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of
North America: Ecology and management.
Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, Russell
Ben.; and Wissinger, Scott A.
New York: J. Wiley; xviii, 1100 p.:
ill. (1999)
NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58-1999; ISBN: 0471292583
Descriptors:
Freshwater
invertebrates---Ecology---North America/ Wetland ecology---North
America/ Wetlands---North America/ Wildlife conservation---North
America
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
773. Investing in ecosystems and
communities.
Luzadis, V. A.; Alkire, C.; Mater,
C. M.; Romm, J.; Stewart, W.; Wills, L.; and Vaagen, D.
R.
Journal of Sustainable
Forestry 12 (3/4): 169-194.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SD387.S87J68;
ISSN: 1054-9811.
Notes: In the special issue: Understanding
community-based forest ecosystem management, Part I / edited by
G.J. Gray, M.J. Enzer, and J. Kusel. Paper presented at a workshop
held June 23-38, 1998, Bend, Oregon, USA.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
community forestry/ forest
management/ forest ecology/ ecosystems/ investment/ communities/
population growth/ international trade/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
774. IPM: Approaches and prospects.
Parrella, M. P.
NATO ASI Series: Series A,
Life Sciences 276: 357-363.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
QH301.N32;
ISSN: 0258-1213 [NALSDJ].
Notes: In the series analytic: Thrips biology and
management / edited by B. L. Parker, M. Skinner and T. Lewis.
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Thysanoptera:
Towards Understanding Thrips Management" held September 28-30,
1993, Burlington, Vermont.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
thysanoptera/ integrated pest
management/ insect control/ frankliniella occidentalis/ ornamental
plants/ floriculture/ greenhouse crops/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
775. IPM handbook for golf courses.
Schumann, Gail L.
Chelsea, Mich.: Ann Arbor Press;
vii, 264 p.: ill. (some col.). (1998)
NAL Call #: GV975.5.I75-1998;
ISBN: 1575040654
Descriptors:
Golf courses---United
States---Management---Handbooks, manuals, etc/ Pests
Control---United States---Handbooks, manuals, etc
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
776. IPM: What has it delivered?
Harris, M. K.
Plant Disease 85 (2): 112-121. (2001)
NAL Call #:
1.9-P69P;
ISSN: 0191-2917 [PLDIDE]
Descriptors:
gossypium hirsutum/ integrated pest
management/ history/ costs/ application rates/ phenology/ crop
yield/ natural enemies/ pest resistance/ economic analysis/
coevolution/ crop management/ insecticides/ literature reviews /
Texas
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
777. Irrigated agriculture and the
environment.
Shortle, J. S. and Griffin, Ronald
C.
Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA:
Edward Elgar; xix, 272 p.: ill., maps; Series: Management of water
resources 1 (An Elgar reference collection). (2001)
NAL Call #: S613-.I66-2001;
ISBN: 1840645032
Descriptors:
Irrigation farming/ Irrigation
farming---Environmental aspects/ Water quality management/
Irrigation farming---United States/ Irrigation
farming---Environmental aspects---United States/ Water quality
management---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
778. Irrigation and drainage reference
manual.
Mulcahy, Sue.; Schroen, James.; and
Target 10 Water On Water Off Working Group.
Victoria, Autstralia: Target 10
Water On Water Off Working Group; 1 v. (various pagings): ill.
(1993)
Notes: Cover title. At head of title: Target 10.
"September 1993."
NAL Call #: S616.A8I76--1993
Descriptors:
Irrigation---Australia---Victoria---Handbooks,
manuals, etc/ Drainage---Australia---Victoria---Handbooks, manuals,
etc
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
779. Irrigation drainage: International and
national perspectives.
Hooja, Rakesh.; Mundra, S. N.; Ram,
Sewa.; and Rajasthan Agricultural Drainage Research Project,
National Seminar on Subsurface Drainage
Udaipur, India: Agro Tech Pub.
Academy; 424 p.: maps. (2000)
Notes: Papers presented in the National Seminar on
Subsurface Drainage organized by Rajasthan Agricultural Drainage
Research Project at Jaipur, India in May 1995; also includes papers
from other seminars and publications.
NAL Call #: TC803-.I77-2000;
ISBN: 818568037X
Descriptors:
Irrigation---Congresses/
Drainage---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
780. Irrigation-induced contamination of water,
sediment, and biota in the Western United States: Synthesis of data
from the National Irrigation Water Quality Program.
Seiler, R. L.
Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey; vi, 123 p.: ill., maps (some
col.); 28 cm. (2003)
Notes: U.S. Geological Survey professional paper
1655
NAL Call #: 407 G29Pr no. 1655
http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1655/pp1655_v1.1.pdf
Descriptors:
Selenium---Environmental
aspects---West (United States)/ Irrigation---Environmental
aspects---West (United States)/ Geographic information
systems---West (United States)
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
781. Irrigation management under water
scarcity.
Pereira, Luis Santos; Oweis, Theib;
and Zairi, Abdelaziz
Agricultural Water
Management 57 (3): 175-206.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3;
ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:
agricultural production/ aridity/
desertification/ drought/ irrigation performances/ saline water
usage/ wastewater usage/ water scarcity: environmental impact,
health impact/ water shortage
Abstract: The use of water for agricultural
production in water scarcity regions requires innovative and
sustainable research, and an appropriate transfer of technologies.
This paper discusses some of these aspects, mainly relative to
on-farm irrigation management including the use of treated
wastewater and saline waters. First, the paper proposes some
concepts relative to water scarcity, concerning aridity, drought,
desertification and water shortage, as well as policies to cope
with these water stressed regimes. Conceptual approaches on
irrigation performances, water use and water savings are reviewed
in a wide perspective. This is followed by a discussion of supply
management to cope with water scarcity, giving particular attention
to the use of wastewater and low-quality waters, including the
respective impacts on health and the environment as water scarcity
is requiring that waters of inferior quality be increasingly used
for irrigation. The paper then focuses on demand management,
starting with aspects relating to the improvement of irrigation
methods and the respective performances, mainly the distribution
uniformity (DU) as a fundamental tool to reduce the demand for
water at the farm level, and to control the negative environmental
impacts of over-irrigation, including salt stressed areas.
Discussions are supported by recent research results. The
suitability of irrigation methods for using treated wastewaters and
saline waters is analysed. Supplemental irrigation (SI) and deficit
irrigation strategies are also discussed, including limitations on
the applicability of related practices. The paper also identifies
the need to adopt emerging technologies for water management as
well as to develop appropriate methodologies for the analysis of
social, economic, and environmental benefits of improved irrigation
management.
© Thomson
782. Irrigation performance indicators based on
remotely sensed data: A review of literature.
Bastiaanssen, W. G. M. and Bos, M.
G.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 13 (4): 291-311.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TC801.I66;
ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG]
Descriptors:
irrigation/ performance/ irrigation
water/ water flow/ irrigation channels/ remote sensing/ crops/
irrigated soils/ evapotranspiration/ satellite surveys/ irrigated
sites/ irrigated farming/ evaporation/ transpiration/ vegetation/
literature reviews
Abstract: The earlier generation of irrigation
performance indicators was based on canal flow data. Commonly, they
quantify performance in a command area downstream of a discharge
measurement device. Remote sensing determinants, such as actual
evapo-transpiration, soil water content and crop growth reflect the
overall water utilization at a range of scales, up to field level.
Crop evapo-transpiration includes water originating from irrigation
supply, water from precipitation, groundwater and water withdrawn
from the unsaturated zone. Hence, this is a refinement in spatial
scale as compared to the classically collected flow measurements,
and describes moreover depletion from all water resources. If these
possibilities are well implemented, we expect that a new generation
of irrigation performance indicators can be quantified in a
cost-effective manner. Especially, because satellite measurements
pave a way to standardize data collection between different
irrigation schemes and among different countries at costs which are
currently decreasing. These challenges can only turn into a success
if irrigation managers are involved in pilot projects and
demonstration studies exploring satellite data.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
783. Irrigation with sewage effluents: The
Israeli experience.
Avnimelech, Yoram
Environmental Science and
Technology 27 (7): 1278-1281.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X
Descriptors:
plant (Plantae Unspecified)/
Hominidae (Hominidae)/ Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ animals/
chordates/ humans/ mammals/ plants/ primates/ vertebrates/
activated sludge/ agriculture/ heavy metals/ human consumption/
organic pollution/ wastewater recycling
© Thomson
784. Is an enhanced soil biological community,
relative to conventional neighbours, a consistent feature of
alternative (organic and biodynamic) agricultural
systems.
Ryan, M.
Biological Agriculture and
Horticulture 17 (2): 131-144.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.B5;
ISSN: 0144-8765 [BIAHDP]
Descriptors:
farms/ soil fertility/ alternative
farming/ farming systems/ soil biology/ communities/ fertilizers/
composts/ manures/ minerals/ growth/ green manures/ legumes/ soil
flora/ microbial flora/ soil fauna/ plant pathogenic fungi/
symbionts/ nutrient uptake/ case studies/ data analysis/ literature
reviews/ Australia
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
785. Is the productivity of organic farms
restricted by the supply of available nitrogen?
Berry, P M; Sylvester, Bradley R;
Philipps, L; Hatch, D J; Cuttle, S P; Rayns, F W; and Gosling,
P
Soil Use and
Management 65 ([supplement]):
181-192. (2002)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68;
ISSN: 0266-0032
Descriptors:
carbon/ nitrogen: availability
dynamics, available supply, mineralization, nutrient/ crop
(Angiospermae): major growth phases/ Angiosperms/ Plants/
Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants / carbon:nitrogen ratio/ case study
data/ cash crop residues: application timing, mineralization rates,
nitrogen content, soil incorporation/ leys: application timing,
soil incorporation/ literature data/ organic farms: productivity
limitations/ sustainability/ uncomposted manure: application
timing, soil incorporation
Abstract: This paper reviews information from the
literature and case studies to investigate whether productivity in
organic systems is restricted by the supply of available N during
the major phases of crop growth. Organic systems have the potential
to supply adequate amounts of available N to meet crop demand
through the incorporation of leys, N rich cash crop residues and
uncomposted manures. However, this is seldom achieved because leys
are only incorporated once every few years and organically produced
crop residues and manures tend to have low N contents and slow
mineralization rates. N availability could be improved by delaying
ley incorporation until spring, applying uncomposted manures at the
start of spring growth, transferring some manure applications from
the ley phase to arable crops, preventing cover crops from reaching
a wide C:N ratio and better matching crop type with the dynamics of
N availability.
© Thomson
786. Issues in the economics of pesticide use in
agriculture: A review of the empirical evidence.
Fernandez Cornejo, J.; Jans, S.;
and Smith, M.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 20 (2): 462-488.
(Fall 1998-Winter 1998)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6;
ISSN: 1058-7195
Descriptors:
pesticides/ use value/ application
rates/ economic impact/ regulations/ pest management/ productivity/
crop yield/ losses/ cost benefit analysis/ elasticities/ integrated
pest management/ maize/ soybeans/ wheat/ cotton/ rice/ peanuts/
sorghum/ United States/ pesticide productivity
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
787. Keeping science in environmental
regulations: The role of the animal scientist.
Powers, W. J.
Journal of Dairy
Science 86 (4): 1045-1051.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
44.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-0302
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
788. Killing cover crops mechanically: Review of
recent literature and assessment of new research
results.
Creamer, N. G. and Dabney, S.
M.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 17
(1): 32-40. (2002)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43;
ISSN: 0889-1893
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
789. Kinetic constraints on the loss of organic
chemicals from contaminated soils: Implications for soil-quality
limits.
Beck, Angus J; Wilson, Susan C;
Alcock, Ruth E; and Jones, Kevin C
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 25 (1): 1-43. (1995)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
biphenyls/ Hominidae (Hominidae)/
Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ animals/ chordates/ humans/ mammals/
plants/ primates/ vertebrates/ diffusion/ human exposure/
pesticides/ phytotoxicity/ polychlorinated biphenyls/ polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons/ remediation/ solvents/ sorption/ volatile
aromatic compounds
© Thomson
790. Land application of agricultural,
industrial, and municipal by-products.
Power, J. F.
Madison, Wis.: Soil Science Society
of America; 653 p. (2000)
Notes: Contents note: Chemical, physical, and
biological characteristics of agricultural and forest by-products
for land application / J.H. Edwards and Arun V. Someshwar --
Description of food processing by-products / Allen V. Barker, Tara
A. O'Brien, and Margie L. Stratton -- Characterization of
industrial by-products / D.M. Miller ... [et al.] -- Quantities,
characteristics, barriers, and incentives for use of organic
municipal by-products / Richard M. Kashmanian ... [et al.] -- Soil
and by-product characteristics that impact the beneficial use of
by-products / Allen V. Barker, Margie L. Stratton, and Jack E.
Rechcigl -- Sustainable use of by-products in land management /
Leslie R. Cooperband -- Assessing the impacts of agricultural,
municipal, and industrial by-products on soil quality / J. Thomas
Sims and Gary M. Pierzynski -- Potential impact of land application
of by-products on ground and surface water quality / William F.
Ritter -- Odor and other air quality issues associated with organic
and inorganic by-products / P.D. Millner and L.L. McConnell --
Composting and beneficial utilization of composted by-product
materials / Harold M. Keener, Warren A. Dick, and Harry A.J.
Hoitink -- Combining by-products to achieve specific soil amendment
objectives / S. Brown and R.L. Chaney -- Estimating the benefits of
agricultural use of municipal, animal, and industrial by-products /
Wen-Yuan Huang and Yao-Chi Lu -- Examples and case studies of
beneficial reuse of beef cattle by-products / B.A. Stewart, C.A.
Robinson, and David B. Parker -- Liquid dairy manure utilization in
a cropping system: A case study / Deanne Meyer and Lawrence J.
Schwankl -- Beneficial use of poultry by-products: Challenges and
opportunities / Miguel L. Cabrera and J. Thomas Sims -- Beneficial
uses of swine by-products: Opportunities for the future / Robert L.
Mikkelsen -- Examples and case studies of beneficial
reuse.
NAL Call #: S633-.L364-2000;
ISBN: 0891188347
Descriptors:
Fertilizers---Environmental aspects/
Factory and trade waste as fertilizer/ Waste products as
fertilizer/ Agricultural wastes---Recycling---Environmental
aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
791. Land application of manure for beneficial
resuse.
Risse, L. M.; Cabrera, M. L.;
Franzluebber, A. K.; Gaskin, J. W.; Gilley, J. E.; Killorn, R.;
Radcliffe, D. E.; Tollner, W. E.; and Zhang, H
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
792. Land quality indicators: Research
plan.
Dumanski, J. and Pieri,
C.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 81 (2): 93-102.
(Oct. 2000)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: Special issue: Indicators of land quality and
sustainable land management / edited by J. Dumanski. Paper
presented at a symposium held August 1998, Montpellier, France.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
land management/ quality/
environmental degradation/ monitoring/ land use/ indicators/
decision making/ economic indicators/ social indicators/ air
quality/ water quality/ environment/ crop yield/ environmental
management/ literature reviews
Abstract: Indicators of land quality (LQIs) are
being developed as a means to better coordinate actions on land
related issues, such as land degradation. Economic and social
indicators are already in regular use to support decision making at
global, national and sub-national levels and in some cases for air
and water quality, but few such indicators are available to assess,
monitor and evaluate changes in the quality of land resources. Land
refers not just to soil but to the combined resources of terrain,
water, soil and biotic resources that provide the basis for land
use. Land quality refers to the condition of land relative to the
requirements of land use, including agricultural production,
forestry, conservation, and environmental management. The LQI
program addresses the dual objectives of environmental monitoring
as well as sector performance monitoring for managed ecosystems
(agriculture, forestry conservation and environmental management).
The primary research issue in the LQI program is the development of
indicators that identify and characterize the impact(s) of human
interventions on the landscape for the major agroecological zones
of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate environments. Core LQIs
identified for immediate development are: nutrient balance, yield
gap, land use intensity and diversity, and land cover; LQIs
requiring longer term research include: soil quality, land
degradation, and agro-biodiversity; LQIs being developed by other
authoritative groups include: water quality, forestland quality,
rangeland quality and land contamination/pollution.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
793. Land-use characterization for nutrient and
sediment risk assessment.
Valk, Arnoud van der; United
States. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological
Criteria Division.; United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
Wetlands Division.; and United States. Environmental Protection
Agency. Office of Water.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland
condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, 2003.
Notes: Original title: Land use characterization for
nutrient and sediment risk assessment #17; Title from web page.
"March 2002." Prepared jointly by: the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office
of Science and Technology) and Wetland Division (Office of
Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds). "EPA-822-R-02-025." Description
based on content viewed Feb. 28, 2003. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: QH76.5.N8-V47-2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/17LandUse.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology---Evaluation/ Land
use surveys---United States/ Wetland management---United States/
Water quality management---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
794. Landscape challenges to ecosystem thinking:
Creative flood and drought in the American southwest.
Fisher, Stuart G; Welter, Jill;
Schade, John; and Henry, Julia
Scientia Marina 65 (2 [supplement]): 181-192.
(2001);
ISSN: 0214-8358
Descriptors:
organism (Organisms)/
biogeochemistry/ black box rates/ climate change/ conceptual
challenges/ dimensionality/ droughts/ ecosystem functioning/
ecosystem science/ environmental heterogeneity/ floods/
hierarchical structures/ landscape science/ nutrient dynamics/
research objectives/ riparian ecosystems/ sandbars/ spatial
patterns/ stream ecology/ system scales
Abstract: Stream ecology is undergoing a transition
from ecosystem to landscape science. This change is reflected in
many studies; work at Sycamore Creek in Arizona will be used to
illustrate the challenges of this transition and several
applications. Conceptual challenges involve clear determination of
the organization of research objectives. Ecosystem science is
largely concerned with how things work while landscape ecology
focuses on the influence of spatial pattern and heterogeneity on
system functioning. Questions of system scale, hierarchical
structure, dimensionality, and currency must be resolved in order
to productively execute research objectives. The new stream ecology
is more integrative, more realistic spatially, deals with streams
at a larger scale, and treats them as branched system more than
former approaches. At Sycamore Creek, studies of sand bar patches
and their influence on organisms and nutrient cycling illustrate
how variations in patch shape and configuration can alter system
outputs. Beyond sandbars, inclusion of riparian zones as integral
parts of streams produces a more coherent view of nutrient dynamics
than previous studies that began at the water's edge. Integration
of streams with the landscape they drain requires that streams be
viewed as branched structures, not linear systems. This view in
ecology is in its infancy but it provides an opportunity to
identify processing hot spots along flow paths and to reveal
presumptive effects of climate change in terms of spatial shifts in
biogeochemical activity rather than black-box rate
changes.
© Thomson
795. Landscape cohesion: An index for the
conservation potential of landscapes for biodiversity.
Opdam, P.; Verboom, J.; and
Pouwels, R.
Landscape Ecology
18 (2): 113-126. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.L35L36;
ISSN: 0921-2973.
Notes: Number of References: 72
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ biodiversity/
habitat fragmentation/ landscape cohesion/ landscape indices/
landscape planning/ metapopulation persistence/ network cohesion/
spatial cohesion/ habitat fragmentation/ agricultural landscape/
metapopulations/ populations/ connectivity/ birds/ survival/
reserves/ dynamics/ woodland
Abstract: In urbanising landscapes, planning for
sustainable biodiversity occurs in a context of multifunctional
land use. Important conditions for species persistence are habitat
quality, the amount and configuration of habitat and the
permeability of the landscape matrix. For planning purposes, these
determinants should be integrated into simple indicators for
spatial conditions of persistence probability. We propose a
framework of three related indices. The cohesion index is based on
the ecology of metapopulations in a habitat network. We discuss how
an indicator for species persistence in such a network could be
developed. To translate this network index into an area index, we
propose the concept of spatial cohesion. Habitat cohesion and
spatial cohesion are defined and measured for single species or, at
best, for species profiles. Since species differ in their
perception of the same landscape, different species will rate
different values of these indices for the same landscape. Because
landscapes are rarely planned for single species, we further
propose the index of landscape cohesion, which integrates the
spatial cohesion indices of different species. Indices based on
these concepts can be built into GIS tools for landscape
assessment. We illustrate different applications of these indices,
and emphasise the distinction between ecological and political
decisions in developing and applying such tools.
© Thomson ISI
796. A landscape ecology perspective for
research, conservation, and management.
Freemark, K. E.; Dunning, J.
B.;
Hejl, S. J.; and Probst, J.
R.
In: Ecology and management of
neotropical migratory birds: A synthesis and review of critical
issues/ Martin, T. E. and Finch, D. M.
New York: Oxford University Press,
1995; pp. 381-427.
ISBN: 0-19-508452-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
797. Landscape erosion and evolution
modeling.
Harmon, R. S. and Doe, William
W.
New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers; xxi, 540 p.: ill., maps l computer optical disc (4 3/4
in.). (2001)
NAL Call #: S627.M36-L36-2001; ISBN: 0306467186
Descriptors:
Soil erosion---Mathematical models/
Soil erosion---United States---Mathematical models
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
798. Landscape fate of nitrate fluxes and
emissions in Central Europe. A critical review of concepts, data,
and models for transport and retention.
Haag, D. and Kaupenjohann,
M.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 86 (1): 1-21.
(July 2001)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
landscape/ nitrate/ emission/
simulation models/ nitrogen cycle/ agriculture/ ecosystems/
movement in soil/ streams/ metabolism/ ecotones/ drainage/ riparian
vegetation/ quantitative analysis/ spatial variation/
denitrification/ nitrous oxide/ literature reviews/ central
Europe
Abstract: Agroecosystems are leaky systems emitting
nutrients like nitrate, which affect ecosystems on a range of
scales. This paper examines the fate of nitrate on the landscape
level focussing on how landscape components either facilitate or
impede N translocation from the field to the stream (headwater).
According to their role in landscape metabolism, two categories of
landscape components are distinguished, ecotones/retention
compartments and conduits/corridors. Conduits such as macropores,
preferential interflow-paths, drainage tiles and streams rapidly
relocate nitrate to headwaters. Retention compartments like the
capillary fringe/saturated zone and riparian vegetation eliminate N
through denitrification. The differential role of compartments is
illustrated with quantitative examples from the literature. On the
landscape level retention potential for N is spatially variable and
quantitatively limited, while its realisation is uncertain.
Notwithstanding, the literature indicates that on a watershed basis
the bulk of total N input is retained; thus the potential is
discussed for the retention of nitrate on different scales, i.e.
the field, landscape, regional and global scale. The transitory
retention of excess nitrate in soil and subsoil solution, soil
organic matter, groundwater and riparian vegetation may delay
nitrate discharge to the aquatic system for decades, contributing
to the low emission factors on basin scale. The adverse effects
arising from denitrification are discussed, presenting data on the
emission of nitrous oxide from the entirety of the different
landscape compartments. It is concluded that reliance on landscape
metabolism and self-purification postpones the problem of global N
overload and partially transfers it to the atmosphere. An
assessment scheme is presented which in the face of the
unpredictability of ecosystem and landscape behaviour is risk
oriented (instead of impact oriented). The scheme uses a budget
approach, which accounts for the critical role of corridors and
considers the scale and scope of N emissions. A conceptual
framework for the remediation of N overload is presented which
rests on the realisation of cycling principles and zero-emission
approaches on all scales of agricultural production and which
pleads for regional approaches that transcend sectoral boundaries
and take account of overall regional N fluxes.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
799. Landscape Indicators of Human Impacts to
Riverine Systems.
Gergel, S. E.; Turner, M. G.;
Miller, J. R.; Melack, J. M.; and Stanley, E. H.
Aquatic Sciences
64 (2): 118-128. (2002);
ISSN: 1015-1621
Descriptors:
Water Pollution Effects/ Human
Population/ Rivers/ Bioindicators/ Ecological Effects/ Hydrology/
Watershed Management/ Man induced effects/ Environmental impact/
Land use/ Catchment area/ Riparian zone/ landscape indicators/
Effects of pollution/ Conservation/ Mechanical and natural
changes
Abstract: Detecting human impacts on riverine
systems is challenging because of the diverse biological, chemical,
hydrological and geophysical components that must be assessed. We
briefly review the chemical, biotic, hydrologic and physical
habitat assessment approaches commonly used in riverine systems. We
then discuss how landscape indicators can be used to assess the
status of rivers by quantifying land cover changes in the
surrounding catchment, and contrast landscape-level indicators with
the more traditionally used approaches. Landscape metrics that
describe the amount and arrangement of human-altered land in a
catchment provide a direct way to measure human impacts and can be
correlated with many traditionally used riverine indicators, such
as water chemistry and biotic variables. The spatial pattern of
riparian habitats may also be an especially powerful landscape
indicator because the variation in length, width, and gaps of
riparian buffers influences their effectiveness as nutrient sinks.
The width of riparian buffers is also related to the diversity of
riparian bird species. Landscape indicators incorporating
historical land use may also hold promise for predicting and
assessing the status of riverine systems. Importantly, the
relationship between an aquatic system attribute and a landscape
indicator may be non-linear and thus exhibit threshold responses.
This has become especially apparent from landscape indicators
quantifying the percent impervious surface (or urban areas) in a
watershed, a landscape indicator of hydrologic and geomorphic
change.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
800. A landscape level analysis of potential
excess nitrogen in East-Central North Carolina, USA.
Garten, C. T. and Ashwood, T.
L.
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 146 (1-4): 3-21.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979.
Notes: Number of References: 46; Publisher: Kluwer
Academic Publ
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ landscape
ecology/ mass balance model/ eutrophication/ environmental health/
water pollution/ harmful algal blooms/ Neuse River estuary/
riparian zones/ United States/ nitrate/ export/ waters/
denitrification/ groundwaters/ phosphorus/ dynamics
Abstract: The objective of this research was to
arrive at an assessment of potential excess nitrogen (N) under
different land cover categories in the Neuse River Basin (North
Carolina, USA) on a seasonal basis. Data on five processes
(atmospheric N deposition, fertilization, net soil N
mineralization, plant uptake, and denitrification) that contribute
to potential excess N under different land cover categories were
obtained from a literature review. Factors were also estimated to
apportion annual N fluxes among different seasons of the year.
Potential excess N was calculated as the difference between inputs
to and outputs from an inorganic N pool. If inputs exceeded
outputs, then the difference was assumed to represent N at risk of
loss from the landscape to surface receiving waters and
groundwaters. Land covers that were classified as potential N
sources were influenced by soil N inventories and rates of net soil
N mineralization (which is a natural process). The results
indicated that there are large land areas in the Neuse River Basin
that could be classified as either a N source or a N sink. Such
areas are potentially sensitive because future changes in land use,
or small alterations in N fluxes, could convert areas that are
essentially in balance with respect to N biogeochemistry into the N
source or N sink category. In this respect, model predictions
indicate that the timing of N inputs and outputs on the landscape
can be a critical determinant of potential excess N.
© Thomson ISI
801. A landscape perspective of
surface-subsurface hydrological exchanges in river
corridors.
Malard, Florian; Tockner, Klement;
Dole, Olivier Marie Jose; and Ward, J V
Freshwater Biology
47 (4): 621-640. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH96.F6;
ISSN: 0046-5070
Descriptors:
organic matter/ terminal electron
acceptors/ invertebrate (Invertebrata)/ Animals/ Invertebrates/ bed
topography/ biodiversity/ biogeochemical processes/ ecological
refugia/ flood events/ fluvial action/ ground water/ hyporheic
zones/ landscape ecology/ nutrient cycling/ patch shape/ patch
size/ river corridors/ sediment permeability/ spatial variations/
streams/ surface-subsurface hydrological exchanges/ water
temperature
Abstract: 1. River corridors can be visualised as a
three-dimensional mosaic of surface-subsurface exchange patches
over multiple spatial scales. Along major flow paths, surface water
downwells into the sediment, travels for some distance beneath or
along the stream, eventually mixes with ground water, and then
returns to the stream. 2. Spatial variations in bed topography and
sediment permeability result in a mosaic of patch types (e.g.
gravel versus sandy patches) that differ in their hydrological
exchange rate with the surface stream. Biogeochemical processes and
invertebrate assemblages vary among patch types as a function of
the flux of advected channel water that determines the supply of
organic matter and terminal electron acceptors. 3. The overall
effect of surface-subsurface hydrological exchanges on nutrient
cycling and biodiversity in streams not only depends on the
proportion of the different patch types, but also on the frequency
distribution of patch size and shape. 4. Because nutrients are
essentially produced or depleted at the downwelling end of
hyporheic flow paths, reach-scale processing rates of nutrients
should be greater in stretches with many small patches (e.g. short
compact gravel bars) than in stretches with only a few large
patches (e.g. large gravel bars). 5. Based on data from the Rhone
River, we predict that a reach with many small bars should offer
more hyporheic refugia for epigean fauna than a reach containing
only a few large gravel bars because benthic organisms accumulate
preferentially in sediments located at the upstream and downwelling
edge of bars during floods. However, large bars are more stable and
may provide the only refugia during severe flood events. 6. In
river floodplain systems exhibiting pronounced
expansion/contraction cycles, hyporheic assemblages within newly
created patches not only depend on the intrinsic characteristics of
these patches but also on their life span, hydrological connection
with neighbouring patches, and movement patterns of organisms. 7.
Empirical and theoretical evidence illustrate how the spatial
arrangement of surface-subsurface exchange patches affects
heterogeneity in stream nutrient concentration, surface water
temperature, and colonisation of dry reaches by invertebrates. 8.
Interactions between fluvial action and geomorphic features,
resulting from seasonal and episodic flow pulses, alter
surface-subsurface exchange pathways and repeatedly modify the
configuration of the mosaic, thereby altering the contribution of
the hyporheic zone to nutrient transformation and biodiversity in
river corridors.
© Thomson
802. Landscape sensitivity in time and space: An
introduction.
Thomas, Michael F
Catena 42 (2-4): 83-98. (2001)
NAL Call #:
GB400.C3;
ISSN: 0341-8162
Descriptors:
earth surface systems/ inherited
features/ landscape mosaics/ landscape sensitivity/ sediments/
spatial sensitivity/ stratigraphy/ temporal sensitivity
Abstract: Landscape sensitivity may be discussed in
terms of the response of landscape systems to perturbation on
different time and spatial scales. Unstable systems behave
chaotically but may show self organised criticality, while stable
systems resist change until threshold values of system parameters
are exceeded. Spatial sensitivity is expressed in different rates
of change, between landscape components or elements. This leads to
divergence between landscape elements, and the inheritance of
palaeoforms in present-day landscape mosaics. Temporal sensitivity
reflects the magnitude and frequency of individual events nested
within patterns of longer term environmental changes occurring on
different timescales. The resulting landscape complexity reflects
the spatio-temporal sensitivity of earth surface systems over ten
orders of scale magnitude. The connectivity within landscapes
ensures that site instabilities can be propagated within multievent
feedback systems. Landscapes record their own histories in
sediments and soils, but interpretation of event stratigraphy may
not be straightforward, while soil profiles can absorb individual
events without erosion. Although we are increasingly able to model
the present, environmental management is dominantly about
conserving inherited properties of landscapes: forests, soils,
floodplains, coastlines. Landscape sensitivity for landscape
management must, therefore, address not only active, largely
nonlinear, environmental systems, but also the mosaics and
palimpsests that are the inheritance from past
environments.
© Thomson
803. Landscape variables affecting livestock
impacts on water quality in the humid temperate zone.
Clark, E Ann
Canadian Journal of Plant
Science 78 (2): 181-190.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
450-C16;
ISSN: 0008-4220
Descriptors:
beef cattle (Bovidae)/ Animals/
Artiodactyls/ Chordates/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman
Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ agriculture/ humid temperate zone/
landscape variables/ livestock impacts/ pasture fertility/ riparian
ecosystem/ soil conservation/ water conservation/ water
quality
Abstract: The potential for impact by grazing
livestock on unprotected watercourses may vary with climate, with
landscape level factors including the landform within which the
pasture is located, with the biophysical characteristics of the
water-course itself, and with pasture and grazing management
practices. Policies seeking to implement cost-effective measures to
protect downstream water quality need to acknowledge large-scale as
well as small-scale processes which can moderate or exacerbate
potential sources of pollution. Applied and scholarly evidence
suggest that unrestricted livestock access accounts for a
relatively modest share of watercourse pollution in humid temperate
regions, as compared with such watershed-specific factors as
leaking septic tanks and confinement feeding systems. A wide
variety of evidence suggests that the degree of compatibility of
grazing livestock with a healthy riparian ecosystem should be
viewed as an hypothesis that is testable on a site-specific basis.
Greater understanding of the factors causal to livestock behavior
in, and impact on, watercourses may help to better focus
preventative and remediation efforts by both producers and
policymakers.
© Thomson
804. Landscapes to Riverscapes: Bridging the Gap
between Research and Conservation of Stream Fishes.
Fausch, K. D.; Torgersen, C. E.;
Baxter, C. V.; and Li, H. W.
Bioscience 52 (6): 483-498. (2002)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A;
ISSN: 0006-3568.
Notes: Publisher: American Institute of Biological
Sciences
Descriptors:
Scaling/ Population ecology/
Movements/ Research programs/ Management/ Conservation/ Streams/
Reviews/ Fishery management/ Environment management/ River
fisheries/ Nature conservation/ Habitat/ freshwater fish/ Fish/
Stock assessment and management
Abstract: In this article we draw together threads
of recent theoretical and empirical results to argue for studying
and managing lotic fishes and their habitats in the context of
riverscapes (a term coined by Ward 1998 for riverine landscapes).
We first explore the interface between landscape ecology and stream
ecology and incorporate it with ideas from Schlosser (1991, 1995a)
to propose a new approach for stream fish ecology that explicitly
embraces the continuous, hierarchical, and heterogeneous nature of
these linear aquatic habitats. Second, we consider what new
empirical data support this view, focusing on the heterogeneous
nature of stream habitat at intermediate spatial and temporal
scales and the role of fish movement in linking the habitat patches
together through time. We then use these ideas to advance five
principles for more effective research and conservation of stream
fishes. We conclude by identifying emerging challenges in stream
fish management that will require integrating information across
scales using the riverscape approach that we advocate.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
805. Large-scale headcut erosion
testing.
Robinson, K. M. and Hanson, G.
J.
Transactions of the
ASAE 38 (2): 429-434. (Mar.
1995-Apr. 1995)
NAL Call #:
290.9-Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351 [TAAEAJ]
Descriptors:
erosion/ spillways/ damage/
simulation models/ literature reviews/ headcuts
Abstract: The development and movement of gully
headcuts can cause major damage in earth emergency spillways. A
1.8-m-wide and 29-m-long flume with 2.4-m-high sidewalls was
constructed to perform research on headcut advance. Headcut advance
tests were conducted holding discharge, overfall height, and
backwater level constant while varying soil properties. Two soil
types were examined, and the soil properties were altered by
compacting the material in the flume at varying moisture and
density conditions. The observed headcut advance rates varied by a
factor of more than 100 depending on the placement conditions. By
placing a sand layer under the upstream half of the fill, the
influence of a sand layer on headcut advance was also examined.
Headcut advance and failure mechanics were observed and
described.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
806. Large wood and fluvial
processes.
Gurnell, A M; Piegay, H; Swanson, F
J; and Gregory, S V
Freshwater Biology
47 (4): 601-619. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH96.F6;
ISSN: 0046-5070
Descriptors:
climatic regimes/ flow hydraulics/
flow velocity/ fluvial processes/ geomorphology/ hydrology/ mineral
transfer/ organic sediment transfer/ physical characteristics/
riparian zones/ river channels: geometry/ river management/ wood:
accumulation, breakage, buoyancy, delivery, mobility, morphology,
retention, size, storage/ woodland river ecosystems
Abstract: 1. Large wood forms an important component
of woodland river ecosystems. The relationship between large wood
and the physical characteristics of river systems varies greatly
with changes in the tree species of the marginal woodland, the
climatic and hydrological regime, the fluvial geomorphological
setting and the river and woodland management context. 2. Research
on large wood and fluvial processes over the last 25 years has
focussed on three main themes: the effects of wood on flow
hydraulics; on the transfer of mineral and organic sediment; and on
the geomorphology of river channels. 3. Analogies between wood and
mineral sediment transfer processes (supply, mobility and river
characteristics that affect retention) are found useful as a
framework for synthesising current knowledge on large wood in
rivers. 4. An important property of wood is its size when scaled to
the size of the river channel. 'Small' channels are defined as
those whose width is less than the majority of wood pieces (e.g.
width < median wood piece length). 'Medium' channels have widths
greater than the size of most wood pieces (e.g. width < upper
quartile wood piece length), and 'Large' channels are wider than
the length of all of the wood pieces delivered to them. 5. A
conceptual framework defined here for evaluating the storage and
dynamics of wood in rivers ranks the relative importance of
hydrological characteristics (flow regime, sediment transport
regime), wood characteristics (piece size, buoyancy, morphological
complexity) and geomorphological characteristics (channel width,
geomorphological style) in 'Small', 'Medium' and 'Large' rivers. 6.
Wood pieces are large in comparison with river size in 'small'
rivers, therefore they tend to remain close to where they are
delivered to the river and provide important structures in the
stream, controlling rather than responding to the hydrological and
sediment transfer characteristics of the river. 7. For 'Medium'
rivers, the combination of wood length and form becomes critical to
the stability of wood within the channel. Wood accumulations form
as a result of smaller or more mobile wood pieces accumulating
behind key pieces. Wood transport is governed mainly by the flow
regime and the buoyancy of the wood. Even quite large wood pieces
may require partial burial to give them stability, so enhancing the
importance of the sediment transport regime. 8. Wood dynamics in
'Large' rivers vary with the geometry of the channel (slope and
channel pattern), which controls the delivery, mobility and
breakage of wood, and also the characteristics of the riparian
zone, from where the greatest volume of wood is introduced. Wood
retention depends on the channel pattern and the distribution of
flow velocity. A large amount is stored at the channel margins. The
greater the contact between the active channel and the forested
floodplain and islands, the greater the quantity of wood that is
stored.
© Thomson
807. Legal Issues Related to Livestock Watering
in Federal Grazing Districts.
Baldwin, P.
Congressional Research Service
(CRS) [Also available as: CRS Report for Congress 94-688a], 1994
(text/html)
http://cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/water/h2o-14.cfm
Descriptors:
range management/ rangelands/
livestock production/ grazing management/ water resources/ public
water supply/ reservoirs/ water rights/ agricultural law/
environmental law/ public lands/ water policy/ agricultural policy/
United States/ Taylor Grazing Act/ TGA
Abstract: In response to several congressional
inquiries on the subject, this Report examines the legal history of
livestock watering in federal grazing districts. Little analysis of
this history appears to have been done in the past, despite the
crucial importance of water to the management of the federal
rangelands. Livestock watering has been the subject of a distinct
sequence of Congressional enactments that imposed federal policies
different from those that pertain to water rights in the context of
homesteading and settlement. The Department of the Interior has
recently proposed regulations that in part relate to water rights
in grazing districts. The proposed regulations also raise the
controversial issue of state versus federal authority over the
public lands and water.
808. Legal structures governing animal waste
management.
Centner, T. J.; Lichtenberg, E.;
Richardson, J. J.; and Grossman, M. R.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
809. Legitimizing fluvial ecosystems as users of
water: An overview.
Naiman, Robert J; Bunn, Stuart E;
Nilsson, Christer; Petts, Geoff E; Pinay, Gilles; and Thompson,
Lisa C
Environmental
Management 30 (4): 455-467.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
aquatic biota evolution/ aquatic
ecosystems: topographical uniqueness/ basic ecological principles:
effective implementation challenges, effective implementation
opportunities/ biodiversity/ biogeochemistry/ catchment scale
processes/ climate/ cumulative effects/ ecological processes:
evolution/ effective assessment procedures: formulation/ effective
monitoring procedures: formulation/ fluvial ecosystems: water use
legitimization/ fresh water/ land/ long term ecological vitality
maintenance/ multidisciplinary knowledge/ multidisciplinary models/
natural flow regime/ physical processes/ riparian communities/
river biotic community/ river flow regime/ water regime changes:
ecological consequences
Abstract: We suggest that fluvial ecosystems are
legitimate users of water and that there are basic ecological
principles guiding the maintenance of long-term ecological
vitality. This article articulates some fundamental relationships
between physical and ecological processes, presents basic
principles for maintaining the vitality of fluvial ecosystems,
identifies several major scientific challenges and opportunities
for effective implementation of the basic ecological principles,
and acts as an introduction to three specific articles to follow on
biodiversity, biogeochemistry, and riparian communities. All the
objectives, by necessity, link climate, land, and fresh water. The
basic principles proposed are: (1) the natural flow regime shapes
the evolution of aquatic biota and ecological processes, (2) every
river has a characteristic flow regime and an associated biotic
community, and (3) aquatic ecosystems are topographically unique in
occupying the lowest position in the landscape, thereby integrating
catchment-scale processes. Scientific challenges for the immediate
future relate to quantifying cumulative effects, linking
multidisciplinary knowledge and models, and formulating effective
monitoring and assessment procedures. Additionally, forecasting the
ecological consequences of changing water regimes is a fundamental
challenge for science, especially as environmental issues related
to fresh waters escalate in the next two to three
decades.
© Thomson
810. Legumes and diversification of the
rice-wheat cropping system.
Lauren JG; Shrestha R; Sattar MA;
and Yadav RL
Journal of Crop
Production 3 (2): 67-102; 173
ref. (2000)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
811. Lessons learned while extending
physiological principles from growth chambers to satellite
studies.
Waring, R. H.
Tree Physiology 18 (8/9): 491-497. (Aug. 1998-Sept.
1998)
NAL Call #:
QK475.T74;
ISSN: 0829-318X [TRPHEM].
Notes: In the special issue: Forest at the limit:
environmental constraints on forest function / edited by P.J. Dye.
Paper presented at a workshop held May 11-17, 1997, Skukuza, Kruger
National Park, South Africa.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
trees/ plant physiology/ forestry/
research/ interdisciplinary research/ management/ ecosystems/
ecology/ plant water relations/ mathematical models/ integrated
pest management/ climatic change/ literature reviews
Abstract: Over the last three decades, physiological
principles established in laboratory studies have been applied to
systems at progressively larger scales and are now firmly merged
into the fields of ecology, ecosystem modeling, forest protection,
and global change research. To expand the vision of any field
requires that scientists from different disciplines build a bridge
across the chasm that normally exists between the knowledge bases
and perspectives of different fields. Bridges are built most
quickly when representatives of different disciplines see the
possibility of mutual advantage in collaboration and seek to
quickly demonstrate that potential. Usually, however, the process
is laborious because approaches and techniques must be modified to
address problems at a different level of integration. Successful
bridge builders have, almost without exception, established
credibility in their own field and have then identified a kindred
spirit with similar credentials in another. They usually establish
a pilot study that involves apprentices as well as established
scientists. If the approach is successful, the younger members of
the team often take the lead in further advancements. Managers of
large centralized programs should foster interdisciplinary
exchange, particularly at times when advancement in one field
languishes. To expand collaboration, it is often necessary for
scientists to seek common properties that simplify relations across
a wide range of biological and physical conditions. This
integrative perspective is essential and is fostered by
participating in cross-disciplinary workshops and conferences and
by reading outside one's field.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
812. Lidar remote sensing for ecosystem
studies.
Lefsky, Michael A; Cohen, Warren B;
Parker, Geoffrey G; and Harding, David J
Bioscience 52 (1): 19-30. (2002)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A;
ISSN: 0006-3568
Descriptors:
Douglas fir western hemlock forest
stands/ aboveground biomass [AGBM]/ canopy surface topology/
coastal erosion/ ecosystem studies/ land topography/ leaf area
index [LAI]/ three dimensional plant canopy distribution/
vegetation structure estimation
© Thomson
813. Linkages among diverse aquatic ecosystems:
A neglected field of study.
Gorham, Eville
In: Freshwater ecosystems:
Revitalizing educational programs in limnology.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press, 1996; pp. 203-217
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309054435/html/
Descriptors:
diverse aquatic ecosystems linkages/
education/ freshwater ecology/ functional couplings/ lakes/
neglected field study/ research/ rivers/ streams/ teaching/
wetlands
© Thomson
814. Linkages between aquatic sediment biota and
life above sediments as potential drivers of biodiversity and
ecological processes.
Palmer, Margaret A; Covich, Alan P;
Lake, Sam; Biro, Peter; Brooks, Jacqui J; Cole, Jonathan; Dahm,
Cliff; Gibert, Janine; Goedkoop, Willem; Martens, Koen; Verhoeven,
Jos; and Bund, Wouter J van de
Bioscience 50 (12): 1062-1075. (2000)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A;
ISSN: 0006-3568
Descriptors:
algae (Algae)/ annelids (Annelida)/
aschelminthes (Helminthes)/ bacteria (Bacteria)/ bivalves
(Pelecypoda)/ crustaceans (Crustacea)/ fish (Pisces)/ fungi
(Fungi)/ insects (Insecta)/ mites (Acarina)/ plants (Plantae)/
protozoa (Protozoa)/ Algae/ Animals/ Annelids/ Arthropods/
Bacteria/ Chelicerates/ Chordates/ Crustaceans/ Eubacteria/ Fish/
Fungi/ Helminths/ Insects/ Invertebrates/ Microorganisms/ Mollusks/
Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ Protozoans/
Vertebrates/ aquatic sediments/ biological interactions/ chemical
interactions/ environmental linkages/ food resources/ habitat
degradation/ hydrology/ microbial effects/ physical interactions/
shading effects/ species diversity/ structural effects/ terrestrial
ecosystems
© Thomson
815. Linkages in the landscape. The role of
corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation.
Bennett, A. F.; x, 254 p.
(1999);
ISBN: 2-8317-0221-6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
816. Linking Actions to Outcomes in Wetland
Management: An Overview of U.S. State Wetland
Management.
La Peyre, M. K.; Reams, M. A.; and
Mendelssohn, I. A.
Wetlands 21 (1): 66-74. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:
Wetlands / Government policy/
Surveys/ Environment management/ Planning/ Ecology/ Ecosystem
management/ Regional planning/ Mapping/ Nature conservation/
Resource conservation/ Environmental protection/ Policies/
Management/ United States/ Government policies/ Resource
management/ Land Management/ Environmental Quality/ Resources
Management/ State Jurisdiction/ United States/ Assessments/
Resource conservation/ Environmental Law, Regulations & Policy/
Conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ Management /
Environmental action/ Evaluation process
Abstract: Despite a national focus on saving wetland
systems in the U.S., evaluations of wetland resources and
management outcomes have been limited. A fifty-state survey of
wetland managers was conducted in order to collect information on
(1) wetland resources, (2) management actions taken, and (3)
management impact on the resources (wetlands). An overview of the
general status of state knowledge of the quantity and quality of
their wetland resources is presented. Results indicate that most
states have a rough estimate of the resources and most have wetland
conservation plans and intend to develop better databases of
wetland resources. However, few states track management actions
relevant to wetlands and fewer have any idea of the success or
impact of past management actions. The ability to assess program
effectiveness is key to implementing adaptive management
frameworks. A number of lessons learned suggest a basic framework
for future wetland management that includes state planning, better
quantification (mapping) of wetlands, development of methods to
measure wetland quality, and tracking of wetland management actions
and outcomes. This framework could also be used as an outline for
the development of a more adaptive approach to wetland
management.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
817. Linking landscape and water quality in the
Mississippi river basin for 200 years.
Turner, R. E. and Rabalais, N.
N.
Bioscience 53 (6): 563-572. (June 2003)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A;
ISSN: 0006-3568.
Notes: Number of References: 66
Descriptors:
Biology/ Mississippi River/ water
quality/ agriculture / sustainability/ environmental history/ Gulf
of Mexico/ United States/ nitrogen/ nitrate/ hypoxia/
eutrophication/ consequences/ soil/ land
Abstract: Two centuries of land use in the
Mississippi River watershed are reflected in the water quality of
its streams and in the continental shelf ecosystem receiving its
discharge. The most recent influence on nutrient loading-intense
and widespread farming and especially fertilizer use-has had a more
significant effect on water quality than has land drainage or the
conversion of native vegetation to cropland and grazing pastures.
The 200-year record of nutrient loading to offshore water is
reflected in the paleoreconstructed record of plankton in dated
sediments. This record illustrates that the development of fair,
sustained management of inland ecosystems is linked to the
management of offshore systems. Land use in this fully occupied
watershed is under the strong influence of national policies
affecting all aspects of the human ecosphere. These policies can be
modified for better or worse, but water quality will probably
change only gradually because of the strong buffering capacity of
the soil ecosystem.
© Thomson ISI
818. Linking the hydrologic and biogeochemical
controls of nitrogen transport in near-stream zones of
temperate-forested catchments: A review.
Cirmo, C. P. and McDonnell, J.
J.
Journal of Hydrology
199 (1/2): 88-120. (Dec.
1997)
NAL Call #:
292.8-J82;
ISSN: 0022-1694 [JHYDA7]
Descriptors:
watersheds/ nitrogen cycle/ forest
soils/ transport processes
Abstract: We review the status of research
concerning the links between hydrologic flowpaths and the
biogeochemical environment controlling Nitrogen cycling and
transport in near-stream saturated zones, centering on stream
environments of the northern, temperate-forested zone. N retention,
transformation and mobilization occur in streamside wetlands,
floodplains, riparian zones, seepage faces, and the hyporheic zone.
These areas are the focal point in non-point source loading of N to
stream channels. They also represent areas where rapid changes in
water-table and hydrologic flowpaths occur during rainfall-runoff
events. It is the combination of an abrupt change in biogeochemical
environment, encountering a hydrologic boundary (the
terrestrial/aquatic interface or ecotone), that make the
near-stream/saturated zone critical for elucidating controls of N
transport and transformation. We review published studies
concerning the hydrologic controls of N transport in near-stream
zones, and subsequently present several geomorphic and hydrodynamic
scenarios relating N biogeochemistry and its response to hydrologic
events (of both varying magnitude and seasons). It is at the
critical junction between temporal and spatial conditions affecting
N cycling in the near-stream zone, that research priorities must
now be focused.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
819. Liquid manure application systems
conference: Design, management, and environmental assessment (Held
December 1-2, 1994 at Rochester, New York.).
Ithaca, NY: Northeast Regional
Agricultural Engineering Service, 1994. iv, 220 p.: ill. NRAES
79.
NAL Call #: S675.N72-no.79
Descriptors:
Manure handling/ Manures/ Animal
waste/ Organic fertilizers
Abstract: This is the proceedings from the
Liquid Manure Application Systems conference that was held in
December 1994. It includes twenty-six papers and is divided into
five categories: livestock manure systems for the 21st century,
design of liquid manure systems, planning environmentally
compatible systems, custom application, and managing for economic
and environmental sustainability.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and Engineering Service
(NRAES)
820. Liquid manure application systems design
manual.
Dougherty, Mark.
Ithaca, N.Y. Northeast
Regional Agricultural Engineering Service; Series: NRAES 89; 168 p.
(1998)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
162-167).
NAL Call #: S675-.N72-no.89;
ISBN: 0935817247
Descriptors:
liquid manure/ fertilizer
application/ application methods/ animal manure management/ manure
storage/ odor control
Abstract: The comprehensive guide discusses
basic design components -- such as a variety of pumps, pipes,
hoses, and irrigation nozzles -- of commonly used liquid manure
application systems. Field application methods covered include
tankers, hard-hose reel systems, drag hose/soft hose ground
application, and center pivot irrigation. The design manual also
discusses such management issues as environmental assessment,
nutrient management, liquid manure storage and handling,
application rate strategies, environmental assessment, odor
control, and safety. Included are 69 illustrations and 20 tables,
plus work sheets, suggested readings, and a list of
manufacturers.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
821. A literature review on the environmental
effects of postfire logging.
McIver, J. D. and Starr,
L.
Western Journal of Applied
Forestry 16 (4): 159-168.
(Oct. 2001)
NAL Call #:
SD388.W6;
ISSN: 0885-6095
Descriptors:
forest fires/ salvage felling and
logging/ forest ecology/ environmental impact/ fire effects/ slash/
soil/ disturbed land/ erosion/ runoff/ establishment/ growth/
botanical composition/ insect pests/ infestation/ dead trees/
wildlife/ habitats/ forest management/ literature
reviews
Abstract: Literature on logging after wildfire is
reviewed, with a focus on environmental effects of logging activity
and the removal of large woody structure. As in unburned stands,
log retrieval systems vary considerably in their immediate effect
on soils in the postfire environment, with ground-based systems
generally causing more disturbance than aerial systems. Timber
harvest methods used by managers can mitigate erosion effects--for
example, logging residue can decrease erosion by impeding overland
flow. Ground disturbance from postfire logging can encourage
establishment of different plant species (including nonnatives) and
can influence the growth of trees. The removal of large woody
structures typical in postfire logging operations can change plant
species composition, reduce plant species richness, and increase
conifer growth in the first years after logging, but can also
reduce the probability that insect pest populations will build up
and infest adjacent stands. Removal of large woody structures can
cause declines in the abundance of several cavity-nesting bird
species, including mountain bluebird, and black-backed, hairy, and
three-toed woodpeckers; Lewis' woodpecker tends to increase after
postfire logging. Overall, studies on the environmental effects of
postfire logging are limited, arguing for the use of adaptive
management to monitor effects of logging and to adjust practices
accordingly.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
822. Literature review: Possible funding sources
for proper closure of abandoned water wells on private lands in the
South Central Region.
National Water Management Center
(U.S.).
Washington, D.C.: USDA-NRCS,
National Water Management Center. (1998)
Notes: Title from caption. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: aTD223.5-.L58-1998
http://wmc.ar.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/GW/litreviewfunding.html
Descriptors:
Wells---Abandonment---Southern
States/ Wells---Abandonment---Economic aspects---Southern
States
Abstract: Summarizes research the staff at the
National Water Management Center has conducted to document possible
sources of funding for proper abandonment of water wells on private
lands. Included are sections discussing background information on
abandoned well hazards, ground-water use, the theory behind proper
well plugging, the agencies regulating water well abandonment and
their responsibilities, possible sources of assistance for
decommissioning abandoned water wells, selected references with a
brief description, a listing of State agencies and their addresses,
and a glossary of related terminology.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
823. Livestock impacts on the herbaceous
components of sage grouse habitat: A review.
Hockett, Glenn A
Intermountain Journal of
Sciences 8 (2): 105-114.
(2002);
ISSN: 1081-3519
Descriptors:
Artemisia spp. [sagebrush]
(Compositae)/ Centrocercus urophasianus [sage grouse]
(Galliformes)/ forb (Angiospermae): food/ grass (Gramineae)/ insect
(Insecta): food, prey/ livestock (Mammalia)/ Angiosperms/ Animals/
Arthropods/ Birds/ Chordates/ Dicots/ Insects/ Invertebrates/
Mammals/ Monocots/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Plants/
Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ Vertebrates/ climax vegetation/
cover composition/ feeding sites/ food supply/ grazing intensity/
herbaceous understories/ livestock impacts/ riparian meadows:
habitat/ seasonality/ springs/ streams
Abstract: Sage grouse are a bird of climax
vegetation. Productive sage grouse habitat is more than a "sea of
sagebrush." The grass/forb understory supplies food and cover
components seasonally. Within the sagebrush community, a dense,
residual herbaceous understory increases the likelihood of sage
grouse nest success. Forbs and insects are essential foods for sage
grouse from early spring to early fall. Although riparian areas
typically make up less than 2 percent of the sagebrush landscape,
interspersed springs, streams, and meadows offer watering and
feeding sites for sage grouse during summer and early fall.
Livestock selectively remove grasses and forbs within the sagebrush
landscape while showing a strong preference for riparian meadows
once upland vegetation cures. Livestock use can impact the amount
and composition of herbaceous understory depending on the class of
livestock, season of use, and grazing intensity. I reviewed the
literature regarding sage grouse habitat and livestock impacts to
the herbaceous understory. Ungrazed comparison areas, based on the
seasonal needs of sage grouse, are lacking. Controls are
recommended to advance our understanding of grazing
impacts.
© Thomson
824. Livestock influences on riparian zones and
fish habitat: Literature classification.
Larsen, R. E.; Krueger, W. C.;
George, M. R.; Barrington, M. R.; Buckhouse, J. C.; and Johnson, D.
E.
Journal of Range
Management 51 (6): 661-664.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
60.18 J82;
ISSN: 0022-409X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
825. Livestock manure: Foe or
fertilizer?
Glover, T.
Agricultural Outlook
(AO) (AO-230): 30-35.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
aHD1751.A422
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
826. Livestock manure production and
disposition: South Dakota feedlots-farms-ranches.
Taylor, Donald C. and South Dakota
State University. Economics Dept.
Brookings, S.D.: Economics Dept.,
South Dakota State University; 70 p.: ill.; 28 cm.; Series:
Research report (South Dakota State University. Economics Dept. no.
94-4. (1994)
Notes: "November 1994." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 54-62).
NAL Call #: HD1775.S8R47--no.94-4
Descriptors:
Animal waste---South Dakota/
Agricultural waste---South Dakota/ Feedlots---South Dakota/ Waste
disposal in the ground---South Dakota
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
827. Livestock nutrient management concerns:
Regulatory and legislative overview.
Meyer, D. and Mullinax, D.
D.
Journal of Animal
Science 77 (suppl.2): 51-62.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
49-J82;
ISSN: 0021-8812 [JANSAG].
Notes: Paper presented at the 1998 ADSA-ASAS Joint
Meeting, July 27-31, Fort Collins, CO.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
animal manures/ feedlot wastes/
livestock numbers/ application to land/ environmental legislation/
federal government/ agricultural law/ waste disposal/ pollution
control/ heavy metals/ water pollution/ literature
reviews
Abstract: A greater focus on manure nutrient
disposition from concentrated animal-feeding operations has
developed from environmentalists, concerned citizens, and
regulatory agencies. The establishment and enforcement of manure
nutrient regulations will alter the future of livestock production.
Proposed legislation and strategies may provide a false sense of
security regarding environmental preservation or restoration and
may impose monitoring and record keeping on the livestock
operators. Existing regulations and proposed regulations and
strategies are presented. Implications of legislation and proposed
strategies, policies, and regulations are discussed. Livestock
operations will need to comply with regulations to remain in
business and to minimize environmental liability.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
828. Livestock waste facilities
handbook.
Midwest Plan Service. Livestock
Wastes Subcommittee.
Ames, Iowa: Midwest Plan Service,
Iowa State University; 112 p. (1993)
Notes: 3rd edition; Cover title.
NAL Call #: TD930-.L58-1993;
ISBN: 0893730890 (pbk.)
Descriptors:
Animal waste/ Livestock Housing/
Animal waste---Recycling
Abstract: Recommendations, federal
regulations, and design procedures for almost all manure handling
and management alternatives for livestock today are discussed in
this handbook, including scrape systems, gravity drain gutters,
gravity flow channels, infiltration areas, and waste transfer to
storage.
© Midwest Plan Service
(MWPS)
829. The long-term effects of manures and
fertilisers on soil productivity and quality: A review.
Edmeades, D. C.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 66 (2):
165-180. (June 2003)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314.
Notes: Number of References: 62
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ environment/
fertilisers/ manures/ organic/ productivity/ quality/ soils/
organic matter/ new zealand/ superphosphate fertilizer/ microbial
biomass/ field experiments/ poultry litter/ phosphorus/ pasture/
runoff/ management
Abstract: The results from 14 field trials comparing
the long-term (20 to 120 years) effects of fertilisers and manures
(farmyard manure, slurry, and green manure) on crop production and
soil properties are reviewed. In total there were 24 paired
comparisons of the effects of manure and fertiliser. Some of the
trials also contained a control (no nutrient inputs) treatment. The
input of nutrients as either fertilisers or manures had very large
effects (150-1000%) on soil productivity as measured by crop
yields. Manured soils had higher contents of organic matter and
numbers of microfauna than fertilised soils, and were more enriched
in P, K, Ca and Mg in topsoils and nitrate N, Ca and Mg in
subsoils. Manured soils also had lower bulk density and higher
porosity, hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability, relative
to fertilised soils. However, there was no significant difference
(P < 0.05) between fertilisers and manures in their long-term
effects on crop production. In the context of this set of
international trials, the recent evidence from the Rothamsted
classical long-term trials appears to be exceptional, due to the
larger inputs of manures and larger accumulation of soil OM in
these trials. It is suggested therefore that manures may only have
a benefit on soil productivity, over and above their nutrient
content, when large inputs are applied over many years. The
evidence from these trials also shows that, because the ratio of
nutrients in manures is different from the ratio of nutrients
removed by common crops, excessive accumulation of some nutrients,
and particularly P and N, can arise from the long-term use of
manures, relative to the use of fertilisers. Under these conditions
greater runoff of P, and leaching of N may result, and for soils
with low P retention and/or in situations where organic P is
leached, greater P leaching losses may occur. The use of manures,
relative to fertilisers, may also contribute to poor water quality
by increasing its chemical oxygen demand. It is concluded therefore
that it cannot generally be assumed that the long-term use of
manures will enhance soil quality - defined in terms of
productivity and potential to adversely affect water quality - in
the long term, relative to applying the same amounts of nutrients
as fertiliser.
© Thomson ISI
830. Long-term potential of conservation tillage
on the Canadian prairies.
Lafond, G. P. and Derksen, D.
A.
Canadian Journal of Plant
Pathology 18 (2): 151-158.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
SB599.C35;
ISSN: 0706-0661
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
831. A long-term, watershed-scale, evaluation of
the impacts of animal waste BMPs on indicator bacteria
concentrations.
Inamdar SP; Mostaghimi S; Cook MN;
Brannan KM; and McClellen PW
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 38 (3): 819-833; 35 ref. (2002)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
832. Luminescence methods in pesticide analysis.
Applications to the environment.
Aaron, J J and Coly, A
Analusis 28 (8): 699-709. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QD71.A52;
ISSN: 0365-4877
Descriptors:
pesticides: analysis, detection/
environmental samples: chemical analysis/ photochemistry:
applications
Abstract: Current luminescence-based methods for
determining pesticides in different sample matrices are reviewed.
The paper is devoted mainly to fluorimetric techniques with
emphasis on the description of direct and indirect fluorimetric
methods, including chemical and photochemical derivatization. The
use of fluorescence detection in TLC, HPLC and FIA as well as
applications to environmental samples is described. The potential
of phosphorimetry for pesticide analysis is also presented. The
main advantages and draw-backs of luminescence detection for
pesticide determination are discussed.
© Thomson
833. Major Herbicides in Ground Water: Results
From the National Water-Quality Assessment.
Barbash, J. E.; Thelin, G. P.;
Kolpin, D. W.; and Gilliom, R. J.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 30 (3): 831-845.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors:
USA/ Pollutant Identification/ Data
Collections/ Databases/ Data Interpretation/ Groundwater Pollution/
Herbicides/ Spatial Distribution/ Water Quality Standards/
Hydrology/ Atrazine/ Agrochemicals/ Water sampling/ Basins/
cyanazine/ simazine/ alachlor/ acetochlor/ metolachlor/ Water
quality/ Pollution surveys/ Pollutant persistence/ Agricultural
pollution/ Public health/ Water supply/ United States/
Identification of pollutants/ Freshwater pollution/ Behavior and
fate characteristics/ Public health/ medicines/ dangerous
organisms
Abstract: To improve understanding of the factors
affecting pesticide occurrence in ground water, patterns of
detection were examined for selected herbicides, based primarily on
results from the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program.
The NAWQA data were derived from 2227 sites (wells and springs)
sampled in 20 major hydrologic basins across the USA from 1993 to
1995. Results are presented for six high-use herbicides--atrazine
(2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), cyanazine
(2-[4-chloro-6-ethylamino-
1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile), simazine
(2-chloro-4,6-bis-[ethylamino]-s-triazine), alachlor
(2-chloro-N-[2,6-diethylphenyl] -N-[methoxymethyl]acetamide),
acetochlor (2-chloro-N-[ethoxymethyl]-N-
[2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl]acetamide), and metolachlor
(2-chloro-N-[2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl]
-N-[2-methoxy-1-methylethyl]acetamide)--as well as for prometon
(2,4-bis[isopropylamino]-6-methoxy-s-triazine), a nonagricultural
herbicide detected frequently during the study. Concentrations were
<1 mu g L super(-1) at 98% of the sites with detections, but
exceeded drinking-water criteria (for atrazine) at two sites. In
urban areas, frequencies of detection (at or above 0.01 mu g L
super(-1)) of atrazine, cyanazine, simazine, alachlor, and
metolachlor in shallow ground water were positively correlated with
their nonagricultural use nationwide (P < 0.05). Among different
agricultural areas, frequencies of detection were positively
correlated with nearby agricultural use for atrazine, cyanazine,
alachlor, and metolachlor, but not simazine. Multivariate analysis
demonstrated that for these five herbicides, frequencies of
detection beneath agricultural areas were positively correlated
with their agricultural use and persistence in aerobic soil.
Acetochlor, an agricultural herbicide first registered in 1994 for
use in the USA, was detected in shallow ground water by 1995,
consistent with previous field-scale studies indicating that some
pesticides may be detected in ground water within 1 yr following
application. The NAWQA results agreed closely with those from other
multistate studies with similar designs.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
834. Mammalian toxicology of organophosphorus
pesticides.
Sultatos, L. G.
Journal of Toxicology and
Environmental Health 43 (3):
271-289. (Nov. 1994)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1J6;
ISSN: 0098-4108 [JTEHD6]
Descriptors:
organophosphorus pesticides/
toxicity/ adverse effects/ acetylcholinesterase/ enzyme activity/
inhibition/ metabolism/ metabolites/ mammals/ toxicology/
carcinogenesis/ literature reviews/ metabolic activation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
835. Management and utilization of poultry
wastes.
Williams CM; Barker JC; and Sims
JT
Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 162: 105-157. (1999).
Notes: 16 pp. of ref
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
836. Management for butterflies in the northern
Great Plains: A literature review and guidebook for land
managers.
Moffat, Mary.; McPhillips, Nell.;
and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Ecological Services. South
Dakota State Office.
Pierre, S.D.: U.S Fish and Wildlife
Service, Ecological Services, South Dakota State Office; i, 19 p.
(1993)
Notes: Cover title. Shipping list no.: 93-0394-P.
"March 1993." "SD-ES-93-05." Includes bibliographical references
(p. 18-19). SUDOCS: I 49.6/2:B 97.
NAL Call #: QL551.A14M64--1993
Descriptors:
Butterflies---Great
Plains---Ecology---Handbooks, manuals, etc/ Butterflies---Great
Plains---Effect of habitat modification on---Handbooks, manuals,
etc/ Prairie ecology---Great Plains---Handbooks, manuals,
etc
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
837. Management guide for estimating nitrate and
pesticide leaching potential.
Illinois. Dept. of Agriculture;
Illinois. Environmental Protection Agency; and United States. Soil
Conservation Service.
Illinois: Illinois Dept. of
Agriculture: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency; 17 p.
(1997)
Notes: Cover title. "This project is a cooperation
effort between the Illinois Department of Agriculture and the
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. Technical information and
assistance provided by the USDA Soil Conservation Service"--P.
17.
NAL Call #: S592.6.P43-M36-1997
Descriptors:
Soils---Pesticide
content---Illinois---Measurement/ Soils---Nitrate
content---Illinois---Measurement/ Soil
management---Illinois
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
838. Management of agricultural drainage water
quality.
Madramootoo, Chandra Alastair;
Johnston, William R.; Willardson, Lyman S.; International
Commission on Irrigation and Drainage; and Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations.
Rome: International Commission on
Irrigation and Drainage; Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations; xii, 94 p.: ill.; Series: Water reports 1020-1203
(13). (1997)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
85-94).
NAL Call #: NBU TC812-M366-1997;
TC812.M366-1997;
ISBN: 9251040583
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7224E/W7224E00.htm
Descriptors:
Irrigation---Management/
Drainage---Management/ Water quality
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
839. Management of agricultural insects with
physical control methods.
Vincent, C.; Hallman, G.; Panneton,
B.; and Fleurat Lessard, F.
Annual Review of
Entomology 48: 261-281.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
421-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA]
Descriptors:
insect pests/ pest management/
integrated pest management/ insect control/ physical control/
control methods/ plant protection/ literature reviews/
passive-vs-active control methods
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
840. Management of agricultural landscapes for
the conservation of neotropical migratory birds.
Koford, R. R. and Best, L.
B.
In: Management of Midwestern
landscapes for the conservation of neotropical migratory birds,
General Technical Report NC-781/ Thompson, F. R. United States
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Experiment
Station,
1996. pp. 68-88.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/landscap/landscap.htm
Descriptors:
Supporting science
Abstract: Discussed management strategies for
the management of avian habitat in agricultural
landscapes.
841. Management of agroforestry for the
conservation and utilization of land and water
resources.
Kiepe, P. and Rao, M. R.
Outlook on
Agriculture 23 (1): 17-25.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
10 Ou8;
ISSN: 0030-7270
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
842. Management of animal waste: Environmental
health problems and technological solutions.
El Ahraf, Amer. and Willis, William
V.
Westport, Conn.: Praeger; xv, 185
p. (1996)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
[145]-180) and index.
NAL Call #: TD932.E42--1996;
ISBN: 0275935299 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Animal waste---Management/ Animal
waste---
Health aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
843. Management of excretion of phosphorus,
nitrogen and pharmacological level minerals to reduce environmental
pollution from animal production.
Paik IK
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 14 (3):
384-394; 39 ref. (2001)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
844. Management of irrigation and drainage
systems: A service approach.
Malano, Hector M. and Hofwegen,
Paul J. M. van.
Rotterdam; Brookfield, Vt.: A. A.
Balkema; viii, 149 p.: ill.; Series: IHE monograph 3.
(1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
[145]-149).;
ISBN: 9054104821; 905410483X (pbk.)
Descriptors:
Irrigation---Management/
Drainage---Management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
845. Management of livestock in riparian
areas.
Winward, A. H.
Natural Resources and
Environmental Issues 1:
49-52. (1994);
ISSN: 1069-5370.
Notes: Proceedings of the symposium on riparian
resources, 18-19 April 1991, Eccles Conference Center, Utah State
University, Logan,
Utah, USA
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
846. Management of phosphorus, potassium, and
sulfur in intensive, irrigated lowland rice.
Dobermann, A.; Cassman, K. G.;
Mamaril, C. P.; and Sheehy, J. E.
Field Crops Research
56 (1/2): 113-138. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB183.F5;
ISSN: 0378-4290 [FCREDZ].
Notes: Special issue: Nutrient use efficiency in rice
cropping systems / edited by K.G. Cassman and H.R. Lafitte.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
oryza sativa/ lowland areas/
irrigation/ intensive cropping/ crop management/ phosphorus/
potassium/ sulfur/ soil fertility/ crop yield/ agricultural
production/ nutrient requirements/ nutrient deficiencies/
cultivars/ nutrient-nutrient interactions/ sustainability/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
847. Management of soil-borne plant pathogens
with organic soil amendments: A disease control strategy salvaged
from the past.
Lazarovits G
Canadian Journal of Plant
Pathology 23 (1): 1-7; 23
ref. (2001)
NAL Call #:
SB599.C35
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
848. Management of threatened bird species:
Evaluation of the hands-on approach.
Cade, T. J. and Temple, S.
A.
Ibis 137 (Supplement 1): S161-S172.
(1995);
ISSN: 0963-0856.
Notes: Conference: British Ornithologists' Union
Conference on Bird Conservation: The Science and the Action,
Shuttleworth College, Bedford (UK), 6-10 Apr 1994
Descriptors:
Aves/ endangered species/ resource
management/ methodology/ Methodology general/ Conservation/
Birds
Abstract: Intensive manipulations of rare birds can
be important conservation tools when traditional management
practices, such as legal protection and habitat preservation, are
insufficient to halt population declines and save endangered
species from extinction. Nonetheless, this "hands-on" methodology
has been criticized as scientifically unsound, ineffective, costly
and a diversion from preservation of habitats and ecosystems. We
consider the effectiveness of manipulative management by reviewing
30 presentations at the Symposium on Management Techniques for
Preserving Endangered Birds in 1977. Examination of the outcome of
these efforts in 1993 indicates that 43% have contributed to
improved population viability through an increase in breeding
numbers, another 23% have helped to stabilize numbers or to slow
the rate of population decline, while the outcome of five others
(17%) is inconclusive, and the same number ended in failure. Our
evaluation of these and other similar projects is that the hands-on
approach has proved to be a justified and effective stopgap
procedure to help critically endangered species through a crisis,
to reintroduce species into previously occupied range and to
reinforce locally diminished populations. As such, it often needs
to be part of an integrated program for avian
conservation.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
849. Management of water and nitrogen in high
density apple orchards.
Neilsen, D.; Neilsen, G. H.; Guak,
S.; Parchomchuk, P.; and Hogue, E. J.
Compact Fruit Tree
35 (3): 92-96. (2002)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
850. Management options to limit nitrate
leaching from grassland.
Cuttle, S P and Scholefield,
D
Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology 20 (3-4): 299-312.
(1995);
ISSN: 0169-7722
Descriptors:
clover (Leguminosae)/ livestock
(Mammalia Unspecified)/ Bovidae (Bovidae)/ Gramineae (Gramineae)/
angiosperms/ animals/ artiodactyls/ chordates/ dicots/ mammals/
monocots/ nonhuman mammals/ nonhuman vertebrates/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ vertebrates/ nitrate/ nitrogen/
nitrogen fixation/ fertilizer/ grazing/ manure production/
mineralization
Abstract: Nitrate leaching can be reduced by the
adoption of less intensive grassland systems which, though
requiring a greater land area to achieve the same agricultural
output, result in less nitrate leaching per unit of production than
do intensively managed grasslands. The economic penalties
associated with reductions in output can be partly offset by
greater reliance on symbiotic nitrogen fixation and the use of
clover-based swards in place of synthetic N fertilisers.
Alternatively, specific measures can be adopted to improve the
efficiency of nitrogen use in intensively managed systems in order
to maintain high outputs but with reduced losses. Controls should
take account of other forms of loss and flows of nitrogen between
grassland and other components of the whole-farm system and, in
most instances, should result in an overall reduction in nitrogen
inputs. Removing stock from the fields earlier in the grazing
season will reduce the accumulation of high concentrations of
potentially leachable nitrate in the soil of grazed pastures but
will increase the quantity of manure produced by housed animals and
the need to recycle this effectively. Supplementing grass diets
with low-nitrogen forages such as maize silage will reduce the
quantity of nitrogen excreted by livestock but may increase the
potential for nitrate leaching elsewhere on the farm if changes to
cropping patterns involve more frequent cultivation of grassland.
Improved utilisation by the sward of nitrogen in animal excreta and
manures and released by mineralisation of soil organic matter will
permit equivalent reductions to be made in fertiliser inputs,
provided that adequate information is available about the supply of
nitrogen from these non-fertiliser sources.
© Thomson
851. Management practices and soil
biota.
Roper, M M and Gupta, V V S
R
Australian Journal of Soil
Research 33 (2): 321-339.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
56.8 Au7;
ISSN: 0004-9573
Descriptors:
bacteria (Bacteria General
Unspecified)/ fungi (Fungi Unspecified)/ microbes (Microorganisms
Unspecified)/ protozoa (Protozoa Unspecified)/ Animalia (Animalia
Unspecified)/ Protozoa (Protozoa Unspecified)/ animals/ bacteria/
eubacteria/ fungi/ invertebrates/ microorganisms/ nonvascular
plants/ plants/ protozoans/ disease/ ecosystem function/ macro
fauna/ meso fauna/ organic matter decomposition/ pesticide use/
soil structure/ tillage
© Thomson
852. The Management Systems Evaluation Areas
Program: Tillage and water quality research.
Ward, A. D.; Hatfield, J. L.; Lamb,
J. A.; Alberts, E. E.; Logan, T. J.; and Anderson, J. L.
Soil and Tillage
Research 30 (1): 49-74.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
853. Managing diffuse environmental
contamination from agricultural pesticides: An economic perspective
on issues and policy options, with particular reference to
Europe.
Falconer, K E
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 69 (1): 37-54.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors:
agricultural pesticide/ diffuse
environmental contamination/ economics/ pest control/ policy
options/ resource management
Abstract: There are widely held concerns over
environmental contamination from agricultural pesticide
applications, and a current policy objective in many Western
European countries is to reduce usage levels. However, it appears
that existing arrangements to control usage, and thence
contamination, are inadequate to achieve the levels of
environmental quality currently demanded; policy innovation and
reform are needed. This review examines some of the problems of
controlling pesticide contamination, and the potential policy
instruments for achieving pesticide use reduction for environmental
improvement. Particular attention is given to the role of market
mechanisms to achieve environmental policy aims, especially through
the introduction of financial incentives for producers to switch to
integrated pest management practices involving the use of less
pesticides. Instruments such as input taxes seem administratively
and politically feasible, but need careful design and
implementation if environmental objectives with regard to
pesticides are to be achieved. Environmental economics can make an
important contribution to practical agri-environmental resource
management if linked with more explicit acknowledgement of the
characteristics of agro-ecosystems.
© Thomson
854. Managing drinking water
supplies.
Cooke, G Dennis and Kennedy, Robert
H
Lake and Reservoir
Management 17 (3): 157-174.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
TC401.L3;
ISSN: 1040-2381
Descriptors:
algal toxins: pollutant, toxin/
disinfection by products [DBPs]: formation, pollutant, toxin/
drinking water supplies: management/ ecotoxicology/ eutrophication/
odor problems/ reservoir management/ source water quality/ trophic
conditions/ water taste/ watershed management
Abstract: Efforts to provide safe drinking water
cannot begin at the treatment plant. Processes occurring in the
watershed can adversely influence drinking water reservoirs, and
understanding linkages between these processes and reservoir water
quality provides the basis for protecting or improving source water
quality. Since the presence of molecules responsible for taste,
odor and algal toxin problems, and for the formation of
disinfection by-products (DBP) is often related to reservoir
trophic conditions, sound and cost-effective water treatment
approaches must include considerations for reservoir management.
Source water management efforts should include both watershed
management, as a means to reduce the loading of materials to the
reservoirs, and in-reservoir treatments that ameliorate or minimize
the symptoms of eutrophication. Discussed here are considerations
for maintaining safe drinking water, water, quality assessment
approaches, and common methods for managing reservoir water
quality.
© Thomson
855. Managing farming systems for nitrate
control: A research review from management systems evaluation
areas.
Power, J. F.; Wiese, R.; and
Flowerday, D.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 30 (6): 1866-1880.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
856. Managing for biodiversity conservation in
native grasslands on farms.
Dorrough, J.; Turner, V.; Yen, A.;
Clark, S.; Crosthwaite, J.; and Hirth, J.
Wool Technology and Sheep
Breeding 50 (4): 760-765.
(2002);
ISSN: 0043-7875
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
857. Managing high selenium in agricultural
drainage water by agroforestry systems: Role of selenium
volatilization.
Terry, Norman.; Lin, Zhiqing.; and
University of California, Berkeley. Dept. of Plant and Microbial
Biology. California. Office of Water Conservation.
Berkeley, CA: Dept. of Plant and
Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley; 59, 9 p.:
ill., maps. (1999)
Notes: Cover title. "March 1999." "State of California,
Department of Water Resources, Division of Local Assistance, Water
Conservation Office." Includes bibliographical references. DWR
B-80665.
NAL Call #: TD224.C2-T47-1999
Descriptors:
Water---Pollution---California/
Selenium/ Agroforestry systems---California
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
858. Managing large-scale application of
pesticides to prevent contamination of drinking water.
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Water.
Washington, D.C.: Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Water; Series: Source water protection
practices bulletin. (2001)
Notes: Title from web page. "July 2001." "EPA
916-F-01-030." Description based on content viewed July 10, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD370-.M362-2001
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/protect/pdfs/lspesticides.pdf
Descriptors:
Water quality management/ Wellhead
protection/ Pesticides---Environmental aspects/ Drinking
water---Contamination---Prevention
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
859. Managing livestock, poultry, and horse
waste to prevent contamination of drinking water.
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water.
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency [Also available as: EPA 916-F-01-026], 2001
(application/pdf)
NAL Call #: TD930.2 .M36 2001
http://www.sonoma-horse-council.com/ACRSD%20docs/epa_swp_livestock.pdf
Descriptors:
Animal waste---United
States---Management/ Animal industry---Waste disposal---United
States/ Feedlot runoff---United States---Management/ Wellhead
protection---United States/ Water quality management---United
States/ Water---Pollution---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
860. Managing manure nutrients through
multi-crop forage production.
Newton, G. L.; Bernard, J. K.;
Hubbard, R. K.; Allison, J. R.; Lowrance, R. R.; Gascho, G. J.;
Gates, R. N.; and Vellidis, G.
Journal of Dairy
Science 86: 2243-2252.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
44.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-0302.
Notes: Number of References: 66
Descriptors:
Food Science/ Nutrition/ manure/
forages/ water quality/ riparian buffers/ water quality/ dairy
manure/ agricultural watersheds/ management strategies/ riparian
forest/ nitrogen/ impacts/ wetland/ compost/ farms
Abstract: Concentrated sources of dairy manure
represent significant water pollution potential. The southern
United States may be more vulnerable to water quality problems than
some other regions because of climate, typical farm size, and
cropping practices. Dairy manure can be an effective source of
plant nutrients and large quantities of nutrients can be recycled
through forage production, especially when multi-cropping systems
are utilized. Linking forage production with manure utilization is
an environmentally sound approach for addressing both of these
problems. Review of two triple-crop systems revealed greater N and
P recoveries for a corn silage-bermudagrass hay-rye haylage system,
whereas forage yields and quality were greater for a corn
silage-corn silage-rye haylage system, when manure was applied at
rates to supply N. Nutrient uptake was lower than application
during the autumn-winter period, and bermudagrass utilized more of
the remaining excess than a second crop of corn silage. Economic
comparison of these systems suggests that the added value of the
two corn silage crop system was not enough to off-set its increased
production cost. Therefore, the system that included bermudagrss
demonstrated both environmental and economic advantages. Review of
the N and P uptake and calculated crop value of various single,
double, and triple crop forage systems indicated that the per
hectare economic value as well as the N and P uptakes tended to
follow DM yields, and grasses tended to out-perform broadleaf
forages. Taken across all systems, systems that included
bermudagrass tended to have some of the highest economic values and
uptakes of N and P. Manure applied at rates to supply N results in
application of excess P, and production will not supply adequate
quantities of forage to meet the herd's needs. Systems that lower
manure application and supply supplemental N to produce all
necessary forage under manure application will likely be less
economically attractive due to additional costs of moving manure
further and applying it to greater land areas, but will be
environmentally necessary in most cases. Intensive forage systems
can produce acceptable to high quality forage, protect the
environment, and be economically attractive. The optimal
manure-forage system will depend on the farm characteristics and
specific local conditions. Buffers and nutrient sinks can protect
streams and water bodies from migrating nutrients and should be
included as a part of crop production systems.
© Thomson ISI
861. Managing nitrogen for water quality:
Lessons from management systems evaluation area.
Power, J. F.; Wiese, R.; and
Flowerday, D.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 29 (2): 355-366.
(Mar. 2000-Apr. 2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA]
Descriptors:
nitrate/ nitrate nitrogen/ leaching/
water quality/ water management/ water pollution/ pollution
control/ north central states of USA/ fertilizer
management
Abstract: The Management Systems Evaluation Area
(MSEA) project was initiated in 1990 to evaluate existing and
develop new N management technologies to reduce the potential
adverse impacts of agricultural practices on surface and ground
water quality. Field research sites were established in nine
Midwestern states. Results from MSEA research showed that nitrate
leaching was greatly reduced by changing from furrow to sprinkler
irrigation. At least 95% of the nitrate N percolating through tiled
soils was intercepted and discharged into surface waters. Computer
models indicated that routing tile discharge through wetlands would
greatly reduce the nitrate load. Nitrate losses also were reduced
by establishing controlled water tables using drainage lines for
subirrigation. Preplant and presidedress soil nitrate tests were
effective in determining proper N fertilizer rates and reducing
nitrate losses. Banding ammoniated fertilizers slowed nitrification
rates and nitrate leaching, especially if soil over the bands was
packed. A major new technology was proof that crop greenness can be
used to monitor crop N sufficiency, and that N deficiencies after
the V8 stage can be corrected by sidedressing or fertigation
(reactive N management). Inexpensive sensors or aerial photographs
can be used to assess crop greenness. Using Global Positioning
Systems (GPS), N-deficient areas of the field can be managed
differently from the remainder of the field. These results point to
the need to develop site-specific or precision farming systems to
control nitrate losses to water resources and reduce the impact of
natural variability in both soils and weather.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
862. Managing North American waterfowl in the
face of uncertainty.
Nichols, J. D.; Johnson, F. A.; and
Williams, B. K.
Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 26: 177-199.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
QH540.A55;
ISSN: 0066-4162 [ARECBC]
Descriptors:
waterfowl/ anatidae/ population
dynamics/ wildlife conservation/ wildlife management/ hunting/
reviews/ decision making/ objectives/ North America/ adaptive
management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
863. Managing nutrients across regions of the
United States.
Nelson, C J
Journal of Animal
Science 77 (2 [supplement]):
90-101. (1999)
NAL Call #:
49 J82;
ISSN: 0021-8812
Descriptors:
nitrogen / phosphorus/ livestock
(Mammalia)/ Animals/ Chordates/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman
Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ climate variation/ geographic
differences/ nutrient management guidelines/ soil/ watershed/ Clean
Water Action Plan
Abstract: Nutrient balance in the ecosystem involves
profitability of the agricultural enterprise and commitments to
resource management to maintain quality of air, water, and land
resources. Phosphorus and N are the two nutrients of major concern,
and they behave differently in soils. Most P adheres strongly to
soil particles and moves laterally with the soil during erosion
processes, but with high concentrations more P remains in soluble
forms and moves in the water fraction. Most N is soluble and moves
laterally or downward with soil water. Soil scientists and
agronomists have researched soil processes, plant nutrition,
cropping systems, and water quality issues mainly on a field and
farm level, but now the movement is to management and regulation of
nonpoint problems on a watershed basis as proposed in the Clean
Water Action Plan. The plan recognizes the vast diversity of soil
parent materials and climates among geographic areas, even among
and within watersheds, that determine crop adaptation and cropping
systems, the role of states in regulatory processes, and the need
for local citizens to have operational involvement. This process
insures that nutrient management guidelines will be more
site-specific and solutions can be focused on the direct problem.
Directed efforts will be needed to educate local citizens,
landowners, and caretakers of agricultural enterprises, and
regulatory agencies. Several factors, including economic and social
incentives for implementation must be considered along with the
technologies available. The solutions are multidisciplinary, will
require long-term research to accommodate climate variation, and
should be associated with a strong commitment to education. Public
funding will be needed to support the effort.
© Thomson
864. Managing nutrients in manure: General
principles and applications to dairy manure in New York.
Bouldin, D. R. and Klausner, S.
D.
In: Animal waste utilization:
Effective use of manure as a soil resource/ Hatfield, J. L. and
Stewart, B. A., 1998; pp. 65-88
NAL Call #: S655.A57 1998
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
865. Managing runoff following manure
application.
Gilley, J. E.; Risse, L. M.; and
Eghball, B.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 530-533.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
animal manures/ application to land/
pollution control/ runoff/ losses from soil/ contour cultivation/
grass strips/ ponds/ sediment/ crop management/ terraces/
terracing/ strip cropping/ sediment trapping ponds
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
866. Managing Saskatchewan rangeland.
Saskatchewan. Agriculture and
Food.
Saskatchewan, Canada: Saskatchewan
Agriculture and Food; 99 p.: ill. (some col.), col. map.
(1995)
Notes: Rev. ed.; Cover title. "Saskatchewan Agriculture
and Food ... [et al.]"--Cover p. [4]. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: SF84.4.M36--1995
Descriptors:
Range
management---Saskatchewan
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
867. Managing soil biophysical properties for
environmental protection.
Stepniewski, W.; Horn, R.; and
Martyniuk, S.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 88 (2): 175-181.
(Feb. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S601-.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: Special issue: Soil health as an indicator of
sustainable management / edited by J.W. Doran and S.I. Stamatiadis.
Paper presented at a workshop held June 24-25, 1999,
Athens/Kifissia, Greece.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
soil/ environmental protection/ soil
physical properties/ soil biology/ quality/ soil management/ soil
chemistry/ biochemistry/ movement in soil/ permeability/
diffusivity/ methane/ soil air/ oxygen/ nitrogen/ nitrous oxide/
temporal variation/ clay fraction/ sesquioxides/ solubility/
nutrient availability/ literature reviews
Abstract: The aim of the paper is to show a
possibility of management of soil physical properties for
environmental protection. In order to do this a proposal for
classification of soil properties into such groups as: physical,
chemical, biological, physicochemical, biochemical, and biophysical
has been presented. A special emphasis was placed on the physical
and biophysical properties. The physical properties were subdivided
into capacity and intensity parameters. The capacity parameters
cannot be used for the definition of any soil or site specific
process since they only define, e.g. the amount of soil mass per
volume as the bulk density, but not the arrangement of the mass in
the volume. Biophysical soil properties are related to the links
between physical and biological fluxes. These fluxes are the
consequence of gradients caused by biological sources/sinks and by
the transport parameters (conductivity, permeability, diffusivity).
In addition, it is also necessary to consider the various phases
existing in the soil. Thus, in the gas phase, the biophysical
fluxes concern CH4, CO2, O2, N2, N2O, etc. They are described by
the Fick's law, in which the driving force of the flux is the
concentration change in space and time (deltaC/deltax, t) and by
the Darcy's law, where the driving force is the pressure change in
space and time (deltap/deltax, t). In the liquid phase, there are
such flux phenomena as advection and diffusion, described by
Darcy's and Fick's laws with pressure (deltap/deltax, t) and
concentration (deltaC/deltax, t) gradients as the driving forces.
The biophysical phenomena in the solid phase are related, e.g.
migration of organic matter, clay particles, sesquioxides,
solubility and. re-precipitation of minerals, etc. A special group
of biophysical phenomena is related to the heat transfer driven by
the temperature gradient variable in time (deltaT/deltax, t) and
described by the Fourier's law. The biophysical soil properties are
important from the environmental point of view, as they are
decisive for absorption/emission of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, NO(x), etc. in the soil. Biophysical
processes are also essential for functioning of a soil as a
biofilter for solids, liquids, and gases. A general example of the
role of soil biophysical processes in determination of efficiency
of methane oxidation in soil layers, usually, covering
re-cultivated municipal landfills, is presented. The example shows
a great potential for management of these properties for the
protection of the environment.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
868. Managing soil denitrification.
Mosier, A. R.; Doran, J. W.; and
Freney, J. R.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 505-512.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
denitrification/ denitrifying
microorganisms/ nitrous oxide/ emission/ losses from soil/
nitrification/ soil bacteria/ soil biology/ soil pore system/ soil
water/ soil water filled pore space
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
869. Managing soil fertility decline.
Campbell, L. C.
Journal of Crop
Production 1 (2): 29-52.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Nutrient Use in Crop Production /
edited by Z. Rengel. Includes references.
Descriptors:
soil fertility/ soil degradation/
plants/ production/ overgrazing/ immobilization/ volatilization/
leaching/ erosion/ intensive husbandry/ fertilizers/ liming/
acidification/ fallow/ rotations/ agricultural policy/
sustainability/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
870. Managing soils to achieve greater water use
efficiency: A review.
Hatfield, J. L.; Sauer, T. J.; and
Prueger, J. H.
Agronomy Journal
93 (2): 271-280. (Mar. 2001-Apr.
2001)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962 [AGJOAT].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium "Improving crop
water use efficiency and yield: Management influences" held
November 2, 1999, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
soil management/ water use
efficiency/ water availability/ irrigation/ farming systems/
evapotranspiration/ soil water content/ air/ soil fertility/
nitrogen/ phosphorus/ plant physiology/ tillage/ literature
reviews
Abstract: Water use efficiency (WUE) represents a
given level of biomass or grain yield per unit of water used by the
crop. With increasing concern about the availability of water
resources in both irrigated and rainfed agriculture, there is
renewed interest in trying to develop an understanding of how WUE
can be improved and how farming systems can be modified to be more
efficient in water use. This review and synthesis of the literature
is directed toward understanding the role of soil management
practices for WUE. Soil management practices affect the processes
of evapotranspiration by modifying the available energy, the
available water in the soil profile, or the exchange rate between
the soil and the atmosphere. Plant management practices, e.g., the
addition of N and P, have an indirect effect on water use through
the physiological efficiency of the plant. A survey of the
literature reveals a large variation in measured WUE across a range
of climates, crops, and soil management practices. It is possible
to increase WUE by 25 to 40% through soil management practices that
involve tillage. Overall, precipitation use efficiency can be
enhanced through adoption of more intensive cropping systems in
semiarid environments and increased plant populations in more
temperate and humid environments. Modifying nutrient management
practices can increase WUE by 15 to 25%. Water use efficiency can
be increased through proper management, and field-scale experiences
show that these changes positively affect crop yield.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
871. Managing water in plant nurseries: A guide
to irrigation, drainage and water recycling in containerised plant
nurseries.
Rolfe, Chris; Yiasoumi, William.;
Keskula, Edda.; and NSW Agriculture.
New South Wales: NSW Agriculture;
vii, 279 p.: ill. (some col.). (2000)
Notes: 2nd ed.; Includes bibliographical references (p.
265-266) and index.
NAL Call #: SB118.5-.M35-2000; ISBN: 0734711808
Descriptors:
Nursery stock---Irrigation/ Plants,
Potted---Irrigation/ Drainage---Management/ Water reuse/
Nurseries---Horticulture---Management/
Nurseries---Horticulture---Environmental aspects/ Water in
agriculture/ Potted plant industry---Environmental aspects/
Environmental protection
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
872. Manipulation of animal diets to affect
manure production, composition and odor: State of the
science.
Sutton, A.; Applegate, T.; Hankins,
S.; Hill, B.; Allee, G.; Greene, W.; Kohn, R; Meyer D; Powers, W.
J.; and Kempen, T. van
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
873. Manure and microbes: Public and animal
health problem?
Pell AN
Journal of Dairy
Science 80 (10): 2673-2681;
60 ref. (1997)
NAL Call #:
44.8 J822
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
874. Manure and wastewater management for cattle
feedlots.
Sweeten, J. M.
Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 167: 121-153. (2000)
NAL Call #:
TX501.R48;
ISSN: 0179-5953 [RCTOE4]
Descriptors:
cattle manure/ runoff/ waste
utilization/ application to land/ pollution control/ water quality/
water pollution/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
875. Manure characteristics.
Lorimor, Jeffery.
Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University;
Series: Manure management systems series MWPS-1; 23 p.: ill.
(2000)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
[24]).
NAL Call #: S655-.M35-2000
Descriptors:
Farm manure/ Farm
manure---Composition
Abstract: The publication provides up-to-date
information about all aspects of solid, semi-solid, slurry, and
liquid manure handling characteristics. It also contains extensive
information about sampling and testing manure and about nutrient
content.
© Midwest Plan Service
(MWPS)
876. Manure management: A systems
approach.
Grusenmeyer, D. C. and Cramer, T.
N.
Journal of Dairy
Science 80 (10): 2651-2654.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
44.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-0302
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
877. Manure management alternatives: A
supplemental manual.
Kittelson, John.; Woodward Clyde
Consultants; and Minnesota. Dept. of Agriculture
St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Dept. of
Agriculture; iv, 52 p.: ill. (1995)
Notes: Cover title. "June 1995"--P. [iv]. Prepared by
Woodward-Clyde Consultants: John Kittelson ... [et al.]; with
assistance from Robert Mensch of Mensch Engineering; Contents note:
Composting -- Vegetative filter strips -- Mechnical separation --
Anaerobic digestion -- Gasification -- Order prevention, reduction
and control alternatives.
NAL Call #: TD811.M37--1995
Descriptors:
Farm manure---Minnesota/ Farm
manure---Environmental aspects---Minnesota
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
878. Manure management for minor classes of
livestock in the United States.
Power, J. F. and Eghball,
B.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 49 (2): 123-125.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
879. Manure management in harmony with the
environment and society: Manure Management 1998.
Manure Management in Harmony with
the Environment and Society and Soil and Water Conservation Society
(U.S.).
Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water
Conservation Society; v, 417 p.: ill. (1998)
Notes: Extended abstracts of papers and posters
presented at Manure Management in Harmony with the Environment and
Society held in 1998 at Ames, Iowa.
NAL Call #: S655-.M363-1998
Descriptors:
Manure handling---Environmental
aspects---Congresses/ Manures---Environmental aspects---Congresses/
Agricultural wastes---Environmental aspects---Congresses/ Animal
waste---Environmental aspects---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
880. Manure management strategies/
technologies.
Lorimore, J.; Fulhage, C.; Zhang,
R. H.; Funk, T; Sheffield, R.; Sheppard, D. C.; and Newton, G.
L.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
881. Manure management system design strategies:
How and why.
Moore, J. A. and Hart, J.
M.
Journal of Dairy
Science 80 (10): 2655-2658.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
44.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-0302
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
882. Manure management: Treatment strategies for
sustainable agriculture.
Burton, C. H.; xiv, 181 p.
(1997)
NAL Call #: S655.M362-1997;
ISBN: 0-9531282-0-2
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
883. Manure storage and treatment alternatives:
Environmentally assured.
McGuire, Kellie. and National Pork
Producers Council (U.S.).
Des Moines, Iowa: National Pork
Producers Council; 220 p. in various pagings: ill.
(1997)
Notes: Cover title. "Environmentally assured"--cover.
"Environmental Assurance Program (EAP)." Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD930-.M363-1997
Descriptors:
Swine---Manure---Handling/
Swine---Manure---Environmental aspects/ Animal
waste---Environmental aspects/ Farm manure, liquid---Environmental
aspects/ Compost
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
884. Manure Storages.
Fulhage, C.; Hoehne, J.; Jones, D.;
and Koelsch, R.
Ames, Iowa: Midwest Plan Service,
Iowa State University; Series: MWPS-18, S2; 117 p.
(2001);
ISBN: 0-89373-080-7
Descriptors:
animal manures/ animal manure
management/ manure storage/ runoff/ waste lagoons
Abstract: Chapters include: Selecting a Manure
Storage; Sizing Storages and Runoff Control; Siting and Site
Preparation; Constructing Earthen Impoundments; Monitoring and
Managing; and Abandonment and Closure of Earthen Impoundment
Storages. The publication provides up-to-date information on manure
storage facilities and considerations for their design. It is a
valuable resource for livestock and poultry producers, engineers,
cooperative extension agents, consultants working on manure
management systems, and employees of regulatory
agencies.
© Midwest Plan Service
(MWPS)
885. Mass reduction of standing and flat crop
residues by selected tillage implements.
Wagner, L. E. and Nelson, R.
G.
Transactions of the
ASAE 38 (2): 419-427. (Mar.
1995-Apr. 1995)
NAL Call #:
290.9-Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351 [TAAEAJ]
Descriptors:
zea mays / wheat/ crop residues/
disc harrows/ tillage/ plows/ literature reviews/ erosion
control
Abstract: Field data were collected to determine the
mass reduction of standing residue by selected tillage operations
and to develop a set of coefficients that could represent changes
in mass between standing, flat, and buried residue pools caused by
those tillage operations. Tillage implements used in this study
were tandem-disk harrows, chisel plows, and wide-sweep plows. A
range of pre-tillage corn and wheat residue conditions were
studied, with standing and flat residue pools sampled separately
before and after each tillage operation. The data show that 7% of
standing corn residue was flattened with a wide-sweep plow, 89 to
100% with tandem-disk harrows, 29% with a straight-shank chisel
plow, and 76% with a twisted-point chisel plow. Wheat residue data
indicated that 53 to 55% of the standing residue was flattened with
the wide-sweep plows, 86% for a wide-sweep plow outfitted with a
rolling harrow treader attachment, and 86 to 95% for the
tandem-disk harrows. The two straight-shanked chisel plows, one
outfitted with a drag harrow attachment using coil-spring wire
teeth and one without an attachment, flattened 90% and 22% of the
standing wheat residue, respectively. A set of transfer equations
also was developed to represent changes in mass between standing,
flat, and buried residue pools from tillage operations. Only three
coefficients (flattening, burial, and surfacing) are necessary to
describe the transfer of mass from one residue pool to another.
Coefficient values, determined via a constrained optimization
procedure, are presented for each tillage implement on both corn
and wheat residues.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
886. Mass transfer of pesticides into the
atmosphere by volatilization from soils and plants:
Overview.
Bedos, Carole; Cellier, Pierre;
Calvet, Raoul; Barriuso, Enrique; and Gabrielle,
Benoit
Agronomie 22 (1): 21-33. (2002)
NAL Call #:
SB7.A3;
ISSN: 0249-5627
Descriptors:
fonofos: volatilization/ pesticides:
physico chemical characteristics, volatilization/ prometon:
volatilization/ plant (Plantae): crop / Plants/ atmosphere/ crop
management practices/ environmental conditions/ mass transfer/
soil
Abstract: Volatilization may represent a major
dissipation pathway for pesticides applied to soils or crops,
accounting for up to 90% of the application dose in some cases.
This paper collects and discusses recent data in the literature
about this process. On the day of application, pesticide
volatilization rates ranged from 0.1 gcntdotha-1cntdoth-1 for
prometton compound to 80 gcntdotha-1cntdoth-1 for fonofos, for
example. In general, pesticides are volatilized from plant surfaces
to a greater extent and faster than from the soil. Volatilization
continues for from a few days to several weeks (or sometimes even
more), occasionally displaying a diurnal cycle. According to the
experimental studies reported in the literature, the main factors
affecting this process during the first few days after treatment
have been identified as follows: the physico-chemical
characteristics of the compound and the environmental conditions
(temperature, soil moisture, nature of the soil or the crop) are
key parameters, along with management practices.
© Thomson
887. Materials for subsurface land drainage
systems.
Stuyt, L. C. P. M.; Dierickx, W.;
Martinez Beltran, J.; and Food and Agriculture Organization of
the
United Nations.
Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; xiv, 183 p.: ill.; Series: FAO
irrigation and drainage paper 0254-5284 (60). (2000)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
119-130).
NAL Call #: S612-.I754-no.-60;
ISBN: 9251044260
Descriptors:
Subsurface
drainage---Materials
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
888. Maximising water-use efficiency for
sustainable crop production in arid ecosystem.
Singh, Y. V.
In: Recent advances in management
of arid ecosystem: Proceedings of a symposium held in India, March
1997. Faroda, A. S.; Joshi, N. L.; Kathju, S.; and Amal, K. (eds.);
pp. 427-434; 1999.
Notes: Other number:
81-901024-0-0181-7233-217-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
889. Maximizing the economic and environmental
benefit of land application of animal manures: Final
report.
University of Saskatchewan. Canada
Saskatchewan Agri Food
Innovation Fund.
Saskatchewan: Agri-Food Innovation
Fund; 1 v. (unpaged): ill. (2001)
Notes: Cover title. "June 2001." "102-03852"--Mounted
on label. "19960131."
NAL Call #: S655-.M39-2001
Descriptors:
Cattle Manure---Saskatchewan/
Swine---Manure---Saskatchewan/ Manure
handling---Saskatchewan
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
890. The Measurement of River Bank Erosion and
Lateral Channel Change: A Review.
Lawler, D. M.
Earth Surface Processes and
Landforms 18 (9): 777-821.
(1993);
ISSN: 0197-9337
Descriptors:
rivers/ bank erosion/ erosion rates/
river mechanics/ channel morphology/ meanders/ river banks/ fluvial
morphology/ channels/ Erosion and sedimentation/ Topography and
morphology
Abstract: A detailed review and chronological survey
is presented of the various techniques which have been used for the
measurement of river bank erosion and channel change. The
techniques are classified according to the time scales involved
(long, intermediate and short) and each is discussed with respect
to accuracy and repeatability. The methods covered include
sedimentological evidence, botanical evidence, historical sources,
planimetric resurvey, repeated cross-profiling, erosion pins and
terrestrial photogrammetry. Prospects for future developments are
also discussed.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)
891. Measuring biodiversity value for
conservation.
Humphries, C. J.; Williams, P. H.;
and Vane Wright, R. I.
Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 26: 93-111.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
QH540.A55;
ISSN: 0066-4162 [ARECBC]
Descriptors:
species diversity/ wildlife/
wildlife conservation/ zoogeography/ reviews/ species
richness
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
892. Mechanisms, rates and assessment of N2O in
groundwater, riparian zones and rivers.
Groffman, P. M.; Gold, A. J.;
Kellogg, D. Q.; and Addy, K.
In: Non-CO2 greenhouse gases:
Scientific understanding, control options and policy aspects:
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium. (Held 21 Jan 2002-23 Jan 2002 at
Maastricht, Netherlands.) Ham, J. van; Baede, A. P. M.; Guicherit,
R.; and
Williams-Jacobse, J. G. (eds.)
Rotterdam, Netherlands: Millpress Science Publishers; pp. 159-166;
2002. ISBN: 90-77017-70-4
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
893. Mechanistic models of ammonia release from
liquid manure: A review.
Ni JiQin and Ni JQ
Journal of Agricultural
Engineering Research 72 (1):
1-17; 44 ref. (1999)
NAL Call #:
58.8-J82
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
894. Mediating mutualisms: Farm management
practices and evolutionary changes in symbiont
co-operation.
Kiers, E. T.; West, S. A.; and
Denison, R. F.
Journal of Applied
Ecology 39 (5): 745-754.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
410 J828;
ISSN: 0021-8901
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
895. A Meta-Analysis of Forest Cover, Edge
Effects, and Artificial Nest Predation Rates.
Hartley, MJ and Hunter, ML
Jr
Conservation Biology
12 (2): 465-469. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5;
ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors:
forests/ predation/ edge effect/
Aves/ Birds
Abstract: Landscape fragmentation has been among the
most intensely studied topics in conservation biology for decades.
The influence of habitat edge has often been investigated as an
important feature in fragmented areas, especially with respect to
bird nesting success, as evidenced by three recent reviews. Paton
(1994) concluded that "current evidence, although equivocal,
suggests that predation and parasitism rates are often
significantly greater within 50 m of an edge." Andren (1995)
examined edge (or patch size) effects in a review of 40 papers and
concluded that "edge-related increase in predation seems to be most
commonly found inside forests surrounded by farmland and was rarely
found in forest mosaics." Major and Kendal (1996) showed that a
preponderance of studies "demonstrated a positive correlation
between predation rate and the degree of habitat fragmentation,"
but found "more variable results" regarding edge effects. We
believe that none of these papers adequately addressed the issue of
whether or not predation rates and edge effects differ between
deforested versus forested landscapes. Thus, we decided to evaluate
relationships between degree of forest cover in a landscape and (1)
avian nest success rates and (2) the existence of elevated
predation rates near habitat edges. We combined data from 13
previous studies in 33 U.S. landscapes to explore patterns of nest
predation and landscape composition.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
896. Meteorological modeling for air-quality
assessments.
Seaman, Nelson L
Atmospheric
Environment 34 (12-14):
2231-2259. (2000)
NAL Call #:
TD881.A822;
ISSN: 1352-2310
Descriptors:
North American Research Strategy for
Tropospheric Ozone [NARSTO]/ air pollution/ air quality assessment
meterological modeling: dynamical models, four dimensional data
assimilation/ environmental pollution
Abstract: Meteorological fields are required inputs
for air-quality models, but they can contain significant errors
which contribute to uncertainties in simulations of airborne
chemical species, aerosols and particulate matter. Atmospheric
states can be diagnosed from observations or simulated by dynamical
models (with or without four-dimensional data assimilation, FDDA).
In general, diagnostic models are straightforward to operate, but
obtaining sufficient observations to analyze regional-scale
features is costly, may omit key variables and often lack
sufficient spatial or temporal density to describe the fields
adequately. Dynamical models, although still imperfect, have
improved in recent years and are now widely accepted for many
air-quality modeling applications. Examination of the current state
of dynamical models used as meteorological pre-processors indicates
that useful simulations for real cases are feasible for scales at
least as fine as 1 km. Introduction of faster computers and
practical FDDA techniques already allow simulations of regional
episodes lasting up to 5-10 d with fine resolutions (5 km or less).
As technology has improved, however, a need has developed for
better parameterizations to represent vital physical processes,
such as boundary layer fluxes, deep convection and clouds, at these
finer grid scales. Future developments in meteorological modeling
for air-quality applications will include advanced model physics
and data assimilation, better coupling between meterological and
chemical models, and could lead eventually to widespread use of
fully integrated meteorological-chemical models for simulating and
predicting air quality.
© Thomson
897. Methane and nitrous oxide emission from
irrigated rice fields: Proposed mitigation strategies.
Majumdar, D.
Current Science 84 (10): 1317-1326. (May 2003)
NAL Call #:
475 SCI23;
ISSN: 0011-3891.
Notes: Number of References: 126
Descriptors:
Multidisciplinary/ encapsulated
calcium carbide/ flooded rice/ nitrification inhibitors/ Louisiana
rice/ N2O emissions/ paddy fields/ Nitrosomonas europaea/
fertilizer management/ agricultural fields/ water
management
Abstract: Rice fields are major sources of CH4 and
N2O. A number of practices have been suggested to minimize the
emission of either of these gases, but simultaneous mitigation of
these gases are not widely discussed. Mitigating CH4 emission may
increase N2O emissions and vice versa. Reducing their emission and
making the cumulative radiative forcing a minimum is a priority.
The strategies should be effective, applicable on a large scale,
technically feasible, economic, less time-consuming, environment
friendly and should be easily acceptable. On the basis-of the
available literature on CH4 and N2O mitigation, the following
measures are suggested by the author to mitigate the emissions of
these two gases simultaneously from irrigated rice fields: (1)
Application of mid-season drainage which does not coincide with
high ammonium in soil, (2) application of urea and NH4+-based
fertilizers in 4 splits with nitrification inhibitors to increase N
use efficiency, (3) replacement of ammonium sulphate with other
sulphate sources to minimize CH4 and N2O emissions, (4) replacement
of N broadcasting by foliar-N spray application, (5) sub-surface
application of urea supergranules, (6) incorporation or deep
placement of prilled urea instead of surface application, (7)
application of well-composted organic matter in place of fresh
organic matter and green manure, (8) use of single superphosphate
(SSP) basally, which in addition to supplying phosphorus, could
mitigate CH4 production by supplying sulphur to soil and (9)
cultivation of rice varieties with low gas transport capacities and
low exudate formation. These practices can be taken up without much
difficulty in irrigated rice fields and can reduce CH4 and N2O
emission simultaneously.
© Thomson ISI
898. Methane emission from natural
wetlands.
Wang, Zhengping; Zeng, Dong; and
Patrick, William H.
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 42 (1-2): 143-161.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors:
methane/ carbon/ air pollution/
global carbon cycle/ greenhouse gas/ methanogenesis/ northern
wetlands/ temperate wetlands/ tropical wetlands
Abstract: Methane is considered one of the most
important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Because of the strict
anaerobic conditions required by CH-4-generating microorganisms,
natural wetland ecosystems are one of the main sources of biogenic
CH-4. The total natural wetland area is estimated to be 5.3 to 5.7
times 10-12 m-2, making up less than 5% of the Earth's land
surface. However, natural wetland plays a disproportionately large
role in CH-4 emissions. Wetlands are likely the largest natural
sources of CH-4 to the atmosphere, accounting for about 20% of the
current global annual emission. Out of the total amount of CH-4
emitted, northern wetlands contribute 34%, temperate wetlands 5%,
and tropical systems about 60%. Because of the unique
characteristics and high productivity, wetland ecosystems are
important in the global carbon cycle. Natural wetlands are
permanently or temporarily saturated. Strict anaerobic conditions
consequently develop, which allows methanogenesis to occur. But the
thin oxic layer and the oxic plant rhizosphere promote activity of
CH-4-oxidizing bacteria or methanotrophs. Thus, both CH-4 formation
and consumption in wetland systems are microbiological processes
and are controlled by many factors. Eight of the controlling
factors, including carbon supply, soil oxidation-reduction status,
pH, temperature, vegetation, salinity and sulfate content, soil
hydrological conditions and CH-4 oxidation are discussed in this
paper.
© Thomson
899. Methane oxidation in non-flooded soils as
affected by crop production.
Hutsch, B. W.
European Journal of
Agronomy 14 (4): 237-260.
(July 2001)
NAL Call #:
SB13.E97;
ISSN: 1161-0301
Descriptors:
crops/ methane/ oxidation/ soil
biology/ climatic change/ soil bacteria/ uptake/ arable soils/
grasslands/ land use/ forests/ tillage/ ammonium/ urea/ soil
management/ inhibition/ crop residues/ carbon nitrogen ratio/
slurries/ animal manures/ pH/ conservation tillage/ growth/
pesticides/ literature reviews/ methanotrophic bacteria
Abstract: Methane is an important greenhouse gas,
which contributes approximately 20% to global warming. The
atmospheric CH4 concentration is increasing rapidly, resulting from
an imbalance between CH4 production and consumption. The only known
biological CH4 sinks are soils where methanotrophic bacteria
consume CH4 by oxidizing it. For several reasons the CH4 uptake
potential, particularly of arable soils and grassland, is only
partly exploited, as several agricultural practices have adverse
impacts on the activity of the CH4 oxidizing bacteria. The kind of
land use in general has a remarkable influence with much higher
oxidation rates under forest than under grassland or arable soil.
Regular soil cultivation by ploughing and fertilization with
ammonium or urea have been identified as main factors. Immediately
after ammonium application the methanotrophic enzyme system is
blocked, resulting in an inhibition of CH4 oxidation. In addition
to this short-term effect a long-term effect exists after repeated
ammonium fertilization, which is most likely caused by a shift in
the population of soil microbes. Crop residues affect CH4 oxidation
differently, depending on their C/N ratio: with a wide C/N ratio no
effects are expected, whereas with a narrow C/N ratio strong
inhibition was observed. Animal manure, particularly slurry, can
cause CH4 emission immediately after application, whereas in the
long run farmyard manure does not seem to have adverse impacts on
CH4 oxidation. The methanotrophic activity decreased markedly with
soil pH, although in many cases liming of acidified soils did not
show a positive effect. Arable soils have a rather small pH range
which allows CH4 oxidation, and the inhibitory effect of ammonium
can partly result from a concomitant decrease in soil pH. Reduced
tillage was identified as a measure to improve the methanotrophic
activity of arable land, set aside of formerly ploughed soil points
into the same direction. Plant growth itself is not primarily
responsible for observed effects on CH4 oxidation, but secondary
factors like differential pesticide treatments, changes in pH, or
cultivation effects are more likely involved. Although for the
overall CH4 fluxes the oxidation processes in agricultural soils
are of minor importance, all available possibilities should be
exhausted to improve or at least preserve their ability to oxidize
CH4.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
900. Methane Production and Methane Consumption:
A Review of Processes Underlying Wetland Methane Fluxes.
Segers, R.
Biogeochemistry 41 (1): 23-51. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH345.B564;
ISSN: 0168-2563
Descriptors:
Methane/ Wetlands/ Fluctuations/
Atmosphere/ Atmospheric gases/ Atmospheric chemistry/ Peat/
Oxidation/ Methanogenesis/ Greenhouse effect/ Climatic changes/
Soils/ Anoxic conditions/ Biogeochemical cycle/ soil
microorganisms/ greenhouse gases/ Microorganisms/ General/
Atmospheric chemistry/ Ecosystems and energetics/ General/
Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics/ Habitat community
studies
Abstract: Potential rates of both methane production
and methane consumption vary over three orders of magnitude and
their distribution is skew. These rates are weakly correlated with
ecosystem type, incubation temperature, in situ aeration, latitude,
depth and distance to oxic /anoxic interface. Anaerobic carbon
mineralisation is a major control of methane production. The large
range in anaerobic CH sub(4):CO sub(2) production rates indicate
that a large part of the anaerobically mineralised carbon is used
for reduction of electron acceptors, and, hence, is not available
for methanogenesis. Consequently, cycling of electron acceptors
needs to be studied to understand methane production. Methane and
oxygen half saturation constants for methane oxidation vary about
one order of magnitude. Potential methane oxidation seems to be
correlated with methanotrophic biomass. Therefore, variation in
potential methane oxidation could be related to site
characteristics with a model of methanotrophic biomass.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
901. Methane recovery from animal manures: A
current opportunities casebook.
Regional Biomass Energy
Program.
Washington, D.C.: Regional Biomass
Energy Program, U.S. Dept. of Energy; viii, 90 p.: ill.
(1995)
Notes: "August 1995." "DOE/EE-0062." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TP359.M4-M47-1995
Descriptors:
Farm manure in methane
production---United States---Case studies/
Methane---Recycling---United States---Case studies
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
902. Methodologies for interrill soil erosion
studies.
Agassi, M and Bradford, J
M
Soil and Tillage
Research 49 (4): 277-287.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
Descriptors:
interrill soil erosion/ natural
rainstorms/ rainfall intensity/ soil loss/ study
methodology
Abstract: Due to wide range of experimental
techniques reported in the literature for determining interrill
erodibility and soil loss values, meaningful comparisons between
experiments often cannot be made. Furthermore, inaccurate concepts
are developed because erosion processes are dependent upon
methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss problems
related to both laboratory and field rainfall simulator
experiments. Rainfall simulators cannot duplicate a wide range of
rainfall intensities and, at the same time, have similar energies
as natural rainstorms, unless several different nozzles are used.
Rainfall intensity in most simulators is created by varying the
frequency of spray oscillation. This intermittent spray
characteristic of most simulators, and the constant drop size
characteristic of other simulators, greatly affects results.
Erosion pan design for laboratory studies and preparation of soil
samples placed in the pans also can influence erosion results. We
conclude that standardization of rainfall simulator design and test
procedures will allow better comparison of erosion results to be
made among researchers.
© Thomson
903. Methods for evaluating wetland condition:
Wetland biological assessment case studies.
Danielson, T. J. and Hoskins, D.
G.
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water [Also available as: EPA-822-R-03-013],
2003.
Notes: 104 pp.; #14 in series
(application/pdf)
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/14Casestudies.pdf
Descriptors:
wetlands / environmental assessment/
nutrient enrichment/ monitoring/ water quality analysis/ water
quality standards/ Florida/ Maine/ Maryland/ Massachusetts/
Michigan/ Minnesota/ Montana/ North Dakota/ Ohio/ Oregon/
Pennsylvania/ Vermont/ Washington/ Wisconsin
904. Methods for the examination of organismal
diversity in soils and sediments.
Hall, G. S.; Lasserre, Pierre.;
Hawksworth, D. L.; C.A.B. International; UNESCO; and International
Union of Biological Sciences
Wallingford, Oxon, UK; New York,
NY, USA: CAB International in association with United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and the
International Union of Biological Sciences; xii, 307 p.: ill.
(1996)
NAL Call #: S593.M44525--1996; ISBN: 0851991491
Descriptors:
Soils---Analysis/
Sediments---Geology---Analysis/ Soil microbiology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
905. Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological
Survey National Water Quality Laboratory: Determination of
pesticides in water by graphitized carbon-based solid-phase
extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass
spectrometry.
Furlong, Edward T.; Geological
Survey (U.S.); and National Water Quality Laboratory
(U.S.).
Denver, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey; vii, 73 p.: ill.; Series:
Water-resources investigations report 01-4134. (2001)
Notes: Shipping list no.: 2002-0081-P. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 72-73). SUDOCS: I
19.42/4:01-4134.
NAL Call #: GB701 .W375 no. 2001-4134
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Water quality management---United
States---Methodology/ Liquid chromatography/ Mass spectrometry/
Water Pesticide content---Measurement
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
906. Methods of analysis of dithiocarbamate
pesticides: A review.
Malik, Ashok Kumar and Faubel,
Werner
Pesticide Science
55 (10): 965-970. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SB951.P47;
ISSN: 0031-613X
Descriptors:
dithiocarbamate: pesticide/
commercial samples/ environmental samples
Abstract: This review incorporates a brief
introduction to methods for the analysis of dithiocarbamate
pesticides followed by a more detailed discussion of individual
methods. Determination of dithiocarbamate residues from foodstuffs,
water and commercial samples and in various environmental samples
using different techniques is a key feature.
© Thomson
907. Methods to estimate forest
health.
Innes, J. L.
Silva Fennica 27 (2): 145-157. (1993);
ISSN: 0037-5330
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
908. Metolachlor, S-metolachlor and their role
within sustainable weed-management.
O'Connell, Peter J; Harris,
Christian T; and Allen, James R F
Crop Protection 17 (3): 207-212. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB599.C8;
ISSN: 0261-2194
Descriptors:
metolachlor: herbicide/ S
metolachlor: herbicide/ crops (Angiospermae)/ weeds (Tracheophyta):
pest/ Angiosperms/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ crop
tolerance/ half life/ residual activity/ sustainable weed
management
Abstract: The herbicide metolachlor has been widely
used for over 20 years for selective weed control in more than 70
crops worldwide. Its favourable soil behaviour and low risk for
developing weed resistance means that metolachlor integrates well
into sustainable weed-management practices, such as conservation
tillage. Metolachlor consists of four stereoisomers, with
herbicidal activity coming mainly from the S-isomer pair. A new
catalyst system developed allows the commercial production of
enantiomerically-enriched S-metolachlor (ISO draft common name). In
field trials carried out 1995-1996 S-metolachlor demonstrated
equivalent efficacy on major grass weeds and tolerance to different
maize cultivars at 65% the use rate of metolachlor. In laboratory
studies in different soils degradation half-lives were similar for
metolachlor and S-metolachlor. The mean half life of S-metolachlor
was 23 days in dissipation studies at different European field
sites. At the lower use rates and with highly concentrated
formulations containing up to 96% (w/v) active ingredient, the use
of S-metolachlor will result in a substantial reduction of risk to
applicators, consumers and the environment and the herbicide will
continue to play an important role in sustainable
weed-management.
© Thomson
909. Microbes as a source of earthy flavours in
potable water: A review.
Wood, S; Williams, S T; and White,
W R
International
Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 48 (1-4): 26-40. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH301.I54;
ISSN: 0964-8305
Descriptors:
geosmin: production/
methylisoborneol: production/ actinomycetes (Actinomycetes and
Related Organisms)/ cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria) / fungi (Fungi)/
microbe (Microorganisms)/ Bacteria/ Cyanobacteria/ Eubacteria/
Fungi/ Microorganisms/ Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ earthy flavors/
marginal vegetation/ potable water taint/ sediment/ soil/
water
Abstract: The possible significance of various
microbes, including actinomycetes, cyanobacteria and fungi, in the
production of earthy tastes and odours in potable water is
discussed. Emphasis is placed on those which have been shown to
produce geosmin and methylisoborneol in culture. Evidence for the
production of these compounds in water, sediment, marginal
vegetation and soil is considered. The potential of these sites as
sources of taints in potable water is assessed.
© Thomson
910. Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in
aquatic ecosystems.
Simon, M.; Grossart, H. P.;
Schweitzer, B.; and Ploug, H.
Aquatic Microbial
Ecology 28 (2): 175-211.
(2002);
ISSN: 0948-3055
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
911. Microbial management for restoring soil
fertility.
Raghubanshi, A. S. and Singh,
H.
Restoration of Degraded
Land: Concepts and Strategies : 49-63. (1993)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
912. Microbial pathogens within aquifers:
Principles and protocols.
Pillai, Suresh D.
Berlin; New York: Springer; 154 p.:
ill.; Series: Environmental intelligence unit. (1998)
NAL Call #: QR105.5.M527-1998; ISBN: 1570595208 (alk. paper); 3540638911 (alk.
paper)
Descriptors:
Groundwater---Microbiology/
Groundwater---Microbiology---Laboratory manuals
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
913. Microbial source tracking: State of the
science.
Simpson, J. M.; Domingo, J. W. S.;
and Reasoner, D. J.
Environmental Science and
Technology 36: 5279-5288.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X [ESTHAG].
Notes: Publisher: American Chemical Society
Descriptors:
water quality
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
914. Microbiological safety of drinking water:
United States and global perspectives.
Ford, Timothy Edgcumbe
Environmental Health
Perspectives 107 (1
[supplement]): 191-206. (1999)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1E54;
ISSN: 0091-6765
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ Animals/
Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ drinking water
microbial safety: global perspectives/ water pollution/ waterborne
disease statistics: pathogen identification,
underreporting
Abstract: Waterborne disease statistics only begin
to estimate the global burden of infectious diseases from
contaminated drinking water. Diarrheal disease is dramatically
underreported and etiologies seldom diagnosed. This review examines
available data on waterborne disease incidence both in the United
States and globally together with its limitations. The waterborne
route of transmission is examined for bacterial, protozoal, and
viral pathogens that either are frequently associated with drinking
water (e.g., Shigella spp.), or for which there is strong evidence
implicating the waterborne route of transmission (e.g., Leptospira
spp.). In addition, crucial areas of research are discussed,
including risks from selection of treatment-resistant pathogens,
importance of environmental reservoirs, and new methodologies for
pathogen-specific monitoring. To accurately assess risks from
waterborne disease, it is necessary to understand pathogen
distribution and survival strategies within water distribution
systems and to apply methodologies that can detect not only the
presence, but also the viability and infectivity of the
pathogen.
© Thomson
915. Microbiological tests of the effects of
plant protection products in soil: Experience and proposals to
improve ecotoxicological significance.
Malkomes, H P
Bulletin OEPP 31 (2): 159-167. (2001);
ISSN: 0250-8052
Descriptors:
dehydrogenase activity/ nitrogen/
applied microbiological test parameters/ sensitivity/ significance/
biomass related microbial activities/ dehydrogenase activity/
substrate induced respiration/ ecotoxicological significance
experience/ improvement proposals/ nitrogen transformation
mineralization/ nitrification/ plant protection products/ dose
dependent effects/ ecotoxicological testing/ soil microorganism
risk potential/ test design parameters/ dosage/ ecological
conditions/ incubation time/ mode of application/ reference
compounds/ soils
Abstract: One objective of ecotoxicological testing
of plant protection products within authorization procedures is to
assess, under standardized conditions, potential risks for soil
microorganisms. This is only possible if some essential conditions
are considered. In the past 10 years, experience has been obtained,
either from authorization procedures or ecotoxicological research,
which may stimulate discussion of existing or planned test methods.
This includes applied microbiological test parameters (e.g.
sensitivity, significance), design of the tests (e.g. dosage, mode
of application, reference compounds, soils, ecological conditions,
incubation time) as well as the interpretation of results. The size
of tests is necessarily reduced in routine authorization procedures
as compared with those within ecotoxicological research and these
tests must therefore be optimized and updated to reach sufficient
efficiency. From our experience, the combination of biomass-related
microbial activities (e.g. substrate-induced
respiration,
dehydrogenase activity) with
nitrogen transformation (mineralization followed by nitrification)
is especially useful to identify dose-dependent effects.
© Thomson
916. Micrometeorologic methods for measuring the
post-application volatilization of pesticides.
Majewski, M S
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 115 (1-4): 83-113.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors:
pesticides: pollutant, toxin/
aerodynamic profile/ atmospheric science/ ecotoxicology/ eddy
correlation/ energy balance/ environmental disturbance/ integrated
horizontal flux/ micrometeorological measurements/ post
volatilization flux/ relaxed eddy accumulation/ steady state
conditions/ surficial characteristics/ temperature gradients/
theoretical profile shape/ trajectory simulations/ wind
speed
Abstract: A wide variety of micrometeorological
measurement methods can be used to estimate the postapplication
volatilization of pesticides from treated fields. All these
estimation methods require that the entire study area have the same
surficial characteristics, including the area surrounding the
actual study site, and that the pesticide under investigation be
applied as quickly and as uniformly as possible before any
measurements are made. Methods such as aerodynamic profile, energy
balance, eddy correlation, and relaxed eddy accumulation require a
large (typically 1 or more hectare) study area so that the flux
measurements can be made in a well developed atmospheric
boundary-layer and that steady-state conditions exist. The area
surrounding the study plot should have similar surficial
characteristics as the study plot with sufficient upwind extent so
the wind speed and temperature gradients are fully developed. Mass
balance methods such as integrated horizontal flux and trajectory
simulations do not require a large source area, but the area
surrounding the study plot should have similar surficial
characteristics. None of the micrometeorological techniques for
estimating the postapplication volatilization fluxes of pesticides
disturb the environment or the soil processes that influence the
gas exchange from the surface to the atmosphere. They allow for
continuous measurements and provide a temporally averaged flux
value over a large area. If the behavior of volatilizing pesticides
and the importance of the volatilization process in redistributing
pesticides in the environment are to be fully understood, it is
critical that we understand not only the processes that govern
pesticide entry into the lower atmosphere, but also how much of the
millions of kilograms of pesticides that are applied annually are
introduced into, and redistributed by, the atmosphere. We also must
be aware of the assumptions and limitations of the estimation
techniques used, and adapt the field of pesticide volatilization
flux measurements to advances in atmospheric science.
© Thomson
917. Mineralization of manure
nutrients.
Eghball, B.; Wienhold, B. J.;
Gilley, J. E.; and Eigenberg, R. A.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 470-473.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
animal manures/ composts/
mineralization/ nutrients/ macronutrients/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/
trace elements/ soil fertility/ nutrient availability/ ammonium
nitrogen/ nitrate nitrogen/ soil flora/ biological activity in
soil/ soil biology/ composted manure
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
918. Minerals and Mine Drainage.
Turney, W. R. and Thomson, B.
M.
Water Environment
Research 65 (6): 410-413.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47
Descriptors:
Acid mine drainage/ Literature
review/ Mine drainage/ Mine wastes/ Reviews/ Wastewater treatment/
Water pollution control/ Water pollution prevention/ Drilling
fluids/ Environmental protection/ Management planning/ Mineral
industry/ Regulations/ Rehabilitation/ Remediation/ Soil
contamination/ Waste disposal/ Water reuse/ Wastewater treatment
processes/ Water quality control
Abstract: The environmental challenges facing the
mining industry are summarized in a case study which found that a
company must evaluate the environmental, social, and economic
consequences of a proposed operation and attempt to mitigate these
impacts during the planning process. Increasing pressure from
regulatory agencies has generated interest in developing processes
for the treatment of mining and milling wastes. When considering
remediation in areas with high mining activity, naturally occurring
background levels of metals should be identified before
establishing cleanup standards. The causes and potential control
strategies for managing acid mine drainage (AMD) continue to be
heavily investigated. Iron oxidation and AMD stream interception
have been proposed to reduce the effects of AMD. Criminalization of
the environmental regulatory process presents serious consequences
to independent oil and gas producers who use a variety of
substances in drilling and production and who generate a number of
waste streams. Surface disposal of spent drilling fluid used in
petroleum and natural gas exploration causes surface soil
contamination that severely inhibits plant succession and
artificial revegetation efforts. Metal contamination of soils from
mine tailings has caused elevated trace metals in forage and
cattle. A successful strategy aimed at minimizing contamination
levels of effluents through optimization of reagent selection and
reduction of effluent volumes by maximizing water reuse was
achieved at a gold mine in Ontario, Canada. Strategies for
management and remediation of cyanide contamination continue to be
developed. (Geiger-PTT) 35 012614019
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
919. Minerals and Mine Drainage.
Thomson, B. M. and Turney, W.
R.
Water Environment
Research 66 (4): 417-432.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ environmental
effects/ mine drainage/ mine wastes/ mineral industry/ acid mine
drainage/ toxicity/ bioindicators/ heavy metals/ regulations/
monitoring/ water pollution/ groundwater pollution/ reclamation/
indicator species/ mine tailings/ Sources and fate of pollution/
Behavior and fate characteristics
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
920. Minerals and Mine Drainage.
Thomson, B. M. and Turney, W.
R.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 527-529.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ minerals/ mine
drainage/ regulations/ water quality/ acid mine drainage/
industrial wastes/ model studies/ artificial wetlands/ mine
tailings/ drainage water/ environmental impact/ acidification/
wetlands/ wastewater treatment/ Sources and fate of pollution/
Behavior and fate characteristics
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
921. Minerals and Mine Drainage.
Thomson, B. M. and Turney, W.
R.
Water Environment
Research 68 (4): 542-545.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303.
Notes: 1996 literature review
Descriptors:
literature review/ minerals/ mine
wastes/ environmental effects/ national parks/ regulations/
remediation/ dusts/ environmental protection/ public health/
nuisance/ mine drainage/ Water quality control
Abstract: Cleanup standards for abandoned mines must
consider the local geology and historic mining activity (Anon.
1995). An illustration of these factors was presented in the
context of developing remediation alternatives for the abandoned
Summitville open-pit gold mine Colorado. There are two steps
involved in evaluating potential impacts of mine wastes on ground
and surface water: characterization of the mine waste and
assessment of potential impacts. General guidelines for a mine
waste characterization strategy were provided by (Herzog and
Forsgren, 1995). The environmental and regulatory conflicts
associated with constructing a new gold mine near Yellowstone
National Park were described (Maxwell, 1995; Anon., 1995b; Anon.
1995c). The U.S. Forest Service is expected to make a decision
regarding approval of the mine sometime in 1996. Excess dust,
produced and blown from quarries and surface mines, is often
perceived as a potential environmental problem (Merefield et al.
1995). The Environmental Protection Act of 1990 allows regulatory
action to be taken by local authorities to control other dusts
considered to pose nuisance or health risks. The overall intention
is to provide site operators and regulators with the means to
eliminate dusts nuisance from disputes over planning and license
applications before it becomes a serious hazard.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
922. Minerals and Mine Drainage.
Smith, D. P.; Young, L. G.; and
Holtzen, M. L.
Water Environment
Research 69 (4): 631-637.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
Literature Review/ Minerals/ Mine
Drainage/ Mine Wastes/ Leachates/ Acid Mine Drainage/ Soil
Contamination/ Metals/ Analytical Methods/ Toxicity/ Effects of
pollution
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
923. Minimizing Agricultural Nonpoint-Source
Impacts: A Symposium Overview.
Sharpley, A. and Meyer,
M.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 23 (1): 1-3.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425.
Notes: Conference: Symp. "Minimizing Agricultural
Nonpoint-Source Impacts", at American Society of Agronomy Annu.
Meet., Minneapolis, MN (USA), 2 Nov 1992
Descriptors:
agricultural runoff/ nonpoint
pollution/ environmental impact/ water quality/ Freshwater
pollution/ groundwater contamination/ groundwater pollution/ water
quality control/ nonpoint pollution sources/ environmental effects
/ environmental policy/ agricultural pollution/ pollution control/
chemical pollution / watersheds/ pollution legislation/ Freshwater
pollution/ Water quality control/ Prevention and control
Abstract: Increased public awareness of the role of
agriculture and associated chemical use in nonpoint-source
pollution has prompted an urgency in obtaining information on the
impact of current and proposed agricultural management practices on
water quality. Because of easier identification and control of
point sources of pollution, agricultural nonpoint sources now
account for a larger share of all discharges than a decade ago.
Consequently, there is a need to identify critical sources for
control; target specific controls for different water quality
objectives within different watersheds; and evaluate and implement
cost-effective management practices that minimize the potential
loss of agricultural chemicals to surface and groundwaters. This
paper provides a brief overview of agricultural nonpoint-source
issues and options presented at a special symposium, "Minimizing
Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Impact," held during the American
Society of Agronomy meetings in November 1992. Several papers that
were given at this symposium and presented in this issue are
introduced.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
924. Mixing and Transport.
Mossman, D. J. and Roig, L.
C.
Water Environment
Research 66 (4): 477-489.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303.
Notes: Special issue: Literature review
Descriptors:
surface water/ literature review/
fluid mechanics/ solute transport/ sediment transport/ flow/ model
studies/ water currents/ data acquisition/ transport processes/
pollution dispersion/ groundwater pollution/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Characteristics, behavior and fate
Abstract: Papers reviewed herein are limited to
surface water flow phenomena and fluid mechanics relating to the
mixing and transport of pollutants. The American Society of Civil
Engineers Hydraulics Division Research Committee identified the
following research needs relating to surface water mixing and
transport issues: density-stratified flows, secondary currents,
interactions of flows with beds and banks, model development, data
acquisition for field data, and the transport of solutes and
sediments.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
925. Mobility Assessment of Agrichemicals:
Current Laboratory Methodology and Suggestions for Future
Directions.
Cleveland, C. B.
Weed Technology 10 (1): 157-168. (1996)
NAL Call #:
SB610.W39;
ISSN: 0890-037X
Descriptors:
fate of pollutants/ agricultural
chemicals/ laboratories/ pesticides/ literature review/ Sources and
fate of pollution
Abstract: The current state of registration
requirements for mobility assessments of pesticides is described
and the various uses for mobility estimates are outlined. A survey
of recent literature on mobility assessments is presented along
with a suggestion for a refocus on K sub(d) rather than K sub(F). A
proposal for a different, yet standard, more efficient approach as
a replacement for the current requirements is outlined. The
suggested approach could fit well within a registration package or
a limited research budget as well as provide more information for
model input.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
926. Modeling erosion by water and
wind.
Rose, C. W.
In: Methods for assessment of soil
degradation/ Lal, R.; Blum, W. H.; Valentine, C.; and Stewart, B.
A.
Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1998;
pp. 57-88.
ISBN: 084937443X
NAL Call #: S623.M435-1998
Descriptors:
wind erosion/ water erosion/
simulation models/ computer simulation/ mathematical models/
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
927. Modeling excessive nutrient loading in the
environment.
Reckhow, K H and Chapra, S
C
Environmental
Pollution 100 (1-3): 197-207.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491
Descriptors:
organic carbon/ environmental
pollution/ error propagation/ excessive environmental nutrient
loading modeling/ generalized sensitivity analysis/ hydrodynamics/
model confirmation/ sediment diagenesis/ surface water
modeling
Abstract: Models addressing excessive nutrient
loading in the environment originated over 50 years ago with the
simple nutrient concentration thresholds proposed by Sawyer (1947.
Fertilization of lakes by agricultural and urban drainage. New
Engl. Water Works Assoc. 61, 109-127). Since then, models have
improved due to progress in modeling techniques and technology as
well as enhancements in scientific knowledge. Several of these
advances are examined here. Among the recent approaches in modeling
techniques we review are error propagation, model confirmation,
generalized sensitivity analysis, and Bayesian analysis. In the
scientific arena and process characterization, we focus on advances
in surface water modeling, discussing enhanced modeling of organic
carbon, improved hydrodynamics, and refined characterization of
sediment diagenesis. We conclude with some observations on future
needs and anticipated developments.
© Thomson
928. Modeling Mobility and Effects of
Contaminants in Wetlands.
Dixon, K. R. and Florian, J. D.
Jr
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12 (12): 2281-2292.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:
wetlands / contaminants/ transport/
models/ reviews/ ecosystem models/ model studies/ sediment
transport/ solute transport/ pollutants/ pollution dispersion/
mathematical models/ spatial models/ Modeling/ mathematics/
computer applications/ Wetlands/ Toxicity testing/ Sources and fate
of pollution/ Freshwater pollution/ Behavior and fate
characteristics/ Pollution/ Organisms/ Ecology/
Toxicology
Abstract: Early efforts at modeling wetland
ecosystems were aimed primarily at reflecting biomass or nutrient
dynamics. A number of models have been developed for different
wetland types, including coastal salt marshes, mangrove wetlands,
freshwater marshes, swamps, and riparian wetlands. The early
ecosystem models were mostly simple compartment models with linear,
constant-coefficient differential equations used to simulate
biomass or nutrient dynamics. Practically no contaminant flux was
incorporated into these models. With few exceptions, the ecosystems
were considered spatially homogeneous. At the same time that the
ecosystem models were being developed, considerable effort was
given to modeling various wetland processes, such as circulation
and sediment transport. Other process-level modeling included plant
and animal uptake and elimination of both organic chemicals and
heavy metals. The level of detail in these process models, however,
has not been applied to most ecosystem models. There has been a
recent trend, however, to increase the complexity of
ecosystem-level models and to incorporate spatial dynamics. These
developments should greatly enhance the ability to simulate
contaminant transport and effects in wetlands.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
929. Modeling phosphorus transport in
agricultural watersheds: Processes and possibilities.
Sharpley, A. N.; Kleinman, P. J.
A.; McDowell, R. W.; Gitau, M.; and Bryant, R. B.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 425-439.
(Nov. 2002-Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ transport processes/
losses from soil/ water erosion/ animal manures/ watersheds/
agricultural land/ water pollution/ soil fertility/ phosphorus
fertilizers/ overland flow/ subsurface runoff/ simulation models/
mathematical models
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
930. Modeling post-tillage soil structural
dynamics: A review.
Or, D. and Ghezzehei, T.
A.
Soil and Tillage
Research 64 (1/2): 41-59.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
931. Modelling land use and cover as part of
global environmental change.
Riebsame, William E; Meyer, William
B; and Turner, B L II
Climatic Change 28 (1-2): 45-64. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QC980 .C55;
ISSN: 0165-0009
Descriptors:
Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/
plants/ agriculture/ biodiversity/ forests/ range land/ resource
management
© Thomson
932. Modelling of atmospheric transport and
deposition of pesticides.
Jaarsveld, J. A. van and Pul, W. A.
J. van.
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 115 (1/4): 167-182.
(Oct. 1999)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979 [WAPLAC].
Notes: Special section: Fate of pesticides in the
atmosphere: Implications for environmental risk assessment.
Proceedings of a workshop held April 22-24, 1998, Driebergen, The
Netherlands. Includes references.
Descriptors:
pesticides/ pesticide residues/
dispersal/ dispersion/ deposition/ wind/ simulation models/
mathematical models/ atmosphere/ air pollution/ air pollutants/
emission/ polluted soils/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
933. Modelling of rainfall, flow and mass
transport in hydrological systems: An overview.
O'Connell, P. E. and Todini,
E.
Journal of Hydrology
175 (1/4): 3-16. (Feb.
1996)
NAL Call #:
292.8-J82;
ISSN: 0022-1694 [JHYDA7].
Notes: In the special issue: Modelling of rainfall,
flow and mass transport in hydrological systems / edited by P.E.
O'Connell and E. Todini.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
hydrology/ rain/ overland flow/
water flow/ macropore flow/ groundwater flow/ catchment hydrology/
flooding/ watersheds/ simulation models/ computer simulation/
literature reviews
Abstract: Contemporary themes and research
directions in hydrological modelling are reviewed in brief, to
provide a suitable backcloth against which the Special Issue can be
viewed. Some leading modelling issues are discussed and future
research directions contemplated.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
934. Modelling Pollution Dispersion, the
Ecosystem and Water Quality in Coastal Waters: A Review.
James, I. D.
Environmental Modelling and
Software with Environment Data News 17 (4): 363-385. (2002);
ISSN: 1364-8152
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Water quality/ Coastal
waters/ Pollution dispersion/ Sediment pollution/ Oil spills/
Mathematical models/ Path of Pollutants/ Model Studies/ Ecosystems/
Water Pollution/ Modelling (Pollution)/ Water quality (Natural
waters)/ Ecology/ Oil spills/ Contaminated sediments/ Literature
reviews/ Petroleum hydrocarbons/ Oil pollution/ Dissolved
chemicals/ Environmental impact/ Fate/ Marine pollution/ Sources
and fate of pollution/ Water Quality/ Behavior and fate
characteristics/ Environmental Modeling
Abstract: 4This review is intended as a
comprehensive but concise summary of present capabilities in
coastal pollutant, ecosystem and water quality modelling. It
reflects the recent rapid developments in multidisciplinary
modelling in shelf seas. The behaviour of conservative pollutants
that act as passive tracers is contrasted with those that have more
complex behaviours, including oil spills. The importance of
sediment modelling is emphasised, since contaminants commonly exist
in both a dissolved and a particulate state, or adhere to
sediments. Recently developed ecological models can have great
complexity, reflecting the complexity of the real ecosystem. These
models are now being linked to physical models of coastal waters
and run with the same resolution. This has become possible only
recently because of increases in computer power, particularly the
availability of parallel systems at reasonable cost. The main
advances in physical modelling are likely to come through greater
understanding of turbulence and other sub-grid-scale processes as
well as increased resolution. In the coastal seas there is often a
lack of oceanographic data, which is even greater for the many
biological and chemical variables than it is for physical
variables. This is probably the single most important factor
limiting the progress of operational water quality
models.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
935. Modelling soil water dynamics under trickle
emitters: A review.
Lubana, P. P. S. and Narda, N.
K.
Journal of Agricultural
Engineering Research 78 (3):
217-232. (Mar. 2001)
NAL Call #:
58.8-J82;
ISSN: 0021-8634 [JAERA2]
Descriptors:
trickle irrigation/ soil water/
infiltration/ spatial distribution/ water uptake/ mathematical
models/ literature reviews
Abstract: Information on moisture distribution
patterns under point-source trickle emitters is a pre-requisite for
the design and operation of trickle-irrigation systems. The
distribution pattern is influenced by the properties and the manner
water is applied and withdrawn from the soil profile. Flow from a
point-source trickle emitter, because of its multi-dimensional
nature and high frequency of water application, leads to
complexities in modelling soil moisture dynamics. In addition, the
plant rooting patterns under such conditions also exhibit drastic
variations in withdrawal patterns from those in conventional
irrigation practice, thereby making the prediction of the behaviour
of moisture patterns quite difficult. An extensive review is
presented of research work pertaining to modelling of various
processes associated with moisture distribution patterns under
point-source trickle emitters. This review promotes better
understanding, facilitates a more rational analysis of the soil
water dynamics processes under point-source trickle emitters and
helps to identify topics for more emphasis in future modelling
activity.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
936. Modelling the Interaction Between Buffer
Zones and the Catchment.
Merot, P. and Durand, P.
In: Buffer Zones: Their Processes
and Potential in Water Protection. Haycock, N. E.; Burt, T. P.;
Goulding, K. W. T.; and Pinay, G. (eds.)
Hertfordshire, UK: Quest
Environmental; pp. 208-217; 1997.
Notes: Conference: International Conference on Buffer
Zones, [np], Sep 1996; Source: Buffer Zones: Their Processes and
Potential in Water Protection., Quest Environmental, PO Box 45,
Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 5LJ (UK); ISBN: 0-9530051-0-0
Descriptors:
model studies/ zones/ catchment
areas/ water quality control/ biogeochemistry/ reviews/ hydrologic
cycle/ vegetation/ buffer zones/ hedges/ Water quality
control
Abstract: The classical agricultural non-point
source pollution models, such as ANSWERS or AGNPS, usually do not
explicitly use the buffer zone concept, although their modular, or
distributed, conception allows it in theory. In practice, the main
obstacle is that hydrology and biogeochemistry are much more
complex and less understood in buffer zones than in cultivated
fields. Attempts to model this concept, usually in relation to the
riparian area functioning, can be classified in two ways. (1)
Empirical models. Some descriptors of buffer zones are linked by
stochastic relationships with biological or biogeochemical
functions. For example, relationships have been established between
the relative area of forested riparian zones and the streamwater
chemical or biological quality; and between the hydrological
regimes of the wetlands and their productivity. Furthermore, the
seasonal or inter-annual variability of the stream discharge can be
related to the functioning of the wetlands. (2) Deterministic
models. These are essentially hydrological models based on the
concept of variable contributing area. These models are distributed
or semi-distributed (e.g. based on distribution functions of
spatial variables). Some of them are mechanistic models (e.g.,
IHDM), but the most widely used and developed, currently, are
conceptual models of the TOPMODEL type. In this case, a simple
description of the topographic control on the extension of the
saturated area generally allows an adequate simulation of the
hydrology of the saturated zone and of the catchment. Some attempts
have been made to couple these models with water quality
descriptions, but usually in a very crude way that does not
actually describe the specific biogeochemistry of the saturated
zone. The main reason for this is probably the important
heterogeneity of this zone, in terms of soils, biogeochemistry and
water pathways. Other landscape structures that could act as buffer
zones, such as hedges, have been very rarely considered in the
models. Some studies have tried to describe the role of hedges in
modifying the surface flow route and enhancing infiltration. A few
models simulate the water cycle in hedges. The role of hedges as
pollutant sinks is not yet modelled, and actually very little
investigated. The main conclusion of this review is that the
interactions between the catchment and buffer zones have mostly
been seen by modellers as the hydrological control of the catchment
via the variable saturated area concept. They have not yet fully
taken into account the control of water quality within a catchment
by the different potential buffer zones.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
937. Modelling water relations of horticultural
crops: A review.
Jones, H. G. and Tardieu,
F.
Scientia
Horticulturae 74 (1/2):
21-46. (Apr. 1998)
NAL Call #:
SB13.S3;
ISSN: 0304-4238 [SHRTAH].
Notes: Special issue: Crop models in horticulture /
edited by L.F.M. Marcelis and E.P. Heuvelink.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
horticultural crops/ plant water
relations/ simulation models/ growth models/ growth/ crop quality/
crop yield/ water content/ irrigation/ water uptake/ evaporation/
water stress/ root hydraulic conductivity/ plant height/ leaves/
water deficit/ xylem/ stomata/ literature reviews/
transpiration
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
938. Models for evaluating water quality and BMP
(Best Management Practice) effectiveness at the watershed
scale.
Whittemore R; Ice G; and Heathwaite
L.
In: Impact of land-use change on
nutrient loads from diffuse sources: Proceedings of an
International Symposium. (Held 18 Jul 1999-30
Jul 1999 at Birmingham, UK.);
pp. 265-271; 1999.
Notes: IAHS Publication No. 257; Symposium held during
IUGG 99: The XXII General Assembley of the International Union of
Geodesy and Geophysics.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
939. Models of 'appropriate' practice in private
dam safety assurance.
Pisaniello, J. D. and McKay, J.
M.
Water Policy 5: 525-550. (1998);
ISSN: 1366-7017.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science Inc.
Descriptors:
Dams/ Dam Failure/ Hydraulic
Structures/ Safety/ Environmental Policy/ Legislation/ Structural
engineering/ Government policies/ safety regulations/ safety
engineering/ Hydraulics/ Legislation (on industry and trade)/
Structures/ Civil/ Structural Engineering/ Underground Services and
Water Use
Abstract: Large dams are generally built and managed
by governments and private dams are built by individual owners. A
number of horrific failures of both types have triggered serious
concerns over the safety of dams in each country. For the larger
dams, the response has been to spend vast amounts on structural
upgrading works. Unfortunately, only a few countries have developed
mature dam safety assurance schemes for smaller private dams as
identified here. Dam safety legislation is often considered too
"extreme" and alternative action is proposed but rarely follows.
This is largely because there are no uniform systematic guidelines
on determining the level of assurance policy that is "appropriate"
for varying circumstances. This paper establishes such guidelines
together with eclectic policy models of "appropriate" practice,
based on a comprehensive review and analysis of international best
practice.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
940. The modular soil erosion system
(MOSES).
Meyer, C. R.; Wagner, L. E.; Yoder,
D. C.; and Flanagan, D. C.
In: Soil erosion research for the
21st century: Proceedings of the International Symposium.
(Held 3 Jan 2001-5 Jan 2001 at
Honolulu, Hawaii.) Ascough, J. C. and Flanagan, D. C.
(eds.)
St Joseph, Mo.: American Society of
Agricultural Engineers; pp. 358-361; 2001. ISBN: 1-892769-16-6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
941. Molecular strategies for improving
waterlogging tolerance in plants.
Dennis, E. S.; Dolferus, R.; Ellis,
M.; Rahman, M.; Wu, Y.; Hoeren, F. U.; Grover, A.; Ismond, K. P.;
Good, A. G.; and Peacock, W. J.
Journal of Experimental
Botany 51 (342): 89-97. (Jan.
2000)
NAL Call #:
450-J8224;
ISSN: 0022-0957 [JEBOA6].
Notes: Special issue: Molecular physiology: Engineering
crops for hostile environments / edited by M. Parry, C. Foyer, and
B. Forde. Paper presented at a conference held December 14-16,
1998, Rothamsted. Includes references.
Descriptors:
crops/ waterlogging/ tolerance/
genetic resistance/ anaerobic conditions/ survival/ oxygen/ rain/
flooding/ weather/ soil air/ irrigation/ genes/ plant proteins/
promoters/ transcription factors/ genetic regulation/ literature
reviews
Abstract: Plants, like animals, are obligate
aerobes, but due to their inability to move, have evolved
adaptation mechanisms that enable them to survive short periods of
low oxygen supply, such as those occurring after heavy rain or
flooding. Crop plants are often grown on soils subject to
waterlogging and many are sensitive to waterlogging of the root
zone. The combination of unfavourable weather conditions and
suboptimal soil and irrigation techniques can result in severe
yield losses. The molecular basis of the adaptation to transient
low oxygen conditions has not been completely characterized, but
progress has been made towards identifying genes and gene products
induced during low oxygen conditions. Promoter elements and
transcription factors involved in the regulation of anaerobically
induced genes have been characterized. In this paper an account is
presented of the molecular strategies that have been used in an
attempt to increase flooding tolerance of crop plants.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
942. The Molecularly-Uncharacterized Component
of Nonliving Organic Matter in Natural Environments.
Hedges, J. I.; Eglinton, G.;
Hatcher, P. G.; Kirchman, D. L.; Arnosti, C.; Derenne, S.;
Evershed, R. P.; Koegel-Knabner, I.; De Leeuw, J. W.; Littke, R.;
Michaelis, W.; and Rullkoetter, J.
Organic Geochemistry
31 (10): 945-958. (2000);
ISSN: 0146-6380
Descriptors:
Biogeochemistry/ Organic Matter/
Organic Carbon/ Molecular Structure/ Reviews/ Research Priorities/
Molecules/ Particulate organic matter/ Water analysis/ Sediment
chemistry/ Chemical processes/ Water Quality/ Organic
compounds
Abstract: Molecularly-uncharacterized organic matter
comprises most reduced carbon in soils, sediments and natural
waters. The origins, reactions and fates of these ubiquitous
materials are relatively obscure, in large part because the rich
vein of geochemical information that typically derives from
detailed structural and stereochemical analysis is yet to be
tapped. This discussion highlights current knowledge about the
origins and characteristics of molecularly uncharacterized organic
matter in the environment and outlines possible means by which this
structurally uncharted frontier might best be explored.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
943. Monitoring environmental quality at the
landscape scale.
O'Neill, Robert V; Hunsaker,
Carolyn T; Jones, K Bruce; Riitters, Kurt H; Wickham, James D;
Schwartz, Paul M; Goodman, Iris A; Jackson, Barbara L; and
Baillargeon, William S
Bioscience 47 (8): 513-519. (1997)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A;
ISSN: 0006-3568
Descriptors:
biodiversity/ biotic integrity/
conservation/ environmental quality/ geographic information
systems/ landscape ecology/ landscape stability/ watershed
integrity
© Thomson
944. Monitoring for ecological
assessment.
Wiersma, G. B. and Bruns, D.
A.
In: North American Workshop on
Monitoring for Ecological Assessment of Terrestrial and Aquatic
Ecosystems = Taller Norteamericano Sobre Monitoreo para la
Evaluacion Ecologica de Ecosistemas Terrestres y Acuaticos.
(Held 18 Sep 1995-22 Sep 1995 at
Mexico City, Mexico.)
Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; pp.
31-38; 1996.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.284
Descriptors:
environmental assessment/
monitoring/ ecosystems/ ecological balance/ models/ biological
indicators/ environmental protection/ databases/ information
systems/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
945. Monitoring soil quality of arable land:
Microbiological indicators.
Stenberg, B.
Acta Agriculturae
Scandinavica: Section B, Soil and Plant Science 49 (1): 1-24. (1999)
NAL Call #:
S3.A272;
ISSN: 0906-4710
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
946. Monitoring the vegetation resources in
riparian areas.
Winward, Alma H. and Rocky Mountain
Research Station, USDA
Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 49
p.: ill. (some col.); Series: General technical report RMRS GTR-47.
(2000)
Notes: Cover title. Shipping list no.: 2000-0226-P.
"April 2000." Includes bibliographical references (p. 33). SUDOCS:
A 13.88:RMRS-GTR-47.
NAL Call #: aSD144.A14-G46-no.-47
Descriptors:
Riparian
plants---Monitoring---United States/ Riparian ecology---United
States---Management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
947. Movement and persistence of fecal bacteria
in agricultural soils and subsurface drainage water: A
review.
Jamieson, R. C.; Gordon, R. J.;
Sharples, K. E.; Stratton, G. W.; and Madani, A.
Canadian Biosystems
Engineering 44: 1.1-1.9.
(2002);
ISSN: 1492-9058
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
948. Movement of nonionic organic chemicals in
agricultural soils.
Beck, Angus J; Johnston, A E
Johnny; and Jones, Kevin C
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 23 (3): 219-248. (1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ livestock
(Mammalia Unspecified)/ Bovidae (Bovidae)/ Plantae (Plantae
Unspecified)/ animals/ artiodactyls/ chordates/ humans/ mammals/
nonhuman mammals/ nonhuman vertebrates/ plants/ primates/
vertebrates/ crop residues/ groundwater/ leaching/ pesticides/
pollution/ sludge/ weather
© Thomson
949. Multi-function agricultural biodiversity:
Pest management and other benefits.
Gurr, G. M.; Wratten, S. D.; and
Luna, J. M.
Basic and Applied
Ecology 4 (2): 107-116.
(2003);
ISSN: 1439-1791
Descriptors:
Biological diversity/ Pest control/
Natural enemies/ Agricultural practices/ Agricultural & general
applied entomology/ Control
Abstract: This paper reviews two aspects of
agricultural biodiversity. 1. The ways in which agricultural
biodiversity may be increased to favour pest management are
examined. At the simplest level, the structure within a monoculture
may be altered by changing management practices to benefit natural
enemies. At the other extreme, annual and perennial non-crop
vegetation may be integrated with cropping, and biodiversity
increased at the landscape level. 2. The existence of a hierarchy
for the types of benefits of increased biodiversity is discussed.
Vegetational diversity can lead to suppression of pests via
'top-down' enhancement of natural enemy populations and by resource
concentration and other 'bottom-up' effects acting directly on
pests. Whilst such low-input pest management mechanisms are
attractive in their own right, other (non-pest management related)
benefits may simultaneously apply. These range from short-term
benefits in crop yield or quality, longer term benefits for
sustainability of the farming system and, ultimately, broad
societal benefits including aesthetics, recreation and the
conservation of flora and fauna. Examples are given of such
multi-function agricultural biodiversity.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
950. A multi-scale system approach to nutrient
management research in the Netherlands.
Neeteson, J. J.; Schr, J. J.; and
Berge, H. F. M. ten
Netherlands Journal of
Agricultural Science 50 (2):
141-151. (2002)
NAL Call #:
12 N3892;
ISSN: 0028-2928
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
951. Multiresidue methods using solid-phase
extraction techniques for monitoring priority pesticides, including
triazines and degradation products, in ground and surface
waters.
Sabik, Hassan; Jeannot, Roger; and
Rondeau, Bernard
Journal of Chromatography
A 885 (1-2): 217-236.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QD272.C4J68;
ISSN: 0021-9673
Descriptors:
pesticides: pollutant/ triazine
degradation products: pollutant/ triazines: herbicide, pollutant/
ground water/ surface water
Abstract: The review describes the use of
solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for monitoring priority
pesticides in ground and surface waters. The focus is on triazine
herbicides and their degradation products. Data concerning the
fate, occurrence, properties and extraction of triazines and their
degradation products using different SPE techniques are tabulated
and discussed.
© Thomson
952. N-fertilization of nursery crops in the
field: A review, Part II.
Alt, D
Gartenbauwissenschaft
63 (5): 237-242. (1998);
ISSN: 0016-478X
Descriptors:
nitrogen: nutrient/ Viburnum
plicatum (Caprifoliaceae): ornamental crop/ Angiosperms/ Dicots/
Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants
© Thomson
953. N-fertilization of nursery crops in the
field: A review, Part III.
Alt D
Gartenbauwissenschaft
63 (6): 278-282. (1998)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
954. N:P balance in wetland forests:
Productivity across a biogeochemical continuum.
Lockaby, B G and Conner, W
H
Botanical Review
65 (2): 171-185. (1999)
NAL Call #:
450 B6527 DNAr;
ISSN: 0006-8101
Descriptors:
nitrogen: nutrient/ phosphorus:
nutrient/ net primary productivity/ nitrogen:phosphorus balance:
biogeochemical continuum, productivity/ nutrient transformation/
wetland forest
Abstract: The nature of and driving forces behind
variation among wetland forests in terms of biogeochemistry and
vegetation production are not well understood. We suggest that
insight into biogeochemical and productivity differences may be
gained by examining the degree to which nitrogen and phosphorus are
balanced within wetland vegetation. On the basis of examinations of
data related to N:P balance and nutrient use efficiencies,
vegetation productivity in both depressional and riverine forests
appears to be primarily N limited. In contrast to some current
theories of wetland biogeochemistry, these data suggest that when P
deficiency occurs at all, it represents a secondary productivity
constraint in comparison to N. Similarly, a biogeochemical
continuum is suggested for wetland forests based on the
relationship between N:P ratios in senesced foliage vs. annual
litterfall mass. We theorize that the position of a particular
wetland forest on this continuum reflects the integration of its
geomorphic position and biogeochemical history. In addition, the
position of a particular system on the continuum may have
predictive value with regard to net primary productivity and
nutrient transformation capabilities.
© Thomson
955. National biosolids overview.
Goldstein, N. and Block,
D.
Biocycle 40 (12): 48-52. (Dec. 1999)
NAL Call #:
57.8-C734;
ISSN: 0276-5055
Descriptors:
sewage sludge/ waste utilization/
application to land/ regulations/ surveys/ United States/ waste
management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
956. National guidance: Water quality standards
for wetlands.
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Water Regulations and Standards and
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands
Protection.
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and
Standards (Rev. Aug. 21, 1997). (1997)
Notes: Alternate titles: Water quality standards for
wetlands guidance, Water quality standards for wetlands, Water
quality standards handbook; "July 1990." "This document is
designated as appendix B to chapter 2 - General program guidance of
the water quality standards handbook, December 1983." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD223.N355-1997
http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/wetlands/regs/quality.html
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation/ Water quality
management---United States/ Water quality---Standards---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
957. A national look at nitrate contamination of
ground water.
Nolan, B. T.; Ruddy, Barbara C.;
Hitt, Kerie J.; and Helsel, Dennis R.
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S.
Geological Survey [Also available as: Water Conditioning and
Purification (January 1998) 39 (12): 76-79], 1998.
Notes: Contamination of ground waters: A national look
at nitrate contamination of ground water; By Bernard T. Nolan,
Barbara C. Ruddy, Kerie J. Hitt, and Dennis R. Helsel [This is an
electronic version of an article that appeared in the January 1998
issue of Water Conditioning and Purification, v. 39, no. 12, pages
76-79. This article replaces USGS Fact Sheet FS-092-96].
(text/html)
NAL Call #: TD427.N5-N37-1998
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/wcp/
Descriptors:
Water---Nitrogen content---United
States/ Groundwater---Pollution---United States
Abstract: Title from web page.
958. National management measures to control
nonpoint source pollution from agriculture.
Buck, S.; Townsend, G.; United
States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water; United
States. Environmental Protection Agency. Nonpoint Source Control
Branch.; Tetra Tech, Inc.; and North Carolina State
University. Water Quality Group.
United States Environmental
Protection Agency, 2000
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/agmm/index.html
Descriptors:
Agriculture---Environmental aspects/
Nonpoint source pollution/ Best management practices (Pollution
prevention)/ Agricultural conservation
959. The National Park Service integrated pest
management manual: Integrated pest management manual.
United States. National Park
Service.
Washington, D.C.: National Park
Service. (1999)
Notes: IPM manual; Title from home page (viewed on July
2, 2003; last updated Feb. 13, 1999).
NAL Call #: SB950.2.A1-N372
http://www.nature.nps.gov/biology/ipm/manual/ipmmanual.htm
Descriptors:
Pests---Integrated control---United
States
Abstract: Provides descriptions of the biology
and management of 21 species or categories of pests in both text
and graphic versions.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
960. National projections of forest and
rangeland condition indicators: A technical document supporting the
1999 USDA Forest Service RPA assessment.
Hof, John G. and Pacific Northwest
Research Station
Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station;
Series: General technical report PNW 442; 57 p.: col. maps.
(1999)
Notes: Cover title. "April 1999"--P. [4] of cover.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-57).
NAL Call #: aSD11-.A46-no.442
Descriptors:
Natural resources surveys---United
States/ Multiple use management areas---United States/ Forest
management---United States/ Range management---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
961. National standards and guidelines for
pesticides in water, sediment, and aquatic organisms: Application
to water-quality assessments.
Nowell, L. H. and Resek, E.
A.
Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 140 (1994)
NAL Call #:
TX501.R48;
ISSN: 0179-5953 [RCTOE4].
Notes: Special issue: 164 p.; In the series analytic:
Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology / edited by
G.W. Ware
Descriptors:
water quality/ pesticides/ quality
standards/ guidelines/ water/ sediment/ fish/ shellfish/ tissues/
aquatic organisms/ lakes/ environmental protection/ toxicity/
contamination/ concentration/ adverse effects/ regulation/ health
protection/ who/ databases/ public agencies/ literature reviews/
Canada/
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
962. National water summary of wetland
resources.
Fretwell, J. D.; Williams, John S.;
Redman, Phillip J.; and Geological Survey (U.S.).
Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.;
viii, 431 p.: ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); Series: U.S.
Geological Survey water-supply paper 2425. (1996)
NAL Call #: 407--G29W-no.2425; ISBN: 0607856963
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/ Water
resources development---United States/ Wetland
conservation---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
963. Native plant material sources for wetland
establishment: Freshwater case studies.
United States. Army. Corps of
Engineers; U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; and
Wetlands Research Program (U.S.).
Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; x, 76 p.: ill., maps;
Series: Wetlands Research Program technical report WRP-RE-5.
(1995)
Notes: "August 1995." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 74-76).
NAL Call #: QK938.M3N38--1995
Descriptors:
Wetland plants/ Wetland
conservation/ Wetland ecology/ Freshwater ecology
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
964. Natural and Constructed Wetlands in Canada:
An Overview.
Kennedy, G. and Mayer,
T.
Water Quality Research
Journal of Canada 37 (2):
295-325. (2002);
ISSN: 1201-3080
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Freshwater environments/
Hydrology/ Wildlife / Climate/ Sustainable development/ Environment
management/ Wastewater treatment/ artificial wetlands/ Canada/
Wetlands/ Ecosystems/ Environmental Protection/ Water Pollution
Control/ Technology/ Research Priorities/ Ecology/ Pollution
control (Environmental)/ Canada/ Environmental action/ Water
quality control/ Water Treatment/ Water & Wastewater
Treatment
Abstract: A review of freshwater wetland research in
Canada was conducted to highlight the importance of these
ecosystems and to identify wetland research needs. Both natural and
constructed wetland systems are discussed. Natural wetlands are an
important part of the Canadian landscape. They provide the habitat
for a broad variety of flora and fauna and contribute significantly
to the Canadian economy. It is estimated that the total value
derived from consumptive and nonconsumptive activities exceeds $10
billion annually. The past decades have witnessed the continued
loss and degradation of wetlands in Canada. In spite of recent
protection, Canadian wetlands remain threatened by anthropogenic
activities. This review shows that more research on fate and
transport of pollutants from urban and agricultural sources in
wetland systems is needed to better protect the health and to
assure the sustainability of wetlands in Canada. Furthermore,
improved knowledge of hydrology and hydrogeochemistry of wetlands
will assure more effective management of these ecosystems. Lastly,
better understanding of the effect of climate change on wetlands
will result in better protection of these important ecosystems.
Constructed wetlands are man-made wetlands used to treat non-point
source pollution. The wetland treatment technology capitalizes on
the intrinsic water quality amelioration function of wetlands and
is emerging as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly method of
treating a variety of wastewaters. The use of wetland technology in
Canada is, however, less common than in the U.S.A. A number of
research needs has to be addressed before the wetland treatment
technology can gain widespread acceptance in Canada. This includes
research pertaining to cold weather performance, including more
monitoring, research on design adaptation and investigation of the
effects of constructed wetlands on wildlife.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
965. Natural background concentrations of
nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United
States.
Smith, R. A.; Alexander, R. B.; and
Schwarz, G. E.
Environmental Science and
Technology 37 (14):
3039-3047. (2003)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ Environmental
Engineering & Energy/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ watersheds/
transport/ export/ yields/ cycle/ size
Abstract: Determining natural background
concentrations of nutrients in watersheds in the developed world
has been hampered by a lack of pristine sampling sites covering a
range of climatic conditions and basin sizes. Using data from 63
minimally impacted U.S. Geological Survey reference basins, we
developed empirical models of the background yield of total
nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from small watersheds as
functions of annual runoff, basin size, atmospheric nitrogen
deposition rate, and region-specific factors. We applied previously
estimated in-stream loss rates to yields from the small watershed
models to obtain estimates of background TN and TP yield and
concentration throughout the stream/river network in 14 ecoregions
of the conterminous United States. Background TN concentration
varies from less than 0.02 mg L-1 in the xeric west to more than
0.5 mg L-1 along the southeastern coastal plain. Background TP
concentration varies from less than 0.006 mg L-1 in the xeric west
to more than 0.08 mg L-1 in the great plains. TN concentrations in
U.S. streams and rivers currently exceed natural background levels
by a much larger factor (6.4) than do TP concentrations (2.0).
Because of local variation in runoff and other factors, the range
of background nutrient concentrations is very large within some
nutrient ecoregions. It is likely that background concentrations in
some streams in these regions exceed proposed nutrient
criteria.
© Thomson ISI
966. Natural channel systems: An approach to
management and design.
Ontario. Ministry of Natural
Resources.
Toronto, ON: Ministry of Natural
Resources; 103 p. (1994)
Notes: "June 1994."
NAL Call #: TC529.N37--1994;
ISBN: 0777826690
Descriptors:
Water supply---Management/
Channels---Hydraulic engineering---Canada
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
967. Natural emissions of non-methane volatile
organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen from
North America.
Guenther, Alex; Geron, Chris;
Pierce, Tom; Lamb, Brian; Harley, Peter; and Fall, Ray
Atmospheric
Environment 34 (12-14):
2205-2230. (2000)
NAL Call #:
TD881.A822;
ISSN: 1352-2310
Descriptors:
carbon monoxide: natural emissions,
pollutant/ hydrocarbons: pollutant/ isoprenes: pollutant/
monoterpenes: pollutant/ nitric oxide: natural emissions,
pollutant/ nitrogen oxides: natural emissions, pollutant/ non
methane volatile organic compounds: natural emissions, pollutant/
North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone [NARSTO]/
environmental pollution
Abstract: The magnitudes, distributions, controlling
processes and uncertainties associated with North American natural
emissions of oxidant precursors are reviewed. Natural emissions are
responsible for a major portion of the compounds, including
non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), carbon monoxide
(CO) and nitric oxide (NO), that determine tropospheric oxidant
concentrations. Natural sources include soil microbes, vegetation,
biomass burning, and lightning. These sources are strongly
influenced by human activities that have led to significant changes
in the magnitude and distribution of natural emissions in the past
two centuries. The total NMVOC flux of about 84 X 1012 g of carbon
(Tg C) is comprised primarily of isoprene (35%), 19 other terpenoid
compounds (25%) and 17 non-terpenoid compounds (40%). Vegetation is
predicted to contribute about 98% of the total annual natural NMVOC
emission. The estimated annual natural NO emission of 2.1 X 1012 g
of nitrogen (Tg N) from North America is primarily due to soils and
lightning, while the estimated 10 Tg C of CO arises from biomass
burning and vegetation. Field measurements of ambient
concentrations and above canopy fluxes have validated emission
estimates for a few compounds from some important landscapes. The
uncertainty associated with natural emission estimates ranges from
less than 50% for midday summer isoprene emission from some
locations to about a factor of 10 for some compounds and
landscapes.
© Thomson
968. Natural product chemistry and its part in
the defence against insects and fungi in agriculture.
Crombie, Leslie
Pesticide Science
55 (8): 761-774. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SB951.P47;
ISSN: 0031-613X
Descriptors:
avenacins: fungicides/ cordifines:
antifeedant, natural product/ mammeins: antifeedant, natural
product/ nicandra steroids: antifeedant, natural product/
pyrethrins: insecticide, natural product/ rotenoids: insecticide,
natural product/ unsaturated amides: insecticide, natural product/
fungi (Fungi): plant pathogen/ insects (Insecta): pest/ Alternaria
(Fungi Imperfecti or Deuteromycetes): H S toxins/ Animals/
Arthropods/ Fungi/ Insects/ Invertebrates/ Microorganisms/
Nonvascular Plants/ Plants
Abstract: This paper surveys our work on natural
products as potential models for defensive substances against
insect and fungal predators. Insecticides and repellents included
are pyrethrins, rotenoids, lipid amides, phorbol esters, cordifolia
germacranolides, nicandrenoids, mammeins, dihydroagarofuran esters,
and cembrene diols. The fungal H-S toxins from Alternaria, and
avenacins from oat roots are briefly considered. The avenacins
provide an in-situ defence of oat roots against the destructive
'Take-all' fungus disease.
© Thomson
969. Natural protection of spring and well
drinking water against surface microbial contamination: Indicators
and monitoring parameters for parasites.
Edberg, S. C.; LeClerc, H.; and
Robertson, J.
Critical Reviews in
Microbiology 23 (2): 179-206.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
QR1.C7;
ISSN: 1040-841X.
Notes: Subtitle: [Part] II.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
970. Natural systems agriculture:
A truly radical
alternative.
Jackson, W.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 88 (2): 111-117.
(Feb. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S601-.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: Special issue: Soil health as an indicator of
sustainable management / edited by J.W. Doran and S.I. Stamatiadis.
Paper presented at a workshop held June 24-25, 1999,
Athens/Kifissia, Greece.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
agriculture/ sustainability/
alternative farming/ erosion/ soil pollution/ agricultural
chemicals/ petroleum/ ecology/ ecosystems/ evolution/ insect pests/
plant pathogens/ weeds/ pest management/ disease control/ weed
control/ domestication/ perennials/ seed output/ literature
reviews
Abstract: The natural systems agriculture (NSA) idea
was developed at The Land Institute in 1977 and was published in
1978. Less than 20 years later, research efforts at The Land
Institute and by other researchers familiar with research questions
had satisfactorily answered the difficult biological questions
launching the possibility of a new agricultural paradigm toward
fruition. This new paradigm features an ecologically sound
perennial food-grain-producing system where soil erosion goes to
near zero, chemical contamination from agrochemicals plummets,
along with agriculture's dependence on fossil fuels. NSA is
predicated on an evolutionary-ecological view of the world in which
the essentials for sustainable living have been sorted out and
tested in nature's ecosystems over millions of years. From numerous
studies, evolutionary biologists and ecologists have learned much
about how ecological bills are paid by ecosystems which hold and
build soil, manage insects, pathogens and weeds. A primary feature
of NSA is to sufficiently mimic the natural structure to be granted
the function of its components. Domesticating wild perennials and
increasing seed yield and at the same time perennializing the major
crops to be planted as domestic prairies is a major goal. For the
first time in 10,000 years, humans can now build an agriculture
based on nature's ecosystems. As a prototype this means we explore
in-depth how the never-plowed native prairie works and then develop
a diverse, perennial vegetative structure capable of producing
desirable edible grains in abundance including perennializing the
major grain crops. A paradigm shift of relatively easily manageable
proportions is. available to solve the problem of agriculture and
is antithetical to solving problems in agriculture.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
971. Natural systems as models for the design of
sustainable systems of land use.
Ewel, J. J.
Agroforestry Systems
45 (1/3): 1-21. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366 [AGSYE6].
Notes: Special issue: Agriculture as a mimic of natural
ecosystems / edited by E.C. Lefroy, R.J. Hobbs, M.H. O'Connor and
J.S. Pate. Paper presented at a workshop held September 2-6, 1997,
Williams, Western Australia, Australia.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
land use/ ecosystems/ agriculture/
soil fertility/ climatic factors/ plant succession/ stress/ natural
selection/ evapotranspiration/ environmental temperature/ water
availability/ livestock/ species diversity/ land management/ animal
husbandry/ erosion/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
972. Natural Treatment and on-Site
Processes.
Kruzic, A. P. and White, K.
D.
Water Environment
Research 68 (4): 498-503.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303.
Notes: 1996 literature review
Descriptors:
wastewater treatment/ septic tanks/
infiltration/ wetlands/ overland flow/ literature review/
Wastewater treatment processes
Abstract: Natural treatment systems for wastewater
can be divided into two broad categories: soil-based systems, which
include subsurface infiltration, rapid infiltration/soil aquifer
treatment, overland flow, and slow rate systems; and aquatic
systems, which include pond, floating aquatic plant, and
constructed wetland systems. Many, but not all, on-site wastewater
treatment systems are natural systems using septic tanks as a
pretreatment.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
973. Natural Treatment Processes and on-Site
Processes.
Kruzic, A. P.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 470-475.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ wastewater
treatment/ infiltration/ soil disposal fields/ overland flow/
ponds/ aquatic plants/ artificial wetlands/ Wastewater treatment
processes/ sewage & wastewater treatment
Abstract: Natural treatment systems for wastewater
can be divided into two broad categories: soil-based systems, which
include subsurface infiltration, rapid infiltration/soil aquifer
treatment, overland flow, and slow rate systems; and aquatic
systems, which include pond, floating aquatic plant, and
constructed wetland systems. Many, but not all, on-site wastewater
treatment systems are natural systems using septic tanks as a
pretreatment.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
974. A naturalist's guide to wetland plants: An
ecology for eastern North America.
Cox, Donald D.
Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University
Press; xvii, 194 p.: ill. (2002)
Notes: 1st ed.; Includes bibliographical references (p.
181-187) and index.
NAL Call #: QK115-.C72-2002;
ISBN: 0815607407 (pbk.)
Descriptors:
Wetland plants---East---United
States---Identification/ Wetland plants---North
America---Identification/ Wetland plants---Ecology---East---United
States/ Wetland plants---Ecology---North America
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
975. Nematode and insect management in
transitional agricultural systems.
McSorley, R.
HortTechnology 12 (4): 597-600. (Oct. 2002-Dec.
2002)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68;
ISSN: 1063-0198
Descriptors:
ecosystems/ plant parasitic
nematodes/ insect pests/ organic farming/ cropping systems/
integrated pest management/ sustainability/ efficacy/ crops/ crop
yield/ literature reviews
Abstract: As an agroecosystem makes the transition
from conventional to organic practices, changes in the pest
management tactics used are often apparent. Despite varying degrees
of efficacy among tactics, the issue of whether or not numbers of
insect and nematode pests and their damage will become more severe
in an organic system depends on the specifics of the pests and
crops involved. Although many conventional systems rely on reactive
strategies to deal with pest problems, an alternative approach is
to redesign systems so that plant health is maximized, regardless
of pest numbers, although this approach takes planning and time. An
abrupt transition from conventional to organic may be risky if pest
numbers are high and alternative practices are not yet in place.
Hybrid systems, involving decreasing levels of conventional tactics
and increasing levels of organic tactics, may be needed before the
transitional period begins, in order to bridge the gap and lessen
the impact of crop losses during the transitional period. The
design of cropping systems with minimal pest impact requires a much
more extensive and specific knowledge base than needed for reactive
strategies.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
976. Neuroptera in agricultural
ecosystems.
Stelzl, M. and Devetak,
D.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 74 (1/3):
305-321. (June 1999)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: Special issue: Invertebrate biodiversity as
bioindicators of sustainable landscapes / edited by M.G. Paoletti.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
neuroptera/ agricultural land/
ecosystems/ integrated pest management/ biological control/
agriculture/ habitats/ beneficial insects/ predation/ communities/
endangered species/ field crops/ orchards/ literature reviews/
indicator species/ predators of insect pests
Abstract: Due to their well known environmental
needs, Neuroptera serve as valuable indicator species for assessing
the ecology of natural and semi-natural habitats. In agricultural
ecosystems some species of the families Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae,
and Coniopterygidae are known as beneficial predators of
plant-sucking insect pests. Mass rearing and mass release of
Chrysopids therefore, have become standard methods of biological
pest control. The present paper summarizes information on biology
and ecology of these three most important Neuropteran families,
followed by a description of Neuropteran communities found in
different natural and semi-natural ecosystems, with special
reference to agroecosystems. Two separate sections deal with red
lists of endangered species and integrated control programs.
Literature lists are provided for those who want to study
Neuroptera in more detail.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
977. New and versatile optical-immunoassay
instrumentation for water monitoring.
Willard, D.; Proll, G.; Reder, S.;
and Gauglitz, G.
Environmental Science and
Pollution Research 10 (3):
188-191. (2003);
ISSN: 0944-1344
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
978. New strategies for America's
watersheds.
National Research Council.
Committee on Watershed Management
Washington DC: National Academies
Press; 328 p. (1999);
ISBN: 0-309-08373-7
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309064171/html/
Descriptors:
watersheds/ water quality/ watershed
management
979. Nitrate and selected pesticides in ground
water of the Mid-Atlantic region.
Ator, Scott W.; Ferrari, Matthew
J.; Geological Survey (U.S.); and United States. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Baltimore, Md.: U.S. Geological
Survey; 8 p.: col. ill., col. maps; Series: Water-resources
investigations report 97-4139. (1997)
Notes: Caption title. Includes bibliographical
references (p. [8]).
NAL Call #: GB701.W375?
Descriptors:
Groundwater---Pollution---Middle
Atlantic States/ Nitrates---Environmental aspects---Middle Atlantic
States/ Pesticides---Environmental aspects---Middle Atlantic
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
980. Nitrate in the ground waters of the United
States: Assessing the risk.
Nolan, B. T.; Ruddy, B. C.; and
National Water Quality Assessment Program (U.S.).
Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological
Survey, 1997.
Notes: USGS NAWQA fact sheet 092-96; At head of title:
National Water-Quality Assessment Program.
NAL Call #: TD427.N5N65-1997
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/FS-092-96.html
Descriptors:
Water---Nitrogen content---United
States/ Groundwater---Pollution---United States/ Water
quality---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
981. Nitrate removal in stream riparian
zones.
Hill, A. R.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 25 (4): 743-755.
(July 1996-Aug. 1996)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA]
Abstract: This review considers the role of stream
riparian zones in regulating the transport of nitrate (NO3(-)) in
groundwater flow from uplands to streams. The current consensus is
that most riparian zones effectively remove NO3(-) from subsurface
water. However, research has not focused on the relationship
between hydrology and chemistry within the context of the riparian
zone hydrogeologic setting. Most riparian zones that remove NO3(-)
occur in landscapes with impermeable layers near the ground
surface. In this setting, small amounts of groundwater follow
shallow horizontal flow paths that increase water residence time
and contact with vegetation roots and organic-rich riparian soils.
Limited research suggests that riparian zones have less effect on
NO3(-) transport in hydrogeologic settings where groundwater has
little interaction with vegetation and sediments because flow
occurs mainly across the surface, or at depth beneath the riparian
zone before discharging to the stream. Considerable uncertainty
surrounds the relative importance of vegetation uptake and
microbial denitrification in NO3(-) removal from subsurface water
in riparian zones. Plant NO3(-) uptake requires the presence of the
root zone below the water table. Information is lacking on the
vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass in
relation to water table fluctuations. High denitrification rates
have been reported in 0 to 10 cm surface soils of riparian zones in
the USA, France, and New Zealand. However, rapid NO3(-) removal
from groundwater also occurs in riparian locations where the water
table is always > 0.5 m below the surface. Denitrification at
depth within the saturated zone has been studied to a limited
extent and has been found not to occur at some sites. An
interdisciplinary approach in which patterns of NO3(-) depletion
and the role of NO3(-) removal processes are related to groundwater
flow paths is needed to provide a better understanding of NO3(-)
regulation in riparian zones.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
982. Nitrates in groundwater in the southeastern
USA.
Hubbard, R. K. and Sheridan, J.
M.
In: Contamination of groundwaters/
Adriano, D. C.; Iskandar, A. K.; and Murarka, I. P.
Northwood, UK: Science Reviews,
1994; pp. 303-345.
ISBN: 0-905927-44-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
983. Nitrogen and phosphorus consumption,
utilisation and losses in pig production: Denmark.
Fernandez, J A; Poulsen, H D;
Boisen, S; and Rom, H B
Livestock Production
Science 58 (3): 225-242.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SF1.L5;
ISSN: 0301-6226
Descriptors:
ammonia: emission/ nitrogen:
consumption, loss, utilization/ phosphorus: consumption,
utilization, loss/ pig (Suidae)/ Animals/ Artiodactyls/ Chordates/
Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/
legislation/ manure environmental pollution/ pig
production
Abstract: Swine production in Denmark has increased
by more than 50% in the past 20 years and in this time the
structure of production has changed markedly towards larger units.
This has resulted in a serious threat to the local environment.
Consequently, legislative measures with a progressive degree of
restriction have been introduced. The annual production of slurry
from pigs amounted to about 12.5 million tons in 1995, containing
about 104 000 tons of N and 25 000 tons of P. Ammonia emission from
pig buildings in 1996 was about 16 000 tons. Production of one
standard pig (about 100-kg live weight) generated a total excretion
of about 5 kg N and 1.2 kg P in 1997. Sows, weaners and growing
pigs contributed 22, 13 and 63% to N excretion and 26, 15 and 59%
to P excretion, respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from
pig production in Denmark are discussed in relation to legislative
and nutritional measures.
© Thomson
984. Nitrogen and phosphorus consumption,
utilisation and losses in pig production: France.
Dourmad, J Y; Guingand, N;
Latimier, P; and Seve, B
Livestock Production
Science 58 (3): 199-211.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SF1.L5;
ISSN: 0301-6226
Descriptors:
ammonia/ nitrogen: consumption,
feces, urine/ phosphorus: consumption, urine, feces/ pig (Suidae)/
Animals/ Artiodactyls/ Chordates/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/
Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ manure pollution/ pig
production
Abstract: Although pig density in France (80 pigs
produced/year/km2) is lower than on average in the European Union
(140 pigs/year/km2), some regions with intensive animal production
(720 pigs/year/km2) have to face environmental problems related to
a surplus of animal manure. According to the legislation, the
amount of nitrogen from animal manure should not exceed 170 kg/ha.
The actual situation for nitrogen and phosphorus consumption,
utilisation and losses in pig production in France is described in
this paper. It was calculated that on average 67% of the N and 66%
of the P consumed by the pigs is excreted in faeces and urine.
Improvements in feeding techniques could reduce by 15 to 30% N and
P excretion by the animals, and ammonia losses in the atmosphere.
The nutritional basis for these improvements is
described.
© Thomson
985. Nitrogen and the industry processing of pig
manure.
Have PJ.
In: Nitrogen flow in pig production
and environmental consequences: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium. (Held 8 Jun 1993-11 Jun 1993 at Wageningen, The
Netherlands.) Verstegen, MW; Hartog, LA; Kempen, GJ; and Metz, JH
(eds.); pp. 386-397; 1993.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
986. Nitrogen biomarkers and their fate in
soil.
Amelung, W.
Journal of Plant Nutrition
and Soil Science / Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und
Bodenkunde 166 (6):
677-686. (2003)
NAL Call #:
384 Z343A;
ISSN: 1436-8730.
Notes: Number of References: 83; Publisher: Wiley-V C H
Verlag Gmbh
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ soil organic
nitrogen/ amino sugars/ amino acid enantiomers/ microbial residues/
cell aging/ racemization/ amino acid racemization/ Conservation
Reserve Program/ dissolved organic matter/ South African highveld/
microbial residues/ aspartic acid/ murchison meteorite/ marine
sediments/ North America/ sandy soils
Abstract: More than 90 % of the nitrogen (N) in
soils can be organically bound, but the mechanisms and rates by
which it is cycled have eluded researchers. The objective of this
research was to contribute to a better understanding of the origin
and transformation of soil organic N (SON) by using amino sugars
and the enantiomers of amino acids as markers for microbial
residues and/or aging processes. Studied samples presented here
comprised (1) soil transects across different climates, (2) arable
soils with different duration of cropping, and (3)
radiocarbon-dated soil profiles. The results suggested that
increased microbial alteration of SON temporarily results in a
sequestration of N in microbial residues, which are mineralized at
later stages of SON decomposition. Microorganisms increasingly
sequestered N within intact cell wall residues as frost periods
shortened. At a mean annual temperature above 12-15 degreesC, these
residues were mineralized, probably due to limitations in
additional substrates. Breaking the grassland for cropping caused
rapid SON losses. Microbial residues were decomposed in preference
to total N, this effect being enhanced at higher temperatures.
Hence, climate and cultivation interactively affected SON dynamics.
Nevertheless, not all SON was available to soil microorganisms. In
soil profiles, L-aspartic acid and L-lysine slowly converted into
their D-form, for lysine even at a similar rate in soils of
different microbial activity. Formation of D-aspartate with time
was, therefore, induced by microorganisms while that of D-lysine
was not. The racemization of the two amino acids indicates that SON
not available to microorganisms ages biotically and abiotically. In
native soils, the latter is conserved for centuries, despite N
deficiency frequently occurring in living terrestrial environments.
Climate was not found to affect the fate of old protein
constituents in surface soil. When native grassland was broken for
cropping, however, old SON constituents had become available to
microorganisms and were degraded.
© Thomson ISI
987. Nitrogen cycling under different soil
management systems.
Martens, D. A.
Advances in Agronomy
70: 143-192. (2001)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
988. Nitrogen Dynamics and Buffer
Zones.
Gilliam, J. W.
In: Buffer Zones: Their Processes
and Potential in Water Protection Conference Handbook.
(Held 30 Aug 1996-2 Sep 1996 at
Oxfordshire, UK.)
Cardigan, UK: Samara Publishing
Limited; pp. 17; 1996.
Notes: Conference: Int. Conf. Buffer Zones: Their
Processes and Potential in Water Protection, Woodstock, Oxfordshire
(UK), 30 Aug-2 Sep 1996
Descriptors:
riparian land/ nitrogen removal/
dynamics/ groundwater movement/ nitrates/ denitrification/
literature review/ water quality control/ organic carbon/ buffer
zones/ Water quality control
Abstract: Riparian buffer areas are very
effective in removal of nitrate from groundwater moving through
them as shown by research in several countries. Reductions of
greater than 90% have frequently been measured. However, removals
are greatly affected by hydrologic conditions present in the
riparian areas and complete hydrologic information is usually
missing in riparian studies. Most authors attribute the changes in
nitrate concentration to denitrification although many measurements
of concentration changes along apparent ground-water flow paths
have occurred in soil layers with low levels of organic carbon.
This has lead some to question whether the concentration changes
are a result of denitrification or simply dilution by water from
other sources. The current ideas on this topic, information on
nitrous oxide loss in riparian areas and opinions of the author
will be presented.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
989. Nitrogen excess in North American
ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and
management strategies.
Fenn, Mark E; Poth, Mark A; Aber,
John D; Baron, Jill S; Bormann, Bernard T; Johnson, Dale W; Lemly,
A Dennis; McNulty, Steven G; Ryan, Douglas F; and Stottlemyer,
Robert
Ecological
Applications 8 (3): 706-733.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E23;
ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors:
nitrate: leaching, pollutant/
nitrogen: atmospheric deposition, cycling, limitation/ soil organic
matter/ ecosystem responses/ eutrophication/ fertilization/ forest
ecosystem/ management strategies/ soil acidification/ vegetation
uptake
Abstract: Most forests in North America remain
nitrogen limited, although recent studies have identified forested
areas that exhibit symptoms of N excess, analogous to
overfertilization of arable land. Nitrogen excess in watersheds is
detrimental because of disruptions in plant/soil nutrient
relations, increased soil acidification and aluminum mobility,
increased emissions of nitrogenous greenhouse gases from soil,
reduced methane consumption in soil, decreased water quality, toxic
effects on freshwater biota, and eutrophication of coastal marine
waters. Elevated nitrate (NO3-) loss to groundwater or surface
waters is the primary symptom of N excess. Additional symptoms
include increasing N concentrations and higher N:nutrient ratios in
foliage (i.e., N:Mg, N:P), foliar accumulation of amino acids or
NO3-, and low soil C:N ratios. Recent nitrogen-fertilization
studies in New England and Europe provide preliminary evidence that
some forests receiving chronic N inputs may decline in productivity
and experience greater mortality. Long-term fertilization at Mount
Ascutney, Vermont, suggests that declining and slow N-cycling
coniferous stands may be replaced by fast-growing and fast
N-cycling deciduous forests. Symptoms of N saturation are
particularly severe in high-evaluation, nonaggrading spruce-fir
ecosystems in the Appalachian Mountains and in eastern hardwood
watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West
Virginia. In the Los Angeles Air Basin, mixed conifer forests and
chaparral watersheds with high smog exposure are N saturated and
exhibit the highest streamwater NO3- concentrations for wildlands
in North America. High-elevation alpine watersheds in the Colorado
Front Range and a deciduous forest in Ontario, Canada, are N
saturated, although N deposition is moderate (apprx 8
kgcntdotha-1cntdotyr-1). In contrast, the Harvard Forest hardwood
stand in Massachusetts has absorbed > 900 kg N/ha during 8 yr of
N amendment studies without significant NO3- leaching, illustrating
that ecosystems vary widely in the capacity to retain N inputs.
Overly mature forests with high N deposition, high soil N stores,
and low soil C:N ratios are prone to N saturation and NO3-
leaching. Additional characteristics favoring low N retention
capacity include a short growing season (reduced plant N demand)
and reduced contact time between drainage water and soil (i.e.,
porous coarse-textured soils, exposed bedrock or talus). Temporal
patterns of hydrologic fluxes interact with biotic uptake and
internal cycling patterns in determining ecosystem N retention.
Soils are the largest storage pool for N inputs, although
vegetation uptake is also important. Recent studies indicate that
nitrification may be widespread in undisturbed ecosystems, and that
microbial assimilation of NO3- may be a significant N retention
mechanism, contrary to previous assumptions. Further studies are
needed to elucidate the sites, forms, and mechanisms of N retention
and incorporation into soil organic matter, and to test potential
management options for mitigating N losses from forests.
Implementation of intensive management practices in N-saturated
ecosystems may only be feasible in high-priority areas and on a
limited scale. Reduction of N emissions would be a preferable
solution, although major reductions in the near future are unlikely
in many areas due to economic, energy-use, policy, and demographic
considerations.
© Thomson
990. Nitrogen fate and transport in agricultural
systems.
Follett, R. F. and Delgado, J.
A.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 6 (57): 402-408.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
nitrogen fertilizers/ nitrogen/
losses from soil/ nitrate/ leaching/ nitrous oxide/ nitric oxide/
emission/ ammonia/ volatilization/ denitrification/ agricultural
land/ agricultural soils/ water erosion/ soil flora/ soil
biology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
991. Nitrogen fertilization management for
no-till cereal production in the Canadian Great Plains: A
review.
Malhi, S. S.; Grant, C.
A.;
Johnston, A. M.; and Gill, K.
S.
Soil and Tillage
Research 60 (3/4): 101-122.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
992. Nitrogen in the environment: Sources,
problems, and management.
Follett, R. F. and Hatfield, Jerry
L.
Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier;
xviii, 520 p.: ill. (2001)
Notes: 1st ed.; Includes bibliographical references and
index.
NAL Call #: S651-.N59-2001;
ISBN: 0444504869 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Nitrogen fertilizers/ Nitrogen
fertilizers---Environmental aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
993. Nitrogen losses and fertilizer N use
efficiency in irrigated porous soils.
Aulakh, M. S. and Bijay
Singh.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 47 (3):
197-212. (1996)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC]
Descriptors:
sandy soils/ sandy loam soils/
coarse textured soils/ irrigated conditions/ flooding/ nitrogen/
losses from soil/ ammonia/ volatilization/ nitrification/
identification/ leaching/ nitrogen fertilizers/ use efficiency/
groundwater pollution/ literature reviews/ loamy sand
soils
Abstract: Porous soils are characterized by high
infiltration, low moisture retention and poor fertility due to
limitation of organic matter and nitrogen (N). However, wherever
irrigated and properly managed, these are among the most productive
soils in the world. For sustained productivity and prevention of N
related pollution problems, fertilizer N management in porous soils
needs to be improved by reducing losses of N via different
mechanisms. Losses of N through ammonia volatilization are not
favoured in porous soils provided fertilizer N is applied before an
irrigation or rainfall event. Ammonium N transported to depth along
with percolating water cannot move back to soil surface where it is
prone to be lost as NH3. Under upland conditions nitrification
proceeds rapidly in porous soils. Due to high water percolation
rates in porous soils, continuous flooding for rice production
usually cannot be maintained and alternate flood and drained
conditions are created. Nitrification proceeds rapidly during
drained conditions and nitrates thus produced are subsequently
reduced to N2 and N2O through denitrification upon reflooding.
Indirect N-budget estimates show that up to 50% of the applied N
may be lost via nitrification-denitrification in irrigated porous
soils under wetland rice. High soil nitrate N levels and sufficient
downward movement of rain water to move nitrate N below the rooting
depth are often encountered in soils of humid and subhumid zones,
to a lesser extent in soils of semiarid zone and quite
infrequently, if at all in arid zone soils. The few investigations
carried out with irrigated porous soils do not show substantial
leaching losses of N beyond potential rooting zone even under
wetland rice. However, inefficient management of irrigation water
and fertilizer N particularly with shallow rooted crops may lead to
pollution of groundwater due to nitrate leaching. At a number of
locations, groundwater beneath irrigated porous soils is showing
increased nitrate N concentrations. Efficient management of N for
any cropping system in irrigated porous soils can be achieved by
plugging losses of N via different mechanisms leading to both high
crop production and minimal pollution of the
environment.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
994. Nitrogen management and
sustainability.
Jarvis, S. C.
In: Grass for diary cattle/
Cherney, J. H. and Cherney, D. J., 1998; pp. 161-192
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
995. Nitrogen management in dryland cropping
systems.
Westfall, D. G.; Havlin, J. L.;
Hergert, G. W.; and Raun, W. R.
Journal of Production
Agriculture 9 (2): 192-199.
(Apr. 1996-June 1996)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524 [JPRAEN].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium "Cropping
Systems of the Great Plains" held during the ASA-CSSA-SSSA annual
meetings 1994, Seattle. Includes references.
Descriptors:
dry farming/ intensive cropping/
sustainability/ fertilizer requirement determination/ nitrogen
fertilizers/ application rates/ crop management/ minimum tillage/
no-tillage/ crop yield/ triticum/ zea mays/ helianthus/ placement/
soil testing/ sampling/ nitrogen/ mineralization/ nutrient sources/
environmental impact/ nitrate/ leaching/ surface water/ water
quality/ nitrogen cycle/ literature reviews/ great plains states of
USA/ nitrogen fertilizer management/ nutrient management
Abstract: Management of fertilizer N in dryland
cropping systems in the semi-arid Great Plains is important to the
economic and environmental sustainability of these systems. As
producers shift from the traditional tilled winter wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.)-fallow (WF) cropping systems to those that include
summer crops in the rotation, N management becomes more important
because yield losses as a result of underfertilization become
greater. Fertilizer N rate is more important in obtaining optimum
yields of dryland crops than N placement in drier environments,
while placement becomes more important as rainfall increases. Soil
testing is an accurate method of quantifying the residual soil
nitrate-N level in the root zone. However, a combination of soil
testing, fertilizer N experiences of the producer, and projected N
requirement (expected yield) are the best factors producers can use
in determining fertilizer N rates. If soil testing occurs early in
the spring/summer fallow period preceding planting, a correction to
the fertilizer N recommendation should be made to account for N
mineralization that occurs between soil sampling and planting. This
can prevent overfertilization. Dryland systems appear to have a
soil-plant N buffer capacity that prevents inorganic N accumulation
at fertilizer N rates that exceed optimal N requirements to meet
crop needs. Recent research has reported N buffering in the range
of 21 to 76 lb N/acre per yr for annually cropped dryland wheat
production systems. This means that the application of from 21 to
76 lb N/acre per yr did not result in an accumulation of inorganic
N in the soil. This concept should be evaluated on additional
datasets, and, if found to be applicable to a range of conditions
it could have an effect on establishing environmentally safe
fertilizer N rates for dryland cropping systems.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
996. Nitrogen management in irrigated
agriculture.
Rauschkolb, Roy S. and Hornsby,
Arthur G.
New York: Oxford University Press;
xi, 251 p.: ill. (1994)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 230-245)
and index.
NAL Call #: S619.N57R38--1994; ISBN: 0195078357 (acid-free paper)
Descriptors:
Irrigation farming/ Nitrogen in
agriculture---Management/ Crops and nitrogen
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
997. Nitrogen management strategies to reduce
nitrate leaching in tile-drained Midwestern soils.
Dinnes, D. L.; Karlen, D. L.;
Jaynes, D. B.; Kaspar, T. C.; Hatfield, J. L.; Colvin, T. S.; and
Cambardella, C. A.
Agronomy Journal
94 (1): 153-171. (Jan. 2002-Feb.
2002)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962 [AGJOAT]
Descriptors:
soil fertility/ nitrogen/ soil
management/ leaching/ tile drainage/ application rates/
groundwater/ groundwater pollution/ water pollution/ surface water/
use efficiency/ water quality/ tillage/ crops/ soil organic matter/
hydrology/ air temperature/ precipitation/ monitoring/ rotations/
cover crops/ conservation tillage/ placement/ nitrification
inhibitors/ wetlands/ biological filtration/ literature reviews/
United States
Abstract: Balancing the amount of N needed for
optimum plant growth while minimizing the NO3 that is transported
to ground and surface waters remains a major challenge for everyone
attempting to understand and improve agricultural nutrient use
efficiency. Our objectives for this review are to examine how
changes in agricultural management practices during the past
century have affected N in Midwestern soils and to identify the
types of research and management practices needed to reduce the
potential for nonpoint NO3 leakage into water resources. Inherent
soil characteristics and management practices contributing to
nonpoint NO3 loss from Midwestern soils, the impact of NO3 loading
on surface water quality, improved N management strategies, and
research needs are discussed. Artificial drainage systems can have
a significant impact on water quality because they behave like
shallow, direct conduits to surface waters. Nonpoint loss of NO3
from fields to water resources, however, is not caused by any
single factor. Rather, it is caused by a combination of factors,
including tillage, drainage, crop selection, soil organic matter
levels, hydrology, and temperature and precipitation patterns.
Strategies for reducing NO3 loss through drainage include improved
timing of N application at appropriate rates, using soil tests and
plant monitoring, diversifying crop rotations, using cover crops,
reducing tillage, optimizing N application techniques, and using
nitrification inhibitors. Nitrate can also be removed from water by
establishing wetlands or biofilters. Research that is focused on
understanding methods to minimize NO3 contamination of water
resources should also be used to educate the public about the
complexity of the problem and the need for multiple management
strategies to solve the problem across agricultural
landscapes.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
998. Nitrogen modeling for soil
management.
Shaffer, M. J.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 417-425.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
nitrogen cycle/ nitrate nitrogen/
leaching/ soil fertility/ nitrogen fertilizers/ fertilizer
requirement determination/ soil organic matter/ organic nitrogen
compounds/ nitrous oxide/ nitrogen/ emission/ soil biology/ soil
flora/ geographical information systems/ simulation models/
computer simulation/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
999. Nitrogen pollution in the northeastern
United States: Sources, effects, and management options.
Driscoll, C. T.; Whitall, D.; Aber,
J.; Boyer, E.; Castro, M.; Cronan, C.; Goodale, C. L.; Groffman,
P.; Hopkinson, C.; and Lambert, K.
Bioscience 53 (4): 357-374. (Apr. 2003)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A;
ISSN: 0006-3568 [BISNAS]
Descriptors:
air pollution/ water pollution/
ozone/ forests/ estuaries/ pollution control/ simulation models/
northeastern states of USA
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1000. Nitrogen pools and processes in
agricultural systems of Coastal British Columbia: A review of
published research.
Kowalenko, C. G.
Canadian Journal of Plant
Science 80 (1): 1-10.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
450-C16.
Notes: Number of References: 45; From: Nutrient cycling
in crop cultural systems: 78th Annual Conference of the
Agricultural Institute of Canada / Vancouver, British Colombia, 8
July 1998
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1001. Nitrogen turnover in soil after application
of animal manure and slurry as studied by the stable isotope 15N: A
review.
Dittert K; Goerges T; and
Sattelmacher B
Journal of plant nutrition
and soil science = Zeitschrift fanzenern?ung und Bodenkunde
161 (4): 453-463; 3 ref.
(1998)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1002. Nitrogen use in vegetable crops in
temperate climates.
Schenk, M. K.
Horticultural Reviews
22: 185-223. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H6;
ISSN: 0163-7851 [HORED5]
Descriptors:
crops/ vegetables/ nitrogen
fertilizers/ application rates/ temperate climate/ nitrate/
ammonium/ nutrient uptake/ fertilizer requirement determination/
nutrient requirements/ growth rate/ nutrient transport/ root
systems/ soil fertility/ mineralization/ growth period/ nitrogen
content/ sap/ application methods/ split dressings/ placement/
nitrification/ inhibition/ slow release fertilizers/ crop
management/ organic matter/ irrigation/ chloride/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1003. Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural
soils.
Beauchamp, E. G.
Canadian Journal of Soil
Science 77 (2): 113-123.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
56.8 C162 .
Notes: Number of References: 82; From: Proceedings of
Quebec City Symposium on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Soil
Ecosystems, Quebec, Canada, 1995
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1004. Nitrous Oxide Emissions and the
Anthropogenic Nitrogen in Wastewater and Solid Waste.
Barton, P. K. and Atwater, J.
W.
Journal of Environmental
Engineering 128 (2): 137-150.
(2002);
ISSN: 0733-9372.
Notes: DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:2(137)
Descriptors:
Solid wastes/ Nitrous oxide/
Wastewater/ Emissions/ Greenhouse gases/ Nitrogen cycle/ Air
Pollution / Path of Pollutants/ Fate of Pollutants/ Cycling
Nutrients/ Nitrogen Compounds/ Atmospheric Chemistry/ Reviews/
Research Priorities/ Waste Management/ Wastewater Treatment/ Waste
Disposal/ Pollution (Air)/ Climatic changes/ Air pollution/ Sources
and fate of pollution/ Sewage/ Air Pollution: Monitoring, Control
& Remediation
Abstract: In the 20th century, human interference in
the nitrogen cycle has caused a doubling of the global nitrogen
fixation rate (an element critical in the proteins of all
organisms), thereby intensifying global nitrous oxide (N sub(2)O)
production during microbial nitrification and denitrification.
Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas, important in climate
change, and as well, is a stratospheric ozone-depleting substance.
It is likely that much of the Earth's population now relies on
anthropogenic nitrogen in its food supplies, resulting in
anthropogenic nitrogen contained in wastes requiring management.
Food production is considered as a source of global nitrous oxide
emissions; however, the nitrogen in wastewater and solid wastes may
be a significant fate of much anthropogenic nitrogen. This factor
has largely escaped in-depth, critical analysis from the
perspective of nitrous oxide emissions. This paper introduces
nitrogen cycling and nitrous oxide production and reviews the
research currently available on N sub(2)O emissions from wastewater
treatment operations, landfilling, composting, and incineration;
demonstrating that each process can emit large amounts of this
important gas. This is followed by a discussion of the limited
research. The relative importance of N sub(2)O in waste management
is also estimated, indicating that wastewater treatment may be the
most important operation for managing anthropogenic nitrogen in
wastes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)
1005. Nitrous oxide emissions derived from N
leaching.
Groffman, P. M.; Gold, A. J.;
Kellogg, D. Q.; and Addy, K.
DIAS Report, Plant
Production (81): 143-155.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
SB187.D4 D54 nr. 81;
ISSN: 1397-9884
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1006. Nitrous oxide emissions from grazed
grassland.
Oenema, O; Velthof, G L; Yamulki,
S; and Jarvis, S C
Soil Use and
Management 13 (4
[supplement]): 288-295. (1997)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68;
ISSN: 0266-0032
Descriptors:
nitrous oxide: emission, greenhouse
gas/ livestock (Mammalia): grazer/ Animals/ Chordates/ Mammals/
Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ agriculture/
climate change/ grazed grassland
Abstract: Grazing animals on managed pastures and
rangelands have been identified recently as significant
contributors to the global N2O budget. This paper summarizes
relevant literature data on N2O emissions from dung, urine and
grazed grassland, and provides an estimate of the contribution of
grazing animals to the global N2O budget. The effects of grazing
animals on N2O emission are brought about by the concentration of
herbage N in urine and dung patches, and by the compaction of the
soil due to treading and trampling. The limited amount of
experimental data indicates that 0.1 to 0.7% of the N in dung and
0.1 to 3.8% of the N in urine is emitted to the atmosphere as N2O.
There are no pertinent data about the effects of compaction by
treading cattle on N2O emission yet. Integral effects of grazing
animals have been obtained by comparing grazed pastures with
mown-only grassland. Grazing derived emissions, expressed as per
cent of the amount of N excreted by grazing animals in dung and
urine, range from 0.2 to 9.9%, with an overall mean of 2%. Using
this emission factor and data statistics from FAO for numbers of
animals, the global contribution of grazing animals was estimated
at 1.55 Tg N2O-N per year. This is slightly more than 10% of the
global budget.
© Thomson
1007. No-till vegetable production: Its time is
now.
Morse, R. D.
HortTechnology 9 (3): 373-379. (July 1999-Sept.
1999)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68;
ISSN: 1063-0198.
Notes: Paper presented at the American Society for
Horticultural Science Workshop on Conservation tillage for
vegetables held July 11-16, 1998, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
vegetables/ crops/ no-tillage/
direct sowing/ transplanting/ transplanters/ farm machinery/ weed
control/ cover crops/ green manures/ crop residues/ crop
management/ literature reviews
Abstract: Advantages of no-till (NT) production
systems are acknowledged throughout the world. During the 1990s,
production of NT vegetable crops has increased for both direct
seeded and transplanted crops. Increased interest in
reduced-tillage systems among research workers and vegetable
growers is attributed to: 1) development and commercialization of
NT transplanters and seeders, 2) advancements in the technology and
practice of producing and managing high-residue cover crop mulches,
and 3) improvements and acceptance of integrated weed management
techniques. Results from research experiments and grower's fields
over the years has shown that success with NT transplanted crops is
highly dependent on achieving key production objectives,
including:
1) production of dense, uniformly
distributed cover crops; 2) skillful management of cover crops
before transplanting, leaving a heavy, uniformly distributed killed
mulch cover over the soil surface; 3) establishment of transplants
into cover crops with minimum disturbance of surface residues and
surface soil; and 4) adoption of year-round weed control
strategies.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1008. No-tillage visions: Protection of soil,
water and climate and influence on management and farm
income.
Tebrügge, F.
In: Conservation agriculture:
Environment, farmers experiences, innovations, socio-economy,
policy/ García-Torres, L.; Benites, J.; Martínez-Vilela, A.;
and
Holgado-Cabrera, A.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer
Academic, 2003; pp. 327-340
ISBN: 1-4020-1106-7
NAL Call #: S604.5 .C64 2003
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1009. Non-chemical weed management in organic
farming systems.
Bond, W. and Grundy, A.
C.
Weed Research 41 (5): 383-405. (Oct. 2001)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W412;
ISSN: 0043-1737 [WEREAT]
Descriptors:
organic farming/ farming systems/
weed control/ heat/ cultivation/ rotations/ cultivars/ mulching/
ground cover/ competitive ability/ detection/ steam/ literature
reviews/ mechanical weed control/ thermal weed control
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1010. Nonpoint and point sources of nitrogen in
major watersheds of the United States.
Puckett, L. J. and Geological
Survey (U.S.). Reston, Va.:
U.S. Geological Survey, 1994. 9
p.
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
9).
NAL Call #: GB701.W375--no.94-4001
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/wri94-4001/wri94-4001main.html
Descriptors:
Nonpoint source pollution---United
States/ Water---Nitrogen content---United States/
Water---Pollution---United States/ Point source
identification
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1011. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with
phosphorus and nitrogen.
Carpenter SR; Caraco NF; Correll
DL; Howarth RW; Sharpley AN; and Smith VH
Ecological
Applications 8 (3):
559-568; 3 ref. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E23
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1012. Nonpoint Sources.
Line, D. E.; Arnold, J. A.; Osmond,
D. L.; Coffey, S. W.; and Gale, J. A.
Water Environment
Research 65 (6): 558-571.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
Literature review/ Model studies/
Nonpoint pollution sources/ Path of pollutants/ Reviews/ Water
pollution control/ Water pollution sources/ Agricultural runoff/
Economic aspects/ Hydrologic models/ Monitoring/ Nutrients/
Pesticides/
Sediment transport/ Solute
transport/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Water quality
control
Abstract: Nonpoint source pollution (NSP) originates
from generally diffuse land areas that intermittently contribute
pollutants to surface and groundwater. The literature is reviewed
on several aspects of NSP including policy, economics, and
management issues; effects of NSP on surface and groundwater; best
management practices (BMPs) for NSP control; and modeling and
monitoring NSP. The option of effluent trading, the allocation of
pollutant loading reductions for NSP using least cost as the
criterion has been evaluated as an economical supplement to
traditional regulatory programs addressing water quality problems.
NSP control program discussions focus on the effectiveness of
federal and state efforts to control NSP and restore or protect
water quality. Examples of NSP include agricultural runoff
(pesticides and fertilizers), soil erosion, toxic organic
chemicals, and nutrients. BMPs studied for control of NSP include
erosion control measures (tillage and crop planting practices),
terracing, vegetative filter strips, constructed wetlands, and
urban runoff and stormwater control. Mathematical modeling of water
quality is a useful tool in decision making and evaluating
management practices for NSP controls. New erosion and sediment
transport models are continuously being developed while the
components of established models are constantly being modified.
Several studies have been conducted to assess the predictive
capabilities of some well-known NSP models. Models may predict the
fate of pollutants in surface waters, groundwater, and at the
watershed level. The use of sophisticated database management and
data acquisition tools has improved and expanded the utility of NSP
models. The monitoring of NSP is studied in several papers.
Risk-assessment articles which deal with the economic risk to the
farmer and environmental risk from NSP are also reviewed.
(Geiger-PTT) 35 013011055
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1013. Nonpoint Sources.
Line, D. E.; Osmond, D. L.; Coffey,
S. W.; Arnold, J. A.; Gale, J. A.; Spooner, J.; and Jennings, G.
D.
Water Environment
Research 66 (4): 585-594.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
water pollution/ nonpoint pollution
sources/ literature review/ surface water/ groundwater pollution/
economic aspects/ water pollution control/ model studies/
monitoring/ water management/ groundwater pollution/ pollution
control/ pollution monitoring/ non point pollution sources/ Sources
and fate of pollution/ Prevention and control
Abstract: Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution originates
from diffuse land areas that intermittently contribute pollutants
to surface and ground water. This article is a review of 1993
literature on several aspects of NPS pollution, including policy,
economics, and management issues; effects and extent of NPS
pollutants in surface and ground water; NPS pollution controls; and
modeling an of NPS pollution.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1014. Nonpoint sources.
Line, D. E.; Osmond, D. L.; Arnold,
J. A.; Coffey, S. W.; Spooner, J.; and Jennings, G. D.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 685-700.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1047-7624
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1015. Nonpoint Sources.
Line, D. E.; Osmond, D. L.; Gannon,
R. W.; Coffey, S. W.; Jennings, G. D.; Gale, J. A.; and Spooner,
J.
Water Environment
Research 68 (4): 720-732.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303.
Notes: 1996 literature review
Descriptors:
Sources and fate of pollution/
Secondary publication and distribution/ Freshwater pollution/
Behavior and fate characteristics/ Marine/ Brackish
water
Abstract: Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution originates
from diffuse land areas that intermittently contribute pollutants
to surface and ground water. This article is a review of 1995
literature on several aspects of NPS pollution, including policy,
economics, and management issues; effects and extent of pollutants
in surface and ground water; pollution controls; and modeling and
monitoring. Several publications addressed the broad topic of
nonpoint sources. Novotny and Olem (1994) discussed prevention,
identification, and management issues related to the control of NPS
pollution, including laws, regulations, and policies; hydrologic
considerations; atmospheric deposition; erosion and sedimentation;
urban pollution; toxic pollution; modeling and monitoring;
agricultural issues; wetlands; management and restoration; and
integrated planning and control of NPS pollution on a watershed
basis. A book examining nitrogen fertilization, fixation, and loss
and the environmental implications of alternative nitrogen sources
on ecosystems was published (Bacon, 1995). Herricks and Jenkins
(1995) edited a book on assessing, controlling, and improving the
quality of stormwater runoff from industrial and municipal areas.
Proceedings of a conference on surface water quality and ecology
(Water Environment Federation, 1995) focused on a wide range of
topics, including the Everglades, sediment impacts on water
quality, marine and estuarine systems, watershed management, water
quality criteria and standards, environmental modeling and
monitoring, natural systems, stormwater impacts, and risk
assessment. Proceedings of a conference on animal waste management
provided an interdisciplinary discussion of animal waste and its
interactions with soil and water within a watershed framework
(Steele, 1995). The National Agricultural Library published
bibliographies on dairy farm manure management (Makuch, 1995a) and
NPS pollution issues (Makuch, 1995b).
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1016. Nonpoint sources.
Line, D. E.; Osmond, D. L.; Coffey,
S. W.; McLaughlin, R. A.; Jennings, G. D.; Gale, J. A.; and
Spooner, J.
Water Environment
Research 69 (4): 844-860.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1047-7624
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1017. Nonpoint Sources.
Line, D. E.; Mclaughlin, R. A.;
Osmond, D. L.; Jennings, G. D.; Harman, W. A.; Lombardo, L. A.; and
Spooner, J.
Water Environment
Research 70 (4): 895-912.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
Literature Review/ Nonpoint
Pollution Sources/ Surface Water/ Groundwater Pollution/
Monitoring/ Environmental Policy/ Water Pollution Control/ Sources
and fate of pollution
Abstract: Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution originates
from diffuse land areas that intermittently contribute pollutants
to surface and ground water. This article is a review of 1997
literature on several aspects of NPS pollution, including policy,
economics, and management issues; effects and extent of pollutants
in surface and ground water; pollution controls; and modeling and
monitoring. Several publications addressed the broad topic of NPS
pollution. Osmond, Line, et al. (1997) provided an overview of the
Section 319 National Monitoring Program of the Clean Water Act.
Under this program, selected watersheds around the country are
monitored during a 6- to 10-year period to evaluate how
implementation of best management practices (BMPs) leads to
improved water quality. Proceedings from a national conference on
NPS Pollution Information/Education Programs included papers on
various education and outreach efforts aimed at adults and children
for protecting water resources.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1018. Nonpoint sources.
Line, D. E.; Jennings, G. D.;
McLaughlin, R. A.; Osmond, D. L.; Harman, W. A.; Lombardo, L. A.;
Tweedy, K. L.; and Spooner, J.
Water Environment
Research 71 (5): 1054-1069.
(Aug. 1999)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water pollution/ groundwater
pollution/ groundwater/ surface water/ water quality/ pollutants/
runoff/ leaching/ agricultural land/ agricultural chemicals/
pollution control/ literature reviews/ nonpoint source pollution/
best management practices
Abstract: Annual literature review covers multiple
aspects of nonpoint source pollution and includes references to
articles on pollution trading.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1019. North American agroforestry: An intergrated
science and practice.
Garrett, H. E.; Rietveld, W. J.;
and Fisher, Richard F.
Madison, Wis. American
Society of Agronomy, Inc.; 402 p. (2000)
NAL Call #: S494.5.A45-.N68-2000; ISBN: 0891181423
Descriptors:
Agroforestry---United States/ Forest
management---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1020. The North-South divide! Organic wastes, or
resources for nutrient management.
Giller, K. E.; Cadisch, G.; and
Palm, C.
Agronomie 22 (7/8): 703-709. (Nov. 2002-Dec.
2002)
NAL Call #:
SB7.A3;
ISSN: 0249-5627 [AGRNDZ].
Notes: Paper presented at the 11th Nitrogen Workshop
held September 9-12, 2001, Reims, France. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
cattle manure/ crop residues/
nitrogen/ mineralization/ tropics/ green manures/ literature
reviews/ waste utilization/ nutrient availability/ soil fertility/
soil flora/ soil biology/ biological activity in soil/ crop
management/ nitrogen fixation/ legumes
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1021. Northeast cover crop handbook.
Sarrantonio, Marianne
Emmaus, PA: Rodale Institute; xiii,
118 p.: ill.; Series: Soil health series. (1994)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
[105]-107) and index.
NAL Call #: SB284.3.U6S27--1994; ISBN: 0913107174 (pbk.)
Descriptors:
Cover crops---Northeastern
States---Handbooks, manuals, etc
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1022. Northern forested wetlands: Ecology and
management.
Trettin, Carl C.
Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Lewis; 486
p.: ill., maps. (1997)
NAL Call #: SD410.9.N67--1997; ISBN: 1566701775
Descriptors:
Wetland forestry/ Forested
wetlands---Management/ Wetlands---Management/ Wetland ecology/
Forest ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1023. Notes on sediment management in reservoirs:
National and international perspectives.
Fan, Shou shan.; Morris, Gregory.;
and United States. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
Washington, D.C.: Printed by
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; iii, 248 p.: ill., maps.
(1994)
Notes: Cover title. Distributed to depository libraries
in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 96-0337-M. "December 31, 1993."
Includes bibliographical references. SUDOCS: E 2.2:SE
2/3.
NAL Call #: Fiche--S-133-E-2.2:
SE-2/3-
Descriptors:
Sediments---Geology/ Reservoir
sedimentation/ Desilting basins
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1024. Nuisance concerns and odor
control.
Miner JR
Journal of Dairy
Science 80 (10): 2667-2672;
11 ref. (1997)
NAL Call #:
44.8 J822
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1025. Nursery soil management: Organic
amendments.
Davey, C B
In: U.S. Forest Service General
Technical Report: PNW (Series: U.S. Forest Service General
Technical Report: PNW 389), 1997. pp. 6-18
Notes:
ISSN: 0363-6224
Descriptors:
trees (Spermatophyta)/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ bulk density/ composts/ forestry/
manures/ nursery soil management/ root penetration/ soil
amendments/ soil compaction/ soil organic matter/ soil science/
water holding capacity/ wood wastes
Abstract: In von Carlowitz' book of 1713 on
economic silviculture, he devotes a full chapter to nurseries. He
discusses the best soil for a nursery, how the soil is treated and
prepared for sowing, and the favorability of using lots of organic
matter. Thus, our present topic is hardly new. However, there is
considerable new information that will help us to a better
understanding of the dynamics of organic matter in soil. Recently
it has been shown that some of the most active and important
organic matter is soluble. It breaks down very rapidly, however, so
it must be continuously replaced. Organic matter maintenance is a
bother but it is essential to the production of high quality grade
one seedlings. It even makes economic sense. The roles of organic
matter in the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of nursery
soil management are discussed in this review. The impact of soil
organic matter on air and water movement into and out of the soil,
the water-holding capacity, soil compaction and bulk density, and
ease of root penetration are all physical aspects. The dynamics of
nutrients in the soil, both immobilization and mineralization, the
components of acidity (both the pH value and exchangeable
aluminum), and the cation exchange capacity are the important
chemical aspects. The enhancement of mycorrhiza formation and
function and the suppression of soil-borne pests, including disease
organisms, nematodes, insects, and some weeds are parts of the
biological factors. These are all discussed in terms of improved
seedling quality.
© Thomson
1026. Nutrient concentrations and yields in
undeveloped stream basins of the United States.
Clark, G. M.; Mueller, D. K.; and
Mast, M. A.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 36 (4): 849-860. (2000)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315;
ISSN: 1093-474X [JWRAF5]
Abstract: Data from 85 sites across the United
States were used to estimate concentrations and yields of selected
nutrients in streams draining relatively undeveloped basins.
Flow-weighted concentrations during 1990-1995 were generally low
with median basin concentrations of 0.020, 0.087, 0.26, 0.010, and
0.022 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for ammonia as N, nitrate as N,
total nitrogen, orthophosphate as P, and total phosphorus,
respectively. The flow-weighted concentration of nitrate exceeded
0.6 mg/L in only three basins. Total nitrogen exceeded 1 mg/L in
only four basins, and total phosphorus exceeded 0.1 mg/L in only
four basins. The median annual basin yield of ammonia as N, nitrate
as N, total nitrogen, orthophosphate as P, and total phosphorus was
8.1, 26, 86, 2.8, and 8.5 kilograms per square kilometer,
respectively. Concentrations and yields of nitrate tended to be
highest in northeastern and mid-Atlantic coastal states and
correlated well with areas of high atmospheric nitrogen deposition.
Concentrations and yields of total nitrogen were highest in the
southeastern part of the nation and in parts of the upper Midwest.
In the northeast, nitrate was generally the predominant form of
nitrogen, and in the southeast and parts of the upper Midwest,
organic nitrogen was the dominant form. Concentrations of total
phosphorus were generally highest in the Rocky Mountain and Central
Plain states.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1027. Nutrient cycling and fertility management
in temperate short rotation forest systems.
Heilman, Paul and Norby, Richard
J
Biomass and Bioenergy
14 (4): 361-370. (1998);
ISSN: 0961-9534
Descriptors:
nitrate: leaching/ nitrogen:
nutrient/ cropping strategies/ denitrification/ fertility
management/ fertilizer requirements/ nutrient cycling/ nutrient
losses/ short rotation forest systems/ soil pH/ waste
disposal
Abstract: Under most conditions, fertilizers will be
required to maintain production of short rotation forestry (SRF)
plantations. Information from fertilizer trials together with
knowledge of general soil fertility in an area permits
approximation of fertilizer requirements. Refining those
approximations for specific plantations is important for the
following three reasons: the need to assure high production; the
need to minimize production costs; and the desire to limit off-site
effects of fertilizer application. To meet those goals, requires
understanding the behavior of fertilizer in soils including
leaching, immobilization and, in the case of nitrogen,
denitrification. Knowledge of nutrient cycling in SRF including
nutrient removal at harvest, other nutrient losses, and natural
inputs of nutrients, helps in achieving good fertilizer practices.
Cropping strategies that minimize fertilizer use can lower costs
and reduce off-site effects of fertilizing. This review summarizes
current knowledge of nutrient cycling, cropping strategies and
fertility management in temperate SRF plantations.
© Thomson
1028. Nutrient cycling in integrated plant-animal
systems: Implications for animal management strategies in
smallholder farming systems.
Ndlovu LR and Mugabe PH
In: Natural resources management in
African agriculture: Understanding and improving current practices/
Barrett, Christopher B.; Place, Frank; and Aboud, Abdillahi A.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publ., 2002; pp. 251-260.
Notes: "Published in association with the International
Centre for Research in Agroforestry."
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1029. Nutrient cycling on organic
farms.
Goulding K; Stockdale E; Fortune S;
and Watson C
Journal of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England 161: 65-75. (2000)
NAL Call #:
10 R81
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1030. Nutrient Enrichment and Decomposition in
Wetland Ecosystems: Models, Analyses and Effects.
Rybczyk, J. M.; Garson, G.; and
Day, J. W.
Current Topics in Wetland
Biogeochemistry 2: 52-72.
(1996);
ISSN: 1076-4674
Descriptors:
litter/ wetlands/ ecosystems/
mineralization/ decomposition/ nutrients/ cycling nutrients/ model
studies/ enrichment/ literature review/ nutrient cycles/ nutrients
(mineral)/ degradation / biodegradation/ literature reviews/
decomposers/ leaves/ biogeochemistry/ nutrient enrichment/ Chemical
processes/ Habitat community studies/ Protective measures and
control/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Decomposition refers to the breakdown of
organic matter to carbon dioxide, water and inorganic mineral
components (mineralization) (Dickinson and Pugh 1974). Inorganic
components can also be re-incorporated into the litter matrix
during decomposition (immobilization). Generally, nutrient
availability limits the rate of biological decomposition of plant
organic matter because of the disparity between the high demand for
nitrogen and phosphorus by decomposer organisms that use plant
litter carbon as an energy source and the relatively low
concentrations of nutrients found in the leaf litter (Swift et al.
1979, Neely and Davis 1985, Enriquez et al. 1993). Nutrient
amendments to wetland ecosystems can potentially increase the rates
of decomposition by either improving initial litter nutrient
quality, via fertilization of the growing plant (Coulson and
Butterfield 1978, Valiela et al. 1985, Lukumbuzya et al. 1994), or
by increasing externally, the nutrients available to decomposer
communities (Howarth and Fisher 1976, Haines and Hanson 1979,
Fairchild et al. 1984). Nutrient amendments can also affect the
mineralization and immobilization of nutrients within the
decomposing litter matrix by altering the distribution and amounts
of nutrients associated with the labile and refractory litter
components, and by increasing the external pool of nutrients that
can be re-incorporated into the decomposing litter matrix (Kaushik
and Hynes 1971, Howarth and Fisher 1976, Andersen 1978, Coulson and
Butterfield 1978, Elwood et al. 1981, Marinucci et al. 1983, DeBusk
and Dierberg 1984, Fairchild et al. 1984, Neely and Davis 1985,
Valiela et al. 1985, Hohmann and Neely 1993). We reviewed 24
studies that examined the effects of nutrient amendments, most
commonly nitrogen and phosphorus, on the rates of wetland plant
litter decomposition in either, wetland ecosystems, laboratory
wetland mesocosms, streams or vegetated littoral zones of
lakes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1031. Nutrient losses in surface irrigation
runoff.
Bjorneberg, D. L.; Westermann, D.
T.; and Aase, J. K.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 524-529.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
nutrients/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/
losses from soil/ surface irrigation/ return flow/ water reuse/
water erosion/ sediment yield/ polyacrylamide / furrows/ grass
strips/ erosion control/ ponds/ sediment/ pollution control/
sediment trapping ponds
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1032. Nutrient management: Crop production and
water quality.
Klausner, Stu.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Northeast Regional
Agricultural Engineering Service. vi, 40 p.: ill. (some col.);
Series: NRAES 101. (1997)
Notes: Cover title. Includes bibliographical references
p. 38-39.
NAL Call #: S675-.N72-no.-101
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1033. Nutrient management, cultivar development
and selection strategies to optimize water use
efficiency.
Davis, J. G. and Quick, J.
S.
Journal of Crop
Production 1 (2): 221-240.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Nutrient Use in Crop Production /
edited by Z. Rengel. Includes references.
Descriptors:
crops/ cultivars/ artificial
selection/ selection program/ genetic improvement/ fertilizers/
water use efficiency/ nutrient sources/ photosynthesis/ crop yield/
rooting/ soil water content/ economic analysis/ evapotranspiration/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1034. Nutrient Management for Water Quality
Protection: Integrating Research Into Environmental
Policy.
Sims, J. T.; Goggin, N.; and
Mcdermott, J.
Water Science and
Technology 39 (12): 291-298.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: IAWQ 3. International Conference on
Diffuse Pollution, Edinburgh (UK), 21 Aug-4 Sep 1998; Source:
Diffuse Pollution '98; Editors: Novotny, V. //D'Arcy, B.; DOI:
10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00346-7; ISBN: 0080434096
Descriptors:
United States, Delaware/ Cycling
Nutrients/ Environmental Policy/ Reviews/ Water Quality Management/
Agricultural Practices/ Degradation/ Nutrients (mineral)/ Water
pollution / Policies/ Water quality control/ Agricultural
pollution/ Nutrients/ Environment management/ Legislation/
Agriculture/ Government policies/ Nutrient cycles/ Pollution
monitoring/ Ecosystem management/ United States, Delaware/ Water
quality control/ Environmental action/ Prevention and control/
Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Agriculture's impacts on water quality
have been the focus of basic and applied research in Delaware for
more than 25 years. Research has examined nutrient cycling in
soils, nutrient transport from soils to water, and the
environmental consequences of ground water contamination and
surface water eutrophication by nutrients. Much of the research has
specifically been oriented towards the development of agricultural
management practices to prevent the degradation of water quality by
nutrients. Other research has focused on increasing our
understanding of the chemical, physical, and biological processes
that control nutrient cycling and transport and improving the
monitoring techniques needed to document how changing management
practices affects water quality. Agencies responsible for water
quality protection have sought to integrate this research into
environmental policy, but have often been frustrated by the
fragmented and sometimes contradictory nature of the information
provided to them. This paper reviews key advances in research on
nutrient management and water quality in Delaware and discusses the
obstacles faced in translating research into widely accepted
management practices and environmental policies.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1035. Nutrient management of food animals to
enhance and protect the environment.
Kornegay, E. T.
Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC/Lewis
Publishers; xix, 344 p.: ill. (1996)
Notes: " ... based on the proceedings of the John Lee
Pratt International Symposium on Nutrient Management of Food
Animals to Enhance and Protect the Environment held on June 4-7 at
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"--Pref.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #: SF94.6.N87--1996; ISBN: 1566701996 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Animal nutrition---Congresses/ Food
animals---Nutrition---Congresses/ Feeds---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1036. Nutrient management strategies on Dutch
dairy farms: An empirical analysis.
Ondersteijn, C. J. M.
Wageningen: s.n.; 200 p.: ill.,
maps. (2002)
Notes: "Stellingen" inserted. Thesis
(doctoral)--Wageningen Universiteit, 2002. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 162-175).
NAL Call #: DISS-F2002088;
ISBN: 9058087166
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1037. Nutrient recycling: The European
experience: Review.
Hall JE
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 12 (4):
667-674; 7 ref. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1038. Nutrient recycling: The North American
experience: Review.
Fontenot, J. P.
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 12 (4):
642-650. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7;
ISSN: 1011-2367
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1039. Nutrient retention in riparian
ecotones.
Vought, L. B. M.; Dahl, J.;
Pedersen, C. L.; and Lacoursiere, J. O.
Ambio 23 (6): 342-348. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH540.A52;
ISSN: 0044-7447
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1040. Nutrients in ground water and surface water
of the United States: An analysis of data through 1992.
Mueller, D. K. and Geological
Survey (U.S.). Denver, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S.
Geological Survey, 1995. 74 p.
Notes: "National Water-Quality Assessment
Program"--Cover.
NAL Call #: GB701.W375- no.95-4031
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri954031
Descriptors:
Water---Nitrogen content---United
States/ Water---United States---Phosphorus content
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1041. Nutrients in groundwaters of the
conterminous United States, 1992-1995.
Nolan, B. T. and Stoner, J.
D.
Environmental Science and
Technology 34 (7): 1156-1165.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X [ESTHAG]
Descriptors:
groundwater/ water quality/
contaminants/ groundwater pollution/ federal programs/ United
States/ US geological survey's national water quality assessment
program nawqa
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1042. Nutrients in shallow ground waters beneath
relatively undeveloped areas in the conterminous United
States.
Nolan, B. T.; Hitt, K. J.; and
National Water Quality Assessment Program (U.S.). Denver, Colorado:
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003. 17
p.
Notes: "National Water-Quality Assessment
Program."
NAL Call #: GB701-.W375-
no.-2002-4289
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/nutrients/pubs/wri02-4289/wri02-4289.pdf
Descriptors:
Nutrient pollution of water---United
States/ Groundwater---Pollution---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1043. Nutrients in the nation's waters: Too much
of a good thing?
Mueller, David K.; Helsel, Dennis
R.; and Kidd, Mary A.
Washington, D.C. U.S.
G.P.O., 1996. 24 p.
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
22).
NAL Call #: TD427.N87M84--1996
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/circ-1136/circ-1136main.html
Descriptors:
Nutrient pollution of water---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1044. Nutritional management for environment
friendly animal production.
Paik IK
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 13:
302-314. (2000)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7.
Notes: Special Issue; Number of References: 37; From:
Proceedings of 2000 International Symposium Recent Advances in
Animal Nutrition, Seoul, Korea, 20-22 April 2000; Special issue
editors: Aumaitre A,
Lee BD, Ha JK
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1045. Oak regeneration using the shelterwood-burn
technique: Management options and implications for songbird
conservation in the southeastern United States.
Lanham, J. D.; Keyser, P. D.;
Brose, P. H.; and Van Lear, D. H.
Forest Ecology and
Management 155 (1/3):
143-152. (Jan. 2002)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127 [FECMDW].
Notes: Special issue: Forest ecology in the next
millennium: Putting the long view into practice / edited by A.C.
Dibble. Paper presented at a workshop held June 27-30, 1999, Orono,
Maine. Includes references.
Descriptors:
quercus/ liriodendron tulipifera/
wild birds/ shelterwood/ natural regeneration/ prescribed burning/
forest management/ nature conservation/ plant competition/ stand
structure/ botanical composition/ woodlands/ plant succession/
habitats/ literature reviews/ southeastern states of USA
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1046. Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in
the environment.
Ying GuangGuo; Kookana, R. S.; and
Ru YingJun
Environment
International 28 (6):
545-551. (2002)
NAL Call #:
TD169.E54;
ISSN: 0160-4120
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1047. Occurrence, degradation and fate of
pesticides during composting: Part I: Composting, pesticides, and
pesticide degradation.
Buyuksonmez, Fatih; Rynk, Robert;
Hess, Thomas F; and Bechinski, Edward
Compost Science and
Utilization 7 (4): 66-82.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD796.5.C58;
ISSN: 1065-657X
Descriptors:
fungicide: compost chemistry,
degradation, pesticide/ herbicide: compost chemistry, degradation,
pesticide/ insecticide: compost chemistry, degradation,
pesticide
Abstract: This paper reviews the findings of
research reported in the currently available literature regarding
the occurrence and transformations of pesticides through the
composting process and the use of compost. Part I summarizes the
composting process, pesticides and mechanisms of pesticide
degradation. Part II reviews research studies concerning the
occurrence and fate of pesticides during composting. Investigations
of pesticide residues in composting feedstocks and finished compost
detected few of the target pesticides. The compounds that were
found occurred at low concentrations. The majority of the compounds
detected were insecticides in the organochlorine category,
including chemicals that have been banned from use in the U.S. for
many years. Generally, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides
and most herbicides were rarely detected. Comparisons of pesticide
concentrations before and after composting also showed
organochlorine compounds to be most resistant to biodegradation
during composting. With some exceptions, pesticides in other
categories decomposed moderately well to very well. Studies that
followed the mechanisms of degradation indicate that mineralization
accounts for only a small portion of pesticide disappearance. Other
prominent fates include partial degradation to secondary compounds,
adsorption, humification, and volatilization. In general the
research results suggest that the pattern of pesticide degradation
during composting is similar to the degradatiion observed in soils.
With a few important distinctions, composting can be considered a
biologically active soil environment in which degradation is
accelerated. However, as some studies noted, composting does not
always speed the degradation of all pesticides. The nature of the
pesticide, specific composting conditions and procedures, the
microbial communities present, and the duration of composting
affect the extent and the mechanisms of degradation.
© Thomson
1048. Occurrence, degradation and fate of
pesticides during composting: Part II, Occurrence and fate of
pesticides in compost and composting systems.
Buyuksonmez, Fatih; Rynk, Robert;
Hess, Thomas F; and
Bechinski, Edward
Compost Science and
Utilization 8 (1): 61-81.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
TD796.5.C58;
ISSN: 1065-657X
Descriptors:
pesticides: degradation, fate/
microbes (Microorganisms)/ Microorganisms/ compost
Abstract: This paper reviews the findings of
research reported in the currently available literature regarding
the occurrence and transformations of pesticides through the
composting process and the use of compost. Part I summarizes the
composting process, pesticides and mechanisms of pesticide
degradation. Part II reviews research studies concerning the
occurrence and fate of pesticides during composting. Investigations
of pesticide residues in composting feedstocks and finished compost
detected few of the target pesticides. The compounds that were
found occurred at low concentrations. The majority of the compounds
detected were insecticides in the organochlorine category,
including chemicals that have been banned from use in the U.S. for
many years. Generally, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides
and most herbicides were rarely detected. Comparisons of pesticide
concentrations before and after composting also showed
organochlorine compounds to be most resistant to biodegradation
during composting. With some exceptions, pesticides in other
categories decomposed moderately well to very well. Studies that
followed the mechanisms of degradation indicate that mineralization
accounts for only a small portion of pesticide disappearance. Other
prominent fates include partial degradation to secondary compounds,
adsorption, humification, and volatilization. In general the
research results suggest that the pattern of pesticide degradation
during composting is similar to the degradation observed in soils.
With a few important distinctions, composting can be considered a
biologically active soil environment in which degradation is
accelerated. However, as some studies noted, composting does not
always speed the degradation of all pesticides. The nature of the
pesticide, specific composting conditions and procedures, the
microbial communities present, and the duration of composting
affect the extent and the mechanisms of degradation.
© Thomson
1049. Occurrence of Nitrate in Groundwater: A
Review.
Spalding, R. F. and Exner, M.
E.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 22 (3): 392-402.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6 [JEVQAA]
Descriptors:
Groundwater pollution/ Irrigation
effects/ Nitrates/ Nonpoint pollution sources/ United States/ Water
pollution sources/ Agricultural runoff/ Aquifers/ Cropland/
Drainage effects/ Soil types/ Tile drainage/ Sources and fate of
pollution
Abstract: The results of federal, state, and local
surveys, which included more than 200,000 NO3-N data points, are
summarized in this review of NO3 in groundwater in the USA. The
levels of NO3-N are associated with source availability and
regional environmental factors. In regions where well-drained soils
are dominated by irrigated cropland, there is a strong propensity
toward the development of large areas with groundwater that exceeds
the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L NO3-N. Most of these areas
are west of the Missouri River where irrigation is a necessity.
Aquifers in highly agricultural areas in the southeastern USA
reportedly are not contaminated. Vegetative uptake and
denitrification in this warm, wet, C-rich environment are
responsible for the natural remediation of NO3 in shallow aquifers.
In the Middle Atlantic states and the Delmarva Peninsula, localized
contamination occurs beneath cropped, well-drained soils that
receive excessive applications of manure and commercial fertilizer.
Extensive tile drainage has for the most part prevented a NO3
problem in the groundwater of the Corn Belt states. Throughout the
USA there are recurring themes. They include a decrease in NO3-N
levels with depth; lower NO3-N levels in shallow wells (<8 m);
and a significant increase in NO3-N in older wells and in wells
with poor construction. The factors affecting the distribution of
NO3 in aquifers are complex and poorly understood.
Interdisciplinary studies using discrete depth sampling,
geohydrological indicators, isotopic tracers, and microbiological
techniques are necessary to unravel the complex dynamics. (Author's
abstract) 35 012605040
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1050. Occurrence of pesticides in shallow
groundwater of the United States: Initial results from the National
Water-Quality Assessment Program.
Kolpin, D. W.; Barbash, J. E.; and
Gilliom, R. J.
Environmental Science and
Technology 32 (5): 558-566.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X [ESTHAG]
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1051. Occurrence of pesticides in the atmosphere
in France.
Bedos, Carole; Cellier, Pierre;
Calvet, Raoul; and Barriuso, Enrique
Agronomie 22 (1): 35-49. (2002)
NAL Call #:
SB7.A3;
ISSN: 0249-5627
Descriptors:
pesticides: physico chemical
characteristics, pollutant/ aerosol particles/ atmosphere/ fog/
gaseous phase/ rainwater/ seasonality/ spatial
variability
Abstract: The transfer of pesticides to the
atmosphere leads to a contamination of all atmospheric phases:
gaseous, aerosol particles, fog droplets or rainwater. This paper
makes a review of observations of pesticides in the atmosphere in
France, which started at the end of the 80s. Measured
concentrations in rainwater were very high, with maximum values
reaching 60 mugcntdotl-1. Concentrations in fog were much higher
than in rainwater. Regarding the gaseous and particulate phases,
the measured concentrations range from not detected to 185
ngcntdotm-3. Very high values (2.6 mugcntdotm-3) have been measured
locally. This contamination is observed throughout the year,
sometimes displaying a seasonal pattern and spatial variability.
Compounds which have been banned are still present in the
atmosphere. It is also striking that pesticides which could be
expected to be not very volatile based on their physico-chemical
characteristics are found in the atmosphere.
© Thomson
1052. Odor control for livestock
systems.
Powers, W J
Journal of Animal
Science 77 (2 [supplement]):
169-176. (1999)
NAL Call #:
49 J82;
ISSN: 0021-8812
Descriptors:
livestock (Mammalia)/ Animals/
Chordates/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/
Vertebrates/ anaerobic digesters/ biofilters/ dietary restriction/
lagoons/ management practices/ manure storage systems/ odor control
strategies
Abstract: Odors are generated primarily as the
result of manure storage but also result from animal housing and
manure application. Effective odor control is dependent upon
implementation of strategies that are complementary to management
practices. Some systems use a deep pit or a holding tank for manure
storage. In such systems, little or no biological processing
occurs, and they are therefore considered high-load systems. In
systems where biological processing occurs to a great extent, such
as in anaerobic digesters or lagoons, the system would be termed a
low-load system. Odor control strategies for manure storage areas,
such as solids separation and additives, are best suited for
low-load systems, whereas covers and biofilters provide the best
results for high-load systems. Strategies that reduce nutrient
production, such as dietary restriction of nutrients, are
well-suited for all types of manure storage systems. To comply with
current or pending odor control regulations, it is imperative that
producers be provided with sound recommendations of odor control
strategies.
© Thomson
1053. Odor mitigation for concentrated animal
feeding operations: White paper and recommendations.
Sweeten, J. M.; Jacobson, L. D.;
Heber, A. J.; Schmidt, D. R.; Lorimor, J. C.; Westerman, P. W.;
Miner, J. R.; Zhang, R. H.; Williams, C. M.; and Auvermann, B.
W.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
1054. Odor sensor for manure
management.
Kizil, U.; Panigrahi, S.; and
Lindley, J. A.
In: 2000 ASAE Annual International
Meeting. (Held 9 Jul 2000-12
Jul 2000 at Milwaukee, Wisconsin.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers;
pp. 1-14; 2000.
Notes: ASAE Paper No. 004046
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1055. Off-stream water sources for grazing cattle
as a stream bank stabilization and water quality BMP.
Sheffield, Ronald Erle
Blacksburg, Va.: Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1996.
Notes: Thesis (M.S.); Bibliography: leaves
147-153.
NAL Call #: ViBlbV
LD5655.V855-1996.S544
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1056. On-line sample handling strategies for the
trace-level determination of pesticides and their degradation
products in environmental waters.
Barcelo, Damia and Hennion, Marie
Claire
Analytica Chimica
Acta 318 (1): 1-41.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
381 An1;
ISSN: 0003-2670
Descriptors:
analytical method/ gas
chromatography/ liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry/ N
Methylcarbonate/ pollution
Abstract: An overview of the use of on-line
techniques is presented. First, it includes the on-line coupling of
solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography, which is
certainly the most commonly used automated technique really well
adapted to the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in aqueous
samples. The different parameters which govern the method
(dimension of the pre-columns, type of sorbents, pre-columns in
series, quantitative analysis) are discussed and applications to
various waters are presented. Emphasis is given to the limits of
detection obtained using UV diode array, fluorescence or
electrochemical detection modes. The on-line post-column reaction
detection coupled to liquid chromatography are also reviewed with
emphasis on the determination of N-methylcarbamates. The
performances of the on-line mass spectrometric detection coupled to
solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography are presented
using thermospray, particle beam or electrospray. The main
characteristics of the on-line coupling of solid-phase extraction
and gas chromatography are also given, with various applications
and corresponding detection limits. The recent results obtained
with the on-line coupling of gas chromatography with solid-phase
micro-extraction are outlined. Supercritical fluid extraction is
also mentioned as a new sample handling technique which can be
easily on-line coupled to the chromatographic
separation.
© Thomson
1057. On the Choice of Structural Parameters and
Endpoints to Indicate Responses of Freshwater Ecosystems to
Pesticide Stress.
Brock, T. C. M. and Budde, B.
J.
In: Freshwater Field Tests for
Hazard Assessment of Chemicals/ Hill, I. R.; Heimbach, F.;
Leeuwangh, P.; and Mattiessen, P.
Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers,
1994; pp. 19-56.
Notes: Conference: European Workshop on Freshwater
Field Tests, Potsdam (Germany), 25-26 Jun 1992; ISBN: 0-87371-940-9
Descriptors:
pesticides/ ecosystem disturbance/
pollution effects/ freshwater ecology/ population dynamics/
literature review/ water pollution/ ecosystems/ Effects on
organisms/ Effects of pollution/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: A review is presented of the recent
literature (published after 1980) on the choice of structural
parameters in studying the biological effects of pesticides in
freshwater ecosystems. A short overview is given of the types of
pesticide applied. Three types of test system are distinguished,
viz., macrophyte-dominated lentic systems, open water lentic
systems, and lotic systems. The biological populations frequently
studied in these systems, and the set of parameters used, are
outlined. Gaps in the knowledge of community structure responses in
pesticide-stressed freshwaters are discussed. Furthermore, the
predictability and causality of structural community responses is
commented on, with reference to primary and secondary effects of
pesticides and the recovery of affected populations.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)
1058. One phytopathologist's growth through IPM
to holistic plant health: The key to approaching genetic yield
potential.
Browning, J. A.
Annual Review of
Phytopathology 36: 1-24.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
464.8-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4286 [APPYAG]
Descriptors:
plant pathology/ integrated pest
management/ plants/ crop yield/ maximum yield/ biographies/
history/ plant diseases/ plant disease control/ crop management/
genetic diversity/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1059. Opportunities and constraints to improving
irrigation water management: Foci for research.
Burton, M A; Kivumbi, D; and El
Askari, K
Agricultural Water
Management 40 (1): 37-44.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3;
ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:
water management: research foci/
water use efficiency
Abstract: Potential areas for research to improve
irrigation water management and irrigation water utilization are
identified, and their likelihood of adoption discussed within the
context of existing constraints.
© Thomson
1060. Opportunities for increased nitrogen-use
efficiency from improved resource management in irrigated rice
systems.
Cassman, K. G.; Peng, S.; Olk, D.
C.; Ladha, J. K.; Reichardt, W.; Dobermann, A.; and Singh,
U.
Field Crops Research
56 (1/2): 7-39. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB183.F5;
ISSN: 0378-4290 [FCREDZ].
Notes: Special issue: Nutrient use efficiency in rice
cropping systems / edited by K.G. Cassman and H.R. Lafitte.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
oryza sativa/ nitrogen/ use
efficiency/ crop management/ irrigation/ crop yield/ nitrogen
fertilizers/ application rates/ application date/ soil fertility/
nutrient uptake/ nutritional state/ losses/ soil organic matter/
decomposition/ nitrogen cycle/ soil biology/ soil depth/ intensive
cropping/ heat sums/ nitrogen content/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1061. Optimization procedure for cost effective
BMP placement at a watershed scale.
Veith, T. L.; Wolfe, M. L.; and
Heatwole, C. D.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 39 (6): 1331-1343. (2003)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315;
ISSN: 1093-474X.
Notes: Number of References: 26
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ watershed
management/ genetic algorithm/ spatial optimization/ modeling/
geographic information systems/ nonpoint source pollution/ sediment
delivery
Abstract: A combinatorial optimization procedure for
best management practice (BMP) placement at the watershed level
facilitates selection of cost effective BMP scenarios to control
nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. A genetic algorithm (GA) was
selected from among several optimization heuristics. The GA
combines an optimization component written in the C++ language with
spatially variable NPS pollution prediction and economic analysis
components written within the ArcView geographic information
system. The procedure is modular in design, allowing for component
modifications while maintaining the basic conceptual framework. An
objective function was developed to lexicographically optimize
pollution reduction followed by cost increase. Scenario cost
effectiveness is then calculated for scenario comparisons. The NPS
pollutant fitness score allows for evaluation of multiple
pollutants, based on prioritization of each pollutant. The economic
component considers farm level public and private costs, cost
distribution, and land area requirements. Development of a sediment
transport function, used with the Universal Soil Loss Equation,
allows the optimization procedure to run within a reasonable
timeframe. The procedure identifies multiple near optimal
solutions, providing an indication of which fields have a more
critical impact on overall cost effectiveness and flexibility in
the final solution selected for implementation. The procedure was
demonstrated for a 1,014-ha watershed in the Ridge and Valley
physiographic region of Virginia.
© Thomson ISI
1062. Options for managing odor: A report from
the Swine Odor Task Force.
Swine Odor Task Force.
North Carolina Agricultural
Research Service, North Carolina State University, 1995.
Notes: 78 pp.: ill. (text/html)
http://www.mtcnet.net/~jdhogg/ozone/odor/swineodr.html
Descriptors:
swine/ pig manure/ swine housing/
odor emissions/ odor control/ odor control technology/ North
Carolina
1063. Options for using low-quality water for
vegetable crops.
Shannon, M. C. and Grieve, C.
M.
HortScience 35 (6): 1058-1062. (Oct. 2000)
NAL Call #:
SB1.H6;
ISSN: 0018-5345 [HJHSAR].
Notes: Special section: Water management and water
relations of horticultural crops. Paper presented at a conference
held July 24, 1997, Salt Lake City, Utah. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
vegetables/ horticultural crops/
irrigation water/ water quality/ salinity/ drainage water/ saline
water/ water reuse/ salt tolerance/ susceptibility/ yield losses/
economic analysis/ germplasm/ crop management/ rotations/
lycopersicon esculentum/ cucumis melo/ soil salinity/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1064. Organic amendments and phosphorus sorption
by soils.
Iyamuremye, F. and Dick, R.
P.
Advances in Agronomy
56: 139-185. (1996)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ animal manure/ organic
soil amendment/ plant residues/ soil aeration/ soil phosphorus
sorption/ soil science
© Thomson
1065. Organic farming and water
pollution.
Brown, S.
Journal of the Institution
of Water and Environment Management 7 (6): 586-591. (Dec. 1993)
NAL Call #:
TD420.W374;
ISSN: 0951-7359
Descriptors:
organic farming/ water pollution/
groundwater pollution/ nitrate/ leaching/ pesticides/ runoff/
fertilizers/ low input agriculture/ animal manures/ soil
conservation
Abstract: Farming activities are often a source of
water pollution in rural areas. Nitrate leaching, eutrophication,
pesticide accumulation and other forms of contamination are causing
increasing concern. This paper briefly reviews the problems and
discusses the possible solutions offered by organic farming
systems, along with any new problems that may be
created.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1066. Organic nitrogen deposition on land and
coastal environments: A review of methods and data.
Cornell, S. E.; Jickells, T. D.;
Cape, J. N.; Rowland, A. P.; and Duce, R. A.
Atmospheric
Environment 37 (16):
2173-2191. (2003)
NAL Call #:
TD881.A822;
ISSN: 1352-2310
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1067. Organic pollutant migration in soils as
affected by soil organic matter. Molecular and mechanistic
aspects.
Senesi, N.
NATO ASI Series: Series G,
Ecological Sciences 32:
47-74. (1993)
NAL Call #:
QH540.N3;
ISSN: 0258-1256.
Notes: In the series analytic: Migration and fate of
pollutants in soils and subsoils / edited by D. Petruzzelli and
F.G. Helfferich. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute,
May 24-June 5, 1992, Maratea, Italy. Literature review. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
soil pollution/ pollutants/
pesticides/ organic compounds/ transport processes/ soil organic
matter/ humic acids/ fulvic acids/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1068. Organizing paradigms for the study of
inland aquatic ecosystems.
Brezonik, Patrick L.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press, 1996; pp. 203-217
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309054435/html/
Descriptors:
flowing waters/ freshwater ecology/
inland aquatic ecosystems study/ lakes/ methodology/ organizing
paradigms/ river continuum concept/ terrestrial aquatic
interactions/ wetlands
© Thomson
1069. Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in
stream sediment and aquatic biota: Initial results from the
National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 1992-1995.
Wong, C. S.; Capel, P. D.; Nowell,
L. H.; and National Water Quality Assessment Program
(U.S.).
Sacramento, Calif. U.S. Dept.
of the Interior, 2000. 88 p.
Notes: Shipping list no.: 2000-0353-P.
NAL Call #: GB701 .W375 no. 00-4053
Descriptors:
National Water Quality Assessment
Program---United States/ Organochlorine compounds---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Water quality biological
assessment---United States/ River sediments---United
States---Analysis
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1070. Our changing perspectives on benefits and
risks of pesticides: A historical overview.
Ecobichon, Donald J
Neurotoxicology 21 (1-2): 211-218. (2000);
ISSN: 0161-813X
Descriptors:
DDT: pesticide/ pesticide:
environmental contamination, misuse, pesticide, use/ global
use
Abstract: The introduction of chemical pesticides
following WW II ushered in the era of the "quick fix" for any
agricultural, forestry and human health problems. Scenarios of use,
misuse, abuse and environmental contamination can be presented for
any class of pesticide, culminating in dependence on these
chemicals for increased production of food and fibre and improved
health. With time, sophisticated agents having unique,
target-specific mechanisms of action evolved but at increased
cost(s) to crop production. Equatorical countries, rapidly becoming
"breadbaskets" of the world, are particularly dependent on
pesticides as they strive to increase production of nontraditional
export products (NTEPS), valuable cash crops in demand in countries
having more temperate climates. Developing nations have neither the
legislation and regulations necessary to control pesticides nor
trained personnel to inspect and monitor use, to analyze residues
in produce or to initiate training programs. Their transition from
agrarian to industrialized societies has meant that smaller, less
well educated populations must shoulder the responsibility of
increased traditional food production for consumption by urban
populations as well as that of NTEPS. Unfortunately, to attain
these goals, many older, more toxic, environmentally persistent and
cheap pesticides, long banned in developed countries, are used
extensively, creating serious local and global contamination and
health problems.
© Thomson
1071. Outdoor Air Quality.
Auverman, B.; Bicudo, J.; Lorimor,
J.; Jacobson, L.; and Schmidt, D.
Ames, Iowa: Midwest Plan Service,
Iowa State University MWPS-18; 96 p. (2002); ISBN: 0-89373-096-3
Descriptors:
livestock/ animal manure management/
odor control/ odor emissions/ air quality/ dust emissions/ land
application
Abstract: With the trend towards larger and
more concentrated production sites, odors, gases, and dust are
rapidly becoming issues that are even more important for animal
producers and others involved with the agricultural community. The
public's increasing intolerance for odors coupled with the economic
importance of animal agriculture has resulted in an urgent need for
all stakeholders to find adequate solutions. Outdoor Air Quality,
MWPS-18 Section 3, uses a science-based approach to measuring air
quality and emphasizes the basic principles involved in controlling
dust and odor. This book covers five major topics: basics of
outdoor air quality, managing odors from buildings, managing dust
and odor from open lots, managing odors from manure storages, and
managing odors during manure application.
© Midwest Plan Service
(MWPS)
1072. Overland flow transport of pathogens from
agricultural land receiving faecal wastes.
Tyrrel, S. F. and Quinton, J.
N.
Journal of Applied
Microbiology 94, Suppl. S:
87S-93S. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QR1.J687;
ISSN: 1364-5072.
Notes: Number of References: 43
Descriptors:
Biology/ Microbiology/ coastal
waters/ thermophilic campylobacters/ bacteriological quality/
indicator organisms/ runoff water/ pollution/ salmonella/
prevalence/ delivery/ cattle
Abstract: Considerable investment has been made in
recent years in improvements to the microbiological quality of
urban wastewater discharges to surface waters, particularly in
coastal towns, with the aim of reducing the exposure of bathers and
surfers to gastrointestinal pathogens. As this source of pollution
has come under greater control, attention has started to focus on
diffuse catchment sources of faecal contamination which have been
shown to be dominant during high river flows associated with storm
events. This association with storm events suggests that rapidly
responding hydrological pathways such as overland flow are likely
to be important. The aim of this paper is to establish the current
state of knowledge of pathogen transport processes in overland
flow. In addition, the paper will attempt to convey the way that
soil erosion science may aid our understanding of this
environmental problem. The scale and nature of faecal waste
applications to land in the UK is briefly reviewed, with data
presented on both livestock slurry and manure, and human sewage
sludge. Particular emphasis is placed on factors influencing the
likelihood of pathogens making their way from infected livestock
and humans to the soil surface, and therefore the chances of them
being available for transport by overland flow. The literature
relating to pathogen transport in overland flow is reviewed.
Existing pathogen transport models treat pathogens as particles and
link pathogen transport models to pathogen die-off kinetics. Such
models do not attempt to describe the interactions that may occur
between pathogens and soil and waste particles. Although conceptual
models describing the possible states in which pathogen transport
may occur have been proposed, an understanding of the factors
controlling the partitioning of the microorganisms between the
different states is only just beginning to emerge. The apparent
poor performance of overland flow mitigation measures such as grass
buffer strips in controlling the movement of faecal indicators
highlights the need for a better understanding the dynamics of
microbial transport so that better management approaches may be
developed. Examples of on-going research into overland flow
transport processes are briefly described and gaps in knowledge
identified.
© Thomson ISI
1073. Overview and Future Direction of Biological
Control Technology.
Cofrancesco, A. F.
Journal of Aquatic Plant
Management 36: 49-53.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
SB614.H9;
ISSN: 0146-6623.
Notes: Special section: Proceedings of the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers Aquatic Plant Control Research Program Review,
July 15, 1997
Descriptors:
Exotic Species/ Biotechnology/
Pathogens/ Aquatic Plants/ Submerged Plants/ Research Priorities/
Evaluation/ Aquatic Weed Control / Interagency Cooperation/
Insects/ Biological control/ Herbivores/ Introduced species/
Environmental impact/ Ecosystem management/ Environment management/
Reviews/ Freshwater environments/ Research programs/ Hydrilla
verticillata/ Melaleuca quinquenervia/ Alternanthera philoxeroides/
Myriophyllum spicatum/ Pistia stratiotes/ Eichhornia crassipes/
United States/ Bottle brush tree/ Cajeput tree/ Control of water on
the surface/ Species interactions: pests and control/
Control
Abstract: The Corps of Engineers (CE) biological
control technology area had its beginnings in 1959 when the CE and
the U.S. Department of Agriculture began a cooperative research
effort. Since then, numerous insects and pathogens have been
studied as potential agents for the management of target plant
populations. Researchers have traveled to the countries of origin
of six target plants (Eichhornia crassipes Mart. (Solms),
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., Myriophyllum spicatum
L., Pistia stratiotes L., Hydrilla verticillata (L. F.) Royle, and
Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake) to search for host
specific agents. As a result, 13 insect biocontrol agents have been
released as management tools lot five of these targets. On average
these projects have developed one agent every 2.9 years. The CE
also has conducted pathogen biological control research using
endemic pathogens. More recently the CE has begun classical
biocontrol studies using exotic pathogens as potential agents of
aquatic plants. Research in the near future will be directed at the
management of submersed aquatic vegetation. The past successes will
be used to assist in directing the program, however, new emphasis
will be placed on the development of more effective evaluation
procedures to document impact of the biological control
agents.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1074. Overview of Areawide Management of
Insects.
Chandler, L. D. and Faust, R.
M.
Journal of Agricultural
Entomology 15 (4): 319-325.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
SB599.J69;
ISSN: 0735-939X
Descriptors:
Integrated control/ United States/
Insecta/ Agricultural & general applied entomology
Abstract: In 1995 the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) implemented
a new areawide pest management initiative. This program, targeted
at key pests across the United States, has resulted in renewed
discussion of the pros and cons of this
integrated-pest-management-related control tactic. This
introduction to an areawide pest management symposium presented at
the 1997 Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting provides
information on the development of areawide pest management as we
know it today. Additionally, a comparison of areawide management to
conventional pest control strategies, as well as examples of
historic and current programs are presented.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1075. Overview of areawide programs and the
program for suppression of codling moth in the western USA directed
by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service.
Calkins, C. O. and Faust, R.
J.
Pest Management
Science 59 (6-7): 601-604.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
SB951 .P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X.
Notes: Number of References: 7; Publisher: John Wiley
& Sons Ltd
Descriptors:
Entomology/ Pest Control/ Cydia
pomonella/ mating disruption/ integrated pest management/
pheromone
Abstract: An areawide suppression program for
codling moth (Cydia pomonella L) populations was initiated in 1995
in Washington, Oregon and California under the direction of the US
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in
cooperation with Washington State University, Oregon State
University and University of California, Berkeley. Mating
disruption was used to reduce the pest population while reducing
and eliminating the use of organophosphate insecticides. During the
5-year program, the original 1064 hectares were expanded to 8400
hectares and from 66 grower participants to more than 400
participants. The acreage under mating disruption in the three
states increased from 6000 hectares in 1994 to 54 000 hectares in
the year 2000.
© Thomson ISI
1076. Overview of Canadian Watershed Monitoring
Programs for Improved Water Quality.
Perrone, J.; Madramootoo, C. A.;
Enright, P.; and Papineau, F.
Canadian Water Resources
Journal 23 (2): 121-134.
(1998);
ISSN: 0701-1784.
Notes: Alternative title: Revue Canadienne
Des
Ressources Hydriques
Descriptors:
Canada/ Watersheds/ Water Pollution
Control/ Monitoring/ Water Quality Control/ Water Resources
Management/ Agriculture/ Hydroelectric Plants/ Agricultural runoff/
Pollution monitoring/ Pollution control/ Water quality/ Government
policy/ Sociological aspects/ Economics/ Resource management/
Government programs/ Environmental monitoring/ Ontario/ North
America/ Great Lakes/ Network design/ Behavior and fate
characteristics/ Environmental action
Abstract: Pollution from intensive agricultural
production is a major contributor to water quality degradation in
Canada. Activities such as forestry and hydroelectric development
in rural areas also endanger water quality. The need to develop
good management practices to reduce such contamination has led to
the initiation of numerous watershed water quality and modeling
studies. Great Lakes basin water quality studies in the 1970s
formed a technical and methodological basis for future watershed
studies in Canada. More recently, implementation of various
governmental programs such as the Canada Green Plan has promoted an
integrated ecosystems approach that achieves water quality
improvement by focusing on socio-economic aspects of basin water
resources management. Some of the significant watershed studies
initiated in recent years in Canada are discussed in the present
paper.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1077. Overview of conservation tillage on cotton
production in the mid- south.
Bradley, J. F.
In: 1995 Proceedings Beltwide
Cotton Conferences. (Held 4
Jan 1995-7 Jan 1995 at San Antonio, Texas.); Vol. 1.
Memphis, Tenn.: National Cotton
Council; pp. 200-203; 1995.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1078. An Overview of Constructed Wetlands as
Alternatives to Conventional Waste Treatment Systems.
Hamilton, H.; Nix, P. G.; and
Sobolewski, A.
Water Pollution Research
Journal of Canada 28
(3): 529-548. (1993)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1W34;
ISSN: 0197-9140.
Notes: Conference: BIOQUAL '92 Meet., Vancouver, BC
(Canada), 9-11 Jun 1992; Editors: Hall, E. R.
Descriptors:
wetlands / construction/ wastewater
treatment/ hydrocarbons/ organic compounds/ biodegradation/
bacteria/ biofilms/ Non patents/ Microbial degradation/
Environmental Applications/ Impact/ Sewage & wastewater
treatment/ Wastewater treatment processes
Abstract: Constructed wetlands are an attractive
alternative to conventional wastewater treatment under certain
conditions. This review presents background information on wetland
treatment and wetland design, and outlines the potential for
wetlands to treat water contaminated with organic compounds
including hydrocarbons. The major mechanisms that reduce
contaminant concentrations in wetlands are sedimentation,
filtration, chemical precipitation, microbial interaction and plant
uptake. The presence of bacteria in "Biofilms" on the enormous
plant and detrital surface area in wetlands is fundamental to their
ability to degrade complex organic contaminants. There are few
examples in the literature of wetlands being used to control
organic chemical pollution. However, the very high level of
biochemical activity in the water column and upper sediment layer
in wetlands, combined with a high degree of ecological resilience,
suggests that wetlands can be an attractive low cost, low energy,
low maintenance alternative to conventional treatment
methods.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1079. Overview of cover crops and green
manures.
Sullivan, Preston G.; Diver,
Steve.; and Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas
(Organization).
Fayetteville, AR: ATTRA; 17 p.:
ill.; Series: Fundamentals of sustainable agriculture (Appropriate
Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (Organization)).
(2001)
Notes: Caption title. "ATTRA, Appropriate Technology
Transfer for Rural Areas." "January 2001." "ATTRA is the national
sustainable agriculture information center funded by the USDA's
Rural Business--Cooperative Service." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 12-13).
NAL Call #: SB284.3.U6-S85-2001
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/covercrop.html
Descriptors:
Cover crops---United States/ Green
manure crops---
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1080. An overview of EPA's watershed model BASINS
and related federal spatial data products.
Whittemore, Raymond C. and National
Council of the Paper
Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement (U.S.).
Research Triangle Park, NC:
National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement; 15, 11 p.: ill. (some col.), col. maps; Series:
Technical bulletin (National Council of the Paper Industry for Air
and Stream Improvement (U.S.): 1981) no. 744. (1997)
Notes: "September 1997." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 15).
NAL Call #: TD899.P3N34--no.744
Descriptors:
United States Environmental
Protection Agency---Computer programs/ BASINS---Computer program/
Watersheds---Research---United States---Computer programs/ Water
quality management---United States---Computer programs/ Watershed
management---United States---Computer programs/
Water---Pollution---United States/ Point source
identification---Computer programs/ Nonpoint source
pollution---United States---Computer programs
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1081. An overview of forest canopy ecosystem
functions with reference to urban and riparian systems.
Shaw, D. C. and Bible,
K.
Northwest Science
70 (special issue): 1-6.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
470-N81;
ISSN: 0029-344X [NOSCAX]
Descriptors:
forests/ canopy/ ecosystems/
riparian forests/ urban areas/ forest ecology/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1082. Overview of green manures/cover
crops.
Power, J. F.
In: Proceedings Northeastern and
Intermountain Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations.
(Held 2 Aug 1993-5 Aug 1993 at St.
Louis, Missouri.)
Fort Collins, Colo.: United States
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station;
pp. 47-50; 1994.
Notes: Series: General technical report RM
243
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.243
Descriptors:
green manures/ cover crops/ erosion/
ground cover/ soil organic matter/ nitrogen/ soil fertility/
glycine max/ adaptability/ vicia villosa/ growth period/ seasonal
variation/ fabaceae/ soil temperature/ dry matter/ Nebraska/ North
Dakota
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1083. Overview of pesticide fate in the
environment: Principles, processes, and offsite
transport.
Neary, D. G.
Proceedings - Forest
Vegetation Management Conference (22nd): 19-24. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.F6F67;
ISSN: 1057-2147.
Notes: Meeting held January 16-18, 2001, Redding,
California. Includes references.
Descriptors:
herbicides/ transport processes/
environmental impact/ soil water movement/ forest ecology/
herbicide residues/ application methods/ degradation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1084. An overview of phosphorus behavior in
wetlands with implications for agriculture.
Gale, P. M. and Reddy, K.
R.
In: Animal waste and the land-water
interface.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers,
1995; pp. 205-213.
ISBN: 1566701899
NAL Call #: TD930.A55-1995
Descriptors:
wetland soils/ soil chemistry/
phosphorus/ pollutants/ retention/ water pollution/ agricultural
wastes
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1085. An overview of present knowledge on methane
emission from biomass burning.
Delmas, R.
Fertilizer Research
37 (3): 181-190. (1994)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 0167-1731 [FRESDF].
Notes: Special section: Methane and nitrous oxide: the
other greenhouse gases / edited by A.R. van Amstel and A.R. Mosier.
Papers presented at a workshop February 3-5, Amersfoort,
Netherlands. Includes references.
Descriptors:
methane/ emission/ biomass/ burning/
agricultural wastes/ bioenergy/ prescribed burning/ world/ global
methane emission
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1086. Overview of recycling nutrients from animal
waste through forages.
Evers, G. W.
Proceedings of the Southern
Pasture and Forage Crop Improvement Conference 52: 59-64. (1996)
NAL Call #:
60.19-So83;
ISSN: 0193-6425.
Notes: Meeting held March 30-April 2, 1996, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma. Includes references.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1087. Overview of soil erosion from
irrigation.
Koluvek, P. K.; Tanji, K. K.; and
Trout, T. J.
Journal of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering 119 (6):
929-946. (1993)
NAL Call #:
290.9 AM3Ps (IR);
ISSN: 0733-9437
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1088. An overview of some tillage impacts on
earthworm population abundance and diversity: Implications for
functioning in soils.
Chan, K. Y.
Soil and Tillage
Research 57 (4): 179-191.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1089. Overview of studies on riparian vegetation:
Past, present and future perspectives.
Sakio, H.; Nakamura, F.;
and
Oshima, Y.
Japanese Journal of
Ecology 45 (3): 291-294.
(1995);
ISSN: 0021-5007
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1090. An Overview of Substances Present in
Canadian Aquatic Environments Associated With Endocrine
Disruption.
Hewitt, M. and Servos,
M.
Water Quality Research
Journal of Canada 36 (3):
191-213. (2001);
ISSN: 1201-3080.
Notes: Theme Issue: Endocrine Disrupting Substances in
the Canadian Environment
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Aquatic environment/
Endocrine system/ Canada / endocrine disruptors/ Contaminants/
Chemical pollution/ Biota/ Water pollution/ Pollution effects/
Water quality (Natural waters)/ Pollutants/ Endocrine glands/
Metals/ Pesticides/ Industrial wastes/ Chemicals/ Water Pollution
Effects/ Pesticides/ Toxicity/ Canada/ endocrine disruptors/
Environmental action/ Effects of Pollution/ Effects of
pollution
Abstract: Numerous environmental contaminants have
been associated with the ability to affect the endocrine status of
animals and with the potential to elicit effects on individuals or
populations in Canadian aquatic environments. Potential endocrine
disrupting substances (EDS) consist of almost every class of
environmental contaminants reported to date, including industrial
chemicals, historical and current use pesticides, metals, and
different classes of natural products. It has been difficult to
establish cause-and-effect relationships with potential EDS for
several reasons: i) the diversity of ways that chemicals can
influence endocrine systems challenges efforts to characterize
chemicals that can cause endocrine responses, ii) many responses in
aquatic biota have been associated with complex mixtures where the
causative agents remain unidentified, and iii) most literature
information deals with mammalian studies using pure compounds so
there is considerable uncertainty regarding extrapolation to
aquatic species and efficacy of environmental concentrations. An
overview of the literature on EDS, specific to exposure within
Canadian aquatic environments, is presented to emphasize the
diversity and complexity of chemicals capable of altering endocrine
function.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1091. An overview of the latest development of
microencapsulation for agricultural products.
Gimeno, M.
Journal of Environmental
Science and Health: Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants and
Agricultural Wastes B31 (3):
407-420. (1996)
NAL Call #:
TD172.J61;
ISSN: 0360-1234 [JPFCD2].
Notes: Special issue: Pesticide chemistry for
sustainable agriculture / edited by A. Ambros. Paper presented at
the Fifth European Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, May
1995, Budapest, Hungary. Includes references.
Descriptors:
agricultural chemicals/ pesticides/
formulations/ controlled release/ microencapsulation/ product
development/ toxicity
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1092. Overview of the rivers in the
West.
Rosgen, D. L.
In: General Technical Report RM;
Vol. 226.
Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 1993; pp. 8-15.
Notes: In the series analytic: Riparian management:
common threads and shared interests. Paper presented at a
conference on Feb. 4-6, 1993, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
ISSN: 0277-5786
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors:
rivers/ stream flow/ erosion/
sediment/ riverbank protection/ channels/ Western states of
USA
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1093. An Overview on Organic Contaminants,
Focusing on Monitoring of a Few Chlorinated Organic Pollutants,
Through Immission Studies.
Reutergaardh, L.
Resources, Conservation and
Recycling 16 (1-4): 361-382.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
TP156.R38R47;
ISSN: 0921-3449.
Notes: Conference: Int. Symp. on Environmental
Management and Pollution Control, Bangkok (Thailand), 7-14 Nov
1994; Source: Pollution Control and Management and Environmental
Toxicology., 1996; Editors: Wise, D. L. //Polprasert, C.
//Reutergardh, L. //Visvanathan, C. //Suselo, T. B.
Descriptors:
fuel/ organic compounds/
fertilizers/ herbicides/ bioaccumulation/ trophic level/
contamination/ chlorinated hydrocarbons/ food chains/ path of
pollutants/ monitoring/ pollution monitoring/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Toxicology and health
Abstract: The problem of environmental pollution is
usually considered to be a consequence of the industrialization and
urbanization processes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Fertilizers and herbicides were introduced into agriculture, the
chemical industry developed new products and the large-scale use of
fossil fuels increased rapidly. Population growth in the cities
gave rise to the problems of garbage disposal and domestic
effluents into surrounding waters and the contribution of
industrial discharges directly into the environment grew rapidly.
During the last decades, however, both scientists and society have
become aware of the growing contamination and pollution problems.
Some of the man-made chemicals were shown to be extremely
persistent in the environment and to accumulate in fatty tissues of
animals. At the same time, insects, plants, and fungi developed new
forms that were resistant to the chemicals used to combat them.
Industries grew up where population densities were high and
transportation facilities were good. These places were in many
cases along river banks, bays, and coast lines. Thus pollution of
the aquatic environment became an issue, but it was soon realized
that weathering processes transported contaminants even to remote
areas. The presentation will briefly consider the influence of some
classes of chlorinated organic pollutants on different trophic
levels. The emphasis will be on substances which are persistent and
which show bioaccumulation properties in food chains. Within this
group of substances the majority are chlorinated organic compounds.
(DBO)
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1094. Pacific salmon, nutrients, and the dynamics
of freshwater and riparian ecosystems.
Naiman, Robert J; Bilby, Robert E;
Schindler, Daniel E; and Helfield, James M
Ecosystems 5 (4): 399-417. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E3645;
ISSN: 1432-9840
Descriptors:
nutrients: marine derived/
Oncorhynchus spp. [Pacific salmon] (Osteichthyes): anadromous/
Animals/ Chordates/ Fish/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/
aquatic productivity/ climate cycles/ ecosystem dynamics:
freshwater, riparian/ management implications/ marine environments/
predation/ resource management/ vegetation
Abstract: Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)
accumulate substantial nutrients in their bodies as they grow to
adulthood at sea. These nutrients are carried to predominantly
oligotrophic lakes and streams, where they are released during and
after spawning. Research over more than 3 decades has shown that
the annual deposition of salmon-borne marine-derived nutrients
(MD-nutrients) is important for the productivity of freshwater
communities throughout the Pacific coastal region. However, the
pathways and mechanisms for MD-nutrient transfer and accumulation
in freshwater and riparian ecosystems remain virtually unexplored,
consequently, there are many uncertainties in this area. This
article addresses three related topics. First, we summarize recent
advances in our understanding of the linkages among MD-nutrients,
freshwater (including riparian) ecosystems, and community dynamics
by addressing the importance of MD-nutrients to lakes and streams
and by then reviewing large-scale and long-term processes in the
atmosphere and ocean that govern variability in salmon populations.
Second, we evaluate the validity of the discoveries and their
implications for active ecosystem management, noting areas where
extrapolation from these results still requires great caution.
Finally, we outline five key research issues where additional
discoveries could greatly augment our understanding of the
processes shaping the structure and dynamics of salmon populations
and the characteristics of their freshwater habitat and associated
riparian zones. Collectively, the data suggest that the freshwater
portion of the salmon production system is intimately linked to the
ocean. Moreover, for the system to be sustainable, a holistic
approach to management will be required. This holistic approach
will need to treat climate cycles, salmon, riparian vegetation,
predators, and MD-nutrient flowpaths and feedbacks as an integrated
system.
© Thomson
1095. Paradigms of metal accumulation in rooted
aquatic vascular plants.
Jackson, L J
Science of the Total
Environment 219 (2-3):
223-231. (1998)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365;
ISSN: 0048-9697
Descriptors:
metals: accumulation,
bioavailability/ plant (Plantae): rooted aquatic vascular/ Plants/
sediment
Abstract: This paper reviews paradigms of metal
accumulation in rooted aquatic vascular plants. Radio-tracer
studies have demonstrated that root uptake from sediments with
subsequent translocation to above-ground tissues is the principal
pathway for metal movement. The metal concentration of rooted
macrophytes is generally proportional to metal concentrations in
the underlying sediments, excluding crystal lattice-bound metals.
Deviations from 1:1 predictions between sediment and macrophyte
metal concentrations have been shown to be correlated to variation
in sediment geochemistry. Sediment pH, redox potential and organic
content are three particularly important sediment variables that
affect phase partitioning of metals, and their bioavailability.
Metals contained within macrophyte tissues can participate in
cycling within the littoral zone, or at senescence, lost to the
surrounding water in a dissolved form or exported out of the lake
bound to shoot fragments. Relatively little is known about the
trophic transfer of macrophyte-bound metals to herbivores or algae.
A better understanding of the role of rooted aquatic macrophytes in
ecosystem processes is likely to be advanced by considering the
fate of plant metals leaked during the summer, and those dissolved
forms lost to the water column during senescence. Modeling metal
accumulation in aquatic vascular plants has been restricted to
empirical models that provide descriptions of general
patterns.
© Thomson
1096. Parameterisation of hydrological models: A
review and lessons learned from studies of an agricultural
catchment (Naizin, France).
Durand, P.; Gascuel Odoux, C.; and
Cordier, M. O.
Agronomie 22 (2): 217-228. (Mar. 2002)
NAL Call #:
SB7.A3;
ISSN: 0249-5627 [AGRNDZ].
Notes: Special issue: Parameter estimation for crop
models / edited by D. Wallach. Proceedings of a seminar held June
2000, Toulouse, France. Includes references.
Descriptors:
agricultural land/ watersheds/
catchment hydrology/ simulation models/ mathematical models/
Bayesian theory/ Monte Carlo method/ estimation/ hydraulic
conductivity/ water flow/ soil water/ Brittany/ generalized
likelihood uncertainty estimation/ maximum storage in root zone/
channel flow velocity
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1097. Parasitic protozoa and the waterborne route
for the transmission of disease.
Smith, H. V.; Ahmad, R. A.; and
Watkins, J.
Tropical Biomedicine
14 (1/2): 35-49. (1997);
ISSN: 0127-5720
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1098. Parasitism and Ecology of Wetlands: A
Review.
Thomas, F.; Cezilly, F.; De Meeues,
T.; Crivelli, A.; and Renaud, F.
Estuaries 20 (3): 646-654. (1997)
NAL Call #:
GC96.E79;
ISSN: 0160-8347
Descriptors:
Ecosystems/ Wetlands/ Ecology/
Coastal Waters/ Parasites/ Reviews/ Predation/ Conservation/
Literature reviews/ Estuaries/ Nature conservation/ Species
interactions: parasites and diseases/ Ecology/ Community Studies/
Wetlands
Abstract: Recent advances in ecology have suggested
that parasites, through the spectrum of their effects, could act as
key species in ecosystems. Wetlands are productive ecosystems
within which parasitism is diversified. There already exists
evidence for direct and indirect effects of parasites on their host
species. The influence of parasites on the population ecology of
hosts includes survival, castration, sexual selection, predation,
and spatial distribution. Parasites can also affect the evolution
of host biological diversity (i.e., genetic structure and
interspecific competition) and trophic interactions between prey
and predators. The key role parasites might play in the ecology of
coastal waters and wetlands should be considered in conservation
programs applied to such ecosystems.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)
1099. Particulate matter emissions from confined
animal feeding operations: Management and control
measures.
Auvermann, B. W.; Bottcher, R. W.;
Parnell, C. B.; Shaw, B.; and
Worley, J.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
1100. Past and future impacts of wetland
regulations on playa ecology in the Southern Great
Plains.
Haukos, D. A. and Smith, L.
M.
Wetlands 23 (3): 577-589. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212.
Notes: Number of References: 52; Soc Wetland
Scientists
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ playa
wetlands/ regulations/ Southern High Plains/ Texas/
lakes/
vegetation/ basins
Abstract: Playa wetlands provide functions critical
to the existence of life on the High Plains portion of the Great
Plains, including surface drainage, aquifer recharge, and wildlife
habitat. These small, circular, isolated depressional wetlands with
closed watersheds have a dynamic, unpredictable hydroperiod, which
is essential to the maintenance of biodiversity. Most numerous in
the Southern High Plains of northwestern Texas and eastern New
Mexico, playas have been impacted by sedimentation, pit excavation,
road construction, industrial and municipal wastewater, feedlot
runoff, urban development, overgrazing, and deliberate filling.
Despite being declared, as a wetland class, jurisdictional "waters
of the United States" since 1977, regulations and laws for
conservation of wetland functions have seldom been applied to
playas. The January 2001 Supreme Court decision, Solid Waste Agency
of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. United States Army of Corps of
Engineers, likely eliminated federal regulation of impacts covered
by the Clean Water Act in all but a few playas. Although still
subject to the Federal "Swampbuster" provision enacted by the 1985
Food Security Act, extended natural dry periods allows for frequent
cultivation and other activities in playas without incurring
violation, contributing to the continued degradation of playa
functions. None of the states with significant numbers of playas
have regulations for the conservation of playa functions.
Suggestions for the successful future conservation of playas and
their associated functions include (1) increased promotion and
implementation of existing federal and state conservation programs
specifically for playas; (2) proposed state regulations for playa
conservation; (3) recognition of agricultural impacts on wetland
determinations; (4) creation of Welland Management Districts to
preserve intact, functioning playas; and (5) increased public
education on the value of playas.
© Thomson ISI
1101. Patch Characteristics and Landscape Context
as Predictors of Species Presence and Abundance: A
Review.
Mazerolle, MJ and Villard,
MA
Ecoscience 6 (1): 117-124. (1999);
ISSN: 1195-6860
Descriptors:
Ecosystems/ Ecotypes/ Variability/
Correlation analysis/ Species diversity/ Abundance/ Literature
reviews/ Aquatic organisms/ Reptilia/ Amphibia/ Pisces/ Gastropoda/
Invertebrata/ Vertebrata
Abstract: Studies were reviewed which simultaneously
considered landscape-scale and patch-scale effects in order to
answer the following question: does the inclusion of landscape
characteristics as explanatory variables increase the ability to
predict species presence and abundance when local (i.e., habitat
patch) conditions are known? The 61 studies selected cover a wide
array of taxa, landscape types, and explanatory variables, but many
(36%) focused on avain communities in forests fragmented by
agriculture. Patch-scale variables had a significant effect on
invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals in all
landscape types. Landscape-scale characteristics also were
significant predictors of species presence and abundance for
vertebrates (fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds etc.,) but not for
the majority of invertebrates (Gastropodaetc.,) in the studies
reviewed. Results indicate that both patch and landscape
characteristics should be included in models investigating the
distribution and abundance of animals, at least for vertebrates.
Results from this review suggest that the inclusion of landscape
characteristics will enhance conservation strategies if the
landscape scale is properly defined with respect to the taxon or
taxa under investigation.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1102. Pathogen reduction in sewage sludge by
composting and other biological treatments: A review.
Dumontet, S.; Dinel, H.; and
Baloda, S. B.
Biological Agriculture &
Horticulture 16 (4): 409-430.
(1999);
ISSN: 0144-8765
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1103. Pathogen survival in swine manure
environments and transmission of human enteric illness: A
review.
Guan TatYee and Holley, R.
A.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 32 (2): 383-392.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1104. Pathogens and manure management systems: A
review.
Bicudo, J. R. and Goyal, S.
M.
Environmental
Technology 24 (1): 115-130.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
TD1.E59;
ISSN: 0959-3330
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1105. Pathogens excreted by livestock and
transmitted to humans through water.
Atwill, Edward R. and University of
California, Davis. Animal Agricultural Research Center. University
of California Davis.
Agricultural Issues
Center.
Davis, Calif.: UCD Animal
Agriculture Research Center: UC Agricultural Issues Center; vi, 19
p. (1997)
Notes: "August 1997." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 13-18).
NAL Call #: RA642.W3-A89-1997
Descriptors:
Waterborne infection/ Animal
waste---Environmental aspects/ Water quality management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1106. Pathogens in animal wastes and the impacts
of waste management practices on their survival, transport and
fate.
Sobsey, M. D.; Khatib, L. A.; Hill,
V. R.; Alocilja, E.; and Pillai, S.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
1107. PCR and the detection of microbial
pathogens in water and wastewater.
Toze, Simon
Water Research 33 (17): 3545-3556.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD420.W3;
ISSN: 0043-1354
Descriptors:
bacteria (Bacteria): pathogen/
helminths (Aschelminthes)/ protozoans (Protozoa): pathogen/ viruses
(Viruses): pathogen/ Animals/ Aschelminths/ Bacteria/ Eubacteria/
Helminths/ Invertebrates/ Microorganisms/ Protozoans/ Viruses/
ecotoxicology/ environmental contamination/ false positives/ fecal
contamination/ health risks/ microbial pathogen detection/
quantification difficulty/ wastewater
© Thomson
1108. Performance of bedding materials in
reducing ammonia emissions from pig manure.
Andersson, Mats.
Lund, Sweden: Sveriges
lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for jordbrukets biosystem och
teknologi (JBT); 50 p.: ill.; Series: Rapport (Sveriges
lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for jordbrukets biosystem och
teknologi) 101. (1995)
Notes: "ISRN-SLU-JBT-R--101--SE." Includes
bibliographical references (p. 44-46).
NAL Call #: TH4911.A1S9--no.101
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1109. The performance of the human nose in odour
measurement.
Walker, J C
Water Science and
Technology 44 (9): 1-7.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ Animals/
Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ environmental
health/ indoor air quality/ water quality
Abstract: Over the last 20 years or so, there has
been steadily increasing activity in the area of applied human
odour measurement. This has been especially true outside of the
United States. Yet, for about 40 years, there has also been
decreasing interest and activity, on the part of academic smell
researchers, in rigorous quantitative measurement of the functional
properties of the human olfactory system. There are some optimistic
signs, however, that this situation may be improving. Applied
meetings such as this one are reaching out to learn more about
basic research in human olfaction and some research groups are
venturing out to indoor air quality, environmental health, water
quality and other applied areas. In this paper I hope to support
and accelerate the increasingly fruitful interactions that are
beginning. The paper aims to make four main points. First, some of
the most important ways in which the laboratory differs from
everyday life will be noted. Keeping these differences in mind
lessens the risk that laboratory data will be used uncritically to
make predictions of real-world responses to chemical stimuli. Next,
the specific benefits that would accrue from more fruitful
interactions between basic and applied researchers will be
highlighted; this is perhaps best seen by noting problem areas
resulting from too little cross-fertilisation. Third, the CEN
standard for the measurement of odour thresholds will be discussed
in light of what is known concerning both the functional aspects of
the human olfactory system and the current state of knowledge
concerning best methods for investigating this system. Finally,
some recent work we have done that was designed to help
characterise human odour responses and demonstrate improved
methodology, will be briefly mentioned. The paper concludes with
suggestions as to how the scientific basis of applied odour
measurement may best be enhanced.
© Thomson
1110. Periphyton function in lake
ecosystems.
Vadeboncoeur, Yvonne and Steinman,
Alan D
The Scientific World
2: 1449-1468.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
472 SCI25;
ISSN: 1537-744X
Descriptors:
nutrients/ periphyton (Organisms):
abundance, growth, productivity/ phytoplankton (Algae)/ Algae/
Microorganisms/ Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ dissolved organic
matter loading/ food web interactions/ habitat availability/
habitat type/ lake ecosystems/ lake morphometry/ landscape
properties/ light availability/ nutrient cycling/ primary
productivity/ resource competition/ sediments/ shallow depths/
trophic conditions/ water column transparency/ watershed related
properties
Abstract: Periphyton communities have received
relatively little attention in lake ecosystems. However, evidence
is increasing that they play a key role in primary productivity,
nutrient cycling, and food web interactions. This review summarizes
those findings and places them in a conceptual framework to
evaluate the functional importance of periphyton in lakes. The role
of periphyton is conceptualized based on a spatial hierarchy. At
the coarsest scale, landscape properties such as lake morphometry,
influence the amount of available habitat for periphyton growth.
Watershed-related properties, such as loading of dissolved organic
matter, nutrients, and sediments influence light availability and
hence periphyton productivity. At the finer scale of within the
lake, both habitat availability and habitat type affect periphyton
growth and abundance. In addition, periphyton and phytoplankton
compete for available resources at the within-lake scale. Our
review indicates that periphyton plays an important functional role
in lake nutrient cycles and food webs, especially under such
conditions as relatively shallow depths, nutrient-poor conditions,
or high water-column transparency. We recommend more studies
assessing periphyton function across a spectrum of lake morphometry
and trophic conditions. Periphyton communities have received
relatively little attention in lake ecosystems. However, evidence
is increasing that they play a key role in primary productivity,
nutrient cycling, and food web interactions.
© Thomson
1111. Pest and pesticide management on southern
forests.
United States. Forest Service.
Southern Region.
Atlanta, GA: USDA Forest Service,
Southern Region; vi, 46 p.: ill., col. map; Series: Management
bulletin R8 MB 60. (1994)
Notes: "September 1994." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 43) and index.
NAL Call #: aSB763.A13P47--1994
Descriptors:
Trees---Diseases and
pests---Southern States/ Trees---Diseases and
pests---Control---Southern States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1112. Pest management implications of
glyphosate-resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the Western
United States.
Lyon, D. J.; Bussan, A. J.; Evans,
J. O.; Mallory Smith, C. A.; and Peeper, T. F.
Weed Technology 16 (3): 680-690. (July 2002-Sept.
2002)
NAL Call #:
SB610.W39;
ISSN: 0890-037X [WETEE9]
Descriptors:
triticum aestivum/ glyphosate/
herbicide resistance/ weed control/ pest management/ cultivars/
crop plants as weeds/ application date/ risk assessment/ weed
associations/ rotations/ herbicide resistant weeds/ crop
management/ information needs/ literature reviews/ United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1113. Pesticide acute toxicity reference values
for birds.
Mineau, P.; Baril, A.; Collins, B.
T.; Duffe, J.; Joerman, G.; and Luttik, R.
Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 170: 13-74. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TX501.R48;
ISSN: 0179-5953 [RCTOE4]
Descriptors:
wild birds/ toxicity/ pesticides/
risk assessment/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1114. Pesticide chemical oxidation processes: An
analytical approach.
Chiron, Serge; Fernandez, Alba
Amadeo R; and Rodriguez, Antonio
Trends in Analytical
Chemistry 16 (9): 518-527.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:
organophosphorus compounds/
phenoxyacids/ triazines/ water/ by product identification/ degree
of mineralization/ pesticide chemical oxidation
processes
Abstract: This article gives an overview of the
different analytical approaches for carrying out pesticide
degradation studies in waters by means of advanced oxidation
processes (AOPs). The degree of mineralization achieved under AOPs
and the identity of by-products of a large number of compounds
belonging to the major pesticide families, triazines, phenoxyacids,
and organophosphorus compounds, are presented. Critical comments
are aimed at emphasizing the lack of suitable analytical methods in
order to both follow the kinetics of formation and disappearance of
by-products and identify their chemical structures. More
particularly the crucial role of gas chromatography and liquid
chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry is
stated.
© Thomson
1115. Pesticide Chemical Oxidation:
State-of-the-Art.
Chiron, S.; Fernandez-Alba, A.;
Rodriguez, A.; and Garcia-Calvo, E.
Water Research 34 (2): 366-377. (2000)
NAL Call #:
TD420.W3;
ISSN: 0043-1354.
Notes: DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00173-6
Descriptors:
Pesticides/ Oxidation/ Degradation/
Optimization/ Mass Spectrometry/ Byproducts/ Wastewater Treatment/
Technology/ Reviews/ Kinetics/ Ozonation/ Photolysis/ Chemical
degradation/ titanium dioxide/ Pesticides/ Decomposition/
Spectrometry (Mass)/ Wastewater treatment processes/ Sewage &
wastewater treatment/ Industrial Effluents
Abstract: The various currently used chemical
oxidation processes (AOPs), for pesticide elimination from
wastewater are reported. Heterogeneous TiO sub(2) photocatalysis,
ozonation and photo-Fenton's reagent are the most intensively
investigated technologies. Theoretical and practical advantages and
limitations of each method are discussed. Degradation mechanism and
experimental conditions employed for the optimization of each
technology are reviewed. Performances such as the achieved degree
of mineralization and obtained degradation rates are detailed. The
various analytical approaches for studying pesticide degradation by
AOPs are also discussed. Formation of by-products is unavoidable
during cost effective treatments. Their detection and
identification are required in order to determine which kind of
chemical structures are left at the end of the process. For this
purpose, the crucial role of gas and liquid mass spectrometry is
emphasized. The review reveals a general lack of data on kinetics
of formation and disappearance of the major by-products. The
efficiency of AOPs has scarcely been investigated at industrial
scales, i.e. in presence of a mixture of active ingredients
together with their formulating agents and at concentration levels
above 10 mg/l. The more polar by-products are largely unknown and
their toxicity is usually not addressed.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1116. Pesticide Contamination of Surface Waters:
An Approach to the Use of Buffers.
Harris, G. and Forster,
A.
In: Buffer Zones: Their Processes
and Potential in Water Protection Conference Handbook.
(Held 2 Aug 1930-2 Sep 1996 at
Oxfordshire, UK.)
Cardigan, UK: Samara Publishing
Limited; pp. 20-21; 1996.
Notes: Conference: Int. Conf. Buffer Zones: Their
Processes and Potential in Water Protection, Woodstock, Oxfordshire
(UK), 30 Aug-2 Sep 1996
Descriptors:
path of pollutants/ pesticides/
contamination/ surface water/ literature review/ catchment areas/
leaching/ degradation/ retention/ permeability coefficient/
subsurface drainage/ particulate matter/ adsorption/ water
pollution control/ catchments/ drainage/ buffer zones/ Sources and
fate of pollution / Freshwater pollution
Abstract: As contamination of surface waters
by pesticides has become more widespread, the need for measures
that can reduce the risk of pesticides reaching watercourses has
increased. These include influencing the movement of water and
possible chemical contaminants at the hillslope, to reduce
pesticide export, as well as measures to minimise the input to the
water body itself. One such measure gaining considerable acceptance
is the use of a streamside buffer, which is a feature established
to separate the pollution source - the adjacent agricultural area -
from the watercourse. Buffers have become attractive because they
are seen as offering a non-chemical treatment for pesticides and
provide an additional measure within a catchment management
approach to reduce the risk of contamination. In addition, buffers
are seen as important as they provide an opportunity for
conservation opportunities for flora and fauna. This paper reviews
the transport mechanisms of pesticides within catchments and
assesses the key parameters that influence pesticide loss from
studies undertaken in Central and Northern Europe and the United
States. The importance of sub-surface drainage in influencing the
division between surface and subsurface movement of pesticides is
discussed together with an assessment of the potential for the
occurrence of erosion and the transport of pesticides attached to
particulates. The significance of selected pesticides in the water
and sediment phase to the aquatic environment is also reviewed. At
the hillslope, the adsorption of the pesticide together with the
degradation rate, are shown to be the main parameters determining
the potential for leaching of pesticides. However, soil type can
also be important, and in particular the presence of macropores in
clay soils, are shown as critical to the speed with which
pesticides can reach the watercourse.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1117. Pesticide Contamination of Surface Waters:
The Potential Role of Buffer Zones.
Harris, G. L. and Forster,
A.
In: Buffer Zones: Their Processes
and Potential in Water Protection. Haycock, N. E.; Burt, T. P.;
Goulding, K. W. T.; and Pinay, G. (eds.)
Hertfordshire, UK: Quest
Environmental; pp. 62-69; 1997.
Notes: Conference: International Conference on Buffer
Zones, [np], Sep 1996; Source: Buffer Zones: Their Processes and
Potential in Water Protection., Quest Environmental, PO Box 45,
Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 5LJ (UK); ISBN: 0-9530051-0-0
Descriptors:
Europe/ pesticides/ surface water/
literature review/ path of pollutants/ zones/ riparian land/ water
quality control/ environmental protection/ remediation/ water
pollution/ groundwater pollution/ agricultural runoff/ literature
reviews/ Europe/ buffer zones/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Water
quality control/ Freshwater pollution/ Characteristics, behavior
and fate
Abstract: The movement of pesticides to
surface waters has become an area of concern across Europe and
other countries where pesticide usage is a key part of crop
management. Pesticide losses to surface waters can be rapid; as a
consequence, remedial measures may have a more or less immediate
effect in reducing contamination, and resulting environmental
impact. One such measure attracting increasingly widespread
interest is the use of buffers generally considered to be best
located close to, or adjacent to, surface water courses. However,
the mechanisms by which buffer zones can control pesticide loss are
not well understood, neither is the optimum design and function of
buffers always clear. This review paper considers the mechanisms
and importance of pesticide transport to surface waters and
assesses the evidence that indicates whether buffers can be
effective in protecting both water quality and the environment. In
particular, the paper examines research which addresses the
appropriate design of buffers and assesses the potential long-term
role for these landscape features.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1118. Pesticide effects of bacterial diversity in
agricultural soils: A review.
Johnsen, K.; Jacobsen, C. S.;
Torsvik, V.; and Sorenson, AJ.
Biology and Fertility of
Soils 33 (6): 443-453. (June
2001)
NAL Call #:
QH84.8.B46;
ISSN: 0178-2762
Descriptors:
agricultural soils/ soil bacteria/
species diversity/ biodiversity/ polymerase chain reaction/
ribosomal DNA/ identification/ adverse effects/ pesticides/
metabolism/ soil fertility/ measurement/ sampling/ temporal
variation/ spatial variation/ mineralization/ literature reviews/
pesticide residues
Abstract: According to guidelines for the approval
of pesticides, side-effects on soil microorganisms should be
determined by studying functional parameters such as carbon or
nitrogen mineralisation. However, the microbial diversity may have
been markedly changed following pesticide use despite unaltered
metabolism, and such changes may affect soil fertility. This review
evaluates new methods for measuring pesticide effects on bacterial
diversity, and discusses how sampling should take temporal and
spatial heterogeneity into account. Future research on pesticide
approval protocols should establish the relationships between
mineralisation assays and new and rapid bacterial diversity
profiling methods, and should include the possible ecological
implications of altered bacterial diversity for soil
fertility.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1119. Pesticide Fate and Behaviour in Australian
Soils in Relation to Contamination and Management of Soil and
Water: A Review.
Kookana, R. S.; Baskaran, S.; and
Naidu, R.
Australian Journal of Soil
Research 36 (5): 715-764.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
56.8 Au7;
ISSN: 0004-9573
Descriptors:
Australia/ Fate of Pollutants/
Pesticides/ Soil Contamination/ Water Pollution Sources/ Public
Health/ Pesticide Residues/ Groundwater pollution/ Water pollution/
Air pollution/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Environmental action/
Pesticides
Abstract: Pesticides, if used as recommended, are
generally expected to cause little adverse impact on the
environment. However, it is evident that trace levels of pesticide
residues present in soil, water, air, and sometimes food, may
result in harmful effects on human and environmental health.
Pesticides can pose health risks through several exposure pathways
including direct occupational related exposure, through food, or
through the residues present in the environment. This paper reviews
available information on the nature and extent of pesticide
contamination of Australian soils, surface water, and groundwaters.
Published studies on the fate and behaviour of pesticides in
Australian soils have also been reviewed, covering the key
processes controlling the fate and behaviour of pesticides in
soils, namely sorption-desorption, degradation (biological and
abiotic), and volatilisation in soil and their off-site transport
into surface and groundwaters. Some management options for
minimising the diffuse source pollution of soils and waters by
pesticides and remediation of contaminated soils and water have
also been discussed. The review concludes that contamination of
soils and water with pesticides has occurred in Australia and there
is a need to understand the behaviour of pesticides in the soil
environment in order to develop management practices to minimise
any adverse impact on our environment in future.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1120. Pesticide fate in farming systems: Research
and monitoring.
Kookana, R. S. and Simpson, B.
W.
Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 31
(11/14): 1641-1659. (2000)
NAL Call #:
S590.C63;
ISSN: 0010-3624 [CSOSA2].
Notes: Paper presented at the 1999 International
Symposium on Soil and Plant Analysis held March 22-29, 1999,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Includes references.
Descriptors:
pesticide residues/ losses from
soil/ soil pollution/ water pollution/ runoff/ cropping systems/
crop production/ leaching/ volatilization/ sorption/ degradation/
literature reviews/ Australia
Abstract: Pesticides, being toxic by design, cause
considerable public concern about their possible non-target impact
on the ecosystem and human health. Pesticide use has increased
substantially in Australia and globally over the last two decades,
partly due to changes in tillage practices. Some 400 chemically
active ingredients, of varying properties, are currently available
in Australia alone. Pesticide residues have been found, mostly at
acceptable levels, in food commodities and in surface and ground
water bodies in Australia. Such contamination needs to be
minimized. However, the variety of pesticides, their use under a
range of soil and climatic conditions and the complexity of
processes governing their fate make this task particularly
daunting. Furthermore, as little local data is available for
Australian conditions, there is danger in extrapolating overseas
Temperate Zone data, especially for risk assessment in tropical
regions. The effect of farming practices, e.g. conservation
tillage, on run-off and leaching losses, needs better understanding
and quantification. Such studies aimed at providing knowledge on
the fate and persistence of pesticides must be supported by sound
information on pesticide usage (inputs), particularly at
catchment-scale. Correct sampling and analytical protocols are
crucial for any research or monitoring study. Analysts are faced
with a continuous demand for newer, cost effective and improved
analytical methods for pesticides and their metabolites, for better
sensitivity and quality control.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1121. Pesticide-induced immunotoxicity: Are Great
Lakes residents at risk?
Thomas, P. T.
Environmental Health
Perspectives 103 (9
[supplement]): 55-61. (1995);
ISSN: 0091-6765.
Notes: Special issue: Human health and environmental
pollution in the great lakes; Document number: NIH
95-218
Descriptors:
pesticides/ immunotoxicity/ man/
North America, Great Lakes/ reviews/ organophosphates/
organochlorines/ organochlorine compounds/ immunity/ toxicity/
public health/ literature reviews/ risks/ literature review/
organophosphorus compounds/ immunotoxicity/ Reviews/ Toxicology and
health/ Chemicals (corrosion)/ Public health/ medicines/ dangerous
organisms/ Effects of pollution
Abstract: Several organophosphate and organochlorine
compounds, including pesticides commonly found in the Great Lakes
basin, have the potential to induce immunotoxicity. Because of
biomagnification and accumulation in the food chain, Great Lakes
residents may inadvertently be exposed to these compounds and thus
face increased risk of immune dysfunction. In spite of the
laboratory animal data and evidence from occupational exposures
that suggest immunotoxicity, there is no definitive evidence as yet
that environmental exposure to these xenobiotics poses a
significant threat to the human immune system that is sufficient to
predispose residents of the Great Lakes basin to increased disease.
However, uncertainties with regard to exposure levels,
predictability of tests, suitability of the animal models, and
immune reserve cannot be ruled out when making risk assessment
decisions such as this.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1122. Pesticide inputs and risks in coastal
wetlands.
Clark, J. R.; Lewis, M. A.; and
Pait, A. D.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12 (12): 2225-2233.
(Dec. 1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268 [ETOCDK].
Notes: Annual Review Issue: Wetland Ecotoxicology and
Chemistry. Includes references.
Descriptors:
pesticides/ wetlands/ coastal areas/
toxicology/ environmental impact/ exposure/ sublethal effects/
literature reviews/ ecotoxicology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1123. Pesticide levels in groundwater: Value and
limitations of monitoring.
Funari, Enzo; Donati, Loredana;
Sandroni, Donatello; and Vighi, Marco
In: Pesticide risk in groundwater/
Vighi, M. and Funari, E.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995;
pp. 3-44.
ISBN: 0873714393
Descriptors:
Conservation / Ecology
(Environmental Sciences)/ Pest Assessment Control and
Management/ Pollution Assessment Control and Management/
Toxicology/ Hominidae (Hominidae)/ animals/ chordates/ humans/
mammals/ primates/ vertebrates/ environmental toxicology/
herbicides/ human impact/ pollutants
© Thomson
1124. Pesticide Loss to Water: A Review of
Possible Agricultural Management Opportunities to Minimise
Pesticide Movement.
Harris, G. L.
In: Pesticide Movement to Water/
Walker, A.; Allen, R.; Bailey, S. W.; Blair, A. M.; Brown, C. D.;
Gunther, P.; Leake, C. R.; and Nicholls, P. H.; Series: BCPC
Monograms 62. Alton, Hampshire, UK: British Crop Protection
Council, 1995; pp. 371-380.
Notes: Conference: British Crop Protection Council
Symposium, Coventry (UK), 3-5 Apr 1995;
ISBN: 0-948404-85-X;
ISSN: 0306-3941
Descriptors:
pesticides/ water pollution/
agriculture/ environmental protection/ water quality/ groundwater
pollution/ catchment areas/ physicochemical properties/ path of
pollutants/ surface water/ catchments/ pollution dispersion/
agricultural runoff/ groundwater contamination/ Water quality
control/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: The movement of pesticides to
surface and groundwater has been an area of increasing concern as
EC Directives on water quality have been introduced. Losses of
pesticides to groundwater form part of a long-term cycle as the
water can take decades to reach depths where water abstraction
takes place. As a result, concentrations tend to be lower for most
chemicals than those found in water leaving the top metre of the
soil, and measures adopted now to reduce pesticide levels in
groundwater will take many years to show effect. In contrast,
pesticide losses to surface waters are more immediate and
concentrations can be transient at the small catchment scale.
Various agricultural measures are being evaluated in the U.K., and
elsewhere, to minimise loss of pesticides to surface waters. These
measures, if effective, will have a counterpart role in the effort
to reduce pesticide losses to depth. This paper reviews the
mechanisms of pesticide transport and some of the opportunities
being assessed in the U.K. to reduce the movement of
pesticides.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1125. Pesticide metabolism in plants and
microorganisms.
Eerd, L. L. van; Hoagland, R. E.;
Zablotowicz, R. M.; and Hall, J. C.
Weed Science 51 (4): 472-495. (2003)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1126. Pesticide soil sorption parameters: Theory,
measurement, uses, limitations and reliability.
Don, Wauchope R; Yeh, Simon;
Linders, Jan B H J; Kloskowski, Regina; Tanaka, Keiji; Rubin,
Baruch; Katayama, Arata; Koerdel, Werner; Gerstl, Zev; Lane,
Michael; and Unsworth, John B
Pest Management
Science 58 (5): 419-445.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X
Descriptors:
pesticide: leaching, soil sorption
parameters/ hydrologic system/ soil properties/ soil
variability
Abstract: The soil sorption coefficient Kd and the
soil organic carbon sorption coefficient KOC of pesticides are
basic parameters used by environmental scientists and regulatory
agencies worldwide in describing the environmental fate and
behavior of pesticides. They are a measure of the strength of
sorption of pesticides to soils and other geosorbent surfaces at
the water/solid interface, and are thus directly related to both
environmental mobility and persistence. KOC is regarded as a
'universal' parameter related to the hydrophobicity of the
pesticide molecule, which applies to a given pesticide in all
soils. This assumption is known to be inexact, but it is used in
this way in modeling and estimating risk for pesticide leaching and
runoff. In this report we examine the theory, uses, measurement or
estimation, limitations and reliability of these parameters and
provide some 'rules of thumb' for the use of these parameters in
describing the behavior and fate of pesticides in the environment,
especially in analysis by modeling.
© Thomson
1127. Pesticide studies: Replicability of
micro/mesocosms.
Sanderson, Hans
Environmental Science and
Pollution Research International 9 (6): 429-435. (2002); ISSN: 0944-1344
Descriptors:
pesticide: pesticide/ mesocosm
replicability/ microcosm replicability/ pesticide registration/
Type II error
Abstract: The objective of this state-of-the-art
review was to quantify the replicability of pesticide studies using
micro/mesocosms. Low interpretability of micro/mesocosm studies,
and inconclusive and highly variable data, resulted in a
discontinuation of the use of these studies for the registration of
pesticides. Coefficients of variation, CV%, were calculated on the
basis of data tables as a measure of statistical 'effectiveness'
taken from the literature. The average CV in the investigated
studies was 45%; larger out-door mesocosms averaged 51%, and
smaller indoor micro/mesocosms averaged 32%. CVs on variables
involving animals were higher than CVs on plant end-points, which
in turn were higher than abiotic variables for all experiments.
However, to enhance the interpretability and implementation of
micro/mesocosm studies for pesticide registration, a number of
context-dependent steps could be incorporated; 1) determine the
appropriate experimental design and number of replicates by using
power analysis, 2) Utilise advanced statistical analysis, such as
probabilistic effect distribution and principal response curves, 4)
report, preferably in quantitative terms using power analysis, the
risk of Type II error. The author's primary conclusion is that the
level of CVs is context dependent and, therefore, it is not
possible to suggest a generally acceptable level of CVs for all
experiments. This has been suggested both directly and indirectly
in the literature. Moreover, the number of insignificant
(p>0.05) results is high, 88% of all test biotic variables had
no statistical significance. The average number of replicates were
3-4, which theoretically should yield significant effects at least
at the highest test-concentration, then resulting in 75-66%
insignificant results.
© Thomson
1128. Pesticide Toxicity Endpoints in Aquatic
Ecosystems.
Simon, D.; Helliwell, S.; and
Robards, K.
Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem
Stress and Recovery 6 (2):
159-177. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.W3 J68;
ISSN: 1386-1980.
Notes: DOI: 10.1023/A: 1009920227241
Descriptors:
Pesticides/ Pollution effects/
Nutrients (mineral)/ Plankton/ Toxicity tests/ Bioassays/ Toxicity/
Ecosystems/ Reviews/ Nutrients/ Numerical Analysis/ Fuzzy Logic/
Model Studies/ Aquatic environment/ Toxicity testing/ multispecies
testing/ Methods and instruments/ Instruments/ Methods/ Effects of
pollution/ Toxicology and health
Abstract: To adequately protect aquatic ecosystems
from impact by anthropogenic perturbations it is necessary to
distinguish what is safe from what is not. This review examines
approaches to this problem in relation to primary and secondary
effects of pesticides. Understanding nutrient - plankton and
plankton - plankton interrelationships on both spatial and temporal
scales is important if secondary or indirect effects are to be
assessed. Before defining or measuring a toxicity endpoint,
consideration must be given to whether to use single species or
multispecies tests. Each has its strengths and weaknesses and is
reviewed. In single species testing, toxicity endpoints can be more
clearly defined but extrapolation of effects to an ecosystem is
more difficult than with multispecies testing and can often lead to
incorrect conclusions. Interpretation of multispecies testing
results are challenging and numerical analysis techniques including
methods whose objectives are inference, classification and
ordination are required. Conceptual and fuzzy logic modelling
techniques promise a solution to the interpretation of multispecies
tests.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1129. Pesticide transport to subsurface tile
drains in humid regions of North America.
Kladivko, Eileen J; Brown, Larry C;
and Baker, James L
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 31 (1): 1-62. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
pesticides: pesticide, pollutant,
toxin, transport/ crop production/ environmental protection/
humidity/ rainfall/ soil surface runoff / water quality/ weather
patterns
© Thomson
1130. Pesticide use in the U.S. and policy
implications: A focus on herbicides.
Short, Polly and Colborn,
Theo
Toxicology and Industrial
Health 15 (1-2): 240-275.
(1999);
ISSN: 0748-2337
Descriptors:
herbicide: endocrine disruptor,
enzyme inhibitor, toxicity, usage, resistance/ pesticide: toxicity,
usage/ plant (Plantae): crop, weed/ Plants/ agriculture
Abstract: This article examines herbicide use in the
United States, providing estimates of poundage, land surface
covered, distribution, and recent trends based on federal and state
figures. Herbicides are by far the most widely used class of
pesticide in the US, where 556 million lbs of herbicide active
ingredients (AIs) were applied in 1995. Agriculture accounts for
the majority of herbicide use, totaling 461 million lbs of AIs in
1995. Over 60% of the poundage of all agricultural herbicides
consist of those that are capable of disrupting the endocrine
and/or reproductive systems of animals. In addition, at least 17
types of 'inert ingredients,' which can equal 90% or more of a
pesticide product, have been identified as having potential
endocrine-disrupting effects. Atrazine is the predominant herbicide
used according to poundage, with 68-73 million lbs of AIs applied
in 1995. However, 2,4-D is the most widespread herbicide, covering
78 million acres for agricultural uses alone. Both of these
herbicides are reported endocrine disruptors. Acetolactate synthase
(ALS) inhibitors, namely the sulfonylureas and imidazolinones, are
one of the fastest growing classes of herbicides. Many of these
herbicides are 100 times more toxic to select plant species than
their predecessors, so they can be applied at rates approximately
100 times lower. Consequently, they can affect plant species at
concentration levels so low that no standard chemical protocol can
detect them. Due in part to these more potent herbicides, the
poundage of herbicides used in the US has decreased since the
mid-1980s; however, the available data suggest that the number of
treated acres has not significantly declined. A thorough assessment
of potential exposure to herbicides by wildlife and humans is
limited due to the inaccessibility of production and usage
data.
© Thomson
1131. Pesticides and herbicides.
Ro, K. S. and Chung, K.
H.
Water Environment
Research 66 (4): 432-433.
(June 1994)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
pesticides/ herbicides/ transport
processes/ environmental impact/ pollution/ movement in soil/
biodegradation/ dynamics/ residues/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1132. Pesticides and herbicides.
Ro, K. S. and Libra, J.
A.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 548-552.
(June 1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
pesticides/ herbicides/ pesticide
residues/ herbicide residues/ soil pollution/ water pollution/
toxicity/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1133. Pesticides and Herbicides.
Libra, J. A.; Ro, Kyoung S.; Chung,
K. Y. U.; and Chung, Y. U. N.
Water Environment
Research 68 (4): 564-568.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ pesticides/
herbicides/ pollutant identification/ spatial distribution/ water
pollution effects/ water pollution/ fate of pollutants/ Sources and
fate of pollution/ Secondary publication and
distribution
Abstract: The distribution of endosulfan residues in
the drainage waterways of the Lower Fraser Valley of British
Columbia was studied by Wan et al. (1995). Both the water and
sediment of the farm ditches were sampled. The potential impact of
these residues on non-target aquatic organisms is discussed.
Similarly, Mogensen and Spliid (1995) investigated pesticide
occurrence in Danish watercourses. Samples from soil water,
drainage water, stream water and pond water from a sandy and a
clayey catchment survey area were analyzed. Pesticide concentration
in the clayey, more intensively cultivated area, was found to be
higher compared to the sandy, less intensively cultivated area.
Donald and Syrgiannis (1995) determined the concentrations of
pesticides in Saskatchewan prairie lakes following severe drought
and compared the results with values set for the protection of
aquatic life. When the lakes were grouped by salinity, detection
frequencies of pesticides were significantly higher in brackish
lakes, which tended to be semi-permanent, than in saline lakes,
which tended to be permanent. However, with one exception,
the
concentrations in the lakes were
below those levels that might be deleterious to aquatic
life.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1134. Pesticides and herbicides.
Ro, K. S.; Chung, K. H.; Chung, Y.
C.; and Tsai, F. J.
Water Environment
Research 69 (4): 664-667.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1047-7624
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1135. Pesticides and Herbicides.
Chung, Kyuhyuck; Starrett, S.;
Chung, Yunchul; and Ro, Kyoung S.
Water Environment
Research 70 (4): 693-698.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
Pesticides/ Herbicides/ Leaching/
Groundwater Pollution/ Monitoring/ Contamination/ Water Pollution
Sources/ Literature Review/ Wells/ Atrazine/ Insecticides/
Freshwater pollution/ Aquifers/ Water wells/ alachlor/
fenitrothion/ Anguilla anguilla/ Nebraska/ Recharge Lake/ Sources
and fate of pollution/ Freshwater pollution/ United
States
Abstract: Wood and Anthony (1997) investigated
herbicide leaching using a series of natural springs draining small
surficial aquifers. The herbicides were detected at the level of
nanograms per liter. Monitoring herbicides in Recharge Lake in
York, Nebraska, was performed. Herbicide concentrations rose
rapidly in the spring and diminished gradually over a few months.
Atrazine half-life was determined to be approximately 223 days.
Sancho et al. (1997) reported that the insecticide fenitrothion
showed a strong tendency to bioconcentrate into the brain of the
European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Herbicide contamination of
shallow groundwater beneath claypan soils was studied. Spatial
variability was determined to be larger than the effects of
atrazine and alachlor application rates. Atrazine and alachlor were
detected in 7.2 and 0.4%, respectively, of the samples taken from
approximately 75 monitoring wells.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1136. Pesticides and herbicides.
Starrett, S.; Bhandari, A.; and
Xia, K.
Water Environment
Research 71 (5): 853-860.
(Aug. 1999)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
pesticides/ herbicides/ pesticide
residues/ herbicide residues/ groundwater pollution/ water
pollution/ runoff/ agricultural land/ leaching/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1137. Pesticides and the future: Minimizing
chronic exposure of humans and the environment.
Kuhr, Ronald J. and Motoyama,
Naoki.
Amsterdam; Washington, D.C.: IOS
Press; viii, 332 p.: ill. (1998)
Notes: Papers from a joint United States-Japan seminar
held on May 26-30, 1997 in Kisarazu, Japan. Also issued as v. 2,
nos. 1-4 of the journal Reviews in Toxicology. Includes
bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #: RA1270.P4-P47-1998; ISBN: 9051993889
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Toxicology/
Pesticides---Environmental aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1138. Pesticides in domestic wells.
Chittaranjan, R.
St. Joseph, MI: American Society of
Agricultural Engineers. (2003)
Notes: Available through fee-based ASAE Technical
Library;
ISBN: 1892769298
Descriptors:
Water---Pesticide content---United
States/ Pesticides---Environmental aspects---United States/
Groundwater---Pollution---United States
1139. Pesticides in ground water: Current
understanding of distribution and major influences.
Geological Survey
(U.S.).
Sacramento, CA: USGS; Series: Fact
sheet (Geological Survey (U.S.)) FS-95-244. (1996)
Notes: Title from caption. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD427.P35P474-1996
http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/gw/
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Groundwater---Pollution---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1140. Pesticides in ground water: Distribution,
trends, and governing factors.
Barbash, J. E. and Resek, E.
A.
Chelsea, Michigan: Ann Arbor Press;
588 p. (1996)
NAL Call #: TD427.P35B37--1996; ISBN: 1575040050
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Groundwater---Pollution---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1141. Pesticides in ground water of the United
States, 1992-1996.
Kolpin, D. W.; Barbash, J. E.; and
Gilliom, R. J.
Ground Water 38 (6): 858-863. (2000)
NAL Call #:
TD403.G7;
ISSN: 0017-467X [GRWAAP]
Descriptors:
groundwater pollution/ pesticide
residues/ surveys/ agricultural land/ urban areas/ rural areas/
high water tables/ United States/ shallow groundwater
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1142. Pesticides in stream sediment and aquatic
biota: Current understanding of distribution and major
influences.
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U. S.
Geological Survey.
U.S. Geological Survey,
2000
NAL Call #: TD427.P35 P476 2000
http://www2.q-city.com/shelbayreports/sediment/pesticides%5Fin%5Fstream%5Fsediments.pdf
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Organochlorine compounds---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Water---Pollution---United States/
Contaminated sediments---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1143. Pesticides in stream sediment and aquatic
biota: Distribution, trends, and governing factors.
Nowell, L. H.; Capel, P. D.; and
Dileanis, P. D.
Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis
Publishers; 1001 p. (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 867-946)
and index.
NAL Call #: TD427.P35-N68-1999; ISBN: 1566704693
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Organochlorine compounds---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Water---Pollution---United States/
Contaminated sediments---United States/ Aquatic organisms Effect of
water pollution on---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1144. Pesticides in streams of the United States:
Initial results from the National Water-Quality Assessment
Program.
Larson, S. J.; Gilliom, R. J.;
Capel, P. D.; and Geological Survey (U.S.).
Sacramento, Calif.: U.S. Dept. of
the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999. 92 p.
Notes: "National Water-Quality Assessment
Program"--Cover.
NAL Call #: GB701.W375- no.98-4222
http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/rep/wrir984222/
Descriptors:
Water---Pollution---United States/
Pesticides---Environmental aspects---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1145. Pesticides in surface and ground
water.
Wauchope, R. D.
Ames, Iowa: Council for
Agricultural Science and Technology; Issue paper 2, 1994.
Notes: Caption title.
http://www.heartland.org/pdf/23643a.pdfcast-science.lh/pwq_ip.htm
Descriptors:
pesticides/ groundwater/ surface
water
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1146. Pesticides in surface water of the
Mid-Atlantic region.
Ferrari, Matthew J.; Geological
Survey (U.S.); United States. Environmental Protection Agency; and
Mid Atlantic Integrated Assessment Region.
Baltimore, Md.: U.S. Geological
Survey; 12 p.: col. ill., col. maps; Series: Water-resources
investigations report 97-4280. (1997)
Notes: Caption title. "Mid-Atlantic Integrated
Assessment (MAIA) Region" "WRIR 97-4280"--P. [12]. Includes
bibliographical references
(p. [12]).
DW14937692-01-0.
NAL Call #: GB701.W375-- no.97-4280
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---Middle Atlantic States/ Water---Pollution---Middle
Atlantic States/ Pesticides---Environmental aspects---South
Atlantic States/ Pesticides---Environmental aspects---West
Virginia
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1147. Pesticides in Surface Waters: Distribution,
Trends, and Governing Factors.
Larson, S. J.; Capel, P. D.; and
Majewski, M. S.
Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press, Inc.;
Series: Pesticides in the Hydrologic System 3; 373 p.
(1997)
NAL Call #: TD427.P35L34--1997; ISBN: 1-57504-006-9
Descriptors:
surface water/ contamination/
pesticides/ distribution / statistical analysis/ water pollution/
literature review/ agricultural runoff/ pollution dispersion/
pollution surveys/ public health/ United States/ Sources and fate
of pollution/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: The use of pesticides in the United
States has increased dramatically during the last several decades.
Hundreds of different chemicals have been developed for use in
agricultural and non-agricultural settings. Concerns about the
potential adverse effects of pesticides on the environmental and
human health have spurred an enormous amount of research into their
environmental behavior and fate. Much of this concern has focused
on the potential for contamination of the hydrologic system,
including surface waters. Pesticides in Surface Waters is a summary
of research on the occurrence, distribution, and significance of
pesticides in surface waters of the United States. The primary goal
of this book is to assess the current understanding of the
occurrence and behavior of pesticides in surface waters. To
accomplish this, the authors have compiled and evaluated most of
the published studies in which pesticide concentrations in surface
waters of the United States have been measured. The primary focus
of the literature search was on studies published in the
peer-reviewed scientific literature and in reports of government
agencies. The literature search covered studies published up to
1993, but many articles and reports published after 1993 were
included as they became available. A number of studies--including
laboratory studies and studies using microcosms and artificial
streams and ponds--also were included in which factors affecting
the behavior and fate of pesticides in the environment were
investigated. Pertinent studies listed in a series of tables
provide concise summaries of study sites, targeted pesticides, and
results. Information obtained from these studies is used to develop
an overview of the existing knowledge of pesticide contamination of
surface waters. Pesticides in Surface Waters is intended to serve
as a resource, text, and reference to a wide spectrum of
scientists, students, and water managers, ranging from those
primarily interested in the extensive compilations of references,
to those looking for interpretive analyses and conclusions. For
those unfamiliar with the studies of pesticides in surface waters,
it can serve as a comprehensive introduction.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1148. Pesticides in the atmosphere: Current
understanding of distribution and major influences.
Geological Survey
(U.S.).
Sacramento, CA: USGS; Series: Fact
sheet (Geological Survey (U.S.))
FS-95-152. (1995)
Notes: USGS--pesticide in the atmosphere; Title from
caption. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD887.P45P47-1995
http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/atmos/
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Air---Pollution---United States/
Atmospheric deposition---United States/
Water---Pollution---
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1149. Pesticides in the atmosphere: Distribution,
trends, and governing factors.
Majewski, M. S.; Capel, P. D.; and
National Water Quality Assessment Program (U.S.).
Sacramento, Calif. U.S. Geological
Survey. (1995)
Notes: "National Water-Quality Assessment
Program"
NAL Call #: TD196.P38M35--1995
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Air---Pollution---United States/
Atmospheric diffusion---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1150. Pesticides in the Hydrologic System: What
Do We Know and What's Next?
Gilliom, R. J.
Hydrological
Processes 15 (16): 3197-3201.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
GB651.H93;
ISSN: 0885-6087.
Notes: Special Issue: Canadian Geophysical Union -
Hydrology Section; DOI: 10.1002/hyp.501
Descriptors:
Water Pollution/ Pesticides/ Path of
Pollutants/ Water Pollution Effects/ Hydrologic Systems/ Literature
Review/ Research Priorities/ Pesticide environmental pollution/
Pesticides in surface waters/ Pollution effects / Water quality/
Drinking water/ Hydrology/ Aquatic organisms/ Food chains/
Hydrosphere/ Literature reviews/ Sources and fate of pollution/
Surface Water Hydrology/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Even though the occurrence and behaviour
of pesticides in the environment have been studied for decades,
water-quality managers and the public still demand more complete
and consistent information, and there are many unanswered questions
for environmental scientists. In many respects, the greatest
potential for unintended adverse effects of pesticides is through
contamination of the hydrologic system, which supports aquatic life
and related food chains and is used for recreation, drinking water,
and many other purposes. The movement of water is one of the
primary mechanisms by which pesticides are transported from
targeted application areas to other parts of the environment; thus,
there is potential for movement into and through all components of
the hydrologic system. Extensive reviews of existing information on
pesticides in the hydrologic system, including the atmosphere,
ground water, surface water, and fluvial sediments and aquatic
biota, uncovered volumes of useful information, but also noted
critical information gaps. For example: (a) relatively few
pesticides have been thoroughly studied, particularly
transformation products; (b) most data have been collected for
small-scale site and field studies in agricultural areas; (c) urban
areas have received little attention for monitoring or research;
(d) the geographic and temporal distributions of data collection
have been highly uneven; and (e) comparing and synthesizing results
from most studies is difficult because of inconsistent approaches
to data collection and chemical analysis.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1151. Pesticides: Managing risks and optimizing
benefits.
Ragsdale, Nancy N. and Seiber,
James N.
Washington, DC: American Chemical
Society; Series: ACS symposium series 734; ix, 286 p.: ill., map.
(1999)
Notes: Distributed by Oxford University
Press
NAL Call #: QD1-.A45-no.-734;
ISBN: 084123616X
Descriptors:
Pesticides---United
States---Congresses/ Pesticides---Environmental aspects---United
States---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1152. Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in
soils: A review.
Thiele-Bruhn, S.
Journal of Plant Nutrition
and Soil Science / Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und
Bodenkunde 166 (2):
145-167. (Feb. 2003)
NAL Call #:
384 Z343A;
ISSN: 1436-8730.
Notes: Number of References: 200
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ performance
liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry/ solid phase
extraction/ fungus gloeophyllum striatum/ waste water bacteria/
antibacterial agents/ marine sediments/ fluoroquinolone
enrofloxacin/ tetracycline antibiotics/ antimicrobial
resistance
Abstract: Antibiotics are highly effective,
bioactive substances. As a result of their consumption, excretion,
and persistence, they are disseminated mostly via excrements and
enter the soils and other environmental compartments. Resulting
residual concentrations in soils range from a few mug up to g
kg(-1) and correspond to those found for pesticides. Numerous
antibiotic molecules comprise of a non-polar core combined with
polar functional moieties. Many antibiotics are amphiphilic or
amphoteric and ionize. However, physicochemical properties vary
widely among compounds from the various structural classes.
Existing analytical methods for environmental samples often combine
an extraction with acidic buffered solvents and the use of LC-MS
for determination. In soils, adsorption of antibiotics to the
organic and mineral exchange sites is mostly due to charge transfer
and ion interactions and not to hydrophobic partitioning. Sorption
is strongly influenced by the pH of the medium and governs the
mobility and transport of the antibiotics. In particular for the
strongly adsorbed antibiotics, fast leaching through soils by
macropore or preferential transport facilitated by dissolved soil
colloids seems to be the major transport process. Antibiotics of
numerous classes are photodegraded. However, on soil surfaces this
process if of minor influence. Compared to this, biotransformation
yields a more effective degradation and inactivation of
antibiotics. However, some metabolites still comprise of an
antibiotic potency. Degradation of antibiotics is hampered by
fixation to the soil matrix; persisting antibiotics were already
determined in soils. Effects on soil organisms are very diverse,
although all antibiotics are highly bioactive. The absence of
effects might in parts be due to a lack of suitable test methods.
However, dose and persistence time related effects especially on
soil microorganisms are often observed that might cause shifts of
the microbial community. Significant effects on soil fauna were
only determined for anthelmintics. Due to the antibiotic effect,
resistance in soil microorganisms can be provoked by antibiotics.
Additionally, the administration of antibiotics mostly causes the
formation of resistant microorganisms within the treated body.
Hence, resistant microorganisms reach directly the soils with
contaminated excrements. When pathogens are resistant or acquire
resistance from commensal microorganisms via gene transfer, humans
and animals are endangered to suffer from infections that cannot be
treated with pharmacotherapy. The uptake into plants even of mobile
antibiotics is small. However, effects on plant growth were
determined for some species and antibiotics.
© Thomson ISI
1153. Phosphate rocks and partially-acidulated
phosphate rocks as controlled release P fertilizers.
Hagin, J and Harrison, R
Fertilizer Research
35 (1-2): 25-3. (1993)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 0167-1731
Descriptors:
phosphate/ phosphorus/ plant
(Plantae Unspecified)/ Angiospermae (Angiospermae)/ angiosperms/
plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ agriculture/ minerals/
phosphorus/ soil
Abstract: Properties of phosphate rocks (PRs) and
partially acidulated phosphate rocks (PAPRs) which affect the
pattern of P dissolution and thus the potential for manipulating
the rate of P release are reviewed. The effects of soil and plant
properties are also considered.
© Thomson
1154. Phosphogypsum in agriculture: A
review.
Alcordo, I. S. and Rechcigl, J.
E.
Advances in Agronomy 49:
55-118. (1993)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
phosphogypsum/ physicochemical
properties/ production/ utilization/ reclamation/ soil amendments/
sulfur/ calcium/ agricultural wastes/ environmental impact/
literature reviews / pollution
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1155. The phosphorus index: Background and
status.
Daneil, T. C.; Jokela, W. E.;
Moore, P. A. Jr.; Sharpley, A. N.; and Gburek, W. J.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects--- United States
1156. Phosphorus indexing for cropland: Overview
and basic concepts of the Iowa phosphorus index.
Mallarino, A. P.; Stewart, B. M.;
Baker, J. L.; Downing, J. D.; and Sawyer, J. E.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6):
440-447.
(Nov. 2002-Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina. Includes references.
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ losses from soil/
indexes/ soil fertility/ agricultural soils/ agricultural land/
risk assessment/ phosphorus fertilizers/ transport processes/ sheet
erosion/ rill erosion/ water erosion/ water pollution/ drainage/
animal manures/ runoff/ broadcasting/ incorporation/
Iowa
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1157. Phosphorus loss from land to water:
Integrating agricultural and environmental management.
Sharpley, A. N.; McDowell, R. W.;
and Kleinman, P. J. A.
Plant and Soil 237 (2): 287-307. (Dec. 2001)
NAL Call #:
450-P696;
ISSN: 0032-079X [PLSOA2].
Notes: Special issue: International symposium on
phosphorus cycling in the soil-plant continuum / edited by Z.
Rengel. Paper presented at a symposium held September 17-23, 2000,
Beijing, China.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ eutrophication/ surface
water/ water pollution/ soil fertility/ fertilizers/ manures/
runoff/ water quality/ phosphorus fertilizers/ feeds/ erosion/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1158. Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage:
Historical perspective and current research.
Sims, J T; Simard, R R; and Joern,
B C
Journal of Environmental
Quality 27 (2): 277-293.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors:
phosphorus: export, leaching, loss/
agricultural drainage/ conservation practices/ environmental
impact/ eutrophication/ historical perspective/ nonpoint source
pollution/ overfertilization/ resource management/ soil organic
matter/ source reduction/ subsurface runoff
Abstract: The importance of P originating from
agricultural sources to the nonpoint source pollution of surface
waters has been an environmental issue for decades because of the
well-known role of P in eutrophication. Most previous research and
nonpoint source control efforts have emphasized P losses by surface
erosion and runoff because of the relative immobility of P in
soils. Consequently, P leaching and losses of P via subsurface
runoff have rarely been considered important pathways for the
movement of agricultural P to surface waters. However, there are
situations where environmentally significant export of P in
agricultural drainage has occurred (e.g., deep sandy soils, high
organic matter soils, or soils with high soil P concentrations from
long-term overfertilization and/or excessive use of organic
wastes). In this paper we review research on P leaching and export
in subsurface runoff and present overviews of ongoing research in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the USA (Delaware), the Midwestern
USA (Indiana), and eastern Canada (Quebec). Our objectives are to
illustrate the importance of agricultural drainage to nonpoint
source pollution of surface waters and to emphasize the need for
soil and water conservation practices that can minimize P losses in
subsurface runoff.
© Thomson
1159. Phosphorus Removal From Everglades
Agricultural Area Runoff by Submerged Aquatic Vegetation/Limerock
Treatment Technology: An Overview of Research.
Gu, B.; Debusk, T. A.; Dierberg, F.
E.; Chimney, M. J.; Pietro, K. C.; and Aziz, T.
Water Science and
Technology 44 (11-12):
101-108. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: 7. International Conference on
Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000, Lake Buena Vista,
FL [USA], 11-16 Nov 2000; Source: Wetland Systems for Water
Pollution Control 2000;
ISBN: 1843394073
Descriptors:
United States, Florida, Everglades/
Water Pollution Control/ Nonpoint Pollution Sources/ Agricultural
Runoff/ Advanced Wastewater Treatment/ Wetlands/ Phosphorus
Removal/ Submerged Plants/ Accumulation/ Feasibility Studies/
Experimental Data/ Performance Evaluation/ Pollution (Nonpoint
sources)/ Runoff (Agricultural)/ Advanced treatment/ Aquatic
macrophytes/ Aquatic plants/ Vegetation/ Lime/ Macrophytes/
artificial wetlands/ United States, Florida, Everglades/ Water
quality control/ Water Treatment/ Freshwater pollution/ Water
Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Abstract: The 1994 Everglades Forever Act mandates
the South Florida Water Management District and the Florida
Department of Environmental Protection to evaluate a series of
advanced treatment technologies to reduce total phosphorus (TP) in
Everglades Agricultural Area runoff to a threshold target level. A
submerged aquatic vegetation/limerock (SAV/LR) treatment system is
one of the technologies selected for evaluation. The research
program consists of two phases. Phase I examined the efficiency of
SAV/LR treatment system for TP removal at the mesocosm scale.
Preliminary results demonstrate that this technology is capable of
reducing effluent TP to as low as 10 mu g/L under constant flows.
The SAV component removes the majority of the influent soluble
reactive P, while the limerock component removes a portion of the
particulate P. Phase II is a multi-scale project (i.e., microcosms,
mesocosms, test cells and full-size wetlands). Experiments and
field investigations using various environmental scenarios are
designed to (1) identify key P removal processes; (2) provide
management and operational criteria for basin-scale implementation;
and (3) provide scientific data for a standardized comparison of
performance among advanced treatment technologies.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1160. Phosphorus research strategies to meet
agricultural and environmental challenges of the 21st
century.
Sharpley, A. and Tunney,
H.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 29 (1): 176-181.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA].
Notes: Paper presented at the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) sponsored conference on
"Practical and Innovative Measures for the Control of Agricultural
Phosphorus Losses to Water," held June 16-19, 1998,
Antrim,
Northern Ireland.
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ losses from soil/
pollution control/ research
Abstract: The accumulation, management, and transfer
of P in intensive farming systems has increased P export from
agricultural watersheds and accelerated eutrophication of surface
waters. Even though much research on P has been done in the last 20
years, there are still too few answers to the many questions now
being asked regarding agricultural production and environmental
quality. To address these concerns, four areas of research are
suggested: (i) Soil P testing for environmental risk
assessment--What losses are acceptable and can these losses be
determined by plot-scale or watershed-scale studies? Threshold P
levels in soil and water should be established in combination with
an assessment of site vulnerability to P loss. (ii) Pathways of P
transport--An analysis of the relative importance of different flow
pathways is needed at a watershed scale. (iii) Best Management
Practice (BMP) development and implementation--Overall, BMPs must
attempt to bring P inputs and outputs into closer balance and
should be targeted first to critical source areas within a
watershed. Alternative management recommendations, uses, and market
demand for manures must be developed. (iv) Strategic initiatives to
manage P--To initiate lasting changes, research should focus on
consumer-supported programs that encourage farmer performance and
steward-ship to achieve agreed-upon environmental goals.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1161. Phosphorus restrictions for land
application of biosolids: Current status and future
trends.
Shober, A. L. and Sims, J.
T.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 32 (6): 1955-1964.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ sewage sludge/
amended soils/ United States/ water quality/ sandy
soils/ site index/ runoff/ manure/
losses/ availability
Abstract: The application of biosolids (sewage
sludge) to agricultural soils provides P in excess of crop needs
when applied to meet the N needs of most agronomic crops. These
overapplications can result in the buildup of P in soils to values
well above those needed for optimum crop yields and also may
increase risk of P losses to surface and ground waters. Because of
concerns regarding the influence of P on water quality in the USA,
many state and federal agencies now recommend or require P-based
nutrient management plans for animal manures. Similar actions are
now under consideration for the land application of biosolids. We
reviewed the literature on this subject and conducted a national
survey to determine if states had restrictions on P levels in
biosolids-amended soils. The literature review indicates that while
the current N-based approach to biosolids management does result in
increases of soil P, some properties of biosolids may mitigate the
environmental risk to water quality associated with land
application of P in biosolids. Results of the survey showed that 24
states have regulations or guidelines that can be imposed to
restrict land application of biosolids based on P. Many of these
states use numerical thresholds for P in biosolids-amended soils
that are based on soil test phosphorus (STP) values that are much
greater than the values considered to be agronomically beneficial.
We suggest there is the need for a comprehensive environmental risk
assessment of biosolids P. If risk assessment suggests the need for
regulation of biosolids application, we suggest regulations be
based on the P Site Index (PSI), which is the method being used by
most states for animal manure management.
© Thomson ISI
1162. Phosphorus Retention in Streams and
Wetlands: A Review.
Reddy, K. R.; Kadlec, R. H.; Flaig,
E.; and Gale, P. M.
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 29 (1): 83-146. (1999)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
Phosphorus/ Nutrients/ Retention/
Streams/ Wetlands/ Reviews/ Kinetics/ Biogeochemical cycle/ Rivers/
Nutrient cycles/ Residence time/ Biogeochemistry/ Sources and fate
of pollution/ Ecosystems and energetics/ Composition of water/
Behavior and fate characteristics/ Freshwater pollution/ Chemical
processes
Abstract: Wetlands and streams buffer the
interactions among uplands and adjacent aquatic systems. Phosphorus
(P) is often the key nutrient found to be limiting in both
estuarine and freshwater ecosystems. As such, the ability of
wetlands and streams to retain P is key to determining downstream
water quality. This article reviews the processes and factors
regulating P retention in streams and wetlands and evaluates
selected methodologies used to estimate P retention in these
systems. Phosphorus retention mechanisms reviewed include uptake
and release by vegetation, periphyton and microorganisms; sorption
and exchange reactions with soils and sediments; chemical
precipitation in the water column; and sedimentation and
entrainment. These mechanisms exemplify the combined biological,
physical, and chemical nature of P retention in wetlands and
streams. Methodologies used to estimate P retention include
empirical input-output analysis and mass balances, and process
kinetics applied at various scales, including micro- and mesocosms
to full-scale systems. Although complex numerical models are
available to estimate P retention and transport, a simple
understanding of P retention at the process level is important, but
the overall picture provided by mass balance and kinetic
evaluations are often more useful in estimating long-term P
retention.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1163. Phosphorus utilization and excretion in pig
production.
Poulsen HD
Journal of Environmental
Quality 29 (1): 24-27; 20
ref. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1164. Physical impact assessment of USDA water
quality projects.
Meals, D. W.; Sutton, J. D.; and
Griggs, R. H.
In: Clean water, clean environment:
21st century team agriculture: Working to protect water resources
conference proceedings. (Held 5 Mar 1995-8 Mar 1995 at
Kansas City, Missouri.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE; pp.
195-198; 1995.
NAL Call #: TD365.C54-1995;
ISBN: 0929355601
Descriptors:
water pollution/ groundwater
pollution/ pollution control/ USDA/ pilot projects/ water quality/
agricultural chemicals/ losses from soil/ monitoring/ United
States/ hydrologic unit area projects/ pollution prevention/ non
point source water pollution/ demonstration projects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1165. The physical properties of
compost.
Agnew, J. M. and Leonard, J.
J.
Compost Science and
Utilization 11 (3): 238-264.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
TD796.5.C58;
ISSN: 1065-657X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1166. Physiological effects of incomplete
root-zone wetting on plant growth and their implications for
irrigation management.
Glenn, D. M.
HortScience 35 (6): 1041-1043. (Oct. 2000)
NAL Call #:
SB1.H6;
ISSN: 0018-5345 [HJHSAR].
Notes: Special section: Water management and water
relations of horticultural crops. Paper presented at a conference
held July 24, 1997, Salt Lake City, Utah. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
plants/ root systems/ water
availability/ plant physiology/ growth/ microirrigation/ water use
efficiency/ trickle irrigation/ crop yield/ maximum yield/ root
hydraulic conductivity/ water uptake/ water potential/ water
transfer/ dry matter distribution/ mortality/ nutrient transport/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1167. Phytoremediation: An ecological solution to
organic chemical contamination.
Susarla, S.; Medina, V. F.; and
McCutcheon, S. C.
Ecological
Engineering 18 (5): 647-658.
(2002);
ISSN: 0925-8574.
Notes: Special Issue: Ecology engineering applied to
river and wetland restoration
Descriptors:
Bioremediation/ Reviews/ Metals/
Hydrocarbons/ Pesticides/ Organochlorine compounds/ Plants/
Economics/ Environmental restoration/ Environment management/
Phytoremediation/ Pollutant removal/ Solvents/ Chemical pollution/
Detoxification/ Phytoremediation/ Pollution control/ Land
pollution/ General Environmental Engineering
Abstract: Phytoremediation is a promising new
technology that uses plants to degrade, assimilate, metabolize, or
detoxify metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, and chlorinated
solvents. In this review, in situ, in vivo and in vitro methods of
application are described for remediation of these compounds.
Phytoaccumulation, phytoextraction, phytostabilization,
phytotransformation, phytovolatilization and rhizodegradation are
discussed and the role of enzymes in transforming organic chemicals
in plants is presented. The advantages and constraints of
phytoremediation are provided. Our conclusions is that
phytoremediation prescriptions must be site-specific; however,
these applications have the potential for providing the most
cost-effective and resource-conservative approach for remediating
sites contaminated with a variety of hazardous
chemicals.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1168. Phytoremediation: An overview of metallic
ion decontamination from soil.
Singh, O. V.; Labana, S.; Pandey,
G.; Budhiraja, R.; and Jain, R. K.
Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology 61 (5/6):
405-412. (2003);
ISSN: 0175-7598
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1169. Phytoremediation in wetland ecosystems:
Progress, problems, and potential.
Williams, J. B.
Critical Reviews in Plant
Sciences 21 (6): 607-635.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QK1.C83;
ISSN: 0735-2689 [CRPSD3].
Notes: Special issue: Phytoremediation II / edited by
B.V. Conger. Includes references.
Descriptors:
wetlands / bioremediation/ seasonal
variation/ plant succession/ site factors/ heavy metals/ litter
plant/ waste disposal/ rhizosphere/ indicator species/ temporal
variation/ toxicity/ organic compounds/ herbicides/ pesticides/
explosives/ soil pollution/ evapotranspiration/ petroleum/
petroleum hydrocarbons / plant communities/ monitoring/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1170. Pitfalls of passive mine water
treatment.
Johnson, D Barrie and Hallberg,
Kevin B
Reviews in Environmental
Science and Biotechnology 1
(4): 335-343. (2002);
ISSN: 1569-1705
Descriptors:
heavy metals: pollutant/ iron:
oxidation/ acid mine drainage/ remediation/ wetland
© Thomson
1171. Planning a project: Selection and
acquisition of woody and herbaceous plant species and materials for
riparian corridor, shoreline, and wetland restoration and
enhancement.
Hoag, J. Chris.; Plant Materials
Center; and Interagency Riparian-Wetland Plant Development
Project
Aberdeen, ID: Interagency
Riparian-Wetland Plant Development Project, USDA-Natural Resources
Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center; Series:
Riparian/Wetland Project information series no. 2.
(1997)
Notes: Title from web page. "December, 1997."
Description based on content viewed April 16, 2002. Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aQK938.M3-H64-1997
http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/idpmcarwproj2.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetland plants/ Woody plants/
Perennials/ Wetland restoration/ Riparian areas
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1172. Plant biodiversity and environmental
stress.
Markert, B. A.; Breure, A. M.; and
Zechmeister, H. G.
In: Bioindicators and biomonitors:
Principles, concepts and applications/ Markert, B. A.; Breure, A.
M.; and Zechmeister, H. G., 2003; pp. 501-525.
ISBN: 0-08-044177-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1173. Plant disease incidence as influenced by
conservation tillage systems.
Watkins, J. E. and Boosalis, M.
G.
In: Managing agricultural residues/
Unger, P. W.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers,
1994; pp. 261-283.
ISBN: 0-87371-730-9
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1174. Plant nutrient management for enchanced
productivity in intensive grain production systems of the United
States and Asia.
Dobermann, A. and Cassman, K.
G.
Plant and Soil 247 (1): 153-175. (Nov.
2002)
NAL Call #:
450-P696;
ISSN: 0032-079X [PLSOA2].
Notes: Special issue: Progress in plant nutrition:
Plenary lectures of the XIV International Plant Nutrition
Colloquium / edited by W.J. Horst, A. Burkert, N. Claassen, H.
Flessa, W.B. Frommer, H. Goldbach, W. Merbach, H.W. Olfs, V.
Romheld, B. Sattelmacher, U. Schmidhalter, M.K. Schenk, and N.
Wiren. Includes references.
Descriptors:
grain crops/ zea mays/ oryza sativa/
nutrient availability/ fertilizers/ application rates/ intensive
production/ crop management/ crop yield/ irrigation/ cropping
systems/ maximum yield/ genetic improvement/ soil fertility/
profitability/ environmental protection/ literature reviews/ United
States/ Asia
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1175. Plant resistance to insects: A resource
available for sustainable agriculture.
Stoner, K. A.
Biological Agriculture and
Horticulture 13 (1): 7-38.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.B5;
ISSN: 0144-8765 [BIAHDP]
Descriptors:
crops/ insect pests/ insect control/
genetic resistance/ plant breeding/ genetic engineering/ gene
transfer/ transgenic plants/ history/ efficacy/ integrated pest
management/ farming systems/ sustainability/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1176. Plant succession and greentree reservoir
management: Implications for management and restoration of
bottomland hardwood wetlands.
King, Sammy L and Allen, James
A
Wetlands 16 (4): 503-511. (1996)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:
plants (Plantae Unspecified)/
Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ plants/ bottomland hardwood
wetlands/ conservation/ greentree reservoir management/ plant
succession/ vegetation establishment/ wetlands management/ wetlands
restoration
Abstract: Bottomland hardwood forests are
distributed along rivers and streams throughout the central and
eastern United States, with the greatest concentration in the
Southeast. Past and projected losses of bottomland hardwoods and
degradation of remaining stands suggest that habitat management
and/or restoration strategies that target multiple species and
multiple uses will be necessary to maintain, enhance, and restore
flora and fauna within bottomland hardwood wetlands. A greentree
reservoir is a current management strategy that entails
manipulating water regimes to provide habitat for wintering
waterfowl. We conducted a literature review and synthesis to
determine the potential impacts of greentree reservoir management
on plant succession within bottomland hardwood wetlands. Greentree
reservoirs can impact vegetation establishment through several
processes. Despite shortcomings of greentree reservoirs, designs
similar to them could be very beneficial in restoring bottomland
hardwood plant and animal communities from degraded forests
provided water-level control and maintenance are substantially
improved. Emulation of natural hydrologic regimes, including
natural variability, could produce diverse bottomland hardwood
plant communities and provide habitat for a variety of wildlife
species.
© Thomson
1177. Plant toxic proteins with insecticidal
properties. A review on their potentialities as
bioinsecticides.
Carlini, Celia R and Grossi de Sa
Maria, Fatima
Toxicon 40 (11): 1515-1539. (2002);
ISSN: 0041-0101
Descriptors:
Bacillus thuringiensis entomotoxic
proteins/ arcelins: insecticide/ chitinases: insecticide/
environmentally aggressive chemicals/ enzyme inhibitors:
insecticide/ lectins: insecticide/ modified storage proteins:
insecticide/ plant toxic proteins: insecticide/ ribosome
inactivating proteins: insecticide/ ureases: insecticide/ Bacillus
thuringiensis (Endospore forming Gram Positives): pest/ plant
(Plantae): crop/ Bacteria/ Eubacteria/ Microorganisms/ Plants/
defense mechanism/ world population expansion
Abstract: To meet the demands for food of the
expanding world population, there is need of new ways for
protecting plant crops against predators and pathogens while
avoiding the use of environmentally aggressive chemicals. A
milestone in this field was the introduction into crop plants of
genes expressing Bacillus thuringiensis entomotoxic proteins. In
spite of the success of this new technology, however, there are
difficulties for acceptance of these 'anti-natural' products by the
consumers and some concerns about its biosafety in mammals. An
alternative could be exploring the plant's own defense mechanisms,
by manipulating the expression of their endogenous defense
proteins, or introducing an insect control gene derived from
another plant. This review deals with the biochemical features and
mechanisms of actions of plant proteins supposedly involved in
defense mechanisms against insects, including lectins,
ribosome-inactivating proteins, enzymes inhibitors, arcelins,
chitinases, ureases, and modified storage proteins. The
potentialities of genetic engineering of plants with increased
resistance to insect predation relying on the repertoire of genes
found in plants are also discussed. Several different genes
encoding plant entomotoxic proteins have been introduced into crop
genomes and many of these insect resistant plants are now being
tested in field conditions or awaiting
commercialization.
© Thomson
1178. Plants in wetlands.
Redington, Charles B.
Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub.
Co.; xxi, 394 p.: ill.; Series: Redington field guides to
biological interactions. (1994)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 331-332)
and index.
NAL Call #: QK938.M3R44--1994; ISBN: 0840389833
Descriptors:
Wetland plants---United
States---Identification/ Marsh plants---United
States---Identification/ Swamp plants---United
States---Identification/ Wetlands---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1179. Polluted river systems: Monitoring and
assessment of ecotoxicological risks.
Velde, G. van der and Leuven, R S E
W
Acta Hydrochimica et
Hydrobiologica 27 (5):
251-256. (1999);
ISSN: 0323-4320
Descriptors:
biomonitoring/ chemical monitoring/
ecotoxicology/ mixture toxicity/ quantitative structure activity
relationships/ risk assessment / risk management/ river pollution/
sediment quality/ water quality
Abstract: In the past chemical, ecological, and
toxicological research was carried out in a separate way. Nowadays,
more and more studies are undertaken considering these three
approaches in an integrated way (triad studies). A sophisticated
combination of chemical and biological monitoring and bioassays can
improve water quality management of polluted rivers. Application of
quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), algorithms
for mixture toxicity of known substances, chemical group
parameters, and response-oriented sum parameters, may reduce
uncertainties in ecotoxicological risk management.
© Thomson
1180. Pollution filtration by plants in
wetland-littoral zones.
Mickle, A. M.
Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 144: 282-290. (1993)
NAL Call #:
500-P53;
ISSN: 0097-3157 [PANPA5].
Notes: Literature review. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
aquatic plants/ bog plants/
filtration/ purification/ waste water/ waste water treatment/
wetlands/ coastal areas/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1181. Polyacrylamide preparations for protection
of water quality threatened by agricultural runoff
contaminants.
Entry, J. A.; Sojka, R. E.;
Watwood, M.; and Ross, C.
Environmental
Pollution 120 (2): 191-200.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491 [ENPOEK]
Descriptors:
pollution control/ calcium oxide/
aluminum sulfate/ pollutants/ wastewater
© Thomson ISI
1182. Polyacrylamide quantification methods in
soil conservation studies.
Lu, J. and Wu, L.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 58 (5): 270-275.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
polyacrylamide/ soil conservation/
analytical methods/ water pollution/ irrigation water
1183. Polyacrylamide review: Soil conditioning
and environmental fate.
Seybold, C. A.
Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 25
(11/12): 2171-2185. (1994)
NAL Call #:
S590.C63;
ISSN: 0010-3624 [CSOSA2]
Descriptors:
soil stabilization/ polyacrylamide/
water erosion/ erosion control/ environmental impact/ toxicity/
soil/ interactions/ reviews
Abstract: The adoption of polyacrylamide (PAM) in
reducing irrigation induced erosion in California's San Joaquin
Valley has been stymied by the lack of information about its
toxicity and environmental fate. A review of the literature was
conducted to bring to the forefront knowledge of polyacrylamide,
its effectiveness in controlling erosion and its environmental
fate. Polyacrylamide is a water-soluble, high molecular weight
synthetic organic polymer that primarily interacts with the clay
fraction of soils. The degree of interaction depends on both the
properties of the polymer and properties of the soil. It is
effective in stabilizing soil aggregates, reducing soil erosion,
and increasing water infiltration, and also has an indirect
significant impact upon crop growth and yield. For the most part,
polyacrylamide is resistant to microbial attack, and its
degradation is mainly through physical breakdown. Polyacrylamide
has been shown to be non-toxic to humans, animals, fish, and
plants; the only concern has been the toxicity of its residual
monomer (acrylamide) content, which is a known neurotoxin to
humans. The residual monomer is bio-degradable and does not
accumulate in soils. The major source of acrylamide that is
released into the environment if from the use of polyacrylamide
products, so the FDA regulates the residual monomer content of PAM
used in food contact products. If the acrylamide content is kept to
a minimum, PAM itself does not pose any environmental threat, and
thus, can be used effectively as a soil conditioner.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1184. Pond Fertilization Regimen:
State-of-the-Art.
Das, S. K. and Jana, B.
B.
Journal of Applied
Aquaculture 13 (1-2): 35-66.
(2003);
ISSN: 1045-4438
Descriptors:
Pond culture/ Fish ponds/ Habitat
improvement (fertilization)/ Fertilizers/ Manure/
Aquaculture
Abstract: Pond fertilization has assumed an
important role to supplement nutrient deficiency and augment
biological productivity through autotrophic and heterotrophic
pathways. This is especially important in the extensive and
semi-intensive culture systems by promoting the functioning of
natural ecosystems in a benign environment. The composition of
inorganic and organic fertilizers forms the basis for selection of
dose and quality of fertilizer application. While inorganic
fertilizers produce perceptible results within a short period,
organic manure is extremely cheap and is of considerable
significance in developing countries. Nitrogen demand in fish ponds
can be compensated through nitrogen fixation, as well as from
accumulated humus from bottom sediments, especially from old fish
ponds. The frequency of fertilizer application should be
economical, though it is accepted that the lower the frequency, the
better the productivity. In aquaculture ponds, the optimum N:P
ratio was suggested between 4:1 to 8:1, whereas the optimum C:N
ratio for composting was between 20 and 40. The exchange properties
and equilibrium phosphorus concentration between soil and water
influence water quality, nutrient status, and primary productivity
of the pond ecosystem. These act as buffers to stabilize
environmental conditions in ponds. Pond soils may exert negative
influence on aquaculture production if one or more of their
properties are outside the optimum range for aquaculture. The
present study reviews state-of-the art pond fertilization in
relation to the role of pond soils; different inorganic fertilizers
such as phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), potassium (K); fertilizer
dose and frequency; P:N ratio; organic manure; aquatic food web;
optimal manuring; decomposition of organic manures; mineralization;
production efficiency; and limitations of organic manures. More
studies on pond fertilization in the context of nutrient dynamics
and fertilizer-microbial interactions under different agroclimatic
regions are necessary for an effective, appropriate, and economic
fertilization program. The environmental consequences of
overfertilization resulting in pollution and subsequent hazards to
public health should be taken into consideration.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1185. Pond water aeration systems.
Boyd, C. E.
Aquacultural
Engineering 18 (1): 9-40.
(July 1998)
NAL Call #:
SH1.A66;
ISSN: 0144-8609 [AQEND6]
Descriptors:
ponds/ aeration/ evaluation/
biomass/ equipment/ performance testing/ water flow/ water quality/
feed conversion efficiency/ dissolved oxygen/ mortality/ stress/
literature reviews/ water erosion
Abstract: During the past decade, pond aeration
systems have been developed which will sustain large quantities of
fish and invertebrate biomass. These aeration systems are
modifications of standard wastewater aeration equipment.
Aeration-performance testing has been important in selecting design
features to provide cost-effective yet efficient aquaculture pond
aerators. Paddlewheel aerators and propeller-aspirator-pumps are
probably most widely used. Amounts of aeration vary from as little
as 1-2 kW ha(-1) in some types of fish culture to as much as 15 or
20 kW ha(-1) in intensive culture of marine shrimp. Calculations
suggest that about 500 kg additional production of fish or
crustaceans can be achieved per kW of aeration. Aerators usually
are positioned in ponds to provide maximum water circulation. This
practice can result in erosion of pond bottoms and inside slopes of
embankments, and accumulation of sediment piles in central areas of
ponds where water currents are weaker. Recent studies suggest that
the use of heavy aeration to provide the greatest possible
production is less profitable than moderate aeration to improve
water quality and enhance feed conversion efficiency. Automatic
devices to start and stop aerators in response to daily changes in
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations are improving, but they are
expensive and not completely reliable. Augmentation of natural
supplies of DO in ponds often is necessary to prevent stress or
mortality of fish and crustaceans when DO concentrations are low.
Several procedures have been used in attempts to increase DO
concentrations in ponds. These methods include exchanging part of
the oxygen-depleted pond water with oxygenated. water from a well,
pond, or other source, application of fertilizer to stimulate
oxygen production by photosynthesis of aquatic plants, additions of
compounds which release oxygen through chemical reactions, release
of pure oxygen gas into pond waters, and aeration with mechanical
devices which either splash water into the air or release bubbles
of air into the water. Water circulation devices also enhance DO
supplies in ponds by mixing DO supersaturated surface waters with
deeper waters of lower DO concentration. This reduces the loss of
oxygen from ponds by diffusion. Also, when surface waters are not
saturated with DO, water circulation causes surface disturbance and
enhances oxygen absorption by the water. Mechanical aeration is by
far the most common and usually the most effective means of
increasing DO concentrations in ponds. In semi-intensive
aquaculture, aeration is applied on an emergency basis. Farmers
check DO concentrations, and when low concentrations of DO are
expected, aeration is applied. In intensive aquaculture, aeration
is applied each night or even continuously. The purpose of this
article is to summarize the 'state of the art' of mechanical
aeration of aquaculture ponds.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1186. Pore water testing and analysis: The good,
the bad, and the ugly.
Chapman, Peter M; Wang, Feiyue;
Germano, Joseph D; and Batley, Graeme
Marine Pollution
Bulletin 44 (5): 359-366.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
GC1000.M3;
ISSN: 0025-326X
Descriptors:
pore water: contamination/
bioaccumulation/ sediment: quality
Abstract: The increasingly common practice of
collecting and assessing sediment pore water as a primary measure
of sediment quality is reviewed. Good features of this practice
include: pore water is a key exposure route for some organisms
associated with sediments; pore water testing eliminates particle
size effects; pore water analyses and tests can provide useful
information regarding contamination and pollution. Bad features
include: pore water is not the only exposure route; pore water
tests lack chemical or biological realism; their "sensitivity"
relative to other tests may be meaningless due to manipulation and
laboratory artifacts; many sediment and surface dwelling organisms
are not directly influenced by pore water. Bad features can become
ugly if: other exposure pathways are not considered (for toxicity
or bioaccumulation); manipulation techniques are not appropriate;
pore water tests are inappropriately linked to population-level
effects. Pore water testing and analyses can be effective tools
provided their limitations are well understood by researchers and
managers.
© Thomson
1187. Porphyrins as biomarkers for hazard
assessment of bird populations: Destructive and non-destructive
use.
Casini, S.; Fossi, M. C.; Leonzio,
C.; and Renzoni, A.
Ecotoxicology 12 (1): 297-305. (2003)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1 E27;
ISSN: 0963-9292.
Notes: "Review: Porphyrins as biomarkers for hazard
assessment of bird populations: Destructive and non-destructive
use."
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1188. Position on Soil Erosion Research
Priorities.
American Society of Agricultural
Engineers
Resource 10 (9): 16-17. (2003).
Notes: ASAE Presents...
Descriptors:
Soil erosion
1189. Possibilities for future carbon
sequestration in Canadian agriculture in relation to land use
changes.
Dumanski, J; Desjardins, R L;
Tarnocai, C; Monreal, C; Gregorich, E G; Kirkwood, V; and Campbell,
C A
Climatic Change 40 (1): 81-103. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QC980 .C55;
ISSN: 0165-0009
Descriptors:
carbon dioxide: greenhouse gas,
pollutant/ carbon: sequestration/ agriculture/ conservation
tillage/ cropping practices/ erosion control/ fertilization/ land
use change/ nutrient balance/ soil conservation/ sustainable land
management
Abstract: Increasing carbon sequestration in
agricultural soils in Canada is examined as a possible strategy in
slowing or stopping the current increase in atmospheric CO2
concentrations. Estimates are provided on the amount of carbon that
could be sequestered in soils in various regions in Canada by
reducing summerfallow area, increased use of forage crops, improved
erosion control, shifts from conventional to minimal and no-till,
and more intensive use of fertilizers. The reduction of
summerfallow by more intensive agriculture would increase the
continuous cropland base by 8.1% in western Canada and 6.8% in all
of Canada. Although increased organic carbon (OC) sequestration
could be achieved in all agricultural regions, the greatest
potential gains are in areas of Chernozemic soils. The best
management options include reduction of summerfallow, conversion of
fallow areas to hay or continuous cereals, fertilization to ensure
nutrient balance, and adoption of soil conservation measures. The
adoption of these options could sequester about 50-75% of the total
agricultural emissions of CO2 in Canada for the next 30 years.
However, increased sequestration of atmospheric carbon in the soil
is possible for only a limited time. Increased efforts must be made
to reduce emissions if long-term mitigation is to be
achieved.
© Thomson
1190. The possible minimum chicken nutrient
requirements for protecting the environment and improving cost
efficiency.
Nahm KH and Carlson CW
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 11 (6):
755-768; 84 ref. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1191. Potential environmental benefits of
ionophores in ruminant diets.
Tedeschi, L. O.; Fox, D. G.; and
Tylutki, T. P.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 32 (5): 1591-1602.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1192. Potential environmental effects of corn
(Zea mays L.) stover removal with emphasis on soil organic matter
and erosion.
Mann, L.; Tolbert, V.; and Cushman,
J.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 89 (3): 149-166.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1193. The potential for manipulating
crop-pest-natural enemy interactions for improved insect pest
management.
Verkerk, R. H. J.; Leather, S. R.;
and Wright, D. J.
Bulletin of Entomological
Research 88 (5): 493-501.
(1998);
ISSN: 0007-4853
Descriptors:
Crops/ Biological control/ Pest
control/ Insecta/ Lepidoptera/ Insects/ Insecta/ Butterflies/
Moths/ Control/ Agricultural & general applied
entomology
Abstract: This review identifies key ways in which
manipulations of the crop environment based on detailed
understanding of tritrophic interactions can contribute to
improvements in the control of insect pests. Such approaches are
likely to be of particular benefit against those pests, notably
certain species of Lepidoptera and aphid, which are difficult to
control with insecticides because of insecticide resistance or
suppression of natural enemies. Particular attention is given to
the compatibility (or otherwise) of partial plant resistance and
biological control, citing examples which support contrasting
tritrophic theories. Other areas considered and supported with
examples include the use or effects of allelochemicals, refugia,
intercropping, crop backgrounds, fertilization regimes, parasitoid
conditioning (by host plants) and transgenic crops. Examples of
manipulations involving use of selective insecticides which show
compatibility with biological methods are also included owing to
their possible suitability in integrated crop management
programmes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1194. Potential for preferential pathways of
phosphorus transport.
Simard, R. R.; Beauchemin, S.; and
Haygarth, P. M.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 29 (1): 97-104.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1195. Potential health risks associated with the
persistence of Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural
environments.
Jones, D. L.
Soil Use and
Management 15 (2):
76-83. (June 1999)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68;
ISSN: 0266-0032 [SUMAEU]
Descriptors:
public health/ escherichia coli/
pathogens/ persistence/ survival/ soil/ cattle dung/ cattle manure/
cattle slurry/ application to land/ vegetation/ water/
transmission/ health hazards/ UK
Abstract: Escherichia coli serotype O157 is a
virulent human pathogen the global incidence of which has
increased. It has been demonstrated that cattle are the primary
reservoir of this pathogen. This has serious implications for the
land-based disposal of organic wastes such as cattle manure, cattle
slurry and abattoir waste. Further, it also has serious
ramifications for the protection of surface and groundwater
drinking supplies and public access to pasture land. However, while
soil and vegetation can be expected to directly influence the
survival of this pathogen, there is a paucity of information
concerning the behaviour and survival of E. coli O157 in
agricultural environments. It appears that E. coli O157 presently
contaminates between 1 to 15% of UK cattle herds, depending on
region, and that faecal excretion of the bacterium shows a distinct
seasonality which also reflects the incidence of human infections.
E. coli O157 can remain viable in soil for greater than 4 months
and appears to be a highly resilient pathogen possessing the
capability to adapt easily to environmental stresses. While most
human cases of E. coli O157 related food poisoning have been
associated with the consumption of contaminated meat and dairy
products, there is also evidence that human infection has occurred
through the ingestion of contaminated soil, fruit and vegetables
and drinking water. In this review the potential threat to human
health posed by the application of contaminated organic wastes to
soil and possible strategies for reducing the amount of pathogen
entering the food chain are highlighted.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1196. Potential impact model to assess
agricultural pressure to landscape ecological functions.
Freyer, B.; Reisner, Y.; and Zuberb
D.
Ecological Modelling
130 (1/3): 121-129.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.M3E25;
ISSN: 0304-3800
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1197. The potential impact of imposing best
management practices for nutrient management on the US broiler
industry.
McIntosh, C S; Park, T A; and
Karnum, C
Journal of environmental
management 60 (2): 145-154.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6;
ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:
broiler chicken (Galliformes)/
Animals/ Birds/ Chordates/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ best
management practices/ BMPs/ cost increasing events/ economic
impact/ environmental impact/ nutrient management/ poultry litter/
production levels/ wholesale prices
Abstract: The imposition of nutrient management
plans for disposal of poultry litter will increase broiler
production costs. This research examines the potential impacts of
these cost increasing events on the US broiler industry. The
results show that for 8, 40 and 80% increases in costs, wholesale
prices eventually return to previous levels, and production levels
stabilize at slightly lower levels.
© Thomson
1198. The potential impact of veterinary and
human therapeutic agents in manure and biosolids on plants grown on
arable land: A review.
Jjemba, P. K.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 93 (1/3):
267-278. (Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S601-.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
agricultural land/ manures/ drugs/
drug residues/ veterinary products/ pollutants/ metabolites/
excretion/ feedlots/ bioavailability/ soil organic matter/ soil ph/
literature reviews
Abstract: The fate of human and veterinary
therapeutic agents has aroused attention in recent years as a
potential pollutant of the environment. Prescription drugs are a
US$ 91 billion industry in the United States alone and a major part
of the economy in other developed countries. Substantial quantities
of these compounds and their metabolites are excreted, flushed down
the drain, discarded as waste, or left over in animal feedlots.
When they enter the sewer, several of these compounds are not
adequately eliminated by the methods that are currently used in
sewage treatment. Substantial quantities of biosolids and livestock
manure end up on agricultural land. In laboratory studies, the
growth and development of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Glycine max,
Medicago sativa, Zea mays, and several other plants are affected by
some commonly used therapeutic agents. However, most of the
phytotoxicity studies have been conducted in vitro. The few studies
conducted in soil suggest that phytotoxicity varies between
species. The bioavailability of these compounds is greatly
dependent on the sorption kinetics of the respective compound, soil
organic matter, and soil pH. Some research needs, such as
establishing concentrations that prevail in soil, potential effects
to microbial processes in soil, and effects on crops under field
conditions, are highlighted.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1199. Potential of biopesticides in
agriculture.
Rodgers, P. B.
Pesticide Science
39 (2): 117-129. (1993)
NAL Call #:
SB951.P47;
ISSN: 0031-613X [PSSCBG].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium, "Natural
Products as a Source for New Agricultural Chemicals II," December,
1-2, 1992, London, UK. Includes references.
Descriptors:
pesticides/ research/ biological
control agents/ biological control/ plant protection/ technical
progress/ trends/ literature reviews
Abstract: All living organisms are subject to
predation, parasitism or competition from other organisms. The
study of these interactions has led to the identification of many
potential opportunities for the use of living organisms as
biopesticides to protect agricultural crops against insect pests,
fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, weeds, nematodes and mollusc
pests. A range of biopesticide products (including as active agents
bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa, viruses and beneficial
insects) are now available commercially for control of insect
pests, fungal and bacterial diseases and weeds. However, world
biopesticide sales in 1990 were estimated to be $120 million,
representing less than 0.5% of the world agrochemical market. Over
90% of biopesticide sales are represented by a single product type,
containing Bacillus thuringiensis Berl., for control of insect
pests. Nevertheless, biopesticide sales are estimated to be
increasing at 10-25% per annum whilst the world agrochemical market
is static or even shrinking. There has been a significant renewal
of commercial interest in biopesticides as evidenced by the
substantial number of alliances forged between major agrochemical
companies and biotechnology companies which allow these major
companies access to marketing rights to novel biopesticides. This
paper reviews the current commercial status of biopesticides and
discusses the technical and commercial constraints which have
impeded development of biopesticides in the past. Novel
developments in R&D, which may enable some of these constraints
to be overcome, are examined by reference to a number of specific
examples (some of which arise from the author's own experience in a
biotechnology company). The future prospects for biopesticides are
discussed in the light of technical advances and commercial and
regulatory requirements.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1200. Potential of forages to diversify cropping
systems in the Northern Great Plains.
Entz, M. H.; Baron, V. S.; Carr, P.
M.; Meyer, D. W.; Smith, S. R. Jr.; and McCaughey, W. P.
Agronomy Journal
94 (2): 240-250. (2002)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1201. The potential of rapid assessment
techniques as early warning indicators of wetland degradation: A
review.
Van Dam, R. A.; Camilleri, C.; and
Finlayson, C. M.
Environmental Toxicology and
Water Quality 13 (4):
297-312. (1998)
NAL Call #:
RA1221.T69;
ISSN: 1053-4725 [ETWQEZ].
Notes: In the special issue: 8th International
Symposium on Toxicity Assessment / edited by Y. Tsvetnenko and L.
Evans. Includes references.
Descriptors:
wetlands/ pollutants/ environmental
degradation/ environmental impact/ toxicity/ indicators/ biological
indicators/ bacteria/ phytoplankton/ invertebrates/ vertebrates/
risk assessment/ monitoring/ rapid methods/ bioassays/ literature
reviews/ Australia/ ecotoxicology/ physicochemical indicators/
macrophytes
Abstract: In recent years, the need to develop
assessment techniques that could provide advanced warning of
significant wetland stress or degradation has been recognized. The
goal of this paper is to identify rapid, yet realistic and reliable
methods for the early detection of pollutant impacts on wetland
ecosystems, particularly those in the wet-dry tropics of northern
Australia. In doing so, it describes the ideal attributes of early
warning indicators and their subsequent selection for wetland
research. It then evaluates the potential of existing methods of
assessment as early warning indicators of wetland degradation due
to pollutant impacts. Particular attention is paid to rapid
assessment techniques, covering a range of trophic levels and
levels of biological organization. Due to a number of favorable
characteristics, phytoplankton were considered to be potentially
the most promising indicators of wetland degradation, and thus the
scope of application of toxicity assessment and monitoring methods
warrants further investigation. Rapid toxicity bioassays using
invertebrates and vertebrates were also considered to be an
essential part of an early detection program for wetlands, while
biomarkers represented a promising tool for achieving true "early
warning" of potential pollutant impacts. Given further refinement
and development, rapid methods of monitoring aquatic community
assemblages were also considered potentially useful tools for the
early detection of wetland degradation. Finally, to gain effective
use from an early warning system for wetlands, its incorporation
into an ecological risk assessment framework was
recommended.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1202. Potential use of Populus for
phytoremediation of environmental pollution in riparian
zones.
Dix, M. E.; Klopfenstein, N. B.;
Zhang, J. W.; Workman, S. W.; and
Kim, M. S.
In: Micropropagation, genetic
engineering, and molecular biology of Populus; Fort Collins, Colo.:
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station (Series: General technical report RM
297), 1997.
pp. 206-211
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.297
Descriptors:
populus/ riparian vegetation/
pollution/ biodegradation/ nitrates/ tolerance/ immobilization/
absorption/ heavy metals/ soil flora/ soil chemistry/ literature
reviews/ bioremediation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1203. Potential uses for geographic information
system-based planning and decision support technology in intensive
food animal production.
Colby, M. M. and Johnson, Y.
J.
Animal Health Research
Reviews 3 (1): 31-42.
(2002);
ISSN: 1466-2523
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1204. Potentiality of poultry droppings in
livestock feeding:
A review.
Paul BN; Gupta BS; Srivastava A;
and Chaudhary LC
Indian Journal of Dairy
Science 48 (2): 92-97; 49
ref. (1995)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1205. Potentially beneficial uses of inland
saline waters in the Southwestern USA.
Miyamoto, S.
Tasks for Vegetation
Science (28): 407-422.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QK1.T37;
ISSN: 0167-9406.
Notes: In the series analytic: Towards the rational use
of high salinity tolerant plants. 2. Agriculture and forestry under
marginal soil water conditions / edited by H. Lieth and A.A. Al
Masoom. Proceedings of the 1st ASWAS Conference held December 8-15,
1990, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Literature review. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
crop production/ gossypium hirsutum/
halophytes/ irrigation/ irrigation water/ saline water/ salinity/
salt tolerance/ aquaculture/ literature reviews/ Texas/ New Mexico/
Arizona/ California/ Utah
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1206. Poultry integrated pest management: Status
and future.
Axtell, R. C.
Integrated Pest Management
Reviews 4 (1): 53-73.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SB950.9.I572;
ISSN: 1353-5226 [IPMRF5]
Descriptors:
arthropod pests/ ectoparasites/
rodents/ integrated pest management/ poultry/ intensive livestock
farming/ literature reviews
Abstract: Modern commercial poultry production under
large companies is expanding worldwide with similar methods and
housing, and the accompanying arthropod and rodent pest problems.
The pests increase the cost of production and are factors in the
spread of avian diseases. The biology, behavior and control of
ectoparasites and premise pests are described in relation to the
different housing and production practices for broiler breeders,
turkey breeders, growout (broilers and turkeys), caged-layers, and
pullets. Ectoparasites include Ornithonyssus fowl mites,
Dermanyssus chicken mites, lice, bedbugs, fleas, and argasid fowl
ticks. Premise pests include Alphitobius darkling beetles,
Dermestes hide beetles, the house fly and several related filth fly
species, calliphorid blow flies, moths, cockroaches, and rodents.
Populations of these pests are largely determined by the housing,
waste, and flock management practices. An integrated pest
management (IPM) approach, tailored to the different production
systems, is required for satisfactory poultry pest control.
Biosecurity, preventing the introduction of pests and diseases into
a facility, is critical. Poultry IPM, based on pest identification,
pest population monitoring, and methods of cultural, biological,
and chemical control, is elucidated. The structure of the
sophisticated, highly integrated poultry industry provides a
situation conducive to refinement and wider implementation of
IPM.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1207. Poultry litter as fuel.
Dagnall, S P
World's Poultry Science
Journal 49 (2): 175-177.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
47.8-W89;
ISSN: 0043-9339
Descriptors:
bird (Aves Unspecified)/ chicken
(Galliformes)/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/
vertebrates/ electricity/ energy/ waste management
© Thomson
1208. Poultry manure: Source of fertilizer, fuel
and feed.
Henuk, Y. L. and Dingle, J.
G.
World's Poultry Science
Journal 59 (3): 350-360.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
47.8-W89;
ISSN: 0043-9339
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1209. Poultry waste management: Agricultural and
environmental issues.
Sims, J. T. and Wolf, D.
C.
Advances in Agronomy
52: 1-83. (1994)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
poultry manure/ poultry droppings/
nitrogen/ phosphorus/ chemical reactions/ waste treatment/
application to land/ nitrogen cycle/ cycling/ mineralization/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1210. Poultry waste management
handbook.
Collins, Eldridge and Natural
Resource, Agriculture and Engineering Service. Cooperative
Extension.
Ithaca, N.Y. Natural
Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service, Cooperative
Extension; 64 p. (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
62).
NAL Call #: S675-.N72-no.-132; ISBN: 0935817425 (pbk.)
Descriptors:
Poultry industry---Waste
disposal---Handbooks, manuals, etc
Abstract: Waste management has been a concern
in poultry operations for many years. Problems with proper storage,
handling, management, and utilization of byproducts of production
have come to the forefront in planning, establishing, and operating
poultry farms. In addition, growers have become sensitive to the
potential for nuisance litigation should their farms generate
odors, insects and vermin, or runoff that offends neighbors. This
publication covers all aspects of solid, semisolid, and liquid
poultry waste management, including: manure production and
characteristics, environmental regulations and hazards, poultry
housing design and waste management, manure storage systems, waste
treatment (including composting, anaerobic/facultative lagoons,
anaerobic digestion, and incineration), nutrient management,
application equipment, dead bird management, and alternative uses
for manure (for example, in fertilizers, as ruminant feed, and in
compost for growing mushrooms).
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
1211. Practical and innovative measures for the
control of agricultural phosphorus losses to water: An
overview.
Sharpley, A.; Foy, B.; and Withers,
P.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 29 (1): 1-9.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA].
Notes: Paper presented at the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) sponsored conference on
"Practical and Innovative Measures for the Control of Agricultural
Phosphorus Losses to Water," held June 16-19, 1998, Antrim,
Northern Ireland.
Descriptors:
phosphorus fertilizers/ runoff/
water pollution/ pollution control/ conferences
Abstract: Inputs of P are essential for profitable
crop and livestock production. However, its export in watershed
runoff can accelerate the eutrophication of receiving fresh waters.
The specialization of crop and livestock farming has created
regional imbalances in P inputs in feed and fertilizer and output
in farm produce. In many areas, soil P exceeds crop needs and has
enriched surface runoff with P. This paper provides a brief
overview of P management strategies to maintain agricultural
production and protect water quality that were discussed at the
conference, "Practical and Innovative Measures for the Control of
Agricultural Phosphorus Losses to Water," sponsored by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and held in
Antrim, Northern Ireland, June 1998. The purpose of the conference
was to assess current strategies for reducing the loads and
concentrations of P from agricultural land to surface waters.
Topics discussed at the interdisciplinary conference and reviewed
here included sustainable P management in productive agriculture;
assessing land application of P; evaluating and modeling P
transport and transformations in soil, runoff, streams, and lakes;
and implementation of integrated best management practices (BMPs).
From these discussions, measures to control agricultural P transfer
from soil to water may be brought about by optimizing fertilizer P
use-efficiency, refining animal feed rations, using feed additives
to increase P absorption by the animal, moving manure from surplus
to deficit areas, and targeting conservation practices, such as
reduced tillage, buffer strips, and cover crops, to critical areas
of P export from a watershed.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1212. Practical application of 25 years' research
into the management of shallow lakes.
Phillips, Geoff; Bramwell, Alison;
Pitt, Jo; Stansfield, Julia; and Perrow, Martin
Hydrobiologia 395-396 (0): 61-76. (1999)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors:
phosphorus: pollutant/
biomanipulation/ eutrophication/ lake restoration/ sediment
release/ sediment removal
Abstract: The Norfolk Broads are a series of
shallow, man-made lakes dug in medieval times for peat extraction,
in Eastern England. Their eutrophic state has been well-documented
and, since the early 1980s, their restoration has been attempted
using a variety of techniques. The restoration began with the
removal of point sources of phosphorus from sewage treatment works,
which then revealed the role of sediment release when lake
phosphorus levels failed to decline following inflow phosphorus
levels. Small-scale removal of sediment layers in isolated broads
demonstrated the feasibility, both technical and economic, of this
technique, but experience then showed that sediment removal alone
could not provide long-term restoration. Biomanipulation following
sediment removal now offers the most reliable route to restoration,
but the mechanisms by which a stable submerged plant community can
be maintained after biomanipulation are still not clear.
© Thomson
1213. Practical handbook for wetland
identification and delineation.
Lyon, John Grimson.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 157 p.:
ill. (1993)
NAL Call #: QH104.L95-1993;
ISBN: 087371590X
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States
Classification/ Land use---United States Planning/ Wetland
conservation---United States/
Wetland ecology---United States/ Wetland flora---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1214. The practical handbook of compost
engineering.
Haug, Roger Tim.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers;
717 p.: ill. (1993)
NAL Call #: TD796.5.H39-1993; ISBN: 0873713737 (acid-free paper)
Descriptors:
Compost/ Refuse and refuse
disposal---Biodegradation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1215. Practical Realities of Conjunctive
Management: The Middle Rio Grande as an Example.
Dumars, C.
Las Cruces, NM: New Mexico Water
Resources Research Institute, New Mexico State University.
(1995)
Notes: Conference: 39. Annual New Mexico Water
Conference, Albuquerque, NM (USA), 3-4 Nov 1994; Source: The Future
of Albuquerque and Middle Rio Grande Basin. Proceedings of the 39th
Annual New Mexico Water Conference., New Mexico Water Resources
Research Institute, New Mexico State University, Box 30001, Dept.
3167, Las Cruces, NM 88003 (USA), 1995, Pp. 119-122, Tech. Rep. New
Mex. Water Resour. Res. Inst., Vol. 290
Descriptors:
United States, New Mexico, Rio
Grande River/ water rights/ management planning/ water resources/
water supply/ water management/ legal aspects/ riparian rights/
legal review/ conjunctive use/ river basin management/ regional
planning/ multiple use of resources/ Techniques of planning/
Environmental action/ Conservation, wildlife management and
recreation
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1216. Practical use of the mycorrhizal fungal
technology in forestry, reclamation, arboriculture, agriculture,
and horticulture.
Marx, D. H.; Marrs, L. F.;
and
Cordell, C. E.
Dendrobiology 47: 27-40. (2002);
ISSN: 1641-1307
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
1217. Prairie conservation in North
America.
Samson, F. and Knopf, F.
Bioscience 44:
418-421 (1994)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A
Descriptors:
Supporting science
Abstract: Discussed the degradation of native
prairies and possible management solutions.
1218. Prairie wetland ecology: The contribution
of the Marsh Ecology Research Program.
Murkin, Henry R.; Valk, Arnoud van
der; Clark, William R.; and Marsh Ecology Research
Program.
Ames: Iowa State University Press;
xiv, 413 p.: ill., maps. (2000)
Notes: 1st ed.; Includes bibliographical references (p.
395-401) and index.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3-P73-2000; ISBN: 0813827523
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology/ Prairies
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1219. Precipitation use efficiency as affected by
cropping and tillage systems.
Peterson, G. A.; Schlegel, A. J.;
Tanaka, D. L.; and Jones, O. R.
Journal of Production
Agriculture 9 (2): 180-186.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1220. Precision agriculture and environmental
quality: Challenges for research and education.
Hatfield, Jerry L.; United States.
National Resources Conservation Service; United States.
Agricultural Research Service; and National Arbor Day
Foundation.
United States: USDA National
Resources Conservation Service: USDA Agricultural Research Service;
18 p. (2000)
Notes: Cover title. "Prepared for the National Arbor
Day Foundation." "July 2000." Includes bibliographical references
(p. 11-13).
NAL Call #: aS494.5.P73-H38-2000
Descriptors:
Precision farming---Environmental
aspects/ Precision farming---Research/ Agricultural pollution/
Environmental monitoring
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1221. Predation and Ring-Necked Pheasant
Population Dynamics.
Riley, TZ and Schulz, JH
Wildlife Society
Bulletin 29 (1): 33-38.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SK357.A1W5;
ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors:
Wildlife management/ Predation/
Population dynamics/ Recruitment/ Phasianus colchicus/ Ring necked
pheasant/ Management
Abstract: Because ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus
colchicus) are an important wildlife resource in agricultural
ecosystems, we reviewed the role of predators on pheasant
population dynamics and suggest management options to ameliorate
predation. Predator reduction programs have the potential to
increase survival and recruitment, but these parameters decrease
once predator control ceases. Extensive application of predator
reductions may be ethically questionable, and habitat management
directed at moderating the effects of predators at the landscape
scale is expensive. An extensive distribution of cover during the
nesting and brood-rearing periods can increase pheasant
recruitment. Federal agricultural and conservation programs can be
used to accomplish many of these landscape habitat improvements,
but federal and state agencies must provide the technical
assistance to deliver the program options to producers. New federal
farm programs aimed at improving avian survival and recruitment
must have an evaluation and monitoring component built in to
determine their effectiveness.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1222. Predicting long-term wetland hydrology from
hydric soil field indicators.
Vepraskas, Michael J. and Water
Resources Research Institute of the University of North
Carolina.
Raleigh, N.C.: Water Resources
Research Institute of the University of North Carolina; xv, 55 p.:
ill., maps; Series: Report (Water Resources Research Institute of
the University of North Carolina); no. 342. (2002)
Notes: "UNC-WRRI-2002-342." "August 2002." Includes
bibliographical references (p. 53-55). Funded by through the Water
Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina.
WRRI project no. 70175.
NAL Call #: TD201-.N6-no.-342
Descriptors:
Wetlands---Hydrology---North
Carolina/ Soil absorption and adsorption---Research---North
Carolina/ Sewage lagoons---North
Carolina---Hydrodynamics
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1223. Predicting Salmonid Habitat-Flow
Relationships for Streams from Western North America.
Hatfield, T. and Bruce,
J.
North American Journal of
Fisheries Management 20 (4):
1005-1015. (2000)
NAL Call #:
SH219.N66;
ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors:
Water flow/ Streams/ Wildlife
management/ North America/ Habitat/ Microhabitats/ Stream flow/
Stocking (organisms)/ Fish culture/ Rivers/ Fishery management/
Salmonidae/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ West/ Salmonids/ habitat flow
relationships/ Rainbow trout/ Management/ Habitat community
studies/ Fish culture/ United States
Abstract: One of the most widely applied
methodologies for developing instream flow recommendations is the
instream flow incremental methodology (IFIM) and its component
microhabitat model, physical habitat simulation (PHABSIM). In this
paper we reviewed over 1,500 habitat-flow curves obtained from 127
PHABSIM studies from western North America to develop predictions
for flow needs for salmonids in this region and to test whether
habitat-flow relationships for salmonids were related to watershed
characteristics and geographic location. We present regressions
that predict PHABSIM optima for four life history stages of four
salmonid species and for all salmonid species in the database as a
group, and we quantify the uncertainty in these estimates. Mean
annual discharge (MAD) was the best predictor of optimum flow. The
general form of the regressions was log sub(e)(optimum flow) = A x
log sub(e)(MAD), where A < 1. Minor improvement in predictive
power was sometimes possible with addition of latitude and
longitude coordinates to the regression. This relationship is
asymptotic and differs considerably from the fixed flow percentages
recommended by Tennant. Our results are presented as a planning
tool to (1) allow managers and project proponents to conduct a
preliminary assessment of proposed water-use development projects,
(2) optimize research efforts for instream flow studies and
experiments, and (3) set experimental boundaries for adaptive
management of stream flow.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1224. Predicting soil erosion by water: A guide
to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss
equation (RUSLE).
Renard, Kenneth G. and United
States. Agricultural Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: USDA,
Agricultural Research Service; xix, 384 p.: ill., maps; Series:
Agriculture handbook (United States. Dept. of Agriculture) no. 703.
(1997)
Notes: "Issued January 1997"--P. [iii]. Shipping list
no.: 97-0181-P. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 367-384). "Supersedes
Agricultural handbook no. 537, titled "Predicting rainfall erosion
losses: a guide to conservation planning"--P. [iii]. SUDOCS: A
1.76:703.
NAL Call #: 1--Ag84Ah-no.703;
ISBN: 0160489385
Descriptors:
Soil erosion prediction---United
States/ Soil erosion---United States/ Geophysical
prediction
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1225. Predicting the interaction between the
effects of salinity and climate change on crop plants.
Yeo, A.
Scientia
Horticulturae 78 (1/4):
159-174. (Jan. 1999)
NAL Call #:
SB13.S3;
ISSN: 0304-4238 [SHRTAH].
Notes: Special issue: Salinity and horticulture /
edited by T.J. Flowers. Includes references.
Descriptors:
crops/ salinity/ climatic change/
irrigation/ crop yield/ air pollution/ climatic zones/
salinization/ water use efficiency/ growth/ water availability/
evaporation/ air temperature/ evapotranspiration/ leaves/ salt/
plant composition/ photosynthesis/ ion uptake/ transpiration/
stomatal resistance/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1226. Prediction of Downstream Geomorphological
Changes After Dam Construction: A Stream Power Approach.
Brandt, S. A.
International Journal of
Water Resources Development 16 (3): 343-367. (2000)
NAL Call #:
TD201.I56;
ISSN: 0790-0627
Descriptors:
Prediction/ Downstream/
Geomorphology/ Dam Construction/ Literature Review/ Mathematical
Equations/ Sediment Transport/ Regression Analysis/ Alluvial
Rivers/ Reservoirs/ Channels/ Dams/ Reviews/ Transport/ Streams (in
natural channels)/ Channels/ Ecological impact of water
development/ Underground Services and Water Use/ Streamflow and
runoff
Abstract: A literature survey on methods of
computing stable river-channel geometry, demanding a small amount
of work effort and few input data, has been made and is presented.
Besides the use of empirical regime equations and the use of an
extremal hypothesis in conjunction with a sediment-transport and a
flow-friction theory, new regression equations have been formulated
which are used together with a sediment-transport equation. These
methods may prove efficient when predicting changes, such as after
dam and reservoir construction, on an alluvial river. Calculations
using the different methods have been exemplified on a natural
river.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1227. A preliminary synthesis of major scientific
results during the SALSA program.
Chehbouni, A.; Goodrich, D. C.;
Moran, M. S.; Watts, C. J.; Kerr, Y. H.; Dedieu, G.; Kepner, W. G.;
Shuttleworth, W. J.; and Sorooshian, S.
Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology 105 (1/3):
311-323. (2000)
NAL Call #:
340.8-AG8;
ISSN: 0168-1923
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1228. Prescribed fire effects on herpetofauna:
Review and management implications.
Russell, K. R.; Lear, D. H. van.;
and Guynn, D. C. Jr.
Wildlife Society
Bulletin 27 (2): 374-384.
(Summer 1999)
NAL Call #:
SK357.A1W5;
ISSN: 0091-7648 [WLSBA6]
Descriptors:
prescribed burning/ amphibia/
reptiles/ wildlife management/ mortality
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1229. Prevention and control of losses of gaseous
nitrogen compounds in livestock operations: A review.
Jongebreur, A. A. and Monteny, G.
J.
The Scientific World
1 (S1): 844-851. (2001)
NAL Call #:
472 SCI25;
ISSN: 1537-744X.
Notes: UID: 2001.01.339; Number of References: 68;
From: Optimizing nitrogen management in food and energy production
and environmental protection: Proceedings of the 2nd International
Nitrogen Conference on Science and Policy 2001 / Potomac, MD, USA,
14-18 October 2001
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1230. Prevention strategies for field
traffic-induced subsoil compaction: A review. Part 1. Machine/soil
interactions.
Alakukku, L.; Weisskopf, P.;
Chamen, W. C. T.; Tijink, F. G. J.; Linden, J. P. van der; Pires,
S.; Sommer, C.; and Spoor, G.
Soil and Tillage
Research 73 (1/2): 145-160.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1231. Prevention strategies for field
traffic-induced subsoil compaction: A review. Part 2. Equipment and
field practices.
Chamen, T.; Alakukku, L.; Pires,
S.; Sommer, C.; Spoor, G.; Tijink, F.; and Weisskopf, P.
Soil and Tillage
Research 73 (1/2): 161-174.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1232. Primary succession on land: Community
development and wildlife conservation.
Usher, M. B.
Special Publications Series
of the British Ecological Society (12): 283-293. (1993)
NAL Call #:
QH540.S64;
ISSN: 0262-7027.
Notes: In the series analytic: Primary succession on
land / edited by J. Miles and D.W.H. Walton. Proceedings of a
symposium held September 5-7, 1989, Liverpool, England. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
plant ecology/ plant succession/
community ecology/ wildlife conservation/ nature reserves/
habitats/ literature reviews/ arthropods/ odonta
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1233. Principles for management of
aquatic-breeding amphibians.
Semlitsch, R. D.
Journal of Wildlife
Management 64 (3): 615-631.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
410 J827;
ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors:
Wildlife management/ Conservation/
Population dynamics/ Wetlands/ Ecosystem management/ Breeding
sites/ Hydrology/ Nature conservation/ Land use/ Amphibia/
Amphibians/ species diversity/ Conservation/ Habitat community
studies / Conservation, wildlife management and
recreation
Abstract: Coordinated efforts by ecologists and
natural resource managers are necessary to balance the conservation
of biological diversity with the potential for sustained economic
development. Because some amphibians have suffered world-wide
declines during the last 20 years, it is important to consider
biologically based management strategies that will preserve local
and regional populations. This paper provides a brief overview of
potential threats to local and regional populations, the state of
knowledge on population and landscape processes, and the critical
elements needed for an effective management plan for amphibians.
Local population dynamics and ecological connectivity of amphibian
metapopulations must be considered in effective management plans.
There are 3 critical factors to consider in a management plan (1)
the number or density of individuals dispersing from individual
wetlands, (2) the diversity of wetlands with regard to hydroperiod,
and (3) the probability of dispersal among adjacent wetlands or the
rescue and recolonization of local populations. Wetland losses
reduce the total number of sites where pond-breeding amphibians can
reproduce and recruit juveniles into the breeding population. Loss
of small, temporary wetlands (<4.0 ha) may be especially harmful
to amphibians because of their abundance and high species
diversity. Alteration of wetlands, particularly hydrologic cycles,
can severely impair completion of larval metamorphosis through
either early pond drying (if hydroperiod is shortened) or through
increased predation (if hydroperiod is lengthened or connections
made with fish-infested lakes, rivers, or canals). Wetland loss
also increases the distance between neighboring wetlands that is
critical to metapopulation source-sink processes. Reduction in
wetland density reduces the probablity that populations will be
rescued from extinction by nearby source populations. Local
populations cannot be considered independent of source-sink
processes that connect wetlands at the landscape or regional level.
Further the fragmentation of natural habitats from timber
harvesting, agriculture, roads, drainage canals, or urban
development impedes or prevents dispersal and decreases the
probability of wetland recolonization. If our goal is to maintain
or enhance present levels of amphibian diversity, then resource
managers must incorporate critical elements into plans that protect
population and landscape processes thereby maintaining viable
populations and communities of amphibians.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1234. Principles for managing nitrogen
leaching.
Meisinger, J. J. and Delgado, J.
A.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 485-498.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina. Includes references.
Descriptors:
nitrogen / losses from soil/
leaching/ nitrogen fertilizers/ application rates/ low input
agriculture/ pollution control/ cover crops/ rotations/ legumes/
irrigation scheduling/ riparian vegetation/ land banks/ fertilizer
requirement determination/ remote sensing/ geographical information
systems/ global positioning systems/ soil fertility/ cropping
systems/ nutrient management plan
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1235. Probability of Nitrate Contamination of
Recently Recharged Groundwaters in the Conterminous United
States.
Nolan, B. T.; Hitt, K. J.; and
Ruddy, B. C.
Environmental Science and
Technology 36 (10):
2138-2145. (2002)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X
Descriptors:
Nitrates / Groundwater recharge/
Contamination/ Measuring methods/ Mathematical models/ Risk
assessment/ Statistical analysis/ Nitrate/ Recharge/ Contamination/
Determination/ Risk analysis/ Pollution (Groundwater)/ United
States / Water Pollution Sources/ Groundwater Pollution/ Risk/
Fertilizers/ United States/ Freshwater pollution/ Water Quality/
Sources and fate of pollution
Abstract: A new logistic regression (LR) model was
used to predict the probability of nitrate contamination exceeding
4 mg/L in predominantly shallow, recently recharged groundwaters of
the United States. The new model contains variables representing
(1) N fertilizer loading
(p < 0.001), (2) percent
cropland--pasture (p < 0.001), (3) natural log of human
population density (p < 0.001), (4) percent well-drained soils
(p < 0.001), (5) depth to the seasonally high water table (p
< 0.001), and (6) presence or absence of unconsolidated sand and
gravel aquifers (p = 0.002). Observed and average predicted
probabilities associated with deciles of risk are well correlated
(r super(2) = 0.875), indicating that the LR model fits the data
well. The likelihood of nitrate contamination is greater in areas
with high N loading and well-drained surficial soils over
unconsolidated sand and gravels. The LR model correctly predicted
the status of nitrate contamination in 75% of wells in a validation
data set. Considering all wells used in both calibration and
validation, observed median nitrate concentration increased from
0.24 to 8.30 mg/L as the mapped probability of nitrate exceeding 4
mg/L increased from less than or equal to 0.17 to
>0.83.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1236. The problem of irrigated horticulture:
Matching the biophysical efficiency with the economic
efficiency.
Stirzaker, R. J.
Agroforestry Systems
45 (1/3): 187-202. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366 [AGSYE6].
Notes: Special issue: Agriculture as a mimic of natural
ecosystems / edited by E.C. Lefroy, R.J. Hobbs, M.H. O'Connor and
J.S. Pate. Paper presented at a workshop held September 2-6, 1997,
Williams, Western Australia, Australia. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
horticulture/ irrigation/
efficiency/ economic analysis/ water/ leakage/ ecosystems/
eutrophication/ degradation/ farm management/ agriculture/ soil
management/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1237. The problems caused by chicken faeces and
their resolution (a review).
Baydan E and Yildiz G
Lalahan Hayvancilik
Arastirma Enstitusu Dergisi 40 (1): 98-105; 31 ref. (2000)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1238. Process for assessing proper functioning
condition for Lentic Riparian-Wetland Areas.
Prichard, Don.; United States.
Bureau of Land Management. Denver Service Center; and United
States. Bureau of Land Management. Lentic Riparian Wetland Area.
Proper Functioning Condition Work Group.
Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Service Center; vi, 37 p.:
ill., (some col.); Series: Riparian area management. Technical
reference (United States. Bureau of Land Management) 1737-11.
(1994)
Notes: "Supplement to Riparian area management TR
1737-9"--Report documentation p. Shipping list no.: 94-0393-P.
"September 1994"--Report documentation p.
"BLM/SC/ST-94/008+1737"--P. [2] of cover. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 19).
SUDOCS: I 53.35:1737-11.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.R52P76--1994
Descriptors:
Riparian ecology---United States/
Wetland conservation---United States/ Stream conservation---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1239. Process, Form and Change in Dryland Rivers:
A Review of Recent Research.
Tooth, S.
Earth Science Reviews
50 (1-4): 67-107. (2000);
ISSN: 0012-8252
Descriptors:
Australia/ Arid Lands/ Ephemeral
Streams/ Rivers/ Research Priorities/ Hydrology/ Sediment
Transport/ Fluvial Sediments/ Streamflow and runoff
Abstract: Many of the world's extensive warm dryland
regions support numerous, albeit often infrequently flowing,
rivers. Dryland rivers are increasingly a focus of scientific and
applied interest but empirical research and fluvial theory for
drylands need to be strengthened. Recent research in arid central
Australia indicates greater diversity in dryland river process,
form and change than has hitherto been appreciated, and highlights
the need for a global review assessing the present state of
knowledge. This review outlines the distinctive characteristics of
dryland fluvial environments (hillslope and channel hydrological
and sediment transport processes, river pattern and geometry,
temporal and spatial aspects of channel change, sedimentary
structures and bedforms), many of which contrast with more humid
fluvial environments. Although features common to many dryland
fluvial environments can be identified (extreme temporal and
spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment transport,
poor integration between tributary and trunk channels, importance
of large floods as a control on channel morphology, lack of
equilibrium between process and form), the fluvial diversity that
exists within drylands requires recognition of the limitations to
these generalisations. In particular, research in central Australia
illustrates the need to understand the rivers of this region using
empirical relationships, terms, and concepts additional to those
defined by earlier work in drylands. Key deficiencies in dryland
fluvial research are identified, and relate to three main areas:
limited study of some aspects of modern dryland rivers (floodplain
characteristics, influence of vegetation, downstream changes,
importance of scale); limited understanding of dryland river
behaviour over longer (Cenozoic) timescales; and lack of
integration between the results from short-term, process-form
studies and studies of the longer term histories of river
behaviour. Linking knowledge of past hydrological and channel
changes to present-day changes in dryland rivers is suggested as a
key research priority. This will help develop a sound theoretical
basis for the assessment of future developments in dryland river
systems which will contribute to their improved scientific
understanding and environmentally sensitive management.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1240. Processes controlling ammonia emission from
livestock slurry in the field.
Sommer, S. G.; Génermont, S.;
Cellier, P.; Hutchings, N. J.; Olesen, J. E.; and Morvan,
T.
European Journal of
Agronomy 19 (4): 465-486.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
SB13.E97;
ISSN: 1161-0301
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
1241. Processes controlling soil phosphorus
release to runoff and implications for agricultural
management.
McDowell, R. W.; Sharpley, A. N.;
Condron, L. M.; Haygarth, P. M.; and Brookes, P. C.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 59 (3):
269-284. (2001)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC]
Descriptors:
agricultural land/ groundwater/
phosphorus/ leaching/ eutrophication/ runoff/ land management/
manures/ erosion/ soil solution/ movement in soil
Abstract: Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural land
to surface waters is well known as an environmental issue because
of the role of P in freshwater eutrophication. Much research has
been conducted on the erosion and loss of Pin sediments and surface
runoff. Recently, P loss in sub-surface runoff via agricultural
drainage has been identified as environmentally significant. High
soil P levels are considered as a potential source of P loss.
However, without favourable hydrological conditions P will not
move. In this paper, we review the basis of soil P release into
solution and transport in surface and sub-surface runoff. Our
objectives are to outline the role of soil P and hydrology in P
movement and management practices that can minimize P loss to
surface waters. Remedial strategies to reduce the risk of P loss in
the short-term are discussed, although it is acknowledged that
long-term solutions must focus on achieving a balance between P
inputs in fertilizers and feed and P outputs in production
systems.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1242. Processes of fluvial island formation, with
examples from Plum Creek, Colorado and Snake River,
Idaho.
Osterkamp, W R
Wetlands 18 (4): 530-545. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:
fluvial island formation: flooding/
riparian habitat/ riparian vegetation
Abstract: A fluvial island is a landform, elevated
above and surrounded by stream-channel branches or waterways, that
persists sufficiently long to establish permanent vegetation.
Natural fluvial islands occur in any part of a drainage network but
most commonly in montane, piedmont-valley, and coastal flood-plain
environments. Processes, often interactive, by which islands form
include avulsion (the sudden separation of land by a flood or by an
abrupt change in the course of a stream), rapid and gradual channel
incision, channel migration, dissection of both rapidly and slowly
deposited bed sediment, and deposition of bed sediment on a
vegetated surface or behind a channel obstruction. Products of
high-energy conditions, fluvial islands typically lack stability
over decades to millennia. Fluvial islands in Plum Creek, Colorado,
USA, results of sorting processes following a recent high-magnitude
flood, and in the Snake River, Idaho, USA, partly results of the
Pleistocene Bonneville Flood, illustrate how islands form, develop,
and disappear. The examples consider differing conditions of island
shape, size, height, sediment, and vegetation.
© Thomson
1243. The processes of species colonisation in
wooded landscapes: A review of principles.
Dolman, P. M. and Fuller, R.
J.
In: The restoration of wooded
landscapes: Proceedings of a conference. (Held 14 Sep 2000-15 Sep 2000 at Heriot Watt
University, Edinburgh, UK.) Humphrey, J.; Newton, A.; Latham, J.;
Gray, H.; Kirby, K.; Poulsom, E.; and Quine, C. (eds.); pp. 25-36;
2003.
ISBN: 0-85538-589-8
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1244. Producing and using conditioned poultry
litter in horticulture: Final report.
Paulin, R.
Bentley, WA: Western Australian
Dept. of Agriculture; 60 p.: ill.; Series: Miscellaneous
publication (Western Australia. Dept. of Agriculture) 01/22.
(2001)
Notes: Cover title. "August 2001." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: S397-.M57-no.-2001/22
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1245. Production of vegetables using cover crop
and living mulches: A review.
Masiunas JB
Journal of Vegetable Crop
Production 4 (1): 11-31; 6
pp. of ref. (1998)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1246. Production, purification and properties of
microbial phytases.
Pandey, A.; Szakacs, G.; Soccol, C.
R.; Rodriguez Leon, J. A.; and Soccol, V. T.
Bioresource
Technology 77 (3): 203-214.
(May 2001)
NAL Call #:
TD930.A32;
ISSN: 0960-8524 [BIRTEB].
Notes: Reviews issue. Includes references.
Descriptors:
phytase/ feeds/ animal manures/
pollution control
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1247. Productive water use in rice production:
Opportunities and limitations.
Tuong, T. P.
Journal of Crop
Production 2 (2): 241-264.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Water use in crop production /
edited by M.B. Kirkham. Includes references.
Descriptors:
oryza sativa/ water use efficiency/
water use/ water availability/ evapotranspiration/ fertilizers/ use
efficiency/ labor/ weed control/ evaluation/ irrigation/ flooded
rice/ percolation/ water balance/ crop growth stage/ growth period/
crop management/ planting date/ harvesting date/ cultivars/
transplanting/ crop yield/ permeability/ soil pore system/ depth/
duration/ flooding/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1248. Profitability of Soil and Water
Conservation in Canada: A Review.
Stonehouse, D. P.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 50 (2): 215-219.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
Canada/ conservation/ resources
management/ agricultural practices/ soil erosion/ fallowing/ wind
erosion/ drought/ soil compaction/ erosion control/ pesticide
residues/ manure/ fertilizers/ soil conservation/ water
conservation/ economics/ resource management/ environmental
degradation/ agriculture/ environmental impact/ Watershed
protection/ Environmental action/ Conservation, wildlife management
and recreation
Abstract: Canada has had a short-lived and low-key
experience with agricultural activity-related resource degradation
problems because its agricultural production potential began to be
realized only during the last 100 years or so. The problems are
nevertheless critical, given the small landbase suitable for
agriculture and a precarious climate (Dumanski et al.). The bastion
of Canadian agriculture in the prairies was opened to farming only
early in the 20th century, but severe drought in the 1930s combined
with farming activities to produce extensive erosion problems. More
moderate climatic conditions and modified farming practices
lessened degradation problems until the reemergence of severe
drought conditions in the 1980s. Heightened concerns about
degradation are associated with organic matter depletion, wind and
water-borne erosion, and rising salinity resulting primarily from
summer fallowing practices (Cann et al.; Rennie), but also from
increasing cultivation of marginal lands, largely instigated by
government support programs (Van Kooten and Kennedy). Elsewhere in
western Canada, degradation problems are associated with surfeits
of livestock manures in southwestern British Columbia, pesticide
residues from intensive fruit farming in the Okanagan Valley, and
aquaculture wastes in coastal water bodies (Van Kooten and
Kennedy).
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1249. Progress and Data Gaps in Quantitative
Microbial Risk Assessment.
Haas, C. N.
Water Science and
Technology 46 (11-12):
277-284. (2002)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: Asian Waterqual 2001: IWA
Asia-Pacific Regional Conference, Fukuoka [Japan], 12-15 Sep 2001;
Source: Water Quality and Environmental Management in Asia;
Editors: Kusuda, T. //Utsumi, H.; ISBN: 18433984324
Descriptors:
Water Pollution Effects/ Public
Health/ Human Population/ Human Diseases/ Exposure/ Pathogens/
Reviews/ Research Priorities/ Microbiological Studies/ Pollution
(Water)/ Risk analysis/ Pollution (Microbiological)/ Public health/
Pathogenic organism/ Water pollution/ risk assessment/ Effects of
pollution/ Effects of Pollution/ Other water systems
Abstract: Quantitative microbial risk assessment
(QMRA) has emerged as a useful tool to develop criteria for human
exposures to pathogens. There is opportunity to extend the
usefulness of this tool in water and other applications if new
fundamental information can be obtained to complement existing
data. Such information includes effects of strain and host
differences, population level disease dynamics, and ability of
animal data to serve as a predictor of human potency. This paper
reviews the development of QMRA and outlines the nature of
additional data that would be useful for its
development.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1250. Progress in wetland restoration
ecology.
Zedler, Joy B
Trends in Ecology and
Evolution 15 (10): 402-407.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.T742;
ISSN: 0169-5347
Descriptors:
biodiversity/ disturbance regimes/
habitat types/ invasive species/ landscape setting/ seed banks/
soil properties/ spatial scales/ temporal/ topography/ water
preservation/ wetland restoration ecology
© Thomson
1251. Projecting the bird community response
resulting from the adoption of shelterbelt agroforestry practices
in Eastern Nebraska.
Pierce, R A; Farrand, D T; and
Kurtz, W B
Agroforestry Systems
53 (3): 333-350. (2001)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366
Descriptors:
bird (Aves): community response,
landscape variables/ tree (Spermatophyta)/ Animals/ Birds/
Chordates/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular
Plants/ Vertebrates/ agroforestry: shelterbelt plantings
Abstract: Evolving agricultural policies have
influenced management practices within agroecosystems, impacting
available habitats for many species of wildlife. Enhancing wildlife
habitat has become an explicit objective of existing agricultural
policy. Thus, there is renewed focus on field borders and the use
of shelterbelt agroforestry systems to achieve conservation goals
in the Midwest. Two Representative Farms - a 283-ha dryland and
510-ha irrigated farm were created in Saunders County, Nebraska.
The Habitat Analysis and Modeling System (HAMS) was used to
describe the composition and spatial pattern of the existing farms
and surrounding landscape, as well as for the landscapes
surrounding selected Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes. Simulated
land use changes resulting from the implementation of two
shelterbelt scenarios, Agricultural and Wildlife, were incorporated
on each Representative Farm and surrounding landscape. Landscape
variables which influence breeding bird species richness and
community composition as determined from BBS routes were measured
on simulated farm landscapes. A more heterogeneous landscape
results from implementing either scenario. The percent total woods
was a significant determinant of bird species richness on the BBS
routes and was important in influencing bird communities at the
farm- and landscape-level. Other landscape metrics which influenced
the bird community composition on BBS routes were woody edge
percentages and edge density values. Policies promoting
shelterbelts create edge habitats which ultimately favor birds
within the Forest-edge/generalist guild while bird species in need
of conservation such as grassland-field species would potentially
be negatively affected.
© Thomson
1252. Prospect for pathogen reductions in
livestock wastewaters: A review.
Hill, V. R.
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 33 (2): 187-235. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389 [CRETEK.]
Descriptors:
concentrated animal feeding
operations/ excreta/ animal manures/ animal manure management/
disinfection/ constructed wetlands/ waste treatment
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1253. Prospects and limitations of
phytoremediation for the removal of persistent pesticides in the
environment.
Chaudhry, Qasim; Schroeder, Peter;
Werck, Reichhart Daniele; Grajek, Wlodzimierz; and Marecik,
Roman
Environmental Science and
Pollution Research International 9 (1): 4-17. (2002);
ISSN: 0944-1344
Descriptors:
carbamate: pollutant/
organochlorine: pollutant/ organophosphate: pollutant/ plant
(Plantae)/ Plants
Abstract: The environmental problems that have
arisen from the use of persistent pesticides in the past, and
potential sources of further contamination have been discussed. The
potential and limitations of phytoremediation for removal of
pesticides in the environment have been reviewed. The enzymatic
processes in plants that are known to be involved in
phytodegradation of pesticides, and possibilities for enhancing
them have also been discussed.
© Thomson
1254. Prospects for composts and biocontrol
agents as substitutes for methyl bromide in biological control of
plant diseases.
De, Ceuster Tom J J and Hoitink,
Harry A J
Compost Science and
Utilization 7 (3): 6-15.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD796.5.C58;
ISSN: 1065-657X
Descriptors:
methyl bromide: pollutant, soil
fumigant/ organic matter/ plant nutrients/ biological control/
composts: disease supressive effects/ disease control
Abstract: Methyl bromide, an effective soil fumigant
for control of soilborne plant pathogens, is scheduled to be phased
out by 2005 because of its negative impacts on the environment.
Many chemical alternatives to methyl bromide have been proposed but
so far, none have proved as effective. Composts have long been
recognized to provide a degree of control of diseases caused by
soilborne plant pathogens. For this reason, disease-suppressive
effects of composts have been investigated intensively over the
past two decades. Many compost quality factors must be controlled
to obtain consistent effects with these organic amendments. The
composition of the organic matter from which the compost is
prepared, the composting process itself, the stability or maturity
of the compost, the quantity of available plant nutrients provided
by the compost, loading rates, time of application, and other
factors all must be controlled. These and other factors are
reviewed in this paper. Despite these difficulties, the use of
compost for disease control is increasing rapidly. The nursery
industry for decades has taken advantage of this benefit associated
with compost utilization.
© Thomson
1255. Prospects for minimizing phosphorus
excretion in ruminants by dietary manipulation.
Valk, H.; Metcalf, J. A.; and
Withers, P. J. A.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 29 (1): 28-36.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1256. Prospects for reducing environmental risk
at the watershed level from pesticide loss from farm fields using
alternative management practices.
Bagdon, Joe; Plotkin, Steve;
Hesketh, Eric; Kellogg, Robert L.; and Wallace, Susan.
In: 53rd Annual Soil and Water
Conservation Service Conference. (Held 5 Jul 1998-9 Jul 1998 at San Diego,
California.)
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service;
1998.
Notes: Title from web page. Description based on
content viewed May 16, 2003. "Poster presensted at the 53rd annual
SWCS Conference, San Diego, California, July 5-9, 1998."
NAL Call #: aTD427.P35-P77-1998
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/naptext.html
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States---Measurement/
Pesticides---Toxicology---United States/ Watersheds---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Watershed management---United States/
Pesticides Application---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1257. Prospects for the drainage of clay
soils.
Rycroft, David W.; Amer, M. H.; and
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; xii, 134 p.: ill., maps;
Series: FAO irrigation and drainage paper 51. (1995)
Notes: "M-56."--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 123-134).
NAL Call #: S612.I754--no.51;
ISBN: 9251036241
Descriptors:
Drainage/ Clay soils
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1258. Prospects for the recovery of phosphorus
from animal manures: A review.
Greaves J; Hobbs P; Chadwick D; and
Haygarth P
Environmental
Technology 20 (7): 697-708;
69 ref. (1999)
NAL Call #:
TD1.E59
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1259. Protecting and Restoring America's
Watersheds: Status, Trends, and Initiatives in Watershed
Management.
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water Office of Wetlands Oceans and
Watersheds.
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency [Also available as: EPA-B40-R-00-001], 2001
(application/pdf)
http://www.epa.gov/owow/protecting/restore725.pdf
Descriptors:
watershed management/ ecological
restoration/ environmental protection/ watershed hydrology/ water
pollution/ chemical residues/ nutrient enrichment/ sediments/
runoff/ pathogens/ waterborne diseases/ invasive species/
environmental monitoring/ governmental programs and projects/
environmental education/ citizen participation/ partners (people)/
program planning/ program evaluation/ thermal pollution
1260. Protecting surface water from pesticide
contamination in North Dakota: Recommendations for assessment and
management: A review and analysis of scientific
literature.
Seelig, Bruce Duane. and NDSU
Extension Service.
Fargo, N.D.: NDSU Extension
Service; 50 p.: ill., maps; Series: Extension report (NDSU
Extension Service) no. 37. (1998)
Notes: Cover title. "April 1998." Includes
bibliographical references (p. 19-25).
NAL Call #: S451.N9E98-no.37
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---North Dakota/ Pesticides Risk mitigation---North Dakota/
Water---Pollution---Research---North Dakota
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1261. Protocol for developing pathogen
TMDLs.
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Water.
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water; 1 v. (various
pagings): ill. (2001)
Notes: 1st ed.; "January 2001." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD427.M53-P76-2001
http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf
Descriptors:
Pathogenic
microorganisms---Environmental aspects---United States/
Water---Pollution---Total daily maximum load
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1262. Protocol for developing sediment
TMDLs.
Smith, David W.; Craig, John.;
Sediment Protocol Development Team (U.S.); and United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water.
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water; 1 v. (various
pagings): ill. (1999)
Notes: 1st ed.; "October 1999." This paper was written
by EPA's Sediment Protocol TMDLs Team, led by David W. Smith, with
assistance from John Craig. "EPA 841-B-99-004." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD423-.S65-1999
http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf
Descriptors:
Water---Pollution---Total maximum
daily load/ Sedimentation and deposition---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1263. Public scholarship: Linking weed science
with public work.
Jordan, N.; Gunsolus, J.; Becker,
R.; and White, S.
Weed Science 50 (5): 547-554. (Sept. 2002-Oct.
2002)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745 [WEESA6]
Descriptors:
weeds/ weed control/ sustainability/
agricultural research/ interdisciplinary research/ innovation
adoption/ public works/ case studies/ guidelines/ integrated pest
management/ literature reviews
Abstract: Weed scientists face complex and difficult
challenges. Within our discipline, we must increase the
sustainability of current weed management approaches and help
respond to invasive plants as a component of global change. There
also are major challenges that we share with other agricultural
disciplines, such as mounting comprehensive efforts to address the
problems of current agriculture. We believe that any effective
response to these challenges will require public work, i.e.,
projects in which a diverse group of people work together-across
lines of difference (professional, cultural, etc.)-to produce
broad-based, systemic innovations that meet complex challenges. We
propose that weed scientists should join relevant public-work
projects by practicing "public scholarship." We define public
scholarship as original, creative, peer-evaluated intellectual work
that is fully integrated in a public-work project. By full
integration we mean that the scholar's work serves to fuel the
social (i.e., collective) learning of the public-work group. This
condition requires that the scholar be a full participant in the
group rather than just being in a consultative or advisory role. We
present several case studies of weed scientists practicing public
scholarship. These scientists found this mode of scholarship to be
a highly effective means by which to address their professional
priorities. Barriers to the practice of public scholarship include
the lack of relevant guidelines and norms within academic culture,
e.g., with regard to quality-assurance standards. But public
scholarship offers weed scientists a new way of responding to
increasingly urgent demands to show that our work. effectively
produces public value in return for public investment. We believe
that graduate programs in weed science should begin to offer
students opportunities to learn skills that are relevant to public
scholarship.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1264. Pulse crop adaptation in the Northern Great
Plains.
Miller, P. R.; McConkey, B. G.;
Clayton, G. W.; Brandt, S. A.; Staricka, J. A.; Johnston, A. M.;
Lafond, G. P.; Schatz, B. G.; Baltensperger, D. D.; and Neill, K.
E.
Agronomy Journal
94 (2): 261-272. (2002)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1265. The quality of our nation's waters:
Nutrients and pesticides.
Fuhrer, Gregory J. and Geological
Survey (U.S.).
Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. (1999)
Notes: Caption title.;
ISBN: 0607922966
http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1225/
Descriptors:
Nutrient pollution of water---United
States/ Pesticides---Environmental aspects---United States/ Water
quality---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1266. Quantification of compaction effects on
soil physical properties and crop growth.
Ahuja, L. R. and Hatano,
R.
Geoderma 116 (1/2): 107-136. (2003)
NAL Call #:
S590.G4;
ISSN: 0016-7061
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1267. Quantifying and characterizing contemporary
riparian sedimentation.
Steiger, J.; Gurnell, A. M.; and
Goodson, J. M.
River Research and
Applications 19 (4): 335-352.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
TC530 R43;
ISSN: 1535-1459.
Notes: Number of References: 114
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ sediment
traps/ sedimentation/ river margins/ riparian wetlands/ floodplains
/ hydroecology/ fresh water wetlands/ floodplain sedimentation/
salt marsh/ overbank deposition/ inundation forest/ plant
communities/ sand deposition/ extreme flood/ taruma
mirim/
seed banks
Abstract: Fluvial processes of erosion, sediment
transport and deposition determine the changing form and
sedimentary structure of naturally adjusting riparian zones.
Riparian sediment storage has both scientific and management
importance in relation to: (i) the quantities of sediment that are
involved; (ii) the quality of the sediment; and (iii) the dispersal
of biological materials, notably the vegetation propagules that are
transported and deposited in association with the sediment. After
discussing the significance of riparian sedimentation processes,
this paper reviews methods for quantifying contemporary sediment
deposition within water bodies and their margins. Methods for
investigating contemporary riparian sedimentation are given
particular emphasis, and the extent to which different methods
provide comparable estimates and have been used to support the
analysis of different physical and chemical properties of the
sediment are outlined. The importance of the following are
stressed: (i) selecting a sampling method that is suited to the
sedimentation environment; (ii) incorporating careful
cross-calibration if measurements from different methods are to be
combined; and (iii) replicating measurements to give more robust
estimates if small traps are employed. It is concluded that
artificial turf mats provide a useful design of sediment trap
across a range of environmental conditions because: (i) their
surface roughness reduces problems of sediment removal by flood
waters or rainfall; (ii) their pliability permits installation on
irregular surfaces; (iii) they can be securely attached to the
ground with metal pins to resist high shear stresses from river
flows; (iv) they are robust and light and so easily manipulated in
the field and laboratory; (v) it is possible to fully recover the
deposited sediment to accurately determine the amount of sediment
deposited and to support a range of other analyses. Results are
presented to illustrate how artificial turf mats can be used to
estimate the quantity and quality of deposited sediment and to
explore the associated deposition of viable seeds. This provides
one example of the important hydroecological role of riparian
sedimentation processes and of the potential for the development of
innovative, interdisciplinary research on riparian sediment
dynamics. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
© Thomson ISI
1268. Quantifying phosphorus losses from the
agricultural system.
Lemunyon, J. L. and Daniel, T.
C.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 399-401.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina. Includes references.
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ losses from soil/
quantitative techniques/ measurement/ agricultural soils/
agricultural land/ water erosion/ sediment yield/ runoff/ leaching/
drainage/ crops/ harvesting
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1269. Quantifying the loss mechanisms of
nitrogen.
Delgado, J. A.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 389-398.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina. Includes references.
Descriptors:
nitrogen fertilizers/ nitrogen/
losses from soil/ nitrate/ leaching/ denitrification/ soil
fertility/ measurement/ pollution control/ agricultural soils/ soil
properties/ literature reviews/ nutrient management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1270. A quantitative summary of attitudes toward
wolves and their reintroduction (1972-2000).
Williams, Christopher K; Ericsson,
Goran; and Heberlein, Thomas A
Wildlife Society
Bulletin 30 (2): 575-584.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
SK357.A1W5;
ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors:
Canis [wolf] (Canidae)/ human
(Hominidae)/ Animals/ Carnivores/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/
Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ age/
attitudes towards wolves/ education/ experience/ farming / income/
negative attitudes/ positive attitudes/ ranching/ restoration/
rural residence/ urbanization/ wolf reintroduction
Abstract: This paper reports an analysis of support
for wolves (Canis spp.) reported in 38 quantitative surveys
conducted between 1972 and 2000. Of 109 records reported in these
surveys, a majority (51%) showed positive attitudes toward wolves
and 60% supported wolf restoration. Attitudes toward wolves had a
negative correlation with age, rural residence, and ranching and
farming occupations, and positive correlation with education and
income. Thirty-five percent of ranchers and farmers surveyed had
positive attitudes toward wolves. Among surveys of the general
population samples, 61% expressed positive attitudes. Surveys of
environmental and wildlife groups showed an average of 69% support.
Surveys in the lower 48 states showed higher proportions of
positive attitudes than surveys in Scandinavia and Western Europe,
where a majority did not support wolves. Among all surveys, 25% of
respondents had neutral attitudes toward wolves. Positive attitudes
toward wolves did not appear to be increasing over time. Because
attitudes toward wolves are often not strong among the general
public, they have the potential to change rapidly if linked to
other, stronger attitudes and beliefs. We expect that progress in
education and urbanization will lead to increasingly positive
attitudes over time. Negative attitudes associated with age are
probably a cohort effect, and we should not expect the aging
populations in the United States and Europe to lead to more
negative wolf attitudes. Paradoxically, successful wolf
reintroductions are likely to reduce general positive sentiment,
since the presence of wolves gives people a more balanced
experience with the animals. Traditionally, people with the most
positive attitudes toward wolves have been those with the least
experience.
© Thomson
1271. Rainfall Intensity-Kinetic Energy
Relationships: A Critical Literature Appraisal.
Van Dijk, Aijm; Bruijnzeel, L. A.;
and Rosewell, C. J.
Journal of Hydrology
261 (1-4): 1-23. (2002)
NAL Call #:
292.8 J82;
ISSN: 0022-1694
Descriptors:
Erosion/ Rainfall Intensity/ Kinetic
Energy/ Prediction/ Mathematical Equations/ Literature Review/
Comparison Studies/ Performance Evaluation/ Precipitation
(Atmospheric)/ Kinetics/ Mathematical analysis/ Soil erosion/
Rainfall erosion/ Australia/ Erosion and sedimentation/ Water
Resources and Supplies/ Intensity of precipitation/
Intensity
Abstract: Knowledge of the relationship between
rainfall intensity and kinetic energy and its variations in time
and space is important for erosion prediction. However, between
studies considerable variations exist in the reported shape and
coefficients of this relationship. Some differences can be
explained by methods of measurement and interpretation and sample
size, range and bias, while part of the variability corresponds to
actual differences in rainfall generating mechanisms. The present
paper critically reviews published studies of rainfall intensity
and kinetic energy with a view to derive a general predictive
equation of an exponential form. The performance of this general
equation is compared to that of existing equations using measured
rainfall intensity and kinetic energy data for a site in
southeastern Australia. It appeared that the energy of individual
storms could only be predicted with limited accuracy because of
natural variations in rainfall characteristics. By and large, the
general equation produced energy estimates that were within 10% of
predictions by a range of parameterisations of the exponential
model fitted to specific data-sets. Re-calculation of rainfall
erosivity factors as obtained by the older and revised USLE
approaches does not seem warranted for most locations. However, in
regions experiencing strong oceanic influence or at high
elevations, overall rainfall energy appears to be considerably
lower than predicted by the general or USLE equations. Conversely,
data collected at semi-arid to sub-humid locations suggest that
rainfall energy may be higher than expected under those conditions.
Standardised measurements are needed to evaluate rainfall
intensity-kinetic energy relationships for such areas.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1272. Rangeland cover types of the United States:
Forest cover types of the United States and Canada.
Shiflet, Thomas N. and Society for
Range Management.
Denver, Colo.: Society for Range
Management; xii, 152 p. (1994)
Notes: 1st ed.; "'Companion' publication to the 'Forest
cover types of the United States and Canada (1980)'"--P. ix.
Includes bibliographical references
(p. [142]-152).
NAL Call #: QK115.R36--1994;
ISBN: 1884930018
Descriptors:
Range plants---United States/
Rangelands---United States/ Range management---United States/ Range
ecology---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1273. Rangeland desertification.
Olafur Arnalds. and Archer,
Steve.
Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic
Publishers; x, 209 p.: ill., maps; Series: Advances in vegetation
science 19. (2000)
NAL Call #: QK1-.A48-v.-19;
ISBN: 0792360710 (HB: alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Rangelands/ Desertification/ Range
ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1274. Rangeland ecology and
management.
Heady, Harold F.; Child, R. Dennis;
and Heady, Harold F.
Boulder: Westview Press; xvi, 519
p.: ill.; 24 cm. (1994)
Notes: Rev. ed. of: Rangeland management. 1975.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #: SF85.H39--1994;
ISBN: 0813320526 (alk. paper):
Descriptors:
Range management/ Range
ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1275. Rangeland handbook for British
Columbia.
Campbell, C. W.; Bawtree, A. H.;
and British Columbia Cattlemen's Association.
Kamloops, BC: British Columbia
Cattlemen's Association; 203 p.: ill. (some col.), col. maps.
(1998)
Notes: "December 1998." Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: SF85.4.C2-C34-1998; ISBN: 0968402402
Descriptors:
Range management---British Columbia/
Range ecology---British Columbia
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1276. Rangeland health attributes and indicators
for qualitative assessment.
Pyke, D. A.; Herrick, J. E.;
Shaver, P.; and Pellant, M.
Journal of Range
Management 55 (6): 584-597.
(Nov. 2002)
NAL Call #:
60.18-J82;
ISSN: 0022-409X [JRMGAQ]
Descriptors:
grasslands/ grassland condition/
range condition/ range management/ assessment/ rapid methods/
hydrological factors/ soil structure/ rill erosion/ overland flow/
ground cover/ gullied land/ wind erosion/ litter plant/ flow
resistance/ soil morphology/ soil compaction/ vegetation/
mortality/ biomass production/ introduced species/ perennials/ data
collection/ ecological balance/ literature reviews/ United States/
soil surface/ invasive species
Abstract: Panels of experts from the Society for
Range Management and the National Research Council proposed that
status of rangeland ecosystems could be ascertained by evaluating
an ecological site's potential to conserve soil resources and by a
series of indicators for ecosystem processes and site stability.
Using these recommendations as a starting point, we developed a
rapid, qualitative method for assessing a moment-in-time status of
rangelands. Evaluators rate 17 indicators to assess 3 ecosystem
attributes (soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and
biotic integrity) for a given location. Indicators include rills,
water flow patterns, pedestals and terracettes, bare ground,
gullies, wind scour and depositional areas, litter movement, soil
resistance to erosion, soil surface loss or degradation, plant
composition relative to infiltration, soil compaction, plant
functional/structural groups, plant mortality, litter amount,
annual production, invasive plants, and reproductive capability. In
this paper, we detail the development and evolution of the
technique and introduce a modified ecological reference worksheet
that documents the expected presence and amount of each indicator
on the ecological site. In addition, we review the intended
applications for this technique and clarify the differences between
assessment and monitoring that lead us to recommend this technique
be used for moment-in-time assessments and not be used for temporal
monitoring of rangeland status. Lastly, we propose a mechanism for
adapting and modifying this technique to reflect improvements in
understanding of ecosystem processes. We support the need for
quantitative measures for monitoring rangeland health and propose
some measures that we believe may address some of the 17
indicators.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1277. Rangeland health: New methods to classify,
inventory, and monitor rangelands.
National Research Council (U.S.).
Committee on Rangeland Classification.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press; xvi, 180 p.: ill. (1994)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-168)
and index.
NAL Call #: SF85.3.R36--1994; ISBN: 0309048796
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309048796/html/
Descriptors:
Range management---United States/
Rangelands---United States/ Range ecology---United States / Range
management/ Rangelands/ Range ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1278. Rangeland monitoring: Water quality and
riparian systems.
Skinner, Q.
Arid Land Research and
Management 17 (4): 407-428.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S592.17.A73 A74.
Notes: 1532-4982
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ monitoring/
water quality/ riparian zones/ sediment/ bacteria/ vegetative
filter strips/ overland flow/ bacterial populations/ sediment
deposition/ simulated rainfall/ stubble height/ grass filters/
management/ areas/ zones
Abstract: Ecological concepts serve as a foundation
for developing a monitoring program to evaluate water quality and
associated riparian systems. Ecological concepts used for
developing a monitoring plan must be supported by scientific
literature and related to streamflow dynamics and channel
interactions. These interactions help determine natural or
background habitat quality within and along river longitudinal and
environmental gradients from mountains through basins in the
western United States. In addition stream size, position in the
watershed, and flow are related to sediment sorting, channel bank
strength, and channel configuration. These relationships determine
channel substrate habitat for aquatic organisms and population
diversity. These habitat features may be modified by a channel's
ability to store and transport sediment and associated pollutants
within a watershed's drainage pattern. Sediment supply, delivery,
and timing are altered by differences in snowmelt along elevation
gradients, runoff from convective storms, water development
history, and stream channel succession. Potential impairment of
reference or background aquatic habitat in the western United
States is generally sediment related and should be greater in basin
river segments and during base flow conditions. Impairment sources
can be shown to originate in the steep and first order tributaries
of foothill and basin watersheds, and not from valley slopes where
supply must cross established riparian zones. Water column,
substrate disturbance, and channel bank disturbances may alter
amount of sediment and bacteria pollution measured in basins and
during base flow conditions.
© Thomson ISI
1279. Rangeland resource trends in the United
States: A technical document supporting the 2000 USDA Forest
Service RPA assessment.
Mitchell, John E. and Rocky
Mountain Research Station
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 84
p.: ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); Series: General technical
report RMRS GTR-68. (2000)
Notes: Cover title. "December 2000"--P. 4 of cover.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-84).
NAL Call #: aSD144.A14 G46-no. 68
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs%5Fgtr68.html
Descriptors:
Range management---United States/
Rangelands---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1280. Rangeland wildlife.
Krausman, Paul R.
Denver, Colo.: Society of Range
Management; xi, 440 p.: ill. (1996)
Notes: 1st ed.; Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: SK361.R36--1996;
ISBN: 1884930050
Descriptors:
Wildlife management---West---United
States/ Rangelands---West---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1281. Rapid on-farm analysis of manure nutrients
using quick tests.
Van Kessel, J. S.; Thompson, R. B.;
and Reeves, J. B.
Journal of Production
Agriculture 12 (2): 215-224.
(Apr. 1999-June 1999)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524 [JPRAEN]
Descriptors:
animal manures/ nutrient content/
quantitative analysis/ qualitative analysis/ techniques/
evaluation/ errors/ measurement/ equipment/ ammonium/ nitrogen
content/ phosphorus/ dry matter/ specific gravity/ electrical
conductivity/ potassium/ ammonium nitrogen / color/ slurries/
costs/ literature reviews/ manure management
Abstract: Quick tests enabling rapid, on-farm
assessment of manure nutrient content could appreciably enhance
manure management. The objectives of this study were to review the
literature on the accuracy of quick tests, describe their
operation, and to assess their ease of use and their suitability
for routine on-farm use. These quick tests are the hydrometer,
electrical conductivity (EC), ammonia electrode, reflectometer,
Agros N Meter (or Nova meter), and Quantofix-N-Volumeter. The
ammonia electrode provided accurate direct measurement of slurry
ammonium; however, its fragility and the difficulty of setting it
up, suggested limited suitability for on-farm use. The hydrometer
indirectly measures total N and total P based on relationships with
dry matter (total solids) content and specific gravity. Results
have been variable between regions and species. Electrical
conductivity is used as an indirect measurement of ammonium and K;
the limited results to date have been consistently good for
ammonium N, and variable for K. The Agros N Meter and
Quantofix-N-Volumeter both directly measure ammonium N and possibly
some organic N. For both, agreement with lab analyses of ammonium N
has been generally very good. The reflectometer measures the color
intensity of test strips; limited results with ammonium N in
slurries are promising. Several quick tests have the potential for
accurately measuring manure nutrients on the farm. They generally
were more effective with slurries than solid manures. For each
quick test, single farm or regional calibrations with lab analysis
are recommended, and in some cases necessary.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1282. Rationale and methods for conserving
biodiversity in plantation forests.
Hartley, M. J.
Forest Ecology and
Management 155 (1-3): 81-95.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science
Descriptors:
Plantations/ Reviews/ Conservation/
Biological diversity/ Forest management/ Management
Abstract: Industrial forest managers and
conservation biologists agree on at least two things: (1)
plantation forests can play a role in conserving biodiversity, and
(2) plantations will occupy an increasing proportion of future
landscapes. I review literature from around the world on the
relationship between biodiversity and plantation management,
structure, and yield. The dynamics of plantation ecology and
management necessarily differ by landscape, geographic area,
ecosystem type, etc. This review provides a broad array of
management recommendations, most of which apply to most regions,
and many patterns are evident. I suggest a new plantation forest
paradigm based on the hypothesis that minor improvements in design
and management can better conserve biodiversity, often with little
or no reduction in fiber production. There is ample evidence that
these methods do benefit biodiversity, and can also entail various
economic benefits. Adherence to these recommendations should vary
by plantation type, and depending on the proportion of the
surrounding landscape or region that is or will be planted.
Stand-level variables to consider include socio-economic factors,
native community type and structure, crop species composition, and
pest dynamics. During establishment, managers should consider
innovations in snag and reserve tree management (e.g. leave
strips), where mature native trees and/or understory vegetation are
left unharvested or allowed to regenerate. Polycultures should be
favored over monocultures by planting multiple crop species and/or
leaving some native trees unharvested. Native species should
generally be favored over exotics. Site-preparation should favor
methods that reflect natural disturbances and conserve coarse woody
debris. Plantations that have already been established by
traditional design can also conserve biodiversity via small
modifications to operations. Earlier thinning schedules or longer
rotations can strongly affect biodiversity, as can reserve trees
left after plantation harvest to remain through a second
rotation.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1283. RCA III effects of sediment on the aquatic
environment: Potential NRCS actions to improve aquatic
habitat.
Castro, Janine.; Reckendorf,
Frank.; and United States. Natural Resources Conservation
Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1995.
Working paper (United States. Soil Conservation Service) No.
6.
Notes: Title from web page. "August 1995." Description
based on content viewed May 3, 2002. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: aQH541.5.W3-C37-1995
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/wp06text.html
Descriptors:
Aquatic ecology---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Aquatic resources conservation---United
States/ Soil erosion---United States/ Soil conservation---United
States/ Sediment transport---United States/ Aquatic organisms,
Effect of contaminated sediments on---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1284. RCA III sedimentation in irrigation water
bodies, reservoirs, canals, and ditches.
Reckendorf, Frank. and United
States. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, NRCS, 1995. Working paper (United States.
Natural Resources Conservation Service)
No. 5.
Notes: Title from web page. "July 1995." Description
based on content viewed May 3, 2002. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: aTC175.2-.R43-1995
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/wp05text.html
Descriptors:
Sediment transport---United States/
Irrigation water---United States/ Irrigation
water---Pollution---United States/ Irrigation---Environmental
aspects---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1285. A re-appraisal of Painter's mechanisms of
plant resistance to insects, with recent illustrations.
Manglitz, George R. and Danielson,
Stephen D.
Agricultural Zoology
Reviews 6: 259-276.
(1994);
ISSN: 0269-0543
Descriptors:
Arthropoda (Arthropoda Unspecified)/
animals/ arthropods/ invertebrates/ Biological Control/ Integrated
Pest Management/ Agronomy (Agriculture)/ Economic Entomology/
Physiology
© Thomson
1286. Re-engineering irrigation management and
system operations.
Renault, D.
Agricultural Water
Management 47 (3): 211-226.
(Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3;
ISSN: 0378-3774 [AWMADF]
Descriptors:
water management/ irrigation
systems/ canals/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1287. Reactions of phosphorus with sediments in
fresh and marine waters.
House, W A; Jickells, T D; Edwards,
A C; Praska, K E; and Denison, F H
Soil Use and
Management 14 (supplement):
139-146. (1998)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68;
ISSN: 0266-0032
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ coastal waters/
estuaries/ freshwater/ marine water/ rivers/ salinity/ sediment
reactions/ soil erosion/
transport processes
Abstract: The interactions of P with soils and
sediments are examined in the context of transport processes from
land, through rivers to estuaries and coastal waters. In soil
erosion, selective size fractionation and preferential sorption to
finer solids is crucial in the transport of P to water courses.
Problems in quantifying the sorption affinity and equilibrium
phosphate concentration (EPC) of mixtures of different soils and
sediments are identified. Riverine transport of P by suspended
solids is usually very important and examples of the changes in the
amount and composition of particulate P (PP) concentration during
storm events are discussed. Increased P content of solids during
the first autumn storms, probably reflect the resuspension of
accumulated stream bed-deposits. The fate of P in estuaries and
their importance as possible long-term sinks of P are discussed.
The relatively high concentrations of dissolved P associated with
riverine inputs are to some extent buffered by the relatively high
concentrations of suspended sediments resulting from tidal flows.
Phosphorus may be released during transport to the sea due to
decreases in the EPC, increases in salinity and release from bottom
sediments as a result of low oxygen conditions.
© Thomson
1288. Realizing the potential of integrated
irrigation and drainage water management for meeting crop water
requirements in semi-arid and arid areas.
Ayars, J. E.; Hutmacher, R. B.;
Schoneman, R. A.; Soppe, R. W. O.; Vail, S. S.; and Dale,
F.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 13 (4): 321-347.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TC801.I66;
ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG]
Descriptors:
crops/ gossypium hirsutum/
lycopersicon esculentum/ groundwater/ water uptake/ plant water
relations/ saline water/ irrigation/ drainage systems/ salinity/
water quality/ irrigation water/ irrigation scheduling/
evapotranspiration/ leaf water potential/ high water tables/
literature reviews/ subsurface drainage/ arid lands/ semiarid
zones/ shallow groundwater
Abstract: In situ use of ground water by plants is
one option being considered to reduce discharge of subsurface
drainage water from irrigated agriculture. Laboratory, lysimeter,
and field studies have demonstrated that crops can use significant
quantities of water from shallow ground water. However, most
studies lack the data needed to include the crop water use into an
integrated irrigation and drainage water management system. This
paper describes previous studies which demonstrated the potential
use of ground water to support plant growth and the associated
limitations. Included are results from three field studies which
demonstrated some of the management techniques needed to develop an
integrated system. The field studies demonstrated that
approximately 40 to 45% of the water requirement for cotton can be
derived from shallow saline ground water. That regulation of the
outflow will result in increasing use. Implementation of integrated
management of irrigation and subsurface drainage systems is a
viable and sustainable alternative in the management of subsurface
drainage water from arid and semi-arid areas only if soil salinity
can be managed and if the system is profitable.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1289. Recent advances in the residue analysis of
N-methylcarbamate pesticides.
Yang, S S; Goldsmith, A I; and
Smetena, I
Journal of Chromatography
A 754 (1-2): 3-16.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
QD272.C4J68;
ISSN: 0021-9673
Descriptors:
analytical method/ gas
chromatography/ GC/ high performance liquid chromatography/ HPLC/
immunoassay/ methodology/ N methylcarbamate pesticides/ pesticides/
residue analysis/ spectrophotometry/ supercritical fluid
chromatography/ thin layer chromatography/ TLC
Abstract: This paper highlights recent advances in
the determination of methylcarbamate residues in water, soil and
plant tissues. Chromatographic analyses (e.g., HPLC, GC,
supercritical fluid chromatography and TLC) with various sample
pretreatment procedures and detection methods are reviewed. More
generally, some non-chromatographic techniques such as immunoassay,
biosensor and spectrophotometry are included.
© Thomson
1290. Recent advances in the thin-layer
chromatography of pesticides: A review.
Sherma, J.
Journal of AOAC
International 86 (3):
602-611. (2003);
ISSN: 1060-3271
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1291. Recent advances in thin-layer
chromatography of pesticides.
Sherma, J.
Journal of AOAC
International 84 (4):
993-999. (July-Aug. 2001)
NAL Call #:
S583.A7;
ISSN: 1060-3271 [JAINEE]
Descriptors:
pesticides/ pesticide residues/ thin
layer chromatography/ food contamination/ polluted water/ polluted
soils/ literature reviews/ high performance thin layer
chromatography
Abstract: Advances in the applications of thin-layer
chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography
(HPTLC) for the separation, detection, and qualitative and
quantitative determination of pesticides, other agrochemicals, and
related compounds are reviewed for the period 1998-2000. Analyses
are covered for a variety of samples, such as food, biological, and
environmental, and for residues of pesticides of various types,
including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, belonging to
different chemical classes. References on formulation analysis,
hydrophobicity studies, and the use of TLC and thin-layer
radiochromatography (TLRC) for studies of pesticide metabolism,
degradation, uptake, and related studies are also
included.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1292. Recent and future developments of liquid
chromatography in pesticide trace analysis.
Hogendoorn, Elbert and Zoonen, Piet
van
Journal of Chromatography
A 892 (1-2): 435-453.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QD272.C4J68;
ISSN: 0021-9673
Descriptors:
pesticides: analysis
Abstract: Until recently, the application of liquid
chromatography (LC) in pesticide analysis was usually focused on
groups of compounds or single compounds for which no suitable
conditions were available for analysis with gas chromatography
(GC). However, recent developments in both detection and column
material technology show that LC significantly enlarged its scope
in this field of analysis. Obviously, the most striking example is
the rather abrupt transition of LC coupled to mass spectrometric
detection (MS) from an experimental and scientifically fashionable
technique to a robust, sensitive and selective detection mode
rendering LC-MS being increasingly used in pesticide trace
analysis. Other recent major developments originate from the
innovation of new LC column packing materials, viz. immuno-affinity
sorbents, restricted access medium materials and molecular
imprinted polymers improving considerably the screening of polar
pesticides by means of reversed-phase LC with UV detection. In this
review the merits and perspectives of these important LC
developments and their impact to current and future applications in
pesticide trace analysis are presented and discussed.
© Thomson
1293. Recent development in poultry waste
digestion and feather utilization: A review.
Shih, J. C. H.
Poultry Science 72 (9): 1617-1620. (Sept. 1993)
NAL Call #:
47.8-Am33P;
ISSN: 0032-5791 [POSCAL]
Descriptors:
feathers/ anaerobic digesters/
poultry manure/ bacillus licheniformis/ proteinases/ feather meal/
digestibility/ feed additives/ literature reviews/
keratinase
Abstract: The intensive and large-scale production
of food animals and animal products has generated an enormous waste
disposal problem for the animal industry. These wastes, which
include animal excreta, mortalities, hair, feathers, and processing
wastes, are largely organic materials and are convertible to useful
resources. Making the conversion processes efficient and economical
presents a great challenge to modern biotechnology. An efficient
thermophilic anaerobic digester system has been developed that
converts animal manure to methane for an energy source, solid
residues for feed supplements, and liquid nutrients for
aquaculture. This digester system also destroys pathogens and thus
protects environmental health. During the development of this
system, a feather-degrading bacterium was discovered and identified
as a thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis, Strain PWD-1. The
bacterium can ferment and convert feathers to feather-lysate, a
digestible protein source for feed use. An enzyme, keratinase,
secreted by this bacterium was purified and characterized. This
keratinase is a potent protease that hydrolyzes all proteins
tested, including collagen, elastin, and feather keratin. When the
enzyme was mixed as an additive in feed, it significantly enhanced
the digestibility of feather meal in chickens. In addition to feed
technology, the bacterium and the enzyme are believed to have many
other industrial and environmental applications.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1294. Recent developments in broadly applicable
structure-biodegradability relationships.
Jaworska, J. S.; Boethling, R. S.;
and Howard, P. H.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 22 (8): 1710-1723.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1295. Recommendations of the Commission on 21st
Century Production Agriculture.
Young E and Effland A
Agricultural Outlook
(AO) 280: 20-23.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
aHD1751.A422
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1296. Recovery in complex ecosystems.
O'Neill, Robert V
Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem
Stress and Recovery 6 (3):
181-187. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.W3 J68;
ISSN: 1386-1980
Descriptors:
acid particulates/ pollutants/
toxins/ copper/ nickel/ acid damaged lakes/ aquatic ecosystems/
biological communities/ chemical recovery/ ecotoxicology/ emission
reductions/ habitat quality/ lake catchments/ lake water quality/
metal damaged lakes/ sediments/ weather related
variations
Abstract: Current ecosystem theory has a deceptively
simple representation of recovery. In actual practice, recovery is
affected by the frequency and extent of disturbances and by the
spatial heterogeneity of the ecological system. Environmental
changes may pass through thresholds causing recovery to a different
plant and animal community. The sheer complexity of the system
combined with unanticipated synergistic effects can make recovery
trajectories difficult or impossible to predict. New theoretical
constructs, based on stochastic nonlinear theory, will be needed to
guide research and applications.
© Thomson
1297. Recycled poultry bedding as cattle
feed.
Rankins, D. L. Jr.; Poore, M. H.;
Capucille, D. J.; and Rogers, G. M.
Veterinary Clinics of North
America, Food Animal Practice 18 (2): 253-266. (2002);
ISSN: 0749-0720
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1298. Reducing erosion and nutrient loss with
perennial grasses.
Hairsine, P. and Prosser,
I.
Australian Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation 10
(1): 8-14. (1997)
NAL Call #:
56.8 Au7;
ISSN: 1032-2426
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1299. Reducing nitrate in water resources with
modern farming systems: MSEA water quality.
Wiese, Richard A.; Flowerday, A.
Dale; and Power, J. F.
Ames: Iowa State University,
University Extension; 18 p.: col. ill., col. map. (2000)
Notes: On cover: MSEA water quality, Management Systems
Evaluation Areas. "December 1998." Sponsor: USDA Management Systems
Evaluation Areas (Project).
NAL Call #: S587.5.N5-W53-2000
Descriptors:
Nitrogen in agriculture---Middle
West/ Water quality management---Middle West/ Water Nitrogen
content---Middle West/ Agricultural systems---Middle
West
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1300. Reducing nitrogen flow to the Gulf of
Mexico: Strategies for agriculture.
Peters, M.; Ribaudo, M.; Claassen,
R.; and Heimlich, R.
Agricultural Outlook
(AO) 266: 20-24. (Nov.
1999)
NAL Call #:
aHD1751.A42;
ISSN: 0099-1066 [AGOUD7]
Descriptors:
pollution control/ United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1301. Reducing nutrient loads, especially
nitrate-nitrogen, to suface water, ground water, and the Gulf of
Mexico: Topic 5, Report for the integrated assessment on hypoxia in
the Gulf of Mexico.
Mitsch, W. J.; Day, J. W.; Gilliam,
J. W.; Groffman, P. M.; Hey, D. L.; Randall, G. W.; and Wang,
N.
NOAA Coastal Ocean Program,
1999.
Notes: 111 p. (application/pdf)
http://www.nos.noaa.gov/products/hypox_t5final.pdf
Descriptors:
pollution load/ nitrate nitrogen/
surface water/ groundwater/ Gulf of Mexico/ hypoxia/ nonpoint
source pollution/ agricultural runoff/ water pollution/ nitrate
fertilizers/ fertilizer application/ precipitation/ riparian
buffers/ pollution control
1302. Reducing phosphorus runoff and improving
poultry production with alum.
Moore, P. A. Jr.; Daniel, T. C.;
and Edwards, D. R.
Poultry Science 78 (5): 692-698. (May 1999)
NAL Call #:
47.8-Am33P;
ISSN: 0032-5791 [POSCAL]
Descriptors:
poultry manure/ phosphorus/ runoff
water/ solubility/ ammonia/ aluminum sulfate/ volatile compounds/
cost benefit analysis/ pH/ air quality/ broiler production/
slaughter weight/ production costs/ application to land
Abstract: This is a review paper on the effects of
aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia volatilization and P runoff from
poultry litter. Initially, laboratory studies were conducted that
showed P solubility could be reduced in poultry litter with Al, Ca,
and Fe amendments, indicating that these amendments may reduce P
runoff. These results were confirmed in small plot studies in which
alum applications to litter were shown to decrease P concentrations
in runoff by as much as 87%, while improving tall fescue yields.
Leaf tissue analyses indicated that the yield improvements were due
to increased N availability, which we hypothesized was due to
reduced NH(3) volatilization. This result was confirmed in
laboratory studies that showed that alum was one of the most
effective (and cost-effective) compounds for reducing NH(3)
volatilization. Field trials conducted at commercial broiler farms
in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency showed that
alum additions to poultry litter lowered litter pH, particularly
during the first 3 to 4 wk of each growout, which resulted in less
NH(3) volatilization and lower atmospheric NH(3). Ammonia
volatilization rates were reduced by 97% for the first 4 wk of the
growout. Broilers grown on alum-treated litter were heavier than
the controls (1.73 vs 1.66 kg) and had lower mortality (3.9 vs
4.2%) and better feed efficiency (1.98 vs 2.04). Electricity and
propane use were lower for alum-treated houses. As a result of
these economic benefits to the integrator and grower, the
benefit:cost ratio of alum addition was 1.96. Phosphorus
concentrations in runoff from small watersheds were 75% lower from
alum-treated litter than normal litter over a 3-yr period.
Long-term small plot studies on alum use have shown that
alum-treated litter results in lower soil test P levels than normal
litter and does not increase Al availability in soils or uptake by
plants.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1303. Reducing rumen methane emissions through
elimination of rumen protozoa.
Hegarty, R S
Australian Journal of
Agricultural Research 50 (8):
1321-1327. (1999)
NAL Call #:
23 Au783;
ISSN: 0004-9409
Descriptors:
hydrogen / methane: control,
emission/ methanogen (Methanogenic Archaeobacteria)/ protozoa
(Protozoa)/ ruminant (Artiodactyla): host/ Animals/
Archaeobacteria/ Artiodactyls/ Bacteria/ Chordates/ Invertebrates/
Mammals/ Microorganisms/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/
Protozoans/ Vertebrates/ defaunation/ protozoal elimination/
symbiosis
Abstract: Methanogens living on and within rumen
ciliate protozoa may be responsible for up to 37% of the rumen
methane emissions. In the absence of protozoa, rumen methane
emissions are reduced by an average of 13% but this varies with
diet. Decreased methane emissions from the protozoa-free rumen may
be a consequence of: (1) reduced ruminal dry matter digestion; (2)
a decreased methanogen population; (3) an altered pattern of
volatile fatty acid production and hydrogen availability; or (4)
increased partial pressure of oxygen in the rumen. The decline in
methanogenesis associated with removal of protozoa is greatest on
high concentrate diets and this is in keeping with protozoa being
relatively more important sources of hydrogen on starch diets,
because many starch-fermenting bacteria do not produce H2. Because
protozoa also decrease the supply of protein available to the host
animal, their elimination offers benefits in both decreasing
greenhouse gas emissions and potentially increasing livestock
production. Strategies for eliminating protozoa are reviewed. None
of the available techniques is considered practical for commercial
application and this should be addressed.
© Thomson
1304. Reducing tillage intensity: A review of
results from a long-term study in Germany.
Tebrugge, F. and During, R.
A.
Soil and Tillage
Research 53 (1): 15-28.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1305. Reference materials for the monitoring of
the aquatic environment: A review with special emphasis on organic
priority pollutants.
Bercaru, O.; Gawlik, B. M.;
Ulberth, F.; and Vandecasteele, C.
Journal of Environmental
Monitoring 5 (4): 697-705.
(2003);
ISSN: 1464-0325
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1306. Reforestation of bottomland hardwoods and
the issue of woody species diversity.
Allen, J. A.
Restoration Ecology
5 (2): 125-134. (June
1997)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.R45R515;
ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors:
trees/ reforestation/ species
diversity/ spatial distribution/ river basins/ Mississippi/
Reclamation/ Temperate forests/ United States
Abstract: Bottomland hardwood forests in the
southcentral United States have been cleared extensively for
agriculture, and many of the remaining forests are fragmented and
degraded. During the last decade, however, approximately 75,000 ha
of land - mainly agricultural fields - have been replanted or
contracted for replanting, with many more acres likely to be
reforested in the near future. The approach used in most
reforestation projects to date has been to plant one to three
overstory tree species, usually Quercus spp. (oaks), and to rely on
natural dispersal for the establishment of other woody species. I
critique this practice by two means. First, a brief literature
review demonstrates that moderately high woody species diversity
occurs in natural bottomland hardwood forests in the region. This
review, which relates diversity to site characteristics, serves as
a basis for comparison with stands established by means of current
reforestation practices. Second, I reevaluate data on the invasion
of woody species from an earlier study of 10 reforestation projects
in Mississippi, with the goal of assessing the likelihood that
stands with high woody species diversity will develop. I show that
natural invasion cannot always be counted on to produce a diverse
stand, particularly on sites more than about 60 m from an existing
forest edge. I then make several recommendations for altering
current reforestation practices in order to establish stands with
greater woody species diversity, a more natural appearance, and a
more positive environmental impact at scales larger than individual
sites.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1307. Regional and global hydrology and water
resources issues: The role of international and national
programs.
Sorooshian, Soroosh; Whitaker,
Martha P L; and Hogue, Terri S
Aquatic Sciences
64 (4): 317-327. (2002);
ISSN: 1015-1621
Descriptors:
Global Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment Program [GEWEX Program]/ climate change/ climate
variability/ hydrology: global, regional/ international programs/
national programs/ population growth/ precipitation measurements/
riparian areas/ satellite methods/ semiarid regions/ water cycles/
water policy/ water resources issues
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of water
resources issues in the context of world population growth, climate
change, and variability, and provides examples of how these issues
affect local and regional water policy concerns. Also discussed is
the associated research of the international scientific community
in regard to physically-based modeling of the hydrological cycle,
with special focus on the Global Energy and Water cycle EXperiment
(GEWEX) Programme. The critical role of precipitation measurements
for climate model accuracy is emphasized, with a review of several
satellite methods and strategies for improving precipitation
measurements. Finally, the impact of semiarid regions on global
hydrologic issues is underscored with a review of research
conducted by SAHRA, the National Science Foundation Science and
Technology Center dedicated to Sustainability of semi-Arid
Hydrology and Riparian Areas.
© Thomson
1308. Regional monitoring for disease prediction
and optimization of plant protection measures: The IPM wheat
model.
Verreet, J. A.; Klink, H.; and
Hoffmann, G. M.
Plant Disease 84 (8): 816-826. (2000)
NAL Call #:
1.9-P69P;
ISSN: 0191-2917 [PLDIDE]
Descriptors:
triticum aestivum/ plant diseases/
monitoring/ prediction/ integrated pest management/ intensive
production/ plant pathogens/ epidemiology/ developmental stages/
diagnosis/ plant disease control/ symptoms/ literature reviews/
Germany
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1309. Regional producer workshops: Constraints to
the adoption of integrated pest management.
Sorensen, A. Ann.; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency; and National Foundation for
Integrated Pest Management Education (U.S.).
Austin, Tex.: National Foundation
for IPM Management Education; 60 p. (1993)
Notes: "March-April, 1993." "Sponsored by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency"--P. 1. Partially funded by the
Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and
Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. CR820822;
Contents note: "California Fruit and Vegetable IPM Workshops were
held at: Monterey, California, March 4, 1993: Fresno, California,
March 5, 1993 -- Illinois/Iowa/Indiana Corn and Soybean IPM
Workshop: Bloomington, Illinois, March 16 1993 -- Pennsylvania
Apple IPM Workshop: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, April 1, 1993 --
Texas/Oklahoma Cotton IPM Workshop: Lubbock, Texas, April 7,
1993."
NAL Call #: SB950.A2S67--1993
Descriptors:
Pests---Integrated
control---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1310. Regulation of irrigation canals:
Characterisation and classification.
Malaterre, P. O.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 9 (4): 297-327. (Nov.
1995)
NAL Call #:
TC801.I66;
ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG]
Descriptors:
irrigation channels/ canals/ water
flow/ regulation/ hydrology/ hydraulics/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1311. Rehabilitation of aging watershed
projects.
Caldwell LW.
In: ASAE Annual International
Meeting. (Held 12 Jul
1998-16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers; 15 p.; 1998.
Notes: ASAE Paper no. 982017
NAL Call #: S671.3 .A54
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1312. Rehabilitation strategies involving woody
vegetation for degraded stream corridors: Research
opportunities.
Shields, F. D. and Bernard, J.
M.
In: ASAE Annual International
Meeting. (Held 12 Jul
1998-16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE); 14 p.; 1998.
Notes: ASAE Paper no. 982130
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1313. A reintroduction to integrated weed
management.
Elmore, C. L.
Weed Science 44 (2): 409-412. (Apr. 1996-June
1996)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745 [WEESA6].
Notes: Special section: Successes of integrated weed
management--a symposium. Includes references.
Descriptors:
weed control/ integrated pest
management/ cropping systems/ crop management/ literature reviews/
integrated control
Abstract: Integrated Weed Management (IWM), a long
time practice by farmers has become more commonly discussed as a
total weed management system. Whether an off shoot of Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) or a further recognition of integrating weed
control measures within the cropping and farming system, it has
become more widespread. IWM is being practiced using many of the
same components, from croplands to forests and rangeland. A weed
management hierarchy has been developed by degree of diversity of
management practices. IWM researchers and educators should invite
other pest management specialists to join us in striving for
Integrated Crop Management systems.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1314. Relating Nitrogen Sources and Aquifer
Susceptibility to Nitrate in Shallow Ground Waters of the United
States.
Nolan, B. T.
Ground Water 39 (2): 290-299. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TD403.G7;
ISSN: 0017-467X
Descriptors:
USA/ Groundwater Pollution/
Nitrates/ Aquifer Characteristics/ Regression Analysis/
Multivariate Analysis/ Model Studies/ Model Testing/ Prediction/
Land Use/ Pollution Load/ Pollution (Groundwater)/ Nitrate/
Modelling (Multivariate)/ Loading/ Aquifers/ Water analysis/
Contamination/ Nitrogen/ Fertilizers/ Statistical analysis/
Geology/ United States/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Water
Quality/ Freshwater pollution/ Characteristics, behavior and
fate
Abstract: Characteristics of nitrogen loading and
aquifer susceptibility to contamination were evaluated to determine
their influence on contamination of shallow ground water by
nitrate. A set of 13 explanatory variables was derived from these
characteristics, and variables that have a significant influence
were identified using logistic regression (LR). Multivariate LR
models based on more than 900 sampled wells predicted the
probability of exceeding 4 mg/L of nitrate in ground water. The
final LR model consists of the following variables: (1) nitrogen
fertilizer loading (p-value = 0.012); (2) percent cropland-pasture
(p < 0.001); (3) natural log of population density (p <
0.001); (4) percent well-drained soils (p = 0.002); (5) depth to
the seasonally high water table (p = 0.001); and (6) presence or
absence of a fracture zone within an aquifer (p = 0.002). Variables
1-3 were compiled within circular, 500 m radius areas surrounding
sampled wells, and variables 4-6 were compiled within larger areas
representing targeted land use and aquifers of interest. Fitting
criteria indicate that the full logistic-regression model is highly
significant (p < 0.001), compared with an intercept-only model
that contains none of the explanatory variables. A goodness-of-fit
test indicates that the model fits the data well, and observed and
predicted probabilities of exceeding 4 mg/L nitrate in ground water
are strongly correlated (r super(2) = 0.971). Based on the
multivariate LR model, vulnerability of ground water to
contamination by nitrate depends not on any single factor but on
the combined, simultaneous influence of factors representing
nitrogen loading sources and aquifer susceptibility
characteristics.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1315. The relation between particle path length
distributions and channel morphology in gravel-bed streams: A
synthesis.
Pyrce, R. S. and Ashmore, P.
E.
Geomorphology 56 (1-2): 167-187.
(2003);
ISSN: 0169-555X
Descriptors:
Earth Sciences/ bed load transport/
channel morphology/ path length/ field experiment/ sediment
tracers/ sediment transport/ British Columbia/ river/ distance/
clasts/ travel/ movement
Abstract: The path length (downstream displacement
over a given time period) of individual bed particles in gravel-bed
rivers is central to morphological methods for measuring bed load
transport rate and is also fundamental to understanding the bed
load transport process and the development of channel morphology.
Previous studies of particle movement using tracers report
predominantly strongly positively skewed frequency distributions of
path length with modes close to the point of entrainment. However,
gravel-bed rivers often have regularly spaced erosion (scour pools)
and deposition (channel bars) sites that are several channel widths
apart and it is reasonable to expect that particle path length
would reflect this morphological scale, at least during flows large
enough to create and modify the morphology. Here, we synthesize and
re-analyze results from published bed load tracing experiments in
gravel-bed rivers to identify the variety of possible path length
distributions for differing channel morphology, channel dimensions,
bed particle size, and particle mobility (i.e. flow magnitude) and
to look for occurrences of path length coinciding with the length
scale of the morphology. The results show that path length
distributions may be positively skewed, symmetrical, and uni-, bi-,
or multi-modal and may include modes that coincide with known or
expected pool-bar spacing. Primary path length modes equivalent to
possible pool-bar spacing are more probable at higher
non-dimensional bed shear stress, from which it is inferred that
both particle mobility and channel morphology exert an influence on
particle path lengths and that particle movement is unlikely to be
stochastic except at relatively low particle mobility. Existing
data are inadequate for more than a preliminary analysis of this
problem consequently there is a need for new data collected
explicitly and systematically to confirm these preliminary results,
isolate the effect of the several variables that influence the
characteristics of path length frequency distributions and identify
the conditions under which path length coincides with the length
scale of the dominant morphology. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V.
All rights reserved.
© Thomson ISI
1316. The relationship between contracting and
livestock waste pollution.
Vukina, T.; Lichtenberg, E.; and
Yoder, J.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
1317. The relationship between forest management
and amphibian ecology: A review of the North American
literature.
DeMaynadier, P. G. and Hunter, M.
L. Jr.
Environmental Review
3 (3/4): 230-261. (1995)
NAL Call #:
GE140.E59;
ISSN: 1181-8700
Descriptors:
amphibia/ species diversity/
geographical distribution/ microhabitats/ forests/ clearcutting/
age/ natural regeneration/ forest plantations/ prescribed burning/
roads/ riparian forests/ forest management/ plant succession/
nature conservation/ literature reviews/ North America/ species
abundance/ biodiversity/
logging roads
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1318. Relationship of soil organic matter
dynamics to physical protection and tillage.
Balesdent, J.; Chenu, C.; and
Balabane, M.
Soil and Tillage
Research 53 (3/4): 215-230.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1319. The Relative Impacts of Nest Predation and
Brood Parasitism on Seasonal Fecundity in Songbirds.
Schmidt, K. A. and Whelan, C.
J.
Conservation Biology
13 (1): 46-57. (Feb.
1999)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5;
ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors:
Fecundity/ brood parasitism/ Habitat
fragmentation/ Nesting behavior/ Passeriformes/ Perching birds/
Birds
Abstract: The impacts of nest predation and brood
parasitism on the seasonal fecundity of birds are strongly
dependent on the number of nesting attempts, and thus seasonal
fecundity is responsive to behavioral traits that increase the
number of opportunities to nest. We developed simple models to
investigate the relative impacts of nest predation and brood
parasitism on seasonal fecundity in songbirds. In particular, we
asked to what extent songbirds can ameliorate the negative effects
of high nest predation and brood parasitism often typical of
fragmented, urbanized, and agricultural landscapes through (1)
renesting following predation, (2) abandoning and renesting
following parasitism, and (3) double brooding--renesting following
a successful brood. Our model assigned probabilities to all
possible fates of breeding females and calculated seasonal
fecundity by summing up the individual probabilities. We analyzed
the model through the use of fecundity isopleths, which allow one
to visually determine the impact of predation and parasitism
simultaneously over the entire range of probabilities. Our analysis
indicates that (1) nest predation has a greater impact on seasonal
fecundity over a larger range of parameter space than does
parasitism, especially when brood loss due to parasitism is low;
(2) songbird populations experiencing nest predation probabilities
typical of fragmented landscapes (>0.65) are unlikely to be
self-sustaining; and (3) amelioration of nest predation through
frequent renesting or double brooding may be insufficient to
establish self-sustaining populations. These results suggest that
predator control should be at least as high a priority as
parasitism control, particularly for species that suffer moderate
to low brood reduction due to parasitism and that are
single-brooded. Programs aimed solely at managing cowbirds likely
will be of limited success.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1320. Relative nutrient requirements of plants
suitable for riparian vegetated buffer strips.
Ducnuigeen, Jan.; Williard, Karl.;
Steiner, Roland C.; Virginia. Dept. of Environmental Quality; and
Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin.
Rockville, Md. Interstate
Commission on the Potomac River Basin; Series: ICPRB report 97-4;
16 leaves. (1997)
Notes: "September 1997." Includes bibliographical
references (leaves 10-15). For Virginia Department of Environmental
Quality with funding under Section 604(b) of the Clean Water
Act.
NAL Call #: QK115-.D93-1997
Descriptors:
Riparian plants---United
States---Nutrition/ Buffer zones---Ecosystem management---United
States/ Streambank planting---United States/ Grassed
waterways---United States/ Nutrient pollution of water---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1321. Relevance of integrated disease management
to resistance durability.
Mundt, C. C.; Cowger, C.; and
Garrett, K. A.
Euphytica 124 (2): 245-252. (2002)
NAL Call #:
450-Eu6;
ISSN: 0014-2336 [EUPHAA].
Notes: Special issue: Durable resistance / edited by F.
Gover, R.E. Niks, and H. van der Beek. Paper presented at a
symposium held November 28-December 1, 2000, Wageningen, The
Netherlands. Includes references.
Descriptors:
plants/ disease resistance/
durability/ genetic resistance/ disease control/ integrated pest
management/ epidemiology/ evolution/ plant pathogens/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1322. Relevance of soil testing to agriculture
and the environment.
Kamprath, E. J. Council for
Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST); Issue Paper No. 15,
2000. 12 p.
Descriptors:
soil analysis/ fertilizer
application/ nutrient management/ soil nutrients
1323. Remediating river margin vegetation along
fragmented and regulated rivers in the north: What is
possible?
Nilsson, C.
Regulated Rivers
12 (4/5): 415-431. (1996)
NAL Call #:
TC530.R43;
ISSN: 0886-9375
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1324. Remediation of herbicide-contaminated soil
by combinations of landfarming and biostimulation.
Felsot, A. S.; Mitchell, J. K.; and
Dzantor, E. K.
Bioremediation Science and
Applications 43: 237-257.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
S590.S62-no.43
Descriptors:
polluted soils/ contamination/
alachlor/ pesticide residues/ fuels/ petroleum/ sludges/ waste
disposal/ application to land/ bioremediation/ nutrients/
supplements/ organic matter/ reviews/ soil pollution/ pollution
control/ land spreading
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1325. Remediation techniques for manure nutrient
loaded soils.
Zhang, H; Dao, T. H.; Basta, N. T.;
Dayton, E. A.; and Daniel, T. C.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
1326. Remote sensing for crop
management.
Pinter, P. J. Jr.; Hatfield, J. L.;
Schepers, J. S.; Barnes, E. M.; Moran, M. S.; Daughtry, C. S. T.;
and Upchurch, D. R.
PE and RS: Photogrammetric
Engineering and Remote Sensing 69 (6): 647-664. (2003)
NAL Call #:
325.28 P56;
ISSN: 0099-1112
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1327. Remote sensing for nitrogen
management.
Scharf, P. C.; Schmidt, J. P.;
Kitchen, N. R.; Sudduth, K. A.; Hong, S. Y.; Lory, J. A.; and
Davis, J. G.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (6): 518-524.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the
United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and
Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America
held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte,
North Carolina. Includes references.
Descriptors:
nitrogen/ soil fertility/ remote
sensing/ reflectance/ soil organic matter/ soil water/ nitrogen
fertilizers/ fertilizer requirement determination/ site specific
crop management/ crops/ color/ nitrogen content
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1328. Remote sensing of soil salinity: Potentials
and constraints.
Metternicht, G. I. and Zinck, J.
A.
Remote Sensing of
Environment 85 (1): 1-20.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
Q184.R4;
ISSN: 0034-4257
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1329. The report of the EPA/State Feedlot
Workgroup.
United States. EPA/State Feedlot
Workgroup.
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Enforcement
and Compliance; vii, v, 156 p.: ill., maps. (1993)
Notes: Cover title. "September 1993." "PB95-201752."
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD223.U524--1993
Descriptors:
Water---Pollution---United States/
Groundwater---Pollution---United States/ Feedlot runoff---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1330. Report of the Technical Advisory Committee
for plant nutrient management.
California. State Water Resources
Control Board.
Sacramento, Calif.: State Water
Resources Control Board; 19, 16 p. (1994)
Notes: Cover title. "November 1994." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD428.A37R46--1994
Descriptors:
Plant nutrients---Environmental
aspects---California/ Crops and water---Environmental
aspects---California/ Agricultural pollution California/ Nonpoint
source pollution California/ Water quality management
California
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1331. Research advance in forest restoration on
the burned blanks.
Kong FanHua; Li XiuZhen; Zhao
ShanLun; and Yin HaiWei
Journal of Forestry
Research 14 (2): 180-184.
(2003);
ISSN: 1007-662X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1332. Research needs for conserving California's
rare plants.
Skinner, M. W.; Tibor, D. P.;
Bittman, R. L.; Ertter, B.; Ross, T. S.; Boyd, S.; Sanders, A. C.;
Shevock, J. R.; and Taylor, D. W.
Madrono 42 (2): 211-241. (Apr. 1995-June
1995)
NAL Call #:
450-M26;
ISSN: 0024-9637 [MADRAU].
Notes: In the Special Issue: The Future of California
floristics and systematics: research, education, conservation.
Proceedings of a symposium held June 3-5, 1994, Berkeley,
California. Includes references.
Descriptors:
wild plants/ species/ endangered
species/ nature conservation/ research/ information needs/
California/ rare species/ endemic species
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1333. Research needs for forest and rangeland
management in Arizona and New Mexico.
Evans, Keith E. and Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station
Fort Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station; iii, 27 p.: ill.; Series: General technical
report RM 291. (1997)
Notes: Cover title. Author statement from p. [i].
Shipping list no.: 97-0831-M. "March 1997"--P. [2] of cover.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 19). SUDOCS: A
13.88:RM-GTR-291.
NAL Call #: Fiche-S-133-A-13.88:RM-GTR-291-
Descriptors:
Forest
management---Research---Arizona/ Forest management---Research---New
Mexico/ Range management---Research---Arizona/ Range
management---Research---New Mexico
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1334. Research Needs for Water Quality Management
in the 21st Century: A Spatial Decision Support System.
Lovejoy, S. B.; Lee, J. G.;
Randhir, T. O.; and Engel, B. A.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 52 (1): 18-22.
(Feb. 1997)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
watershed management/ water quality
management/ decision making/ computers/ information systems/
research priorities/ future planning/ water management/ computer
applications/ decision support systems/ water use/ resource
management/ Internet/ Techniques of planning/ Freshwater
pollution
Abstract: How can we better manage watersheds so
that they can produce the products and services we desire? Most
individuals want a product /service mix that includes production of
food and fiber, housing, urban services, industrial sites, wildlife
habitat, water quality, etc. Many individuals, communities and
states are struggling with how to manage the resources within the
watershed to achieve an acceptable mix of products and services
(e.g. making the right trade-offs). Making these decisions requires
greater thought about what types of data and information are needed
in making informed choices. In addition, the data, information and
knowledge needs to be easily accessible and usable by the decision
makers and not constrained to one type of operating system or
particular brand of hardware or software. One viable option is to
make this data, information and decision aids accessible via the
Internet where the data and decision aids reside on a central
server and users can interact with them for analysis. This paper
details our ideas concerning the research needs (information and
knowledge) as well as the decision making supports necessary for
individuals and communities to make better choices regarding the
trade-offs among potential goods, services and levels of
environmental amenities.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1335. Research on Society & Natural
Resources: A content analysis of the first decade.
Culhane, P. J.
Society and Natural
Resources 14 (5): 365-384.
(May 2001-June 2001)
NAL Call #:
HC10.S63;
ISSN: 0894-1920 [SNREEI]
Descriptors:
natural resources/ journals/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1336. Research opportunities to improve
nutrient-use efficiency in rice cropping systems.
Lafitte, H. R.
Field Crops Research
56 (1/2): 223-236. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SB183.F5;
ISSN: 0378-4290 [FCREDZ].
Notes: In the special issue: Nutrient use efficiency in
rice cropping systems / edited by K.G. Cassman and H.R. Lafitte.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
oryza sativa/ cropping systems/
nutrients/ use efficiency/ agricultural research/ nutrient
availability/ irrigation/ soil fertility / crop yield/ crop
management/ water/ cultivars/ intensive cropping/ genetic
improvement/ simulation models/ plant breeding/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1337. Reservoir System Management and
Environmental Flows.
Mcmahon, T. A. and Finlayson, B.
L.
Lakes and Reservoirs:
Research and Management 1
(1): 65-76. (1995);
ISSN: 1320-5331
Descriptors:
reservoir operation/ ecological
effects/ alteration of flow/ water management/ river regulations/
dams/ beneficial use/ reservoirs/ reviews/ management/ Australia/
reservoirs (water)/ environmental impact/ environmental protection/
ecosystem management/ Control of water on the surface/ Management/
Environmental action/ Mechanical and natural changes
Abstract: Considerable attention has been paid to
the downstream effects of reservoirs on the ecology of rivers,
streams and wetlands. However, most reservoirs were constructed
well before ecological concerns became prominent. Little attention
has been given to the question of what extent existing structures
and management systems can accommodate changes. The paper discusses
this matter and a range of associated issues. It is concluded that
many problems can be rectified by structural means but that such
rectification will be very expensive. While based primarily on
Australian systems, the conclusions and examination are considered
to be globally applicable.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1338. Residue management, conservation tillage
and soil restoration for mitigating greenhouse effect by
CO2-enrichment.
Lal, R.
Soil and Tillage
Research 43 (1/2): 81-107.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1339. Residue management impact on the
environment.
Sims, G. K.; Buhler, D. D.; and
Turco, R. F.
In: Managing agricultural residues/
Unger, P. W.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers,
1994; pp. 77-98.
ISBN: 0-87371-730-9
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1340. Resilience and restoration of
lakes.
Carpenter, Stephen R and
Cottingham, Kathryn L
Conservation Ecology
1 (1)(1997)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C67.
Notes: No page numbers; Online version cited: April 25,
2004; Table of contents available: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol1/iss1/index.html
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ agricultural runoff/
conservation/ ecological economics/ eutrophication/ food web
structures/ humic production/ lake restoration/ nutrient retention/
phosphorus/ riparian forests/ urban runoff/ water quality/
watershed resilience/ wetlands
Abstract: Lake water quality and ecosystem services
are normally maintained by several feedbacks. Among these are
nutrient retention and humic production by wetlands, nutrient
retention and woody habitat production by riparian forests, food
web structures that channel phosphorus to consumers rather than
phytoplankton, and biogeochemical mechanisms that inhibit
phosphorus recycling from sediments. In degraded lakes, these
resilience mechanisms are replaced by new ones that connect lakes
to larger, regional economic and social systems. New controls that
maintain degraded lakes include runoff from agricultural and urban
areas, absence of wetlands and riparian forests, and changes in
lake food webs and biogeochemistry that channel phosphorus to
blooms of nuisance algae. Economic analyses show that degraded
lakes are significantly less valuable than normal lakes. Because of
this difference in value, the economic benefits of restoring lakes
could be used to create incentives for lake restoration.
© Thomson
1341. Resistance: A threat to the insecticidal
crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis.
Bauer, L. S.
Florida Entomologist
78 (3): 414-443. (Sept.
1995)
NAL Call #:
420-F662;
ISSN: 0015-4040 [FETMAC].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium "The Myths of
Managing Resistance," 1994 Annual meeting of the Florida
Entomological Society, August 8-11, 1994, Stuart, Florida. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
bacillus thuringiensis/ biological
control agents/ endotoxins/ genetic resistance/ insecticide
resistance/ transgenic plants/ cross resistance/ mode of action/
resistance mechanisms/ integrated pest management/ literature
reviews/ resistance management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1342. Resistance as a concomitant of modern crop
protection.
Urech, P. A.; Staub, T.; and Voss,
G.
Pesticide Science
51 (3): 227-234. (1997)
NAL Call #:
SB951.P47;
ISSN: 0031-613X
Descriptors:
pesticide resistance/ agricultural
practices/ chemical control/ Insecta/ Fungi/ Acari/ Agricultural
& general applied entomology
Abstract: This paper reviews the impact of
resistance to fungicides and insecticides/acaricides on the way
crop protection is practised. It is now clear that resistance can
develop to virtually any crop-protection product, in any pest,
fungal pathogen or even weed. As a limiting factor in crop
protection, it is a fact of life. A positive side-effect is the
precision with which products are used today, with increasing
implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes. This
is a vital step towards sustainability. This paper describes: past
experiences; current status of resistance; how resistance
management influences current crop protection practices; regulatory
aspects; and the outlook for the future. It concludes that EU
regulations on resistance management must be simple and workable.
Chemicals will continue to have a central role in optimising yields
from the world's crops, as new tools, including biotechnology,
become available for crop protection and resistance management. The
crop-protection industry's innovations and product stewardship
programmes will contribute to sustainable agriculture. This will
provide continued benefits to users, the environment and
society.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1343. Response of a Zooplankton Community to
Insecticide Application in Experimental Ponds: A Review and the
Implications of the Effects of Chemicals on the Structure and
Functioning of Freshwater Communities.
Hanazato, T.
Environmental
Pollution 101 (2): 361-373.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Zooplankton/ Food chains/
Insecticides/ Ponds/ Freshwater pollution/ Chemical pollutants/
Pollution effects/ Toxicity tolerance/ Freshwater crustaceans/
Population dynamics/ Body size/ Chemical pollution/ Community
structure/ Daphnia/ Water Pollution/ Pesticides/ Pesticide
applications/ Daphnia/ Japan/ Experimental research/ Environmental
impact/ Effects on organisms/ Freshwater pollution/ Effects of
pollution/ Pollution effects
Abstract: A review is presented of experimental
studies in outdoor experimental ponds to investigate the effects of
various insecticide exposures on natural zooplankton communities.
Large zooplankton species, which generally are superior to small
zooplankton species in competition, are also more sensitive to
insecticides. Relatively low insecticide concentrations, which
damage only large taxa (Daphnia), may affect the population
dynamics of other zooplankton indirectly through altered
competitive relationships. The effects of insecticide on the
zooplankton community are also influenced by factors such as
temperature, chemical properties (e.g. degradation rate),
population trends among the organisms, community structure
(presence or absence of predators), and timing of the chemical
application. These factors modify interrelationships between
organisms and, therefore, control the recovery process of the
zooplankton community following insecticide impacts. Results to
date suggest that insecticide stress decreases the average size of
the organisms, reduces energy transfer efficiency, elongates the
food chain and sometimes increases species richness.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1344. Response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
to nitrogen and farmyard manure: A review.
Ramanjit Kaur; Nathu Singh; Kler
DS; Kaur R; and Singh N
Environment and
Ecology 19 (1): 87-105;
104 ref. (2001)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1345. Response of soil and irrigated fruit trees
to fertigation or broadcast application of nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium.
Neilsen, G. H.; Neilsen, D.; and
Peryea, F.
HortTechnology 9 (3): 393-401. (July 1999-Sept.
1999)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68;
ISSN: 1063-0198.
Notes: Paper presented at the American Society for
Horticultural Science. Workshop on Conservation tillage for
vegetables held July 11-16, 1998, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
fruit trees/ irrigation/
fertigation/ broadcasting/ nitrogen fertilizers/ phosphorus
fertilizers/ potassium fertilizers/ roots/ spatial distribution/
acidification/ soil solution/ monitoring/ foliar application/
microirrigation/ malus pumila/ crop yield/ leaves/ nutrient
content/ fruits/ literature reviews/ high
density planting
Abstract: Traditionally, broadcast or foliar
fertilizer applications have been used to improve or sustain the
nutrition of many irrigated, deciduous fruit tree orchards in
western North America. Recent developments, including adoption of
low-pressure microirrigation systems and planting at higher
densities [especially for apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)], have
increased interest in controlled application of fertilizers
directly with irrigation (fertigation). Recent fertigation research
in western North America is reviewed, emphasizing results from
high-density apple orchards. Fertigation and traditional broadcast
application methods are examined with respect to mobility of N, P,
and K in the soil and response of fruit trees to application of
these nutrients.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1346. Restoration Experiments in Middle European
Wet Terrestrial Ecosystems: An Overview.
Pfadenhauer, J. and Kloetzli,
F.
Vegetatio 126 (1-4): 101-115. (Sept.
1996);
ISSN: 0042-3106.
Notes: Conference: 6. International Congress of
Ecology, Manchester (UK), Aug 1994
Descriptors:
peat/ wetlands/ agriculture/ man
induced effects/ ecosystem management/ nature conservation/
restoration/ environmental/ Europe/ environmental effects/
drainage/ flooding/ Europe/ fens/ water retention/ Habitat
community studies/ Protective measures and control/ Reclamation/
Effects on water of human nonwater activities
Abstract: Most wetlands in the central European
lowlands have been severely altered by cultivation. As a
consequence they no longer fulfil their function as habitats for
specialised species and communities, nor as retention areas for
water and solid materials. Therefore, a number of renaturation
experiments are in progress, which intend to develop and test
strategies and measures to improve this defect in landscape
diversity. For this purpose experiments on re-wetting, nutrient
depletion of eutrophicated areas and re-establishment of typical
wetland plant species and phytocoenoses have been performed. An
ecological development concept defining the aims and describing
their feasibility precedes such experiments. Preliminary results
indicate that the reconstruction of the former state (regeneration)
is impossible within reasonable time spans. In drained raised bogs
overgrown with heather, as well as in those which have been
industrially exploited, the primary aim must always be to restore
efficient peat formation as far as possible; as a rule one succeeds
only with well-growing and nutrient-demanding fen and transitional
bog species. In cultivated fens the aim is to reduce peat loss. As
a first step this is accomplished by converting arable fields and
sown meadows into permanent grassland, if possible with reduced
fertilization and low mowing or grazing frequencies, and
accompanied by rewetting during winter. Many experiments have
sought to impoverish eutrophicated fen soils and introduce typical
fen species by sowing or planting, so well tested techniques are
available. However, the total prevention of peat loss is only
possible by permanent rewetting throughout the year, so that peat
accumulation can start again. Only in this way could fens regain
their former function as sinks in landscape processes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1347. Restoration of aquatic macrophyte
vegetation in acidified and eutrophicated shallow soft water
wetlands in the Netherlands.
Roelofs, J G M; Brouwer, E; and
Bobbink, R
Hydrobiologia 478:
171-180 (2002)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors:
carbon/ carbon dioxide/ aquatic
macrophyte (Plantae)/ Plants/ alkalinization/ anthropogenic
processes/ atmospheric deposition/ catchment acidification/
colonization rates/ conservation strategies/ drainage/
environmental degradation/ eutrophication/ geographic distribution/
hydrology/ lake types/ nutrient inputs/ soft water wetlands/
vegetation restoration
Abstract: Soft water lakes possess a highly
characteristic vegetation adapted to limitation of carbon. Based
upon hydrology, vegetation and geographic distribution, boreal and
Atlantic lake types can be distinguished. Reducing the input of
nutrients or liming, or both, the stream or its catchment is
generally sufficient to restore typical soft water vegetation of
boreal soft water lakes. The vegetation of Atlantic soft water
lakes is subject to many anthropogenic degradation processes.
Therefore, spontaneous recovery in the near future is not expected
and restoration is urgently required. Removal of nutrient-rich,
anoxic, organic sediments is a prerequisite for restoration of
these lakes. In acidified or acid-sensitive lakes, additional
measures against acidification are required. Controlled supply of
calcareous, nutrient-poor water is much better than direct liming.
The effects of these restoration measures strongly depend on the
detrimental effects of processes such as atmospheric deposition,
drainage, catchment acidification, eutrophication and reduced
colonisation rates.
© Thomson
1348. Restoration of brook valley meadows in the
Netherlands.
Grootjans, A P; Bakker, J P;
Jansen, A J M; and Kemmers, R H
Hydrobiologia 478:
149-170 (2002)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors:
organism (Organisms): Red List
species, protected species/ agricultural fields/ atmospheric
deposition/ brook valley meadows/ drainage/ groundwater discharge/
hydrological systems/ restoration management/ seed banks/ seed
dispersal mechanisms/ soil properties: chemical, physical/ topsoil
removal/ wetlands conservation
Abstract: Until recently, restoration measures in
Dutch brook valley meadows consisted of re-introducing traditional
management techniques, such as mowing without fertilisation and
low-intensity grazing. In the Netherlands, additional measures,
such as rewetting and sod cutting, are now carried out on a large
scale to combat negative influences of drainage and acidifying
influences by atmospheric deposition. An analysis of successful and
unsuccessful projects shows that restoration of brook valley
meadows is most successful if traditional management techniques are
applied in recently abandoned fields that had not been drained or
fertilised. Large-scale topsoil removal in former agricultural
fields that had been used intensively for several decades is often
unsuccessful since seed banks are depleted, while hydrological
conditions and seed dispersal mechanisms are sub-optimal. In areas
with an organic topsoil, long-term drainage had often led to
irreversible changes in chemical and physical properties of the
soil. Successful sites were all characterised by a regular
discharge of calcareous groundwater provided by local or regional
hydrological systems, and, where not very long ago, populations of
target species existed. On mineral soils, in particular, sod
removal in established nature reserves was a successful measure to
increase the number of endangered fen meadow species. It is argued
that attempts to restore species-rich meadows should be avoided on
former agricultural fields, where pedological processes have led to
almost irreversible changes in the soil profile and where soil seed
banks have been completely depleted. From a soil conservation point
of view, such areas should be exploited as eutrophic wetlands that
are regularly flooded.
© Thomson
1349. Restoration of degraded lands in the
interior Columbia River basin: Passive vs. active
approaches.
McIver, J. and Starr, L.
Forest Ecology and
Management 153 (1/3): 15-28.
(Nov. 2001)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127 [FECMDW].
Notes: Special issue: The science basis for ecosystem
management in the interior Columbia River basin / edited by R.
Haynes, T. Quigley, T. Spies, and J. Clifford. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
degraded forests/ afforestation/
reclamation/ riparian vegetation/ steppes/ altitude/ plant
communities/ weeding/ prescribed burning/ thinning/ fuel
appraisals/ stand structure/ botanical composition/ literature
reviews/ Washington/ Oregon/ idaho/ Nevada/ Wyoming/ Montana/
Utah
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1350. Restoration of floodplain forests in
Britain.
Peterken, G. F. and Hughes, F. M.
R.
Forestry 68 (3): 187-202. (1995)
NAL Call #:
99.8-F767;
ISSN: 0015-752X [FRSTAH]
Descriptors:
floodplains/ bottomland forests/
riparian forests/ forestry development/ forest management/ river
regulation/ land use planning/ forest policy/ forest influences/
forest resources/ literature reviews/ UK
Abstract: Floodplain forests have almost completely
disappeared from Britain. Throughout the temperate regions of
Europe and North America they have been greatly reduced and many of
the remainder are threatened. River control has altered the natural
flooding and disturbance regime. However, changes in agricultural
requirements and attitudes to river management and the need to
water quality have created an opportunity for restoring some more
natural river dynamics habitats. This paper presents a case for
including managed and natural floodplain forests in river and
floodplain restoration projects. Benefits would accrue for timber
production, reduction of agricultural surpluses, nature
conservation, fishing, water quality, river control and landscape
quality. Limited practical experience of floodplain forest
restoration in North America and continental Europe suggests that
practical problems can be overcome.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1351. Restoration of riparian vegetation in the
south-western United States: Importance of flow regimes and fluvial
dynamism.
Stromberg, J. C.
Journal of Arid
Environments 49 (1): 17-34.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.D4J6;
ISSN: 0140-1963
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
1352. Restoration of sustainability of physically
degraded fish habitats: The Model of Intermediate
Restoration.
Zalewski, Maciej and Welcomme,
Robin
Ecohydrology and
Hydrobiology 1 (3): 279-282.
(2001);
ISSN: 1642-3593
Descriptors:
fish (Pisces)/ Animals/ Chordates/
Fish/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ abiotic factors/
biodiversity/ biogeochemical cycles/ ecohydrology/ ecological
restoration: intermediate/ ecosystem productivity/ eutrophication/
forestation/ freshwater ecosystems/ habitat degradation/ habitat
quality/ human impact/ impoverishment/ nutrient cycling/ nutrient
pools: control, regulation/ physical modification/
phytotechnologies/ plant cover/ riparian ecotones/ river basins/
stock rehabilitation/ wilderness
Abstract: Freshwater ecosystems are situated in
depressions in the landscape. As a result they accumulate the
impacts of human activities. The quality of fish habitat depends to
a great extent on the density of the human population and its
activities within the basin. Anthropogenic impacts on fish habitats
can be defined both technologically and ecologically. Emission of
pollutants can be controlled by technology. Modification of
hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, that have negative
consequences for the biota, can only be reduced by an integrated
approach. The Restoration Ecohydrology Concept serves as an
integrating mechanism for the restoration of physically modified
freshwater habitats. There are two main approaches to restoration
and mitigation: Firstly actions at the catchment level connected
with integrated management of abiotic factors including, landscape
planning, catchment management, forestation, phytotechnologies and
hydrology by impoundment. Secondly actions at the level of the
aquatic ecosystem itself, particularly those linked to fisheries
management, including restoration of the diversity and connectivity
of habitats by rehabilitation of the river channel and floodplains,
and rehabilitation of the fish stock itself by stocking and
introductions. These measures have to be oriented toward the
control and regulation of the dynamic pool of nutrients,
maintaining a fine line between eutrophication and impoverishment,
to manipulate the productivity and diversity of the biota,
especially the fish assemblages, for the goals of society. The
definition of societal goals is fundamental in determining policies
for the restoration of physically modified fish habitat in the
broad sense of modification of biogeochemical cycles. The papers
presented at the EIFAC Workshop "Ecohydrology as a tool for
restoration of physically degraded habitats" conclude that the
highest biodiversity and productivity of fish assemblages appears
at an intermediate level of human disturbances, which, in the case
of the biogeochemical cycle, has usually been connected with
limited degradation of catchment cover. The increase of fish
biomass and diversity under these conditions apparently results
firstly from nutrient enrichment and improved energy influxes to
the stream arising from the more rapid cycling of nutrients of
terrestrial origin cycling, and secondly from the intermediate
complexity of the riparian ecotones. The maximum of biomass might
appear under different conditions than those that favour maximum
biodiversity due to this ecosystem enrichment and amplified access
to energy. The data presented at the symposium lead to three
conclusions: 1. Restoration of river systems to pristine conditions
is not realistic but is also not necessary. (In Europe the
separation in time between present conditions and the wilderness
state is much greater than in other areas of the world such as the
USA or Australia) 2. The target of restoration of physically
degraded habitats should lie somewhere in the range between maximum
biodiversity and maximum productivity of fish communities. 3. If
the connectivity of the river system is maintained, the "patchy"
restoration of physically degraded fish habitats at the river basin
scale might be sufficient (See Cowx, Welcomme 1998 for a definition
of the bead concept as applied to floodplain restoration). Further
investigations are needed to develop standards for fish habitat
restorations in different the geographic regions as determined by
the geology, hydrology and degree of human modification of the
plant cover. Research is also needed to define the societal goals
that will determine the type of restoration undertaken.
© Thomson
1353. Restoration of temperate
wetlands.
Wheeler, Bryan D.
Chichester; New York: Wiley; xiv,
562 p.: ill. (1995)
Notes: Papers from a symposium held at the University
of Sheffield, England in Sept. 1993. Includes bibliographical
references and index.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3R47--1995; ISBN: 0471951056
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology---Congresses/
Restoration ecology---Congresses/ Wetland
conservation---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1354. Restoring prairie wetlands: An ecological
approach.
Galatowitsch, Susan M.; Valk,
Arnoud van der; and Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl
Research.
Ames: Iowa State University Press;
x, 246 p.: ill. (1994)
Notes: 1st ed.; "A special publication of Ducks
Unlimited's Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research." Includes
bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #: QH75.G35--1994;
ISBN: 0813824990 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation/ Wetland
conservation---Prairie Pothole Region/ Restoration ecology/
Restoration ecology---Prairie Pothole Region/ Wetland ecology/
Wetland ecology---Prairie Pothole Region
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1355. Results of long-term trials with
fertilizers.
Boinchan B and Lykov A
Mezhdunarodnyi
Sel'skokhozyaistvennyi Zhurnal 6: 42-45. (1999)
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
1356. Resuspension in lakes and its ecological
impact: A review.
Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A
Ergebnisse der
Limnologie (51): 185-200.
(1998);
ISSN: 0071-1128
Descriptors:
ecological impact/ eutrophication/
lake ecosystem/ sediment resuspension/ total organic settling
material/ water pollution
Abstract: To determine geochemical, toxicological
and biological impacts of sediment resuspension on lake ecosystems,
this review tackles the questions where, why, when, how much, how
often and what kind of sediment is resuspended and how resuspended
material is distributed in the water column. Due to internal seiche
activities sediment resuspension may occur in very deep areas. In
the moderately deep Lake Erken in south-eastern Sweden (mean depth:
9 m, maximum depth: 21 m) internal seiche activities are, for
example, one of the explanations why, as an annual average, 85% of
the total settling material in the water column was determined to
be resuspended sediment. The annual averages of resuspended
sediment in 16 other shallow and deep lakes spread throughout the
world were 15-92%. Also large amounts of organic sediment are
resuspended (annual averages: 25-84% of total organic settling
material was resuspended organic sediment in 9 lakes). These large
amounts of resuspended sediment, especially of organic resuspended
sediment, have such an important influence on lake ecosystems that
the flux of newly produced planktonic particulate matter was
observed to be significantly related to the flux of resuspended
sediment. It is suggested that the flux of resuspended sediment is
not only related to planktonic production and thereby
eutrophication but also to the degree of water pollution by
contaminants.
© Thomson
1357. A review and synthesis of habitat use by
breeding birds in agricultural landscapes of Iowa.
Best, L. B.; Freemark, K. E.;
Dinsmore, J. J.; and Camp, M.
American Midland
Naturalist 134 (1): 1-29.
(July 1995)
NAL Call #:
410-M58;
ISSN: 0003-0031 [AMNAAF]
Descriptors:
wild birds/ species diversity/
breeding places/ habitat selection/ vegetation types/ agricultural
land/ checklists/ conservation/ Iowa/
species abundance
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1358. Review: Denitrification in temperate
climate riparian zones.
Martin, T. L.; Kaushik, N. K.;
Trevors, J. T.; and Whiteley, H. R.
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 111 (1-4): 171-186.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors:
Denitrification/ Riparian
environments/ Agricultural runoff/ Water pollution control/
Nitrates/ Reviews/ Watersheds/ Biofiltration/ Pollution control/
Flood plains/ Water pollution/ Temperate Zone/ Riparian Land/
Research Priorities/ Assay/ Freshwater pollution/ Behavior and fate
characteristics/ Water quality control
Abstract: Excess nitrate (NO sub(3) super(-)) in
lakes and streams has deleterious effects for environmental and
human health. Nitrate concentrations have become problematic in
agricultural watersheds due to increased use of fertilizers and
improper management of livestock wastes. Research has indicated
that the planting and/or preservation of riparian buffer zones can
be an effective means of reducing pollution from agricultural
fields. Biological denitrification is the most desirable means of
nitrate attenuation as the microbial conversion of NO sub(3)
super(-) removes nitrate from the watershed in the form of N gases.
Despite the inherent value of biological denitrification, a
comprehensive review discussing the role of this process in
removing nitrate from riparian zones is lacking. In this paper we
examine the results and conclusions of past research on the topic
of denitrification in riparian zones and make recommendations for
future research in this area. The need for subsurface
denitrification assays in riparian zones is emphasized.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1359. A review of ammonia emissions from confined
swine feeding operations.
Arogo, J.; Westerman, P. W.; and
Heber, A. J.
Transactions of the
ASAE 46 (3): 805-817.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
290.9 Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351.
Notes: Number of References: 92
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ ammonia
emission/ confined animal feeding operations/ emission factors/
swine feeding operations/ growing finishing pigs/ wind tunnel
technique/ livestock buildings/ hydrogen sulfide/ nitrous oxide/
sprinkler irrigation/ excretory behavior/ odorous compounds/
treatment lagoons/ UK
Abstract: Ammonia emissions from swine feeding
operations depend on the housing type; animal size, age, and type;
manure management, storage, and treatment; climatic variables; and
manure utilization or land application techniques. Techniques or
methods for estimating or quantifying NH3 flux from a source to the
atmosphere include nitrogen mass balance, micrometeorology, flux
chambers, models, and emission factors. Of these techniques,
emission factors, once established, provide the most convenience in
estimating emissions. However, it is important to understand how a
particular emission factor is determined and whether it accurately
reflects a composite or average emission for all the variable
conditions. Using an average ammonia emission factor multiplied by
pig inventory to determine a regional or national ammonia emission
inventory may be misleading, especially in the U.S. where existing
emission factors were developed using data from swine facilities in
Western Europe. Housing, manure management practices, and climate
vary among different regions of the U.S. and can be very different
from those in Western Europe. In addition, ammonia concentrations
and emission estimations have been determined with a variety of
methods, making it difficult to compare results. To determine
representative ammonia emissions from confined swine feeding
operations, it is important that emission factors be specific
enough to account for animal type and size, housing system, manure
storage and treatment, land application, and climatic effects. This
article describes the strengths and limitations of emission factors
as currently used and provides recommendations for determining
realistic ammonia emission factors for swine feeding operations.
Because of the limited nature of the data published in the
literature, emission factors for different animal management
systems could not be presented. Regulators, consultants,
cooperative extension personnel, and other leaders in the
agricultural community with interest in ammonia emissions should be
aware of the lack of reliable U.S. data available for calculating
accurate emission factors. The scientific research community should
standardize methods for measurement, calculation, and reporting of
ammonia emissions.
© Thomson ISI
1360. A review of aquatic impact associated with
turbidity.
Edwards, C. J.
In: Technical workshop on
sediments: Proceedings. (Held 3 Feb 1992-7 Feb 1992 at Corvallis,
Oregon.)
Washington, D.C.: Terrene
Institute; pp. 109-112; 1993.
NAL Call #: QE571.T42-1992
Descriptors:
erosion/ sediment/ turbidity/
logging/ logging effects/ aquatic organisms
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1361. A review of aquatic weed biology and
management research conducted by the United States Department of
Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service.
Anderson, Lars W J
Pest Management
Science 59 (6-7): 801-813.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X
Descriptors:
aquatic herbicides: environmental
effects, fate, modes of action/ aquatic weed (Plantae): biology,
ecology, invasive, management research, physiology/ Plants/
collaborations/ field level studies/ host specificity / natural
aquatic habitat protection/ plant competition/ riparian habitats
protection/ specific biochemical work/ specific molecular work/
water demand/ weed management strategies
Abstract: Ever-increasing demand for water to
irrigate crops, support aquaculture, provide domestic water needs
and to protect natural aquatic and riparian habitats has
necessitated research to reduce impacts from a parallel increase in
invasive aquatic weeds. This paper reviews the past 4-5 years of
research by USDA-ARS covering such areas as weed biology, ecology,
physiology and management strategies, including herbicides,
biological control and potential for use of natural products.
Research approaches range from field-level studies to highly
specific molecular and biochemical work, spanning several
disciplines and encompassing the most problematic weeds in these
systems. This research has led to new insights into plant
competition, host-specificity, and the fate of aquatic herbicides,
their modes of action and effects on the environment. Another
hallmark of USDA-ARS research has been its many collaborations with
other federal, state action and regulatory agencies and private
industry to develop new solutions to aquatic weed problems that
affect our public natural resources and commercial
enterprises.
© Thomson
1362. A Review of Bioremediation of Contaminated
Soils and Groundwater.
Ritter, W. F. and Scarborough, R.
W.
Journal of Environmental
Science and Health, Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering
and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control A30 (2): 333-357. (1995);
ISSN: 1077-1204
Descriptors:
soil remediation/ groundwater/
bioremediation/ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ fungi/
Phanerochaete chrysosporium/ explosives/ reviews / soil pollution/
ground water/ water pollution/ sediment pollution/ groundwater
pollution/ pollution control/ water pollution treatment/ aromatic
hydrocarbons/ Soil Contamination/ Hydrocarbons/ Phanerochaete
chrysosporium/ Land pollution/ Freshwater pollution/ Utilization/
Methods and instruments/ Water quality control
Abstract: The paper discusses bioremediation of
contaminated groundwater and soils. Research needs for
bioremediation are also discussed. Forms of bioremediation
practiced today are the microbiological approach, which involves
augmentation of the contaminated site with one or more species of
contaminant-specific degrading organisms, and the microbial ecology
approach, which involves adjusting certain physical and chemical
factors at a site to enhance degradation. The microbial approach
can be used at most sites. Contaminated soils may be bioremediated
by in-situ techniques, landfarming, composting or in slurry
bioreactors. Anaerobic biodegration may offer an effective
alternative to aerobic in-situ bioremediation for some compounds.
Chlorinated aliphatic and hetercyclics have been degraded
anaerobically. Petroleum hydrocarbons are the most easily
bioremediated compounds. White rot fungus Phanerochaete
chrysosporium will degrade many PAH compounds found in cresote.
Bioremediation is also being used to remediate soils contaminated
with explosives.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1363. A Review of Canadian Remote Sensing
Applications in Hydrology, 1995-1999.
Pietroniro, A. and Leconte,
R.
Hydrological
Processes 14 (9):
1641-1666. (2000)
NAL Call #:
GB651.H93;
ISSN: 0885-6087.
Notes: DOI:
10.1002/1099-1085(20000630)14:9<1641::AID-HYP75>3.3.CO;2-9
Descriptors:
Canada/ Remote Sensing/ Water
Resources Management/ Satellite Technology/ Hydrology/ Watersheds/
Hydrologic Data/ Hydrologic Aspects/ Water resources/ Water
management/ Data collections/ Satellite imagery/ Catchment areas/
Canada/ Data acquisition/ Monitoring and Analysis of Water and
Wastes
Abstract: The potential of remote sensing for
providing information to hydrologists and water resources
practitioners has been recognized since the 1970s. The variety of
satellite and airborne platforms and the greater ease of access to
imagery now make it possible to evaluate and quantify an
increasingly large number of watershed physical characteristics and
state variables. Canadian scientists have been very active over the
last 5 years creating algorithms to extract hydrological
information from remotely sensed data and to develop new, or adapt
existing, hydrological methods capable of making efficient use of
this new information. Over the years, research and applications of
remote sensing in Canadian hydrology have embraced a variety of
topics and recent research has placed significant emphasis on radar
remote sensing as the Canadian RADARSAT satellite was launched
successfully on 4 November 1995. This paper reviews recent
(1995-99) remote sensing contributions in hydrology by Canadians,
specifically focusing on the usefulness and applicability of
current remote sensing technology for water management purposes. A
very brief description of the theory underlying each application as
well as relevant sensors is presented.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1364. Review of compost process-control for
product function.
Szmidt, R. A.
In: Microbiology of composting/
Insam, H.; Riddech, N.; and
Klammer, S.
New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002;
pp. 217-230.
ISBN: 354067568X; Conference: International Conference
on Microbiology of Composting, Innsbruck, Austria, October 18-20,
2000
Descriptors:
compost/ contamination/ safety/
control parameters/ engineering/ feedstock/ microbial dynamics/
pollution/ product function/ product use/ Agriculture / Bioprocess
Engineering/ Pollution Assessment Control and Management/ Soil
Science / Waste Management (Sanitation)/ composting/ waste
processing method/ environmental management/ organic waste
recycling/ waste management method/ waste management
industry
© Thomson
1365. A review of concepts and criteria for
assessing agroecosystem health including a preliminary case study
of southern Ontario.
Xu, W. and Mage, J. A.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 83 (3): 215-233.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
agriculture/ ecosystems/
agricultural research/ ecological balance/ indicators/ species
diversity/ nutrient availability/ water availability/ interactions/
land use/ literature reviews/ Ontario
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1366. A review of conservation tillage strategies
for humid temperate regions.
Carter, M. R.
Soil and Tillage
Research 31 (4): 289-301.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1367. A review of decision support systems for
fertiliser application and manure management.
Falloon, P. D.; Smith, J. U.; and
Smith, P.
Acta Agronomica
Hungarica 47 (2): 227-236.
(1999);
ISSN: 0238-0161
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1368. Review of design and performance of the
Pelenna wetland systems.
Nuttall, C. A. and Connelly,
R.
Land Contamination and
Reclamation 11 (2): 293-300.
(2003);
ISSN: 0967-0513
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1369. A review of dissolved oxygen modelling
techniques for lowland rivers.
Cox, B. A.
Science of the Total
Environment 314-316: 303-334.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365;
ISSN: 0048-9697.
Notes: Special issue: Land Ocean Interaction:
processes, functioning and environmental management: A UK
perspective
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ dissolved
oxygen/ biochemical oxygen demand/ photosynthesis/ respiration/
mass balance model/ rate parameter/ atmospheric reaeration/ water
quality/ streams/ prediction/ coefficient/ rates/ respiration/
equations/ sediment/ systems
Abstract: This review introduces the methods used to
simulate the processes affecting dissolved oxygen (DO) in lowland
rivers. The important processes are described and this provides a
modelling framework to describe those processes in the context of a
mass-balance model. The process equations that are introduced all
require (reaction) rate parameters and a variety of common
procedures for identifying those parameters are reviewed. This is
important because there is a wide range of estimation techniques
for many of the parameters. These different techniques elicit
different estimates of the parameter value and so there is the
potential for a significant uncertainty in the model's inputs and
therefore in the output too. Finally, the data requirements for
modelling DO in lowland rivers are summarised on the basis of
modelling the processes described in this review using a
mass-balance model. This is reviewed with regard to what data are
available and from where they might be obtained. (C) 2003 Elsevier
Science B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson ISI
1370. Review of emission factors and
methodologies to estimate ammonia emissions from animal waste
handling: Research and development.
Doorn, Michiel R. J.; Natschke,
David F.; Meeuwissen, Pieter C.; North Carolina. Dept. of
Environment and Natural Resources; United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and
Development; and National Risk Management Research Laboratory
(U.S.).
Washington, D.C.: Environmental
Protection Agency. (2002)
Notes: Title from web page. "April 2002."
"EPA/600/R-02/017." Prepare by National Risk Management Research
Laboratory, for Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development and State of
North Carolina, Division of Air Quality, Department of Environment
and Natural Resources. Description based on content viewed May 21,
2003. Includes bibliographical references. No.
68-C-99-201.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-D66-2002
http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/Pubs/600R02017/600R02017.pdf
Descriptors:
Animal waste---United
States---Management---Methodology/ Animal waste
Netherlands---Management---Methodology/ Ammonia---Environmental
aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1371. A review of environmental applications of
bioluminescence measurements.
Steinberg, S. M.; Poziomek, E. J.;
Engelmann, W. H.; and Rogers, K. R.
Chemosphere 30 (11): 2155-2197. (1995)
NAL Call #:
TD172.C54;
ISSN: 0045-6535
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1372. Review of environmental monitoring methods:
Survey designs.
McDonald, T. L.
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 85 (3): 277-292.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1373. A Review of Factors Affecting Productivity
of Bald Eagles in the Great Lakes Region: Implications for
Recovery.
Bowerman, W. W.; Giesy, J. P.;
Best, D. A.; and Kramer, V. J.
Environmental Health
Perspectives 103 (4 Supp.):
51-59. (1995)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1E54;
ISSN: 0091-6765.
Notes: Conference: Work Session on Environmentally
Induced Alterations in Development: A Focus on Wildlife, Racine, WI
(USA), 10-12 Dec 1993Source: Wildlife Development., 1995; Editors:
Rolland, R. //Gilbertson, M. //Colborn, T.; Document number: NIH
95-218
Descriptors:
DDT/ reproduction/ Haliaeetus
leucocephalus/ United States, Great Lakes/ pesticides
(organochlorine)/ PCB/ TCDD/ PCB compounds/ birds/ mortality/ water
pollution/ eggs/ environmental quality/ polychlorinated biphenyls/
aquatic birds/ pollution effects/ Freshwater pollution/ North
America, Great Lakes/ pesticides/ Environmental impact/ Toxicology
and health/ Effects of pollution/ Effects on organisms
Abstract: The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
population in North America declined greatly after World War II due
primarily to the eggshell thinning effects of p,p'-DDE, a
biodegradation product of DDT. After the banning of DDT in the
United States and Canada during the early 1970s, the bald eagle
population started to increase. However, this population recovery
has not been uniform. Eagles nesting along the shorelines of the
North American Great Lakes and rivers open to spawning runs of
anadromous fishes from the Great Lakes still exhibit impaired
reproduction. We have explored both ecological and toxicological
factors that would limit reproduction of bald eagles in the Great
Lakes region. Based on our studies, the most critical factors
influencing eagle populations are concentrations of environmental
toxicants. While there might be some continuing effects of DDE,
total PCBs and most importantly 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin
equivalents (TCDD-EQ) in fishes from the Great Lakes and rivers
open to spawning runs of anadromous fishes from the Great Lakes
currently represent a significant hazard to bald eagles living
along these shorelines or near these rivers and are most likely
related to the impaired reproduction in bald eagles living
there.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1374. A review of farm-scale nutrient budgets for
organic farms as a tool for management of soil
fertility.
Watson, C A; Bengtsson, H;
Ebbesvik, M; Loes, A K; Myrbeck, A; Salomon, E; Schroder, J; and
Stockdale, E A
Soil Use and
Management 18 ([supplement]):
264-273. (2002)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68;
ISSN: 0266-0032
Descriptors:
nitrogen: budgets, fixation,
nutrient, use efficiency/ nutrients: input output balance/
phosphorus: budgets, nutrient/ potassium: budgets, nutrient/ arable
systems/ beef systems/ estimate bias sources/ farm scale nutrient
budgets: soil fertility management tool/ horticultural systems/
long term sustainability/ management system diversity/ measurement
bias sources/ organic farms/ purchased manure/ short term
productivity
Abstract: On organic farms, where the importation of
materials to build/maintain soil fertility is restricted, it is
important that a balance between inputs and outputs of nutrients is
achieved to ensure both short-term productivity and long-term
sustainability. This paper considers different approaches to
nutrient budgeting on organic farms and evaluates the sources of
bias in the measurements and/or estimates of the nutrient inputs
and outputs. The paper collates 88 nutrient budgets compiled at the
farm scale in nine temperate countries. All the nitrogen (N)
budgets showed an N surplus (average 83.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The
efficiency of N use, defined as outputs/inputs, was highest (0.9)
and lowest (0.2) in arable and beef systems respectively. The
phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) budgets showed both surpluses and
deficits (average 3.6 kg P ha-1 yr-1, 14.2 kg K ha-1 yr-1) with
horticultural systems showing large surpluses resulting from
purchased manure. The estimation of N fixation and quantities of
nutrients in purchased manures may introduce significant errors in
nutrient budgets. Overall, the data illustrate the diversity of
management systems in place on organic farms, and suggest that used
together with soil analysis, nutrient budgets are a useful tool for
improving the long-term sustainability of organic
systems.
© Thomson
1375. A Review of Field Lysimeter Studies to
Describe the Environmental Fate of Pesticides.
Winton, K. and Weber, J.
B.
Weed Technology 10 (1): 202-209. (1996)
NAL Call #:
SB610.W39;
ISSN: 0890-037X
Descriptors:
lysimeters/ fate of pollutants/
pesticides/ transpiration/ leaching/ Sources and fate of
pollution
Abstract: A brief review is presented for the use of
soil lysimeters in studying transpiration, evapotranspiration,
moisture, and nutrient movement in earlier times and pesticide
dissipation and movement, and mass-balance of pesticide dissipation
in more recent times. The important factors needed to understand
research findings and to model pesticide dissipation such as key
soil and site characteristics, climatic conditions, and the methods
involved are discussed. Several case studies carried out by Ciba
and North Carolina State University are discussed and current
developments in soil column field lysimeters are
presented.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1376. A review of field scale phosphorus dynamics
models.
Lewis, D. R. and McGechan, M.
B.
Biosystems
Engineering 82 (4): 359-380.
(Aug. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S671-.B567;
ISSN: 1537-5110
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ cycling/ simulation
models/ transport processes/ phosphorus fertilizers/ manures/
slurries/ immobilization/ mineralization/ soil flora/ absorption/
desorption/ leaching/ runoff/ nutrient uptake/ crops/ losses from
soil/ water erosion/ overland flow/ literature reviews
Abstract: In order to ascertain the limitations of
current soil phosphorus models, three dynamic models are reviewed
and compared, along with a more general contaminant transport model
which has been applied to phosphorus dynamics. These models are
ANIMO from the Netherlands, GLEAMS and DAYCENT from the USA, and
MACRO from Sweden. The model concepts and constituent processes are
analysed with particular reference to the equations used. Processes
considered are the transport of soluble and particulate phosphorus,
surface application (as fertilizer, manure or slurry, atmospheric
deposition, and deposition or incorporation of dead plant
material), mineralization/immobilization (between organic and
inorganic forms), absorption/desorption, leaching, runoff and
uptake by plants. All the models considered have a partial
representation of these processes. In order to improve our
understanding and simulation of phosphorus in soils, further P
modelling work is required, which should be focussed on
constructing a new hybrid version of the four models described
here. Such a model is likely to include a description of both
soluble and particulate P flow through micropores and macropores as
in the MACRO model framework, combined with a full representation
of the C/N/P cycle as described by GLEAMS, with manure and slurry
components as described by ANIMO, and plant residue decay equations
taken from the DAYCENT model. Finally, the overland flow and
erosion losses should be represented by components from
the
GLEAMS model.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1377. Review of GIS Applications in Hydrologic
Modeling.
Devantier, B. A. and Feldman, A.
D.
Journal of Water Resources
Planning and Management 119
(2): 246-261. (1993)
NAL Call #:
TC401.A45
Descriptors:
Flood forecasting/ Geographic
information systems/ Information systems/ Model studies/ Streamflow
forecasting/ Computer models/ Computer programs/ Costs/ Databases/
Digital map data/ Erosion control/ Hydrologic models/ Numerical
analysis/ Reviews/ Terrain analysis/ Topographic mapping/ Water
management/ Water quality/ Watershed management / Streamflow and
runoff/ Watershed protection/ Evaluation, processing and
publication
Abstract: Geographic information systems (GIS)
provide a digital representation of watershed characteristics used
in hydrologic modeling. Past efforts and current trends in using
digital terrain models and GIS to perform hydrologic analyses were
summarized. GIS data types may be topographic or topologic. Three
methods of geographic information storage are: raster or grid,
triangulated irregular network, and contour-based line networks.
Remotely-sensed data are used in GIS and hydrologic modeling.
Lumped parameter, physics-based, and hybrid approaches to
hydrologic rainfall-runoff modeling all use geographic data inputs.
General indices of the tendency to produce runoff include
imperviousness, natural land cover, and watershed delineation and
stream networks. Some end uses of GIS hydrologic prediction are
floodplain management and flood forecasting, erosion
prediction/control, water quality prediction/control, and drainage
utility implementations. Since the cost of implementing a GIS can
be significant, especially when the cost of data collection and
manipulation is considered, it is best when the database can be
shared for several related purposes. With less limitation from
computing power, the focus of future advancements may be improved
data collection, expanded databases, and advances in numerical
modeling approaches. (Fish-PTT)
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1378. A review of information on interactions
between vegetation and groundwater.
Maitre, D. C. le; Scott, D. F.; and
Colvin, C.
Water SA (Pretoria)
25 (2): 137-152. (1999);
ISSN: 0378-4738
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1379. Review of Information on Pesticide Residues
in the Canadian Environment.
Sangodoyin, A. Y. and Smith, D.
W.
Environmentalist
16 (3): 187-196. (1996);
ISSN: 0251-1088
Descriptors:
Canada/ Reviews/ Pesticides/
Monitoring/ Developing Countries/ Compliance/ Safety/ Assessments/
Spatial Distribution/ Temporal Distribution/ Pesticide residues/
Wildlife/ Pollution monitoring/ Food contamination/ Water
pollution/ Air pollution/ Government regulations/ Sediment
pollution/ Pollution control/ Pollution dispersion/ Identification
of pollutants/ Environmental action/ Behavior and fate
characteristics
Abstract: Pesticide residues in soil, water, food,
wildlife and other media have been analysed in several monitoring
studies. The purpose was to establish the distribution of these
residues across a defined area, ascertain their trend over a
specific period and use the results to assess environmental
compliance and safety. In the present review the availability of
information on pesticide residues in various Canadian environmental
components was sought. With the possible exception of localized
pesticide contamination of some private water supply wells, ground
and surface water, most analyses revealed concentrations below
guideline limits. Only a few cases were reported of mishandling,
misuse and poisoning from pesticides. Continuing surveillance
programmes and in-depth and well-organized monitoring studies, with
special focus on areas that are vulnerable to contamination, by
both provincial and federal governments, are largely responsible
for the encouraging results. This experience in the control of
pesticide use and monitoring of residues in the environment should
be of particular interest in developing countries.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1380. A review of irrigation performance
assessment in California.
Purkey, D. R. and Wallender, W.
W.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 8 (4): 233-249.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
TC801.I66;
ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG]
Descriptors:
irrigation/ irrigated farming/
irrigation systems/ irrigation requirements/ hydraulic structures/
performance/ irrigability surveys/ California
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1381. A review of methods for measuring emission
rates of ammonia from livestock buildings and slurry or manure
stores, part 1: Assessment of basic approaches.
Phillips VR; Scholtens R; Lee DS;
Garland JA; and Sneath RW
Journal of Agricultural
Engineering Research 77 (4):
355-364; 39 ref. (2000)
NAL Call #:
58.8-J82
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1382. A review of methods for measuring emission
rates of ammonia from livestock buildings and slurry or manure
stores, part 2: Monitoring flux rates, concentrations and airflow
rates.
Phillips VR; Lee DS; Scholtens R;
Garland JA; and Sneath RW
Journal of Agricultural
Engineering Research 78 (1):
1-14; Many ref. (2001)
NAL Call #:
58.8-J82
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1383. A Review of Methods Used to Measure
Sediment Resuspension.
Bloesch, J.
Hydrobiologia 284 (1): 13-18. (1994)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158.
Notes: Conference: Special Session at the 25. Cong. of
the Int. Association of Limnology, Barcelona (Spain), 21-27 Aug
1992; Source: Sediment Resuspension., 1994; Editor: Bloesch,
J.
Descriptors:
sediments/ suspended sediments/
bottom sediments/ lakes/ lake sediments/ measuring instruments/
wind/ cores/ turbidity/ measurement/ resuspension/ resuspended
sediments/ sedimentation/ lacustrine sedimentation/ Erosion and
sedimentation/ Lakes/ Methods and instruments
Abstract: Resuspension of bottom sediments is an
important lake-internal process with regard to particle cycling and
sedimentation. Current methods to measure sediment resuspension are
reviewed, such as optical and acoustical instruments, instantaneous
multiple point water samplers, sediment traps, sediment cores and
grabs, radiotracers such as Pb super(210), Cs super(137) and Be
super(7), mass balance calculations, various modelling approaches,
statistical methods (correlation analysis), and laboratory
experiments. For the quantification of resuspension, the combined
use of sediment traps, sediment cores, near bottom current meters,
and turbidity meters to measure suspended and settling particulate
matter in the hypolimnion of lakes is recommended; in addition,
wind stress, seiches, slumping and sliding, and riverine input may
be monitored to elucidate the mechanisms behind the
process.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1384. A review of microbiology in swine manure
odor control.
Zhu, Jun
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 78 (2): 93-106.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors:
volatile organic compounds/
Clostridium (Endospore forming Gram Positives)/ Eubacterium
(Irregular Nonsporing Gram Positive Rods)/ Bacteria/ Eubacteria/
Microorganisms/ low temperature/ swine manure: odor
control
Abstract: Generation of odors is a complex process
that involves many bacterial species, producing an extensive array
of volatile organic compounds under different manure storage
systems currently used. A lack of understanding of the basic
microbiology in manure leads to a poor odor prevention and control
from animal wastes. This review covers pertinent available
information about the indigenous bacterial genera in swine manure
and their potentials of producing odorous volatile compounds. It
addresses not only the odorous compounds in swine manure but also
the inherent relations between the bacterial species and the
related compounds. It also discusses several odor control
techniques that have been developed based on microbial activities
and the limitations with these techniques. Two bacterial genera,
Eubacterium and Clostridium, are most likely the major contributors
to odorous volatile fatty acids. It appears that anaerobic lagoons
may not be an appropriate choice for treating swine manure for odor
control due to the reduced methonogenic activities resulted from
the low temperatures in lagoon liquid. Also, it seems questionable
that the microbial-based manure additives will work, without
aeration, in a real storage system for the purpose of odor
control.
© Thomson
1385. Review of modelling crop growth, movement
of water and chemicals in relation to topsoil and subsoil
compaction.
Lipiec, J.; Arvidsson, J.; and
Murer, E.
Soil and Tillage
Research 73 (1/2): 15-29.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1386. A review of New Zealand research measuring
phosphorus in runoff from pasture.
Gillingham, A. G. and Thorrold, B.
S.
Journal of Environmental
Quality
29 (1): 88-96. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1387. A review of pesticide effects upon immature
aphid parasitoids within mummified hosts.
Longley, M.
International Journal of
Pest Management 45 (2):
139-145.
(Apr. 1999-June 1999)
NAL Call #:
SB950.A1P3;
ISSN: 0967-0874
Descriptors:
aphidoidea/ parasitoids/ parasites
of insect pests/ pesticides/ nontarget organisms/ nontarget
effects/ toxicity/ mortality/ longevity/ fecundity/ sublethal
effects/ insect control/ integrated pest management/ literature
reviews/ aphid mummies
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1388. Review of Phosphorus Control Measures in
the United States and Their Effects on Water Quality.
Litke, D. W.
U. S. Department of the Interior,
U. S. Geological Survey [Also available as: USGS Water-Resources
Investigations Report 99-4007], 1999 (application/pdf)
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/nutrients/pubs/wri99-4007/wri99-4007.pdf
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ environmental
management/ water quality analysis/ wastewater treatment/ pollution
load/ nonpoint source pollution/ agricultural runoff/
eutrophication/ detergents/ National Water Quality Assessment
Program / United States/ phosphorus detergents/ NWQAP
Abstract: Historical information on phosphorus
loadings to the environment and the effect on water quality are
summarized in this report, which was produced as part of the U.S.
Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA)
Program. Phosphorus is a water-quality constituent of concern
because it is often the limiting nutrient responsible for
accelerated eutrophication in water bodies.
1389. A review of plant disease, pathogen
interactions and microbial antagonism under conservation tillage in
temperate humid agriculture.
Sturz, A. V.; Carter, M. R.; and
Johnston, H. W.
Soil and Tillage
Research 41 (3/4): 169-189.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
1390. A review of prescribed burning
effectiveness in fire hazard reduction.
Fernandes, P. M. and Botelho, H.
S.
International Journal of
Wildland Fire 12 (2):
117-128. (2003);
ISSN: 1049-8001
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1391. A review of processes responsible for metal
removal in wetlands treating contaminated mine drainage.
Sobolewski, A.
International Journal of
Phytoremediation 1 (1):
19-51. (1999)
NAL Call #:
TD192.75-.I58;
ISSN: 1522-6514
Descriptors:
mine spoil/ contaminants/ waste
water treatment/ biogeochemistry/ wetlands/ bioremediation/
pollution control/ literature reviews/ constructed
wetlands
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1392. A review of rainfall simulators for soil
erosion studies.
Shrivastava, P. K. and Ghanshyam
Das
Indian Journal of Soil
Conservation 26 (2): 76-80.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
S625.I47S6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1393. Review of selected literature on indicators
of irrigation performance.
Rao, P. S. and International
Irrigation Management Institute.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International
Irrigation Management Institute; xiii, 75 p.: ill.
(1993)
Notes: "Research paper." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 65-67).
NAL Call #: S619.E34R36--1993; ISBN: 9290901985
Descriptors:
Irrigation efficiency/
Irrigation---Bibliography
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1394. A review of soil erosion potential
associated with biomass crops.
Kort, J.; Collins, M.; and Ditsch,
D.
Biomass and Bioenergy
14 (4): 351-359. (1998);
ISSN: 0961-9534
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1395. Review of Strategies for Modelling the
Environmental Fate of Pesticides Discharged Into Riverine
Systems.
Petit, V.; Cabridenc, R.; Swannell,
R. P. J.; and Sokhi, R. S.
Environment
International 21 (2):
167-176. (1995)
NAL Call #:
TD169.E54;
ISSN: 0160-4120.
Notes: Conference: Inland and Coastal Water Quality '93
-- Measurement and Modelling, Stevenage (UK), 29 Sep 1993; Source:
Proceedings of the Inland and Coastal Water Quality '93 --
Measurement and Modelling; Editors: Sokhi, R. S. //Ellis, J. B.
//Burton, J. D. //Leeks, G. J. L.
Descriptors:
fate of pollutants/ pesticides/
rivers/ model studies/ agricultural chemicals/ water pollution
sources/ herbicides/ aquatic environment/ agrochemicals/ aquatic
environment/ biodegradation/ sorption/ aquatic microorganisms/
pollutant persistence/ pollution dispersion/ models/ fate/
degradation/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Freshwater pollution/
Microbial degradation/ Characteristics, behavior and
fate
Abstract: Pesticides are often produced and stored
in large quantities near rivers posing a potential hazard for the
aquatic environment. Accidental incidents such as storage facility
fires are of major concern as significant amounts of pesticide
chemicals can enter the nearby riverine system, possibly causing
considerable environmental damage. This paper discusses and reviews
the major physical, chemical, and microbiological fate processes of
selected herbicides in riverine systems. Glyphosate, paraquat, and
diquat herbicides have been selected for discussion as they are
widely used and because they degrade in freshwater mainly by
well-defined fate processes. The paper concentrates on
biodegradation, sorption, and photolysis, the primary fate
processes by which these herbicides degrade. Strategies for
mathematically modelling the environmental fate of pesticides in
rivers are reviewed and areas of future work identified.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1396. A review of stream restoration techniques
and a hierarchical strategy for prioritizing restoration in Pacific
Northwest watersheds.
Roni, P.; Beechie, T. J.; Bilby, R.
E.; Leonetti, F. E.; Pollock, M. M.; and Pess, G. R.
North American Journal of
Fisheries Management 22 (1):
1-20. (2002)
NAL Call #:
SH219.N66;
ISSN: 0275-5947
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1397. A review of the aquatic environmental fate
of triclopyr and its major metabolites.
Petty, D. G.; Getsinger, K. D.; and
Woodburn, K. B.
Journal of Aquatic Plant
Management 41: 69-75.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
SB614.H9;
ISSN: 0146-6623.
Notes: Number of References: 37
Descriptors:
Aquatic Sciences/ Garlon 3A/
Renovate 3/ metabolite/ toxicology/ aquatic plant control/
herbicide dissipation/ Rhodamine WT dye/ triethylamine salt/ lake
minnetonka/ dissipation/ toxicity/ 3,5,6 trichloro 2
pyridinol
Abstract: The triethylamine salt formulation of
triclopyr was recently registered for use in aquatic sites by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for selective control of
invasive aquatic and wetland weed species. Research shows that this
herbicide and its metabolites have an environmentally compatible
degradation scenario, an excellent toxicological profile, and the
ability to selectively control a variety of exotic weed species,
making it a valuable tool for restoring and managing aquatic
ecosystems. Laboratory studies show that photolytic processes
rapidly degrade triclopyr, indicating a major role in dissipation
from aquatic sites. However, subsequent field studies indicate that
photolysis has a more limited role in the aquatic degradation,
likely due to sunlight attenuation in natural waters, and show that
metabolic degradation processes assume a more important role.
Laboratory investigations show aerobic and anaerobic degradation in
hydrosoils is a slower process, and hydrolysis plays a minor role
in triclopyr degradation. Field studies conducted in California,
Georgia, Minnesota, Missouri, Texas and Washington have shown
triclopyr and its TCP and TMP metabolites dissipated from water
with half-lives ranging from 0.5 to 7.5, 4.2 to 10.0, and 4.0 to
8.8 days, respectively. Sediment dissipation half-lives ranged from
2.7 to 13.3 days for the same compounds. Half-lives for fish and
shell fish ranged from 1.6 to 15.1 days. Results from laboratory
and field studies indicate dissipation rates of the parent
triclopyr and its metabolites are similar and relatively
rapid.
© Thomson ISI
1398. A Review of the Design and Performance of
Vertical-Flow and Hybrid Reed Bed Treatment Systems.
Cooper, P.
Water Science and
Technology 40 (3): 1-9.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: 6. International Conference on
Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Aguas de Sao Pedro, SP
(Brazil),
27 Sep-2 Oct 1998Source: Wetland
Systems for Water Pollution Control; Editor: Cooper, P.;
ISBN: 008043424X
Descriptors:
Vertical Flow/ Reviews/ Wetlands/
Oxygen Transfer/ Denitrification/ Water Treatment/ reed beds/
Wastewater treatment processes
Abstract: The paper reviews the different options
for the combination of vertical- and horizontal-flow beds used in
hybrid reed bed/wetland systems. The design and performance of
these systems are briefly described. The importance of the oxygen
transfer capacity of the different arrangements to their
performance and their size is discussed. Alternative methods for
denitrification are briefly described.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1399. Review of the effect of ammonia and dust
concentrations on broiler performance.
Al-Homidan, A.; Robertson, J. F.;
and Petchey, A. M.
World's Poultry Science
Journal 59 (3): 340-349.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
47.8-W89;
ISSN: 0043-9339
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1400. A review of the effect of N fertilizer type
on gaseous emissions.
Harrison, R. and Webb,
J.
Advances in Agronomy 73:
65-108. (2001)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
nitrogen fertilizers/ nutrient
sources/ nitrogen/ air pollutants/ air pollution/ ammonia/
volatilization/ nitrous oxide/ nitric oxide/ urease inhibitors/
measurement/ nitrification/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1401. Review of the effects of non-point nutrient
loading on coastal ecosystems.
Gabric, A. J. and Bell, P. R.
F.
Australian Journal of Marine
and Freshwater Research 44
(2): 261-283. (1993);
ISSN: 0067-1940
Descriptors:
pollution effects/ nutrients
(mineral)/ literature reviews/ coastal waters/ eutrophication/
ecosystem management/ runoff/ erosion/ land use/ coastal zone
management/ man induced effects/ human factors/ coastal water/
nutrients/ nonpoint pollution/ non point pollution/ Ecosystems and
energetics/ Effects on organisms/ Pollution Environment/ Coastal
zone management/ Pollution effects/ Marine Pollution
Abstract: In many coastal regions (e.g. parts of the
North Sea, northern Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea, Great Barrier Reef
lagoon, wider Caribbean, coastal areas of the USA) there is
large-scale, and in some cases chronic, eutrophication. In some
regions, the link between eutrophication and the destruction of an
ecosystem is obvious, with excessive algal growth and water-column
anoxia. In other cases, particularly in more fragile ecosystems
such as coral-reef and seagrass areas, the links are not so
obvious, yet the impacts of eutrophication in such regions can be
devastating. Eutrophication can have more insidious effects such as
contributing directly to the mortality of fish, marine mammals and
sea birds and indirectly to disease or death in humans owing to the
accumulation of biotoxins in seafoods. Increased development and
changes in land-use patterns in the coastal zone have increased the
loading of diffuse or non-point nutrients. In areas subject to
runoff and soil erosion, most of the nutrient load is transported
in particulate form. In such cases, the loads of nutrients
discharged from cropping lands are typically an order of magnitude
greater than those discharged from pristine forested areas.
Nutrient export from pasture lands, whether these are fertilized or
not, is also significantly greater than that from pristine areas,
and in many cases the total loads from such areas are far higher
than those from intensively farmed areas. A reduction in nutrient
discharges to coastal waters will require careful land-use
planning. The importance of the particulate fraction in the
nutrient load necessitates effective control of soil erosion. The
hydrological and nutrient linkage between terrestrial and marine
ecosystems must be emphasized. Collective management of hinterland
and coastal-zone resources could initiate remediation of a serious
and growing problem.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1402. A review of the environmental effects of
different livestock manure storage systems, and a suggested
procedure for assigning environmental ratings.
Nicholson, R. J.; Webb, J.; and
Moore, A.
Biosystems
Engineering 81 (4): 363-377.
(Apr. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S671-.B567;
ISSN: 1537-5110
Descriptors:
animal manures/ storage/ structures/
odor emission/ water pollution/ groundwater pollution/ ammonia/
methane/ nitrous oxide/ nitric oxide/ pathogens/ emission/ risk
assessment/ literature reviews/ manure storage
structures
Abstract: There are concerns over a range of adverse
environmental effects resulting from the storage of livestock
manures on farms. The objectives of this study were to examine all
the likely environmental effects of different storage methods, and
to recommend which were the most desirable options. Literature
reviews were undertaken to identify the likely environmental
consequences of each commonly used storage method, in terms of
water pollution risks, odor and ammonia emissions, greenhouse gas
emissions and survival of microorganisms during storage. Planning
and landscape aspects were considered and the most feasible options
for abatement of ammonia emissions were identified. An
'environmental rating' for different storage systems was then
devised, with the aim of obtaining a balance between water
pollution, aerial emissions and other concerns. The environmental
rating exercise favored the more sophisticated and hence most
expensive storage methods. No large differences emerged between
ratings for slurry systems and solid systems when ease of adding
ammonia control measures was excluded. For pigs, slurry systems
appear to have a slight advantage, because of the greater ammonia
emissions from the solid pig manure. The use of such a rating
system could be developed further as more data become available.
Whilst the method indicates the relative desirability of systems at
a national scale it could be adapted to take account of local
considerations or those of individual farm sites.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1403. A Review of the Evidence for Endocrine
Disruption in Canadian Aquatic Ecosystems.
Mcmaster, M. E.
Water Quality Research
Journal of Canada 36 (3):
215-231. (2001);
ISSN: 1201-3080.
Notes: Theme Issue: Endocrine Disrupting Substances in
the Canadian Environment
Descriptors:
Endocrine system/ Reviews/ Aquatic
environment/ Pesticides/ Heavy metals/ Industrial pollution/
Canada/ Water pollution/ Chemical pollution/ Research programs/
Contaminants/ endocrine disruptors/ Pollution effects/ Wildlife/
Toxicity/ Trout (Freshwater)/ Effluent/ Pulping/ Endocrine glands/
Chemicals/ Pulp and paper industry waste waters (Sulphate)/ Salmon/
Tin (Organic compounds)/ Trout/ Salmon/ Water Pollution Effects/
Effluents/ Pulp Wastes/ Kraft Mills/ Fish Populations/ Pisces/
Canada/ endocrine disruptors/ Freshwater pollution/ Effects of
Pollution/ Effects of pollution
Abstract: Endocrine disrupting substances in the
environment and the potential affects they have on wildlife species
has recently received increased public attention. This paper
provides background information on research that has addressed the
endocrine disruption issue in the Canadian aquatic environment as
well as information on studies that are presently being conducted
within the country to address this issue. Two of the three studies
from across the world often cited as presenting sufficient evidence
for connecting contaminants and endocrine disruption in fish
populations are Canadian -- Lake Ontario lake trout and TCDD and
related compounds, and white sucker exposed to bleached kraft pulp
mill effluent. Several other Canadian examples exist, including
altered stress responses in yellow perch exposed to heavy metals,
altered smoltification in Atlantic salmon exposed to 4-nonylphenol
and imposex in dogwelks exposed to tributyltin. While other
Canadian studies suggest alterations in reproductive function in
fish, direct links to contaminants have not been made. Other
studies have identified endocrine active compounds in the receiving
environments but have yet to link these to alterations in endocrine
function in resident fish populations. The strength of Canada's
research programs lies in the breadth and depth of their field
related research. It is this world-recognized expertise and
strength that Canada can contribute to the international effort to
address the endocrine disruptor issue.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1404. A review of the export of carbon in river
water: Fluxes and processes.
Hope, D.; Billett, M. F.; and
Cresser, M. S.
Environmental
Pollution 84 (3):
301-324. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491 [ENPOEK]
Descriptors:
carbon/ organic compounds/ transport
processes/ river water/ watersheds/ upland areas/ flow/ land use/
acidification/ global warming/ carbon cycle
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1405. A review of the Federal Clean Water Act and
the Maryland Water Quality Improvement Act: The rationale for
developing a water and nutrient management planning process for
container nursery and greenhouse operations.
Lea Cox, J. D. and Ross, D.
S.
Journal of Environmental
Horticulture 19 (4): 226-229.
(Dec. 2001)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J66;
ISSN: 0738-2898 [JEHOD5]
Descriptors:
nurseries/ greenhouse crops/ water
quality/ pollution/ water conservation/ economic analysis/
leaching/ environmental protection/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/
eutrophication/ United States/ Maryland
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1406. Review of the methods to determine the
hazard and toxicity of pesticides to bumblebees.
Steen, Jozef J. M. van
der
Apidologie 32 (5): 399-406. (2001);
ISSN: 0044-8435
Descriptors:
pesticides: toxin/ bumblebees
(Hymenoptera): adult, nontarget organism/ Animals/ Arthropods/
Insects/ Invertebrates/ acute toxicity/ apiculture/ field hazards/
sublethal effects
Abstract: Methods to determine the impact of
pesticides on bumblebees are described. They are classified into
laboratory tests to determine the acute toxicity and the hazard to
bumblebees, (semi) field tests, and brood tests. The
reproducibility and the significance of the data for practical
purpose are discussed. Standardized laboratory toxicity tests
supply reproducible data. In hazard tests, both in the laboratory
and semi field tests, the exposure is not proportionate to the
number of adult insects and the brood. Field tests provide
realistic data on the hazard of a pesticide to bumblebee colonies
but when the results are interpreted it must be taken in account
that the test plot is only a portion of the total foraging area of
a bumblebee colony. In a brood nest, due to the disorderly
structure, only major effects can be recognized. Laboratory rearing
of bumblebee brood should be developed to produce a standardized
brood test that supplies
reproducible data.
© Thomson
1407. A review of the scientific literature on
riparian buffer width, extent and vegetation.
Wenger, Seth. and University of
Georgia. Institute of Ecology. Office of Public Service &
Outreach.
Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia
Institute of Ecology (Rev. version (Mar. 5, 1999)).
(1999)
Notes: Caption title.
NAL Call #: QH541.15.B84-W45-1999
http://outreach.ecology.uga.edu/tools/buffers/lit_review.pdf
Descriptors:
Buffer zones---Ecosystem
management---Georgia
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1408. Review of the small watershed program:
Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment, Credit, and Rural
Development of the Committee on Agriculture, House of
Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session on H.R.
1634, H.R. 2460, H.R. 4213, H.R. 4289,
September 27, 1994.
United States. Congress. House.
Committee on Agriculture.
Subcommittee on Environment, Credit
and Rural Development.
Washington: U.S. G.P.O.; iv, 208
p.: ill. (1995)
Notes: Distributed to some depository libraries in
microfiche. Shipping list no.: 95-0090-P. "Serial no. 103-94."
Includes bibliographical references. SUDOCS: Y 4.AG
8/1:103-94.
NAL Call #: KF27-.A3338-1994b; ISBN: 0160468337
Descriptors:
Watersheds---United States/
Watershed management---United States/ Water resources
development---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1409. Review of the Use of Swine Manure in Crop
Production: Effects on Yield and Composition and on Soil and Water
Quality.
Choudhary, M.; Bailey, L. D.; and
Grant, C. A.
Waste Management and
Research 14 (6): 581-595.
(Dec. 1996)
NAL Call #:
TD896.W37;
ISSN: 0734-242X
Descriptors:
manure/ animal wastes/ land
application/ crops/ agriculture/ nutrients/ water quality/ soil/
fertilizers/ Canada/ waste disposal/ livestock/ waste management/
Waste management/ Ultimate disposal of wastes
Abstract: The world swine population produces about
1.7 billion tonnes of liquid manure annually. At an application
rate of 20 tonnes per hectare, this could fertilize about 85
million hectares of land annually. Storage and disposal of this
material presents a challenge to producers because of the potential
for environmental pollution. However, because swine manure contains
essential plant nutrients, use of swine manure as a soil amendment
for crop production is a practical method to solve the disposal
problem. The composition and effectiveness of swine manure as a
source of plant nutrients depends on several factors including type
of ration fed, housing system, method of manure collection, storage
and handling. Research has shown that manure application increased
soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na. However, heavy or excessive
application of manure increased leaching of NO sub(3)-N, P and Mg.
Swine manure is reported to be effective in increasing the yields
of cereals, legumes, oilseeds, vegetables and pastures, and in
increasing plant nutrient concentration, especially N, P and K. The
efficient use of swine manure can be an agronomically and
economically viable management practice for sustainable crop
production in temperate regions such as the Canadian prairies where
the swine industry is expanding rapidly.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1410. A review of tillage effects on crop residue
management, seedbed conditions and seedling
establishment.
Guérif, J.; Richard, G.; Dürr, C.; Machet,
J. M.; Recous, S.; and Roger-Estrade, J.
Soil and Tillage
Research 61 (1/2): 13-32.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1411. A review of trout management in southeast
Minnesota streams.
Thorn, W. C.; Anderson, C. S.;
Lorenzen, W. E.; Hendrickson, D. L.; and Wagner, J. W.
North American Journal of
Fisheries Management 17 (4):
860-872. (1997)
NAL Call #:
SH219.N66;
ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors:
Fishery management/ Sport fishing/
Man induced effects/ habitat/ Minnesota/ Habitats/ Trout/ Fish
Management/ Fishing/ Stream Biota/ Watershed Management/ Salvelinus
fontinalis/ Salmo trutta/ Minnesota/ historical account/ Habitat/
Sport fishing/ Management/ Watershed protection/ United
States
Abstract: Agricultural development after 1850 in
southeast Minnesota degraded instream habitat, and by 1900, the
native brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis was extirpated from most
streams. By the 1940s, after 60-70 years of stocking, the exotic
brown trout Salmo trutta was the most common trout, but abundance
was low and limited by lack of reproductive habitat. Soil
conservation practices of the 1930s and 1940s and watershed
management under Public Law (PL) 566 in the 1950s and 1960s reduced
flooding, erosion, and sedimentation and increased infiltration and
base flow. By the 1970s, brown trout reproduction was common, but
abundance was still low. Fisheries managers of the Minnesota
Department of Natural Resources assumed that adult habitat limited
abundance, so they improved instream habitat in streams with public
access, which increased brown trout abundance in some streams.
Experimental management since 1975 has shown that the lack of adult
habitat did limit trout abundance. This management regime has also
enabled the quantification of habitat quality and has developed a
decision key for brown trout management. When land management has
degraded stream habitat, land treatments, acquisition of riparian
corridors, and instream management are necessary to rehabilitate
habitat and provide recreational fisheries.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1412. A Review of Water Quality Concerns in
Livestock Farming Areas.
Hooda, P. S.; Edwards, A. C.;
Anderson, H. A.; and Miller, A.
Science of the Total
Environment
250 (1-3): 143-167.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365;
ISSN: 0048-9697.
Notes: DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00373-9
Descriptors:
Water quality/ Livestock/
Fertilizers/ Agrochemicals/ Animal wastes/ Pesticides/ Nutrient
loss/ Manure/ Pathogens/ Water Pollution Sources/ Farming/
Agricultural Chemicals/ Water quality (Natural waters)/ Pollution
(Water)/ Livestock/ Farms and farming/ Animal manures/ Pathogenic
organism/ Pesticides/ Freshwater pollution/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Water Quality
Abstract: Post-war changes in farming systems and
especially the move from mixed arable-livestock farming towards
greater specialisation, together with the general intensification
of food production have had adverse affects on the environment.
Livestock systems have largely become separated into pasture-based
(cattle and sheep) and indoor systems (pigs and poultry). This
paper reviews water quality issues in livestock farming areas of
the UK. The increased losses of nutrients, farm effluents
(particularly livestock wastes), pesticides such as sheep-dipping
chemicals, bacterial and protozoan contamination of soil and water
are some of the main concerns regarding water quality degradation.
There has been a general uncoupling of nutrient cycles, and
problems relating to nutrient loss are either short-term direct
losses or long-term, related to accumulated nutrient surpluses.
Results from several field studies indicate that a rational use of
manure and mineral fertilisers can help reduce the pollution
problems arising from livestock farming practices. Several best
management practices are suggested for the control of nutrient loss
and minimising release of pathogen and sheep-dip chemicals into
agricultural runoff.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1413. A Review of Wetlands Remote Sensing and
Defining New Considerations.
Rundquist, D. C.; Narumalani, S.;
and Narayanan, R.
Remote Sensing
Reviews 20 (3): 207-226.
(2001);
ISSN: 0275-7257
Descriptors:
Wetlands research/ Spectral
reflectance measurements/ Wetlands climate relationships/ Remote
sensing of water resources/ Remote sensing/ Wetlands/ Data
handling/ Spectral analysis/ Soil/ water systems/ Soil Water/ Data
Collections/ Spectral Analysis/ Aquatic plants/ Water resources/
Environmental monitoring/ Classification systems/ Identification/
Reflectance/ Spectral composition / Plantae/ spectral signatures/
Observation methods/ Monitoring and Analysis of Water and Wastes/
Data acquisition/ Remote geosensing/ Ecological techniques and
apparatus/ Swamps and Marshes
Abstract: Significant progress has been made in
using remote sensing as a means of acquiring information about
wetlands. This research provides a brief review of selected
previous works, which address the issues of wetland identification,
classification, biomass measurement, and change detection.
Suggested new research emphases include compiling basic
spectral-reflectance characteristics for individual wetland species
by means of close-range instrumentation, analyzing canopies
architectures to facilitate species identification, and assessing
the impact on composite spectral signatures of wet soils and
variable depths of standing water beneath emergent canopies. These
research foci are justifiable when considered in the context of
environmental change / variability and the production of trace
gases.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1414. A Review of Whole-Plant Water Use Studies
in Trees.
Wullschleger, S. D.; Meinzer, F.
C.; and Vertessy, R. A.
Tree Physiology 18 (8-9): 499-512. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QK475.T74;
ISSN: 0829-318X.
Notes: Conference: International Symposium on Forests
at the Limit: Environmental Constraints of Forest Function, Kruger
National Park (South Africa), 11-17 May 1997
Descriptors:
Plants/ Water Use/ Trees/ Surveys/
Lysimeters/ Measuring Instruments/ Water and plants
Abstract: Weighing lysimeters, large-tree
potometers, ventilated chambers, radioisotopes, stable isotopes and
an array of heat balance/heat dissipation methods have been used to
provide quantitative estimates of whole-tree water use. A survey of
52 studies conducted since 1970 indicated that rates of water use
ranged from 10 kg day super(-1) for trees in a 32-year-old
plantation of Quercus petraea L. ex Liebl. in eastern France to
1,180 kg day super(-1) for an overstory Euperua purpurea Bth. tree
growing in the Amazonian rainforest. The studies included in this
survey reported whole-tree estimates of water use for 67 species in
over 35 genera. Almost 90% of the observations indicated maximum
rates of daily water use between 10 and 200 kg day super(-1) for
trees that averaged 21 m in height. The thermal techniques that
made many of these estimates possible have gained widespread
acceptance, and energy-balance, heat dissipation and heat-pulse
systems are now routinely used with leaf-level measurements to
investigate the relative importance of stomatal and boundary layer
conductances in controlling canopy transpiration, whole-tree
hydraulic conductance, coordinated control of whole-plant water
transport, movement of water to and from sapwood storage, and
whole-plant vulnerability of water transport to xylem cavitation.
Techniques for estimating whole-tree water use complement existing
approaches to calculating catchment water balance and provide the
forest hydrologist with another tool for managing water resources.
Energy-balance, heat dissipation and heat-pulse methods can be used
to compare transpiration in different parts of a watershed or
between adjacent trees, or to assess the contribution of
transpiration from overstory and understory trees. Such studies
often require that rates of water use be extrapolated from
individual trees to that of stands and plantations. The ultimate
success of this extrapolation depends in part on whether data
covering short time sequences can be applied to longer periods of
time. We conclude that techniques for estimating whole-tree water
use have provided valuable tools for conducting basic and applied
research. Future studies that emphasize the use of these techniques
by both tree physiologists and forest hydrologists should be
encouraged.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1415. Review on emissions of ammonia from housing
systems for laying hens in relation to sources, processes, building
design and manure handling.
Koerkamp PWGG and Groot Koerkamp
PWG
Journal of Agricultural
Engineering Research 59 (2):
73-87; 81 ref. (1994)
NAL Call #:
58.8-J82
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1416. A review on environmental impacts of
nutritional strategies in ruminants.
Tamminga, S.
Journal of Animal
Science 74 (12): 3112-3124.
(Dec. 1996)
NAL Call #:
49-J82;
ISSN: 0021-8812 [JANSAG].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium "Ruminant
Nutrition from an Environmental Perspective" at the ASAS 87th
Annual Meeting, July 1995, Orlando, Florida. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
ruminant feeding/ nutrient balance/
energy sources/ net energy/ energy content/ feeds/ carbon/
nitrogen/ phosphorus/ potassium/ ratios/ excretion/ losses/
nitrogen fertilizers/ dairy cows/ milk yield/ cattle manure/ urine/
literature reviews/ Netherlands
Abstract: Primary (plant), secondary (animal), and
tertiary (human) biological systems are driven by energy, either
fossil or renewable energy in biomass. Their ratio shifts from
about 10:90 in primary, via 25:75 in secondary, to 90:10 in
tertiary systems. Energy input in ruminant production is mainly as
plants and plant parts from primary production, and the amount
needed per unit product (milk, meat) primarily depends on its
digestibility. This is high in young, leafy, whole plants, in roots
and tubers, and in reproductive organs (whole seeds) or organ parts
(by-products) of mature plants. Use of fossil energy per kilogram
of DM for primary production ranges from 1 to 3 MJ in forage to
over 8 MJ in concentrate feeds, whereas input per kilogram of milk
is 1 to 10 MJ. Biomass energy used in ruminant production contains
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), but in a ratio
rarely balanced to the animals requirements. In secondary systems,
energy is partitioned between foods of animal origin and waste. The
latter contains OM, N, P, K, and gases (CO2, CH4), which may cause
environmental problems. Losses per kilograms of milk vary and are
10 to 45 g for N, 0 to 3 g for P, and 2 to 20 g for K.
Environmental impacts of animal production can be reduced by
varying the use of inorganic fertilizer and changing the forage to
concentrate ratio. Digestibilities can be improved by proper
harvest management. Level and ratio of dietary N, P, and K can be
adjusted to requirements by selecting proper ingredients, reducing
their loss in waste. Limited scope exists to reduce losses in
respiration and fermentation gases.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1417. A review on sustainable nitrogen management
in intensive vegetable production systems.
Neeteson, J. J.; Booij, R.; and
Whitmore, A. P.
Acta Horticulturae
(506): 17-26. (Dec. 1999)
NAL Call #:
80 Ac82;
ISSN: 0567-7572 [AHORA2]
Descriptors:
vegetables/ intensive cropping/
nitrogen
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1418. Review: Plant Life in Extremely Acidic
Waters.
Nixdorf, B.; Fyson, A.; and
Krumbeck, H.
Environmental and
Experimental Botany 46 (3):
203-211. (2001);
ISSN: 0098-8472.
Notes: Special Issue: Plants and Organisms in Wetland
Environments
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Acidity/ pH effects/ Algae/
Phytoplankton/ Primary production/ Autotrophy/ Phototrophy/
Nutrients/ Water column/ Sediments/ Water Pollution Effects/ Acidic
Water/ Ecological Effects/ Aquatic Plants/ Ecosystems/ Ecological
Distribution/ Interfaces/ Primary Productivity/ Adaptation/
Adaptations/ Wetlands/ Plant metabolism/ Photosynthesis/ Limiting
factors/ Bacteria/ Algae/ Plantae/ Bacteria/ Algae/ Effects of
pollution/ Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics/ Mechanical and
natural changes
Abstract: In acidic waters, a variety of autotrophic
organisms are found including phototrophic bacteria, phytoplankton,
filamentous- and micro-benthic algae and macrophytes. To explain
the occurrence and distribution of primary producers we must answer
the following question. What is acidity and where and how does it
influence autotrophic metabolism in aquatic ecosystems? The very
low pH per se will have profound effects on the survival and growth
of organisms and therefore influence biodiversity. On the other
hand, we observed a spatial structuring of phototrophic
colonization according to the supply of nutrients at interfaces or
specific layers. These are interfaces between sediment and water
and the chemocline of meromictic lakes or in the case of planktonic
development, chlorophyll maxima in the hypolimnion. Therefore, we
attempt to analyze the growth conditions for different types of
autotrophic organism in relation to resource demands and the
distribution of limiting nutrients in sediments and the water
column. Adaptations may be morphological (e.g. size, shape, surface
area), physiological (e.g. heterotrophic or mixotrophic metabolism,
CO sub(2) concentrating mechanisms, low intrinsic growth rates),
behavioral (e.g. diurnal migration) or ecological (low grazing
pressure, low losses through sedimentation).
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1419. A Review: Pyrite Oxidation Mechanisms and
Acid Mine Drainage Prevention.
Evangelou, V. P. B. and Zhang, Y.
L.
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 25 (2): 141-199. (1995)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
review/ oxidation/ acid mine
drainage/ sulfur/ heavy metals/ pyrite/ ores/ mineral industry/
mine drainage/ mine tailings/ drainage water/ acidification/
environmental impact/ water pollution/ pollution control/ Water
quality control/ Freshwater pollution/ Prevention and
control
Abstract: Sulfide oxidation, part of sulfur's
biotic/abiotic cycle, is an important natural phenomenon. However,
because of the sulfide's association with metallic ores and fossil
fuels in the form of pyrite (FeS sub(2)) and the world's increasing
demand for metals and fossil fuels, sulfide oxidation in nature is
in some state of perturbation. This perturbation, which results
from land disturbances (e.g., mining, and/or ore processing),
produces acid drainage often enriched with heavy metals. This acid
drainage, commonly referred to as acid mine drainage (AMD), has
become an economic and environmental burden. This review deals with
abiotic/biotic modes of pyrite oxidation and the mechanistic
involvement of OH super(-), O sub(2), and Fe super(3+) in the
pyrite oxidation process in low/high pH environments. Also included
is recent evidence on the potential involvement of CO sub(2) in
catalyzing pyrite oxidation in near-neutral and alkaline
environments. Finally, the review deals with various
pyrite-oxidation control approaches, the merits of these
approaches, and some new and promising pyrite microencapsulation
techniques currently under development in our
laboratory.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1420. Review the impact of wetlands and nonpoint
source pollution regulations on agricultural land: Hearing before
the Subcommittee on Environment, Credit, and Rural Development of
the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred
Third Congress, second session, March 23, 1994.
United States. Congress. House.
Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Environment, Credit and
Rural Development.
Washington: U.S. G.P.O.; iv, 234
p.: ill. (1994)
Notes: Distributed to some depository libraries in
microfiche. Shipping list no.: 94-0333-P. "Serial no. 103-61."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-148). SUDOCS: Y 4.AG
8/1:103-61.
NAL Call #: KF27.A3338--1994; ISBN: 016045929X
Descriptors:
Agricultural laws and
legislation---United States/ Nonpoint source pollution---United
States/ Wetlands---United States/ Agricultural resources---United
States---Management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1421. Rice fields as temporary wetlands: A
review.
Lawler, S. P.
Israel Journal of
Zoology 47 (4): 513-528.
(2001);
ISSN: 0021-2210
Descriptors:
Wetlands / Agricultural land/ Oryza
sativa/ Rice/ Wetlands/ Aquatic entomology
Abstract: Rice fields are temporary wetlands that
harbor many of the same species that breed in natural temporary
ponds. Therefore the rice agroecosystem has the potential to help
sustain the regional biodiversity of many invertebrates and
vertebrates. Like natural areas of wetlands, rice cultivation
provides a habitat mosaic of temporary and more permanent waters.
Because of their low floral diversity and because their species
composition will rarely overlap completely with that of natural
ponds, rice fields are not substitutes for natural temporary ponds.
However, they are important in sustaining populations of several
species, including wading birds and frogs. Farming methods vary
widely, and different practices can alter the suitability of rice
fields as habitats. Farmers use water management, pesticides, and
sometimes fish to control crop pests and mosquitoes, and other taxa
may be affected as well. Farmers may irrigate rice intermittently
to control pests, and intermittent habitat holds fewer species than
areas that are flooded for longer periods. Broad-spectrum
pesticides may harm invertebrates and other wildlife, and may even
cause pest resurgences if they have greater effects on predator
populations than on the pests. Fish often decrease the abundance of
invertebrate predators, but fish farming in rice fields often
discourages the use of harmful pesticides. Because farming
practices can affect the conservation value of rice fields,
ecologists are encouraged to work with farmers and study the role
of rice fields in the population dynamics of temporary pond
species, and how changing farming methods alter this
role.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1422. Riparian area responses to changes in
management.
Borman, M. M.; Massingill, C. R.;
and Elmore, E. W.
Rangelands 21 (3): 3-7. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SF85.A1R32;
ISSN: 0190-0528
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
1423. Riparian areas: Functions and strategies
for management.
Committee on Riparian Zone
Functioning and Strategies for Management; Water Science and
Technolgy Board; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology;
Division on Earth and Life Studies; and National Research Council.
National Academy Press, 2002.
ISBN: 0309082951
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309082951/html/
Descriptors:
riparian areas/ environmental
management/ laws and regulations/ land use
1424. Riparian buffer systems in crop and
rangelands.
Schultz, R. C.; Isenhart, T. M.;
and Colletti, J. P.
In: Agroforestry and sustainable
systems symposium proceedings. (Held 7 Aug 1994-10 Aug 1994 at Fort Collins,
Colorado.)
Fort Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station; pp. 13-27; 1995.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.261
Descriptors:
riparian forests/ riparian
vegetation/ ecosystems/ ecotones/ ecology/ biodiversity/ rangelands
/ agricultural land/ grazing/ water quality/ environmental
management/ grazing systems/ environmental protection/ stream flow/
groundwater/ models/ pollution/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1425. Riparian ecosystem management model:
Simulator for ecological processes in riparian zones.
Altier, Lee S. and United States.
Agricultural Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; v, 216 p.: ill.;
Series: Conservation research report no. 46. (2002)
Notes: "February 2002"--Cover. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: A279.9-Ag8-no.-46
Descriptors:
Riparian areas---Management/
Riparian ecology---Mathematical models
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1426. Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands:
Strategies and references.
Briggs, Mark K.
Tucson: University of Arizona
Press; xiv, 159 p.: ill. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.S6B77--1996; ISBN: 0816516421 (cloth); 0816516448
(paper)
Descriptors:
Riparian ecology---Southwest, New/
Riparian ecology---Mexico/ Restoration ecology---Southwest, New/
Restoration ecology---Mexico/ Riparian ecology---Southwest,
New---Case studies/ Riparian ecology---Mexico---Case studies/
Restoration ecology---Southwest, New---Case studies/ Restoration
ecology---Mexico---Case studies
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1427. Riparian ecosystems of semi-arid North
America: Diversity and human impacts.
Patten, D. T.
Wetlands 18 (4): 498-512. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1428. Riparian Forest Buffer Panel
report.
Chesapeake Bay Program (U.S.);
Chesapeake Executive Council; Riparian Forest Buffer Panel; and
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III
Philadelphia, Penn.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region III; Series: Technical
report series 97/167; ii, 362 p.: ill., maps. (1997)
Notes: "March 1997"--Cover. "Printed by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency for the Chesapeake Bay Program."
"EPA 903-R-97-007"--Cover. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: QH76.5.M3-R56-1997
Descriptors:
Riparian forests---Chesapeake
Bay---Md and Va/ Water quality management---Chesapeake Bay
Watershed---Md and Va/ Natural resources---Chesapeake Bay
Watershed---Md and Va/ Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and
Va
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1429. Riparian grazing management that worked:
Introduction and winter grazing.
Masters, L.; Swanson, S.; and
Burkhardt, W.
Rangelands 18 (5): 192-195. (1996)
NAL Call #:
SF85.A1R32;
ISSN: 0190-0528.
Notes: Subtitle: [Part] I.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1430. Riparian landscapes.
Malanson, G. P.
Cambridge; New York: Cambridge
University Press; Series: Cambridge Studies in Ecology; 296 p.
(1993)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35M35--1993; ISBN: 0-521-38431-1
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1431. Riparian livestock exclosure research in
the western United States: A critique and some
recommendations.
Sarr, Daniel A
Environmental
Management 30 (4): 516-526.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
animal (Animalia): aquatic,
terrestrial/ Animals/ Humpty Dumpty model/ agenda laden literature
reviews/ broken leg model/ critical reviews / ecosystem recovery:
mechanisms, scales/ geomorphology/ improved exclosure placement/
design/ long term research programs: development/ meta analyses/
post exclusion dynamics/ pre treatment data: collection/
restoration ecology/ riparian ecosystem ecology: livestock impact
susceptibility/ riparian livestock exclosure research: critique,
recommendations/ rubber band model/ study popularization/ unifying
conceptual framework / vegetation/ weak study designs
Abstract: Over the last three decades, livestock
exclosure research has emerged as a preferred method to evaluate
the ecology of riparian ecosystems and their susceptibility to
livestock impacts. This research has addressed the effects of
livestock exclusion on many characteristics of riparian ecosystems,
including vegetation, aquatic and terrestrial animals, and
geomorphology. This paper reviews, critiques, and provides
recommendations for the improvement of riparian livestock exclosure
research. Exclosure-based research has left considerable scientific
uncertainty due to popularization of relatively few studies, weak
study designs, a poor understanding of the scales and mechanisms of
ecosystem recovery, and selective, agenda-laden literature reviews
advocating for or against public lands livestock grazing.
Exclosures are often too small (<50 ha) and improperly placed to
accurately measure the responses of aquatic organisms or geomorphic
processes to livestock removal. Depending upon the site conditions
when and where livestock exclosures are established, postexclusion
dynamics may vary considerably. Systems can recover quickly and
predictably with livestock removal (the "rubber band" model), fail
to recover due to changes in system structure or function (the
"Humpty Dumpty" model), or recover slowly and remain more sensitive
to livestock impacts than they were before grazing was initiated
(the "broken leg" model). Several initial ideas for strengthening
the scientific basis for livestock exclosure research are
presented: (1) incorporation of meta-analyses and critical reviews;
(2) use of restoration ecology as a unifying conceptual framework;
(3) development of long-term research programs; (4) improved
exclosure placement/design; and (5) a stronger commitment to
collection of pre-treatment data.
© Thomson
1432. Riparian management in forests of the
continental Eastern United States.
Verry, Elon S.; Hornbeck, James W.;
and Dolloff, Charles Andrew
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers;
xx, 402 p.: ill., maps. (2000)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 341-391)
and index.
NAL Call #: SD144.A112-R56-2000; ISBN: 1566705010 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Riparian forests---East---United
States---Management/ Riparian areas---East---United
States---Management/ Forested wetlands---East---United
States---Management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1433. Riparian mesquite forests: A review of
their ecology, threats, and recovery potential.
Stromberg, J. C.
Journal of the
Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 27 (1): 111-124. (1993)
NAL Call #:
500-Ar44;
ISSN: 0193-8509 [JAASDM]
Descriptors:
prosopis/ forest ecology/ riparian
forests/ endangered species/ forest resources/ literature reviews/
nature conservation/ Arizona
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1434. Riparian restoration and streamside erosion
control handbook.
Thompson, Jennifer N.; Green, Don
L.; Johnson, LeAnne.; and Tennessee. Dept. of Environment and
Conservation.
Nashville, TN: Tennessee Dept. of
Environment and Conservation; 74, 32 p.: ill. (1994)
Notes: "November, 1994." Bibliography: p. [7-9] (2nd
group).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.R52T46--1994
Descriptors:
Riparian ecology---Handbooks,
manuals, etc/ Stream conservation---Handbooks, manuals,
etc
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1435. Riparian Restoration: Current Status and
the Reach to the Future.
Landers, D. H.
Restoration Ecology
5 (4 [supplement]): 113-121.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.R45R515;
ISSN: 1061-2971.
Notes: Special issue: Riparian Restoration
Descriptors:
Site Selection/ Reviews/
Rehabilitation/ Riparian Vegetation/ Interdisciplinary Studies/
Geographical Information Systems/ Baseline Studies/ Environmental
restoration/ Riparian environments/ Vegetation patterns/ Rivers/
Habitat improvement/ Environmental protection/ Pollution control/
Planning/ Evaluation process/ Reclamation/ Protective measures and
control/ Streamflow and runoff
Abstract: Nine articles in the special issue of
Restoration Ecology addressing the subject of site selection for
riparian restoration activities were critically examined for this
review. The approaches described make significant and original
contributions to the field of riparian restoration. All are
interdisciplinary to some extent, often combining the fields of
hydrology, geomorphology, and biology in the design of
restorations. A common component among the articles is that they
take a broad view, if not a watershed view, of restoration site
selection. The approaches can be generally described as top-down
strategic approaches to siting restorations, as opposed to the more
methods- and site-driven bottom-up, or tactical, approach. All the
articles recognize the importance of developing endpoints related
to the ecological function of riparian ecosystems. They succeed in
their quest for these indicators of ecological function to varying
degrees. The most common indicator used in these papers is riparian
vegetation. Several additional elements of scientific
investigation, if successfully pursued, could provide vital
information and advance our understanding of riparian restoration:
developing interdisciplinary approaches more fully; defining
endpoints and reference conditions; implementing multiple scale
approaches; viewing restorations as experimental ecosystem
manipulations; developing a philosophy regarding exotic species;
incorporating geographic information systems more often; and
integrating science, society, and politics. The foundation provided
by the contributions in this issue should provide a strong basis
for the rapid advancement of future research in the area of
riparian restoration.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1436. Riparian restoration in the western United
States: Overview and perspective.
Goodwin, C. N.; Hawkins, C. P.; and
Kershner, J. L.
Restoration Ecology
5 (4S): 4-14.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.R45R515;
ISSN: 1061-2971
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1437. Riparian vegetation diversity along
regulated rivers: Contribution of novel and relict
habitats.
Johnson, W Carter
Freshwater Biology
47 (4): 749-759. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH96.F6;
ISSN: 0046-5070
Descriptors:
plant (Plantae)/ Plants/ dams/
deltas/ floodplains/ novel ecosystems/ regulated rivers/ relict
habitats/ reservoir shorelines/ riparian vegetation/ sedimentation/
spatial heterogeneity/ species diversity/ temporal heterogeneity/
water diversions/ water levels
Abstract: 1. The creation and maintenance of spatial
and temporal heterogeneity by rivers flowing through floodplain
landscapes has been disrupted worldwide by dams and water
diversions. Large reservoirs (novel ecosystems) now separate and
isolate remnant floodplains (relict ecosystems). From above, these
appear as a string of beads, with beads of different sizes and
string connections of varying lengths. 2. Numerous studies have
documented or forecast sharp declines in riparian biodiversity in
relict ecosystems downstream from dams. Concurrently, novel
ecosystems containing species and communities of the former predam
ecosystems have arisen along all regulated rivers. These result
from the creation of new environments caused by upper reservoir
sedimentation, tributary sedimentation and the formation of
reservoir shorelines. 3. The contribution of novel habitats to the
overall biodiversity of regulated rivers has been poorly studied.
Novel ecosystems may become relatively more important in supporting
riverine biodiversity if relict ecosystems are not restored to
predam levels. The Missouri River of the north-central U.S.A. is
used to illustrate existing conditions on a large, regulated river
system with a mixture of relict and novel ecosystems.
© Thomson
1438. Riparian vegetation
effectiveness.
Castelle, Andrew J.; Johnson, A.
W.; and National Council for Air and Stream Improvement.
Research Triangle Park, NC:
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.; 26 p.: ill.;
Series: Technical bulletin (National Council for Air and Stream
Improvement) no. 799. (2000)
Notes: "February 2000." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 20-26).
NAL Call #: TD899.P3-N34-no.-799
Descriptors:
Buffer zones---Ecosystem management/
Streambank planting/ Riparian plants/ Grassed waterways/ Best
management practices---Pollution prevention
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1439. Riparian wetlands and water
quality.
Gilliam, J W
Journal of Environmental
Quality 23 (5): 896-900.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors:
nitrate/ phosphorus/ plant (Plantae
Unspecified)/ Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ plants/ drainage/
farming/ nitrate/ nonpoint source pollution/ phosphorus/ urban
activity/ wet soils
Abstract: Because of wet soils adjacent to the
strains, riparian buffers are frequently present between farming
and urban activities on the uplands and small streams. These
riparian areas have been shown to be very valuable for the removal
of nonpoint-source pollution from drainage water. Several
researchers have measured gt 90% reductions in sediment and nitrate
concentrations in water flowing through the riparian areas. The
riparian buffers are less effective for P removal but may retain
50% of the surface-water P entering them. I consider riparian
buffers to be the most important factor influencing nonpoint-source
pollutants entering surface water in many areas of the USA and the
most important wetlands for surface water quality
protection.
© Thomson
1440. Riparian wildlife habitat literature
review.
McComb, William. and Hagar,
Joan.
Oregon: Oregon State University,
Dept. of Forest Science; 63 p.: maps. (1994)
Notes: Cover title. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 25-35).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.R52-M36-1994
Descriptors:
Riparian areas---United States/
Riparian animals---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1441. Riparian zone, stream, and floodplain
issues: A review.
Bren, L. J.
Journal of Hydrology
150 (2/4): 277-299. (Oct.
1993)
NAL Call #:
292.8-J82;
ISSN: 0022-1694 [JHYDA7].
Notes: Special issue: Water Issues in Forests Today /
edited by E.M. O'Loughlin and F.X. Dunin. Papers presented at the
International Symposium on Forest Hydrology, November 22-26, 1992,
Canberra, Australia. Includes references.
Descriptors:
riparian forests/ floodplains/
streams/ forest management/ water management/ literature
reviews
Abstract: In the last two decades, the effects of
forest management on streams, riparian zones, and floodplains have
become of much interests. In general, there is agreement that such
areas should be maintained in a state approximating naturalness,
although it is recognised that definition of this state is usually
difficult or impossible. A diversity of management effects has been
recognised and, in some cases quantified. For upland catchments,
issues particularly relate to direct disturbance of the zone,
changes in the flow of woody debris into the stream, or disturbance
to the environment by effects generated upstream or downstream. For
many areas, a particularly important commercial aspect is the
definition of a 'stream', as this can impose many expensive and
severe restrictions on management of the land. For large rivers, a
common issue is the effect of river management on flooding forests.
In each case, the issues are complex, information is difficult to
collect, and there are fundamental difficulties in going from
anecdotal observation to data. Currently, most information appears
to be at a relatively local level, and there is a very inadequate
knowledge base to give a more holistic overview, although the
concept of 'cumulative effects', with the effects accumulated over
both space and time, has much potential value. There are many
opportunities for work in this field.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1442. A Risk Assessment of Emerging Pathogens of
Concern in the Land Application of Biosolids.
Gerba, C. P.; Pepper, I. L.; and
Whitehead, L. F.
Water Science and
Technology 46 (10): 225-230.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: IWA Specialised Conference, Acapulco
[Mexico], 25-27 Oct 2001; Source: Sludge Management: Regulation,
Treatment, Utilisation and Disposal; Editors: Jimenez, B.
//Spinosa, L. //Odegaard, H. //Lee, D. J.; ISBN: 184339426X
Descriptors:
Sludge Disposal/ Land Disposal/
Regulations/ Pathogens/ Disinfection/ Resistance/ Literature
Review/ Fate of Pollutants/ Public Health/ Microbiological Studies/
Law/ Risk analysis/ Pathogenic organism/ Reviews/ Public health/
Risk assessment/ risk assessment/ Ultimate disposal of wastes/
Sewage/ Non patents / Soil Pollution: Monitoring, Control &
Remediation/ Sources and fate of pollution
Abstract: Since the development of the United States
Environmental Projection Agency's 503 biosolids Rule, which
includes treatment requirements to reduce the threat of pathogen
transmission, many new pathogens have been recognized which could
be transmitted by biosolids. A risk analysis was performed to
assess which emerging pathogens would be most likely to survive
treatments required for Class B biosolids before land application.
The literature was reviewed on the resistance of emerging pathogens
to temperature and other environmental factors to assess their
probability of surviving various biosolids treatment processes. In
addition existing information on occurrence in biosolids and dose
response models for each pathogen was reviewed. It was concluded
that adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus are the most thermally
resistant viruses and can survive for prolonged periods in the
environment. The protozoan parasites microsporidia and Cyclospora
were unlikely to survive the temperatures achieved in anaerobic
digestion and do not survive well under low moisture conditions. A
risk model was used to assess the risk of infection and illness
from enteric viruses after application of class B
biosolids.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1443. Risk-Based Multiattribute Decision-Making
in Property and Watershed Management.
Prato, T.
Natural Resource
Modeling 12 (3): 307-334.
(1999);
ISSN: 0890-8575.
Notes: Publisher: The Rocky Mountain Mathematics
Consortium
Descriptors:
decision making/ Watersheds/
Government policies/ Sustainable development/ Resource management/
United States, Missouri/ Risk/ Watershed Management/ Best
Management Practices / Reviews/ Farming/ Agricultural Watersheds/
Resources Management/ River basin management/ Regional planning/
Environmental protection/ Resource conservation/ Management/
Models/ MADM/ best management practices/ sustainable use/
Environmental action/ Watershed protection/ Conservation, wildlife
management and recreation/ Modeling, mathematics, computer
applications/ Policy and planning/ Techniques of
planning
Abstract: Determining best management systems for
properties and evaluating their sustainability at the watershed
scale are useful and important aspects of integrated watershed
management. Multiattribute decision-making (MADM) is very useful
for modeling the selection of best management systems for
properties in a watershed. This paper reviews four MADM approaches
including utility theory, surrogate worth tradeoff, free iterative
search and stochastic dominance with respect to a function (SDWF).
Emphasis is on determining how the first three methods could be
used to determine the best (most preferred) combinations of
attributes and associated management systems for a property. An
application of the expected utility method with risk neutral
preferences is presented in which farmer's preferences for five
attributes are used to rank five farming systems for an
agricultural watershed in Missouri. A framework is presented for
assessing the sustainability of the best management systems for all
properties in a watershed and the cost-effectiveness of policies
for enhancing sustainable resource management at the watershed
scale.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1444. A risk management perspective on integrated
weed management.
Gunsolus, J. L. and Buhler, D.
D.
Journal of Crop
Production 2 (1): 167-187.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Expanding the context of weed
management / edited by Douglas D. Buhler. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
weed control/ integrated pest
management/ risk assessment/ risk reduction/ decision making/ crop
yield/ yield losses/ economic analysis/ labor/ management/ time
management/ growth rate/ crop growth stage/ plant development/
seedling emergence/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1445. Risk of Nitrate in Groundwater of the
United States: A National Perspective.
Nolan, B. T.; Ruddy, B. C.; Hitt,
K. J.; and Helsel, D. R.
Environmental Science and
Technology 31 (8): 2229-2236.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X.
Notes: DOI: 10.1021/es960818d
Descriptors:
USA/ Nitrates/ Groundwater
Pollution/ Risk/ Data Interpretation/ Mapping/ Regional Analysis/
hazard assessment/ agricultural pollution/ eutrophication/
pollutant persistence/ water supply/ risk assessment/ hazards/
United States/ NAWQA/ USGS/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Behavior
and fate characteristics/ Freshwater pollution/
Environment
Abstract: Nitrate contamination of groundwater
occurs in predictable patterns, based on findings of the U.S.
Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment
(NAWQA) Program. The NAWQA Program was begun in 1991 to describe
the quality of the Nation's water resources, using nationally
consistent methods. Variables affecting nitrate concentration in
groundwater were grouped as "input" factors (population density and
the amount of nitrogen contributed by fertilizer, manure, and
atmospheric sources) and "aquifer vulnerability" factors (soil
drainage characteristic and the ratio of woodland acres to cropland
acres in agricultural areas) and compiled in a national map that
shows patterns of risk for nitrate contamination of groundwater.
Areas with high nitrogen input, well-drained soils, and low
woodland to cropland ratio have the highest potential for
contamination of shallow groundwater by nitrate. Groundwater
nitrate data collected through 1992 from wells less than 100 ft
deep generally verified the risk patterns shown on the national
map. Median nitrate concentration was 0.2 mg/L in wells
representing the low-risk group, and the maximum contaminant level
(MCL) was exceeded in 3% of the wells. In contrast, median nitrate
concentration was 4.8 mg/L in wells representing the high-risk
group, and the MCL was exceeded in 25% of the wells.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1446. Risk, reliability, uncertainty and
robustness of water resource systems.
Bogardi, J. J. and Kundzewicz, Z.
W.
New York: Cambridge University
Press; xv, 220 p. (2002);
ISBN: 0-521-80036-6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1447. The risks and benefits of genetically
modified crops: A multidisciplinary perspective.
Peterson, G.; Cunningham, S.;
Deutsch, L.; Erickson, J.; Quinlan, A.; Raez-Luna, E.; Tinch, R.;
Troell, M.; Woodbury, P.; and Zens, S.
Conservation Ecology
4 (1): U38-U49. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C67;
ISSN: 1195-5449
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1448. Risks associated with the use of chemicals
in pond aquaculture.
Boyd, C. E. and Massaut,
L.
Aquacultural
Engineering 20 (2): 113-132.
(June 1999)
NAL Call #:
SH1.A66;
ISSN: 0144-8609 [AQEND6]
Descriptors:
aquaculture/ ponds/ risk assessment/
lime/ fertilizers/ eutrophication/ nutrient availability/
solubility/ food safety/ herbicides/ algicides/ probiotics/
disinfectants/ oxidants/ coagulants/ osmoregulation/ chemicals/
degradation/ chemical precipitation/ water pollution/ environmental
impact/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1449. Riverbank filtration: Understanding
contaminant biogeochemistry and pathogen removal.
Ray, Chittaranjan.
In: Proceedings of the NATO
Advanced Research Workshop on Riverbank Filtration: Understanding
Contaminant Biogeochemistry and Pathogen Removal. (Held 5 Sep 2001-8 Sep 2001 at Tihany,
Hungary.)
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
Publishers; xviii, 253 p.: ill., maps; 2002.
Notes: Published in Earth and environmental sciences,
v. 14
NAL Call #: TD443-.R58-2002;
ISBN: 1402009542
Descriptors:
Water---Purification---Riverbank
filtration---Congresses/ Biochemistry---Congresses/
Water---Purification---Microbial removal---Congresses/ Drinking
water---Purification---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1450. Riverine landscape diversity.
Ward, J. V.; Tockner, K.; Arscott,
D. B.; and Claret, C.
Freshwater Biology
47 (4): 517-539. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH96.F6;
ISSN: 0046-5070
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1451. Riverine landscapes: Biodiversity patterns,
disturbance regimes, and aquatic conservation.
Ward, J V
Biological
Conservation 83 (3): 269-278.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
S900.B5;
ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors:
aquatic conservation/ bank
stabilization/ biodiversity patterns/ channelization/ disturbance
regimes/ environmental gradient/ environmental heterogeneity/ flow
regulation/ groundwater aquifers/ multiple interactive pathways/
riparian/ floodplain systems/ riverine landscapes/
upstream-downstream linkage
Abstract: The term riverine landscape implies a
holistic geomorphic perspective of the extensive interconnected
series of biotopes and environmental gradients that, with their
biotic communities, constitute fluvial systems. Natural disturbance
regimes maintain multiple interactive pathways (connectivity)
across the riverine landscape. Disturbance and environmental
gradients, acting in concert, result in a positive feedback between
connectivity and spatio-temporal heterogeneity that leads to the
broadscale patterns and processes responsible for high levels of
biodiversity. Anthropogenic impacts such as flow regulation,
channelization, and bank stabilization, by (1) disrupting natural
disturbance regimes, (2) truncating environmental gradients, and
(3) severing interactive pathways, eliminate upstream-downstream
linkages and isolate river channels from riparian/floodplain
systems and contiguous groundwater aquifers. These alterations
interfere with successional trajectories, habitat diversification,
migratory pathways and other processes, thereby reducing
biodiversity. Ecosystem management is necessary to maintain or
restore biodiversity at a landscape scale. To be effective,
conservation efforts should be based on a solid conceptual
foundation and a holistic understanding of natural river
ecosystems. Such background knowledge is necessary to re-establish
environmental gradients, to reconnect interactive pathways, and to
reconstitute some semblance of the natural dynamics responsible for
high levels of biodiversity. The challenge for the future lies in
protecting the ecological integrity and biodiversity of aquatic
systems in the face of increasing pressures on our freshwater
resources. This will require integrating sound scientific
principles with management perspectives that recognize floodplains
and groundwaters as integral components of rivers and that are
based on sustaining, rather than suppressing, environmental
heterogeneity.
© Thomson
1452. Role of agroforestry in sustainable
land-use systems.
Brooks, K. N.; Gregersen, H. M.;
and Ffolliott, P. F.
In: Agroforestry and sustainable
systems symposium proceedings.
Fort Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station; pp. 199-205; 1995.
Notes: Meeting held August 7-10, 1994, Fort Collins,
Colorado.
Includes references.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.261
Descriptors:
agroforestry/ sustainability/ land
use/ nature conservation/ land management/ watersheds/ erosion/
streams/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1453. The role of biological indicators in a
state water quality management process.
Yoder, Chris O and Rankin, Edward
T
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 51 (1-2): 61-88.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors:
biological indicators/ environmental
impact/ habitat degradation/ nonpoint source assessment/ pollution
control/ sediment contamination/ sewer overflow/ water quality
management/ Clean Water Act
Abstract: State water quality agencies are
custodians of water quality management programs under the Clean
Water Act of which the protection and restoration of biological
integrity in surface waters is an integral goal. However, an
inappropriate reliance on chemical/physical stressor and exposure
data or administrative indicators in place of the direct
measurement of ecological response has led to an incomplete
foundation for water resource management. As point sources have
declined in significance, the consequences of this flawed
foundation for dealing with the major limitations to biological
integrity (nonpoint sources, habitat degradation) have become more
apparent. The use of biocriteria in Ohio, for example, resulted in
the identification of 50% more impairment than a water chemistry
approach alone and other inconsistencies of a flawed monitoring
foundation are illustrated in the national 305(b) report statistics
on waters monitored, aquatic life use attainment, and habitat
degradation. Biological criteria (biocriteria) incorporates the
broader concept of water resource integrity to supplement the roles
of chemical and toxicological approaches and reduces the likelihood
of making overly optimistic estimates of aquatic life condition. A
carefully conceived ambient monitoring approach comprised of
biological, chemical, and physical measures ensures all relevant
stressors to water resource integrity are identified and that the
efficacy of administrative actions can be directly measured with
environmental results. New multimetric indices, such as the IBI,
ICI, and BIBI represent a significant advancement in aquatic
resource characterization that have allowed the inclusion of
biological information into many States water quality management
programs. Ohio adopted numerical biocriteria in the Ohio water
quality standards regulations in May 1990 and, through multiple
aquatic life uses that reflect a continuum of biological condition,
represents a tiered approach to water resource management.
Biocriteria provide the impetus and opportunity to recognize and
account for natural, ecological variability in the environment,
something which previously was been lacking in state water quality
management programs. The upper Great Miami River in Ohio
illustrates a case study where bioassessment data documented the
efficacy of efforts to permit, fund, and construct municipal
treatment systems in restoring aquatic life. In contrast, in the
Mahoning River similar administrative actions were inadequate to
restore aquatic life in an environment with severe sediment
contamination and impacts from combined sewer overflows. A
biocriteria-based goal of restoring 75% of aquatic life uses by the
year 2000 in Ohio has led to the use of biological data to identify
trends and forecast the status and the causes and sources of
impairment to Ohio streams, an effort that should affect the
strategic focus of our water resource management efforts. A
biocriteria-based approach has profoundly influenced strategic
planning and priority setting, water quality based permitting,
water quality standards, basic monitoring and reporting, nonpoint
source assessment, and problem discovery within Ohio
EPA.
© Thomson
1454. Role of buffer strips in management of
waterway pollution: A review.
Barling, R. D. and Moore, I.
D.
Environmental
Management 18 (4): 543-558.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1455. The role of column liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry in environmental trace-level
analysis: Determination and identification of pesticides in
water.
Hogenboom, Ariadne C; Niessen,
Wilfried M A; and Brinkman, Udo A Th
Journal of Separation
Science 24 (5): 331-354.
(2001);
ISSN: 1615-9306
Descriptors:
pesticides: agrichemical,
environmental pollutant, extraction, pesticide, quantitative
analysis, river water level, separation, toxin
© Thomson
1456. The role of corridors in biodiversity
conservation in production forest landscapes: A literature
review.
MacDonald, M. A.
Tasforests 14: 41-52. (2003);
ISSN: 1033-8306
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1457. The role of earthworms for assessment of
sustainability and as bioindicators.
Paoletti, M. G.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 74 (1/3):
137-155. (June 1999)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: Special issue: Invertebrate biodiversity as
bioindicators of sustainable landscapes / edited by M.G. Paoletti.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
earthworms/ indicator species/
sustainability/ evaluation/ monitoring/ environmental management/
environmental impact/ habitats/ agricultural land/ urban areas/
industrial sites/ species diversity/ biomass/ taxonomy/
identification/ soil pollution/ pesticides/ heavy metals/ genetic
engineering/ crops/ stress/ orchards/ literature reviews/ polluted
soils
Abstract: Earthworms, which inhabit soils and litter
layers in most landscapes, can offer an important tool to evaluate
different environmental transformations and impacts. Agricultural
landscapes, urban and industrialized habitats have some earthworms
that represent interesting indicators to monitor different
contaminations, to assess different farming practices and different
landscape structures and transformations. Species number, abundance
and biomass can give easily measurable elements. Ecological guilds
can help in comparing different environments. Taxonomy is
relatively well known, at least in temperate areas, where species
identification is in general easily solved. CD-ROM based programs
facilitate rapid identification of collected specimens. The
substantial amount of research carried out on these invertebrates
has made these soil organisms more promising for further improved
and accurate work in assessing sustainability of different
environments. In most cases earthworm biomass or abundance can
offer a valuable tool to assess different environmental impacts
such as tillage operations, soil pollution, different agricultural
input, trampling, industrial plant pollution, etc. In rural
environments different farming systems can be assessed using
earthworm biomass and numbers.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1458. The role of ecology in the development of
weed management systems: An outlook.
Mortensen, D. A.; Bastiaans, L.;
and Sattin, M.
Weed Research 40 (1): 49-62. (Feb. 2000)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W412;
ISSN: 0043-1737 [WEREAT]
Descriptors:
weeds/ weed biology/ plant ecology/
weed control/ integrated pest management/ species differences/ life
cycle/ habit/ population dynamics/ mortality/ developmental stages/
application rates/ herbicides/ crop weed competition/ phenotypes/
simulation models/ herbicide resistant weeds/ literature reviews/
integrated weed management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1459. The role of fire and soil heating on water
repellency in wildland environments: A review.
DeBano, L. F.
Journal of Hydrology
231/232: 195-206. (2000)
NAL Call #:
292.8-J82;
ISSN: 0022-1694 [JHYDA7].
Notes: Special issue: Water repellency is soils /
edited by C.J. Ritsema and L.W. Dekker. Proceedings of a workshop
held September 2-4, 1998, Wageningen, Netherlands. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
water repellent soils/ prescribed
burning
Abstract: This paper describes the heat transfer
mechanisms operating as heat moves downward in the soil along steep
temperature gradients during both wildfires and prescribed fires.
The transfer of heat downward in the upper part of the soil is
enhanced by the vaporization and movement of water and organic
compounds. Available information on the changes in the chemistry of
vaporized organic compounds is summarized and discussed. An
operational theory describing the formation of a highly water
repellent soil condition during fire is presented. The relationship
between the formation of this fire-related watershed condition and
subsequent surface runoff and erosion from wildland ecosystems is
explored. Worldwide literature describing fire-induced water
repellency is reviewed and summarized.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1460. The role of grazing sheep in sustainable
agriculture.
Ely, D. G.
Sheep Research
Journal : 37-51.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
SF371.R47;
ISSN: 1057-1809.
Notes: Special issue: Role of sheep grazing in natural
resource management. Includes references.
Descriptors:
sheep/ grazing/ sustainability/
forage/ digestibility/ agricultural production/ maturity stage/
feed conversion/ solar energy/ nitrogen fertilizers/ triticum
aestivum/ grazing systems/ profitability/ soil conservation/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1461. The Role of Invertebrates on Leaf Litter
Decomposition in Streams: A Review.
Graca, M. A. S.
International Review of
Hydrobiology 86 (4-5):
383-393. (2001);
ISSN: 1434-2944
Descriptors:
Streams/ Leaf litter/ Decomposition/
Macrofauna/ Zoobenthos/ Invertebrates/ Riparian Vegetation/ Organic
Matter/ Bacteria/ Abrasion/ Leaf Litter/ Aquatic entomology/
Freshwater/ Water and plants
Abstract: Leaves entering low order streams are
subject to physical abrasion, microbial degradation and
invertebrate fragmentation. Aquatic invertebrates feeding on leaves
are known as shredders and their densities tend to be correlated
with the spatial and temporal accumulation of organic matter in
streams. Shredders discriminate among the variety of leaves
normally found in the stream; this discrimination may be related to
differences in leaf toughness, plant nutrient content of leaves and
the presence of secondary compounds. Shredders also consume leaves
preferentially after the establishment of a well-developed
microbial community. This preference may be the result of changes
in leaf matrix carried out by the microbial community or the
presence of fungal hyphae with a higher nutrition value than the
leaves themselves. The immediate consequence of invertebrate
feeding on leaves is the incorporation of plant material into
secondary production and the fragmentation of leaves. The relative
importance of fungi and invertebrates in the decomposition process
depends upon the density of shredders, which, in turn, may depend
on litter accumulation in streams. Therefore, the type of riparian
vegetation has the potential to control the diversity and abundance
of shredders and changes in riparian vegetation have the potential
to affect the assemblages of aquatic invertebrates.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1462. The role of land/inland water ecotones in
fish ecology on the basis of Russian research: A review.
Dgebuadze, Y. Y.
International journal of
ecohydrology and hydrobiology 1 (1-2): 229-237. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.E19 I58;
ISSN: 1642-3593.
Notes: Special Issue: Catchment Processes Land/Water
Ecotones and Fish Communities
Descriptors:
Riparian environments/ Fishery
management/ Freshwater fish/ Environment management/ Rivers/
Population number/ Agricultural runoff/ Eutrophication/ Pollution
effects/ Russia/ Stock assessment and management/ Effects on
organisms
Abstract: This review summarises some results of
investigation carried out by Russian scientists, concerning the
influence of land/inland water ecotones on fish. The main
objectives and hypotheses developing in the framework UNESCO MAB
working group "Fish and land/inland ecotones" in Russia are:
comparison of fish population in salmonid rivers affected or
non-affected by lake-rivers ecotones; small scale ecotone studies
of model and restored microhabitat of salmonid rivers; comparison
of the ecotone patterns and fish abundance in two rivers differing
by historical origin of their ichthyofauna; the analysis of the
effect of cattle ranching on fish assemblages distribution,
dynamics and productivity along a river course in the steppe zone;
and the influence of periodically drying up lakes and ecotones on
the dynamics of fish populations in the connected river
system.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1463. The role of parasitoid and predator
production in technology transfer of field crop biological
control.
Leppla, N C and King, E
C
Entomophaga 41 (3-4): 343-360. (1996)
NAL Call #:
421 EN835M;
ISSN: 0013-8959
Descriptors:
insect (Insecta Unspecified)/
Insecta (Insecta Unspecified)/ animals/ arthropods/ insects/
invertebrates/ biobusiness/ biological control/ integrated pest
management/ parasitoid production/ pest control method/ pest
management/ predator production/ technology transfer
Abstract: The immediate goals for improving natural
enemy production are to reduce costs, increase efficacy and provide
additional species for pest management. This paper describes
expanding markets for natural enemies that are or could be produced
commercially, gives operational and experimental examples of
parasitoid and predator production for use in field crop biological
control, defines some of the obstacles and makes recommendations
for producing and using natural enemies. Additionally, it provides
recent published guidance for implementing biological control in
integrated pest management.
© Thomson
1464. The Role of Phosphorus in the
Eutrophication of Receiving Waters: A Review.
Correll, D. L.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 27 (2): 261-266.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors:
Phosphorus/ Bottom Sediments/
Eutrophication/ Receiving Waters/ Primary Productivity/ Dissolved
Oxygen/ Nutrients/ Surface Water/ Water Quality/ Water Pollution/
Nutrient concentrations/ Phosphates/ Aquatic environment/ Algal
blooms/ Primary production/ Water quality control/ Sources and fate
of pollution/ Freshwater pollution/ Characteristics, behavior and
fate
Abstract: Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for
all life forms. It is a mineral nutrient. Orthophosphate is the
only form of P that autotrophs can assimilate. Extracellular
enzymes hydrolyze organic forms of P to phosphate. Eutrophication
is the overenrichment of receiving waters with mineral nutrients.
The results are excessive production of autotrophs, especially
algae and cyanobacteria. This high productivity leads to high
bacterial populations and high respiration rates, leading to
hypoxia or anoxia in poorly mixed bottom waters and at night in
surface waters during calm, warm conditions. Low dissolved oxygen
causes the loss of aquatic animals and release of many materials
normally bound to bottom sediments including various forms of P.
This release of P reinforces the eutrophication. Excessive
concentrations of P is the most common cause of eutrophication in
freshwater lakes, reservoirs, streams, and headwaters of estuarine
systems. In the ocean, N becomes the key mineral nutrient
controlling primary production. Estuaries and continental shelf
waters are a transition zone, where excessive P and N create
problems. It is best to measure and regulate total P inputs to
whole aquatic ecosystems, but for an easy assay it is best to
measure total P concentrations, including particulate P, in surface
waters or N/P atomic ratios in phytoplankton.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1465. Role of plant pathology in integrated pest
management.
Jacobsen, B. J.
Annual Review of
Phytopathology 35: 373-391.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
464.8-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4286 [APPYAG]
Descriptors:
plant pathology/ integrated pest
management/ plant diseases/ models/ yield losses/ interdisciplinary
research/ extension education/ literature reviews/ ecologically
based pest management/ biointensive pest management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1466. Role of reference materials in analysis of
environmental pollutants.
Namiesnik, J and Zygmunt,
B
Science of the Total
Environment 228 (2-3):
243-257. (1999)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365;
ISSN: 0048-9697
Descriptors:
air pollution/ environmental
pollution analysis: quality assurance, quality controls, reference
materials/ sediment pollution/ sludge pollution/ soil pollution/
waste water pollution/ water pollution
Abstract: This paper discusses the importance and
use of reference materials for quality assurance and quality
control in environmental analysis. The general classification of
reference materials and categorisation of those for chemical
composition are presented. The most common reference materials for
pollutants in air, water, waste water, soil, sediments, sludge and
some biological materials and their producers are tabulated.
Definitions, practical recommendations on selection and handling,
and application areas of reference materials are also
presented.
© Thomson
1467. The role of science in the preservation of
forest biodiversity.
Simberloff, D.
Forest Ecology and
Management 115 (2/3):
101-111. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1468. Role of sediment and internal loading of
phosphorus in shallow lakes.
Sondergaard, M.; Jensen, J. P.; and
Jeppesen, E.
Hydrobiologia 506 (1-3): 135-145. (2003)
NAL Call #:
410 H992;
ISSN: 0018-8158.
Notes: Number of References: 108; Dordrecht: Kluwer
Academic Publ
Descriptors:
Aquatic Sciences/ biomanipulation/
iron/ recovery/ redox/ release mechanisms/ retention/ phosphate
release/ hypereutrophic lake/ eutrophic lake/ phytoplankton
biomass/ resuspended sediment/ aquatic macrophytes/ inorganic
phosphate/ planktivorous fish/ aerobic sediments/ temperate
lakes
Abstract: The sediment plays an important role in
the overall nutrient dynamics of shallow lakes. In lakes where the
external loading has been reduced, internal phosphorus loading may
prevent improvements in lake water quality. At high internal
loading, particularly summer concentrations rise, and phosphorus
retention can be negative during most of the summer. Internal P
loading originates from a pool accumulated in the sediment at high
external loading, and significant amounts of phosphorus in lake
sediments may be bound to redox-sensitive iron compounds or fixed
in more or less labile organic forms. These forms are potentially
mobile and may eventually be released to the lake water. Many
factors are involved in the release of phosphorus. Particularly the
redox sensitive mobilization from the anoxic zone a few millimetres
or centimetres below the sediment surface and microbial processes
are considered important, but the phosphorus release mechanisms are
to a certain extent lake specific. The importance of internal
phosphorus loading is highly influenced by the biological structure
in the pelagic, and lakes shifting from a turbid to a clearwater
state as a result of, for example, biomanipulation may have
improved retention considerably. However, internal loading may
increase again if the turbid state returns. The recovery period
following a phosphorus loading reduction depends on the loading
history and the accumulation of phosphorus in the sediment, but in
some lakes a negative phosphorus retention continues for decades.
Phosphorus can be released from sediment depths as low as 20 cm.
The internal loading can be reduced significantly by various
restoration methods, such as removal of phosphorus-rich surface
layers or by the addition of iron or alum to increase the
sediment's sorption capacity.
© Thomson ISI
1469. Role of Selenium Toxicity and Oxidative
Stress in Aquatic Birds.
Hoffman, D. J.
Aquatic Toxicology
57 (1-2): 11-26. (2002);
ISSN: 0166-445X.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Water pollution/ Aquatic
animals/ Selenium/ Oxidative stress/ Glutathione/ Mortality/
Teratogenesis/ Aquatic birds/ Stress/ Toxicity/ Wildlife/ Pollution
effects/ Histopathology/ Bioindicators/ Symptoms/ Liver/ Sexual
reproduction/ Agricultural pollution/ Agricultural runoff/
Irrigation water/ Drainage water/ Teratogens/ Toxicity tests/ Water
Pollution Effects/ Ecological Effects/ Water birds/ Sublethal
Effects/ Metabolism/ Blood/ Pollution (Water)/ Ecology/ Toxicity/
Lethal limits/ Blood/ Pollution indicators/ Anas platyrhynchos/
Recurvirostra americana/ Catoptrophorus semipalmatus/ Chen
canagica/ Himantopus mexicanus/ Fulica americana/ Mallard/ American
avocet/ Willet/ Emperor goose/ Anser canagicus/ Black necked stilt/
American coot/ glutathione/ Biochemistry/ Toxicology and health/
Effects on organisms/ Pollution Organisms/ Ecology/ Toxicology/
Effects of pollution/ Effects
of Pollution
Abstract: Adverse effects of selenium (Se) in wild
aquatic birds have been documented as a consequence of pollution of
the aquatic environment by subsurface agricultural drainwater and
other sources. These effects include mortality, impaired
reproduction with teratogenesis, reduced growth, histopathological
lesions and alterations in hepatic glutathione metabolism. A review
is provided, relating adverse biological effects of Se in aquatic
birds to altered glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress.
Laboratory studies, mainly with an organic form of Se,
selenomethionine, have revealed oxidative stress in different
stages of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) life cycle. As dietary
and tissue concentrations of Se increase, increases in plasma and
hepatic GSH peroxidase activities occur, followed by dose-dependent
increases in the ratio of hepatic oxidized to reduced glutathione
(GSSG:GSH) and ultimately hepatic lipid peroxidation measured as an
increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). One or
more of these oxidative effects were associated with teratogenesis
(4.6 ppm wet weight Se in eggs), reduced growth in ducklings (15
ppm Se in liver), diminished immune function (5 ppm Se in liver)
and histopathological lesions (29 ppm Se in liver) in adults.
Manifestations of Se-related effects on glutathione metabolism were
also apparent in field studies in seven species of aquatic birds.
Reduced growth and possibly immune function but increased
liver:body weight and hepatic GSSG:GSH ratios were apparent in
American avocet (Recurvirostra americana) hatchlings from eggs
containing 9 ppm Se.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)
1470. The role of sheep and sheep products in
waste management.
Glenn, J. S.
Sheep Research
Journal : 113-115.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
SF371.R47;
ISSN: 1057-1809.
Notes: Special issue: Role of sheep grazing in natural
resource management. Includes references.
Descriptors:
sheep feeding/ crop residues/
agricultural byproducts/ wool/ sorption/ oil spills/ mulches/ sheep
manure/ rumen fluid/ rumen microorganisms/ biodegradation/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1471. The role of soil erosion in the movement of
pollutants.
Quinton, J. N. and Rickson, R.
J.
In: Soil monitoring: Early
detection and surveying of soil contamination and
degradation.
Basel: Birkh?er Verlag, 1993; pp.
141-156
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1472. The role of soil organic matter in
maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems.
Reeves, D. W.
Soil and Tillage
Research 43 (1/2): 131-167.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1473. The role of spiders as predators of insect
pests with particular reference to orchards: A review.
Bogya, S. and Mols, P. J.
M.
Acta Phytopathologica et
Entomologica Hungarica 31
(1-2): 83-159. (1996);
ISSN: 0238-1249
Descriptors:
predator prey interactions/
pesticides/ biological control/ Araneae/ Insecta/ Agricultural
& general applied entomology
Abstract: Spiders are well known predators of
insects (including insect pests) but about there role as biological
control agents in agroecosystems (particularly in orchards) little
is known. In the last decade new information (especially of the
behaviour of spiders in different agroecosystems) has become
available and this increased expectations about spiders as
beneficial organisms. Spiders are a very heterogeneous group of
animals with different hunting tactics and therefore, they play a
different ecological role. At family level these tactics are rather
similar and one species of the group can be used as representative
example for ecological studies for the whole family. On the other
hand properties and behaviour found in different species of one
family can be seen as characteristic for the whole family. A
comprehensive review of spiders as natural enemies of pest species
of different crops is given offering information about the expected
prey spectrum per family. A qualitative evaluation of pest-spider
relationships has been carried out for a whole range of
agroecosystems and the results are transposed to spider groups
inhabiting the orchard ecosystem. The effect of pesticides on
spiders, both from laboratory and field experiments is discussed
and it has been shown to be the most important factor influencing
spider occurrence and abundance in the field. Thus the pest
management system (conventional or IPM or ecological) determines to
a great extent the role of spiders can play in controlling pest
organisms. Only from a few species occurring in different
ecosystems quantitative information of their searching and
predatory potential is available resulting in functional response
relationships to prey density. A list of methods for further
quantitative evaluation of spider impact on pest in getting insight
in predation processes is presented.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1474. The role of stability in fine pesticide
droplet dispersion in the atmosphere: A review of physical
concepts.
Thistle, H. W.
Transactions of the
ASAE 43 (6): 1409-1413. (Nov.
2000-Dec. 2000)
NAL Call #:
290.9-Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351 [TAAEAJ]
Descriptors:
pesticides/ droplet studies/
meteorological factors
Abstract: The investigation of the role of
atmospheric stability in the atmospheric dispersion of pesticide
sprays and powders has largely been approached from an empirical
standpoint. This article discusses the physical basis underlying
the observed results relying on work done by boundary layer
meteorologists and air pollution engineers. An examination of the
turbulence equation, atmospheric turbulence spectra, and simple
applied modeling techniques based on accumulated data all lead to
the conclusion that atmospheric stability will influence droplet
dispersion through reduced mixing as the atmosphere becomes more
stable. The magnitude and interaction of stability with spray
application parameters requires further study.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1475. The role of synthetic amino acids in
monogastric animal production: Review.
Han, In K and Lee, J H
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 13 (4):
543-560. (2000)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7;
ISSN: 1011-2367
Descriptors:
immunoproteins: synthesis/ nitrogen/
protein: dietary/ synthetic amino acids: dietary supplementation/
threonine/ poultry (Aves)/ swine (Suidae): piglet/ Animals/
Artiodactyls/ Birds/ Chordates/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman
Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ amino acid nutrition/ environmental
manure pollutants/ growth performance/ immunocompetency/
monogastric animal production/ nutrient excretion
Abstract: The present paper gives a general overview
on amino acid nutrition mainly focused on the concept of ideal
protein and amino acid requirements in swine and poultry. Also, the
nutritional, economic and environmental roles of synthetic amino
acids are presented. A special emphasis has been given to the
protein sparing effect by the supplementation of synthetic amino
acids into diet and to the effect of this supplementation on growth
performance and reduction of environmental pollutants in swine and
poultry manure. It is concluded that the supplementation of limited
amounts of synthetic amino acids (0.1 to 0.3%) to diets for swine
and poultry could spare 2 to 3 percentage units of dietary protein
and substantially reduce nutrient excretion, especially nitrogen.
Immunocompetency as affected by amino acid nutrition is also
introduced and the importance of threonine for the synthesis of
immunoproteins in colostrum and milk to maintain piglets' health
and intestinal integrity has been emphasized. Finally, some
speculation on the future of global amino acids market is presented
in conclusion.
© Thomson
1476. The role of traditional and novel toxicity
test methods in assessing stormwater and sediment
contamination.
Burton, G Allen Jr; Pitt, Robert;
and Clark, Shirley
Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 30 (4): 413-447. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1C7;
ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:
suspended solids: pollutant, toxin/
UV light/ biological responses/ carcinogenicity/ ecotoxicology/
elutriate exposure [extract exposure]/ endocrine disruption/
fluctuating stressors/ indigenous communities/ lethality/
mutagenicity/ physicochemical conditions/ pore water [interstitial
water]/ sediment contamination/ stormwater contamination /
subcellular responses/ temperature/ teratogenicity/ water column
toxicity
© Thomson
1477. The role of trees in sustainable
agriculture: An overview.
Prinsley, R. T.
Forestry Sciences
43: 87-115. (1993)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F627;
ISSN: 0924-5480.
Notes: In the series analytic: The role of trees in
sustainable agriculture / edited by R. T. Prinsley. Papers
presented at a conference held Oct 1991, Albury, Victoria,
Australia. Includes references.
Descriptors:
agroforestry/ sustainability/
shelterbelts/ rehabilitation/ erosion control/ wind/
Australia
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1478. The role of turfgrasses in environmental
protection and their benefits to humans.
Beard, J. B. and Green, R.
L.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 23 (3): 452-460. (May
1994-June 1994)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA]
Descriptors:
lawns and turf/ environmental
protection/ erosion/ erosion control/ soil stabilization/
groundwater recharge/ water quality/ literature reviews
Abstract: Turfgrasses have been utilized by humans
to enhance their environment for more than 10 centuries. The
complexity and comprehensiveness of these environmental benefits
that improve our quality-of-life are just now being quantitatively
documented through research. Turfgrass benefits may be divided into
(i) functional, (ii) recreational, and (iii) aesthetic components.
Specific functional benefits include: excellent soil erosion
control and dust stabilization thereby protecting a vital soil
resource; improved recharge and quality protection of groundwater,
plus flood control: enhanced entrapment and biodegradation of
synthetic organic compounds; soil improvement that includes CO2
conversion; accelerated restoration of disturbed soils; substantial
urban heat dissipation-temperature moderation; reduced noise, glare
and visual pollution problems; decreased noxious pests and
allergy-related pollens; safety in vehicle operation on roadsides
and engine longevity on airfields; lowered fire hazard via open,
green turfed firebreaks; and improved security of sensitive
installations provided by high visibility zones. The recreational
benefits include a low-cost surface for outdoor sport and leisure
activity enhanced physical health of participants, and a unique
low-cost cushion against personal impact injuries. The aesthetic
benefits include enhanced beauty and attractiveness; a
complimentary relationship to the total landscape ecosystem of
flowers, shrubs and trees; improved mental health with a positive
therapeutic impact, social harmony and stability; improved work
productivity; and an overall better quality-of-life, especially in
densely populated urban areas.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1479. The roles of spent mushroom substrate for
the mitigation of coal mine drainage.
Stark, Lloyd R and Williams,
Frederick M
Compost Science and
Utilization 2 (4): 84-94.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
TD796.5.C58;
ISSN: 1065-657X
Descriptors:
iron/ manganese/ carbon/ nitrogen/
sulfate/ Basidiomycetes (Fungi Unspecified)/ fungi/ microorganisms/
nonvascular plants/ plants/ acidity/ iron/ limestone dissolution/
manganese/ nitrogen/ organic carbon/ pH/ sulfate reduction/ water
quality
Abstract: Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has been
used widely in coal mining regions of the USA as the primary
substrate in constructed wetlands for the treatment of coal mine
drainage. Such mine drainage is usually acidic and contains high
concentrations of dissolved Fe and, less commonly, Mn. In
laboratory and mesocosm studies, SMS has emerged as one of the
substrates for mine water treatment, owing to its high organic
carbon and limestone content. Processes that are responsible in
waterlogged SMS for the successful treatment of acidity and Fe
include limestone dissolution, sulfate reduction, and Fe oxidation.
Provided the pH of the mine water does not fall below 3.0, SMS can
be used in the mitigation plan. However, neither Mn nor dissolved
ferric Fe appears to be treatable using reducing SMS wetlands. Care
must be taken to create reducing conditions in the SMS wetlands,
since if the SMS volume is too low, oxidizing conditions will
obtain throughout the profile of the SMS, and eventually the SMS
will fail to treat the water. Since after a few years much of the
nonrefractive organic carbon in SMS will have been decomposed and
metabolized, carbon supplementation can significantly extend the
life of the SMS treatment wetland and improve water treatment.
Several species of plants thrive in SMS under mine water
conditions, but none improve water quality over the short term in
excess of the treatment provided by SMS. Nitrogen leakage from SMS
wetlands is not problematic after several weeks of
operation.
© Thomson
1480. Rolled erosion control systems for
hillslope surface protection: A critical review, synthesis and
analysis of available data.
Sutherland, R. A.
Land Degradation and
Development 9 (6): 465-486.
(Nov. 1998-Dec. 1998)
NAL Call #:
S622.L26 S622.L26;
ISSN: 1085-3278 [LDDEF6].
Notes: Subtitle: I. Background and formative
years.
Descriptors:
erosion control/ upland areas/ data
analysis/ literature reviews/ vegetation/ ground cover/ United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1481. Root aeration in wetland trees and its
ecophysiological significance.
Grosse, W.; Buchel, H. B.; and
Lattermann, S.
In: Coastally restricted forests;
Series: Biological resources management series.
New York: Oxford University Press,
1998; pp. 293-305.
ISBN: 0195075676
NAL Call #: QK115.C63-1998
Descriptors:
forest trees/ roots/ flooding/
stress factors/ stress response/ wetlands/ forest ecology/ species
diversity/ coastal areas/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1482. Root zone solute dynamics under drip
irrigation: A review.
Mmolawa, K. and Or, D.
Plant and Soil 222 (1/2): 163-190. (2000)
NAL Call #:
450 P696;
ISSN: 0032-079X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1483. Rootzone processes and the efficient use of
irrigation water.
Clothier, Brent E and
Green, Steven R
Agricultural Water
Management 25 (1): 1-12.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3;
ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:
kiwifruit (Actinidiaceae)/
angiosperms/ dicots/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/
horticulture/ hydraulic conductivity/ infiltration/ macropores/
plant water uptake
Abstract: The need for more-efficient agricultural
use of irrigation water arises out of increased competition for
water resources, and the greater pressure on irrigation practices
to be environmentally friendly. In this review for the 25th Jubilee
volume of Agricultural Water Management we focus on three rootzone
processes that determine water-use efficiency in irrigation.
Firstly, we discuss the role of macropores in
preferentially-transporting irrigation water to depth during
infiltration under both sprinkler and flood systems. It is
suggested that more-uniform entry of irrigation water into the
rootzone will result either by matching the sprinkler rate to the
soil's matrix hydraulic conductivity, or by modifying the
soil-surface's macroporosity prior to flood irrigation. Secondly,
the environmentally-deleterious leaching of chemicals by irrigation
is shown to be reduced if the applied fertilizer is first washed
into dry soil by a small amount of water. This first pulse of water
is drawn by capillarity into the soil's microporosity, and it
carries with it the dissolved fertilizer which becomes resident
there. These nutrients are then available for plant uptake, yet
less prone to subsequent leaching by heavy rains. Meanwhile,
initially-resident solutes in the dry soil, such as salts, will be
more-effectively displaced by the infiltrating irrigation water.
Finally, our time domain reflectometry (TDR) observations of the
changing soil water content in the rootzone of a kiwifruit vine,
and our direct measurements of sap flow within individual roots,
both reveal that plants can rapidly change their spatial pattern of
water uptake in response to the application of irrigation water.
The prime uptake role of near-surface roots is highlighted.
Consideration of all three of these rootzone processes reinforces
the claim that more-efficient and environmentally-sustainable water
management will arise through higher-frequency applications of
smaller amounts of irrigation.
© Thomson
1484. Ruminant methane emission measurements and
estimates: From gut to globe.
Clark, H.
Proceedings of the New
Zealand Society of Animal Production 62: 206-210. (2002);
ISSN: 0370-2731
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1485. Ruminant nutrition from an environmental
perspective: Factors affecting whole-farm nutrient
balance.
Horn, H. H. van; Newton, G. L.; and
Kunkle, W. E.
Journal of Animal
Science 74 (12): 3082-3102.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
49 J82;
ISSN: 0021-8812
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1486. Safeguarding the welfare of livestock
grazing on nature conservation sites.
Grayson, F. W.
Animal Welfare 12 (4): 685-688. (2003);
ISSN: 0962-7286
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1487. Salinisation: A major threat to water
resources in the arid and semi-arid regions of the
world.
Williams, W D
Lakes and Reservoirs:
Research and Management 4
(3-4): 85-91. (1999);
ISSN: 1320-5331
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ Animals/
Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ agricultural
wastewater discharge/ annual mean rainfall/ aquatic ecosystems/
arid regions/ biodiversity/ catchments/ dryland salinity/
ecological productivity/ economic impact/ environmental impact/
freshwaters/ global threat/ groundwaters/ human pressure/
irrigation/ natural salt lakes/ resource management/ river/
salinization: secondary/ semi arid regions/ social impact/
vegetation clearance/ water resources/ wetlands
Abstract: Semi-arid and arid regions (i.e. drylands
with annual mean rainfall between 25 and 500 mm) cover
approximately one-third of the world's land area and are inhabited
by almost 400 million people. Because they are a resource in short
supply, waters in drylands are under increasing human pressures,
and many are threatened by rising salinities (salinisation) in
particular. Rising salinities result from several causes. The
salinities of many large natural salt lakes in drylands are rising
as water is diverted from their inflows for irrigation and other
uses. The excessive clearance of natural, deep-rooted vegetation
from catchments and the discharge of saline agricultural wastewater
causes the salinity of many freshwater lakes, wetlands and rivers
to rise. The salinisation of some fresh waters is caused by rising
saline groundwaters. And in some regions, increasing climatic
aridity may be a cause of salinisation. Whatever the cause,
salinisation has significant economic, social and environmental
impacts. They are usually deleterious and often irreparable.
Decreased biodiversity, changes in the natural character of aquatic
ecosystems, and lower productivity are frequent ecological effects.
In some dryland countries, salinisation is viewed as the single
most important threat to water resources. However, the extent and
importance of salinisation as a global threat has been greatly
underestimated. Recognition of this is the first step in any
attempt to manage it effectively. The aims of the present paper,
therefore, are three-fold. First, it aims to define the problem and
indicate its extent; second, it aims to outline the causes and
effects of salinisation; third, it aims to highlight the social,
economic and environmental costs and comment on management
responses. An overarching aim is to draw attention to the
importance of salinisation as a phenomenon of global significance
to waters in drylands.
© Thomson
1488. Salinity and its effect on growth, yield
and some physiological processes of crop plants.
El Saidi, M. T.
In: Strategies for improving salt
tolerance in higher plants/ Jaiwal, P. K.; Singh, R. P.; and
Gulati, A.
Enfield, N.H.: Science Pub., 1997;
pp. 111-127.
ISBN: 1886106975
NAL Call #: QK753.S3S77-1997
Descriptors:
gossypium hirsutum/ oryza sativa/
beta vulgaris/ brassica napus/ salinity/ hordeum vulgare/ growth/
crop yield/ plant physiology/ saline soils/ reclamation/ irrigation
water/ vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas/ soil fertility/
phosphorus/ trace elements/ nutrient availability/ root systems/
roots/ rhizobium/ azotobacter/ tolerance/ heat tolerance/ drought
resistance/ nitrogen content/ drainage/ soil amendments/
fertilizers/ plant growth regulators/ irrigation/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1489. Salmon recovery in the Pacific Northwest: A
summary of agricultural and other economic effects.
Aillery, Marcel P. and United
States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 10 p.: ill., map.
(1994)
Notes: Caption title. "July 1994." Includes
bibliographical references (p. 9).
NAL Call #: 1--Ag84Ab-no.699
Descriptors:
Salmon fisheries---Columbia
River---Watershed/ Rare fishes---Columbia River---Watershed/
Wildlife conservation---Columbia River---Watershed
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1490. Salt tolerance and crop potential of
halophytes.
Glenn, E. P.; Brown, J. J.; and
Blumwald, E.
Critical Reviews in Plant
Sciences 18 (2): 227-255.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
QK1.C83;
ISSN: 0735-2689 [CRPSD3]
Descriptors:
halophytes/ salicornia/ salt
tolerance/ crops/ evolution/ osmosis/ vacuoles/ sodium chloride/
solutes/ cytoplasm/ ion transport/ sodium/ chloride/ tonoplast/
pyrophosphatases/ adenosinetriphosphatase/ irrigation/ water/ sea
water/ hydrogen ions/ glycophytes/ field experimentation/ crop
yield/ leaching/ water use efficiency/ forage/ seeds/ feeds/
leaves/ sap/ maximum yield/ literature reviews/ saline water/
salicornia bigelovii
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1491. Satellite eco-hydrology: A
review.
Meijerink, A. M. J.
Tropical Ecology
43 (1): 91-106. (2002);
ISSN: 0564-3295
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1492. Satellite remote sensing for forestry
planning: A review.
Holmgren, P. and Thuresson,
T.
Scandinavian Journal of
Forest Research 13 (1):
90-110. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SD1.S34;
ISSN: 0282-7581
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1493. Satellite Remote Sensing of
Wetlands.
Ozesmi, SL and Bauer, ME
Wetlands Ecology and
Management 10 (5): 381-402.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.M3 W472;
ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors:
Conservation/ Remote sensing/
Wetlands/ Satellites/ Classification/ Literature reviews/
Environmental monitoring/ Baseline studies/ Nature conservation/
Land use/ Satellite sensing/ Ecosystem management/ Long term
changes/ Short term changes/ Environmental protection/
Classification systems/ Surveying and remote sensing/ Wildlife
management and recreation/ Habitat community studies/
Wetlands
Abstract: To conserve and manage wetland resources,
it is important to inventory and monitor wetlands and their
adjacent uplands. Satellite remote sensing has several advantages
for monitoring wetland resources, especially for large geographic
areas. This review summarizes the literature on satellite remote
sensing of wetlands, including what classification techniques were
most successful in identifying wetlands and separating them from
other land cover types. All types of wetlands have been studied
with satellite remote sensing. Landsat MSS, Landsat TM, and SPOT
are the major satellite systems that have been used to study
wetlands; other systems are NOAA AVHRR, IRS-1B LISS-II and radar
systems, including JERS-1, ERS-1 and RADARSAT. Early work with
satellite imagery used visual interpretation for classification.
The most commonly used computer classification method to map
wetlands is unsupervised classification or clustering. Maximum
likelihood is the most common supervised classification method.
Wetland classification is difficult because of spectral confusion
with other landcover classes and among different types of wetlands.
However, multi-temporal data usually improves the classification of
wetlands, as does ancillary data such as soil data, elevation or
topography data. Classified satellite imagery and maps derived from
aerial photography have been compared with the conclusion that they
offer different but complimentary information. Change detection
studies have taken advantage of the repeat coverage and archival
data available with satellite remote sensing. Detailed wetland maps
can be updated using satellite imagery. Given the spatial
resolution of satellite remote sensing systems, fuzzy
classification, subpixel classification, spectral mixture analysis,
and mixtures estimation may provide more detailed information on
wetlands. A layered, hybrid or rule-based approach may give better
results than more traditional methods. The combination of radar and
optical data provide the most promise for improving wetland
classification.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1494. Scale-dependent dispersal and distribution
patterns of spiders in agricultural systems: A review.
Samu, F.; Sunderland, K. D.; and
Szinetár, C.
Journal of
Arachnology 27 (1): 325-332.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
QL451.J6;
ISSN: 0161-8202
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1495. Scale Issues in Hydrological Modelling: A
Review.
Bloeschl, G. and Sivapalan,
M.
Hydrological
Processes 9 (3-4): 251-290.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
GB651.H93;
ISSN: 0885-6087.
Notes: Conference: Workshop on Scale Issues in
Hydrological/Environmental Modelling, Robertson, NSW (Australia),
30 Nov-2 Dec 1993; Source: Scale Issues in
Hydrological/Environmental Modelling., 1995
Descriptors:
hydrologic models/ dimensional
analysis/ catchment basins/ variability/ research needs/ reviews/
parametric hydrology/ streams/ drainage patterns/ mathematical
models/ hydrology/ catchment area/ river basins/ scale issues/
Dynamics of lakes and rivers
Abstract: A framework is provided for scaling and
scale issues in hydrology. The first section gives some basic
definitions. This is important as researchers do not seem to have
agreed on the meaning of concepts such as scale or upscaling.
'Process scale', 'observation scale' and 'modelling (working)
scale' require different definitions. The second section discusses
heterogeneity and variability in catchments and touches on the
implications of randomness and organization for scaling. The third
section addresses the linkages across scales from a modelling point
of view. It is argued that upscaling typically consists of two
steps: distributing and aggregating. Conversely, downscaling
involves disaggregation and singling out. Different approaches are
discussed for linking state variables, parameters, inputs and
conceptualizations across scales. The fourth section addresses the
linkages across scales from a more holistic perspective dealing
with dimensional analysis and similarity concepts. The main
difference to the modelling point of view is that dimensional
analysis and similarity concepts deal with complex processes in a
much simpler fashion. Examples of dimensional analysis, similarity
analysis and functional normalization in catchment hydrology are
given. This section also briefly discusses fractals, which are a
popular tool for quantifying variability across scales. The fifth
section focuses on one particular aspect of this holistic view,
discussing stream network analysis. The paper concludes with
identifying key issues and gives some directions for future
research.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1496. Science in agroforestry.
Sanchez, P A
Agroforestry Systems
30 (1-2): 5-55. (1995)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366
Descriptors:
Faidherbia albida (Leguminosae)/
angiosperms/ dicots/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/
competition/ complexity/ crop yield/ intercropping/ profitability/
sustainability
Abstract: Agroforestry research is being transformed
from a collection of largely descriptive studies into more
scientific approaches, based on process-oriented research. The
development of agroforestry as a science should be based on four
key features: competition, complexity, profitability and
sustainability. Managing the competition between trees and crops
for light, water and nutrients to the farmers' benefit is the
biophysical determinant of successful agroforestry systems.
Simultaneous agroforestry systems are more susceptible to
competition than sequential ones. A tree-crop interaction equation
helps quantify competition vs. complementary effects on fertility.
Alley cropping, a simultaneous agroforestry system, has limited
applicability because the competition factor usually exceeds the
beneficial fertility effects. The Faidherbia albida parkland,
another simultaneous system, is almost always beneficial since the
reverse phenology of F. albida minimizes competition while
enhancing the fertility effect. Sequential systems such as relay
intercropping and improved fallows also minimize competition but
the processes responsible for crop yield increases are largely
unquantified. New methodologies for reliably measuring complex
below-ground interactions are being developed. Socioeconomic and
ecological complexity are typical of agroforestry systems.
Participatory, analytical and multidisciplinary characterization at
different spatial scales is the required first step in effective
agroforestry research. Diversity of products and services should be
manipulated in a way that puts money in farmers' pockets.
Domestication of indigenous trees with high-value products enhances
profitability, particularly those that can be marketed as
ingredients of several finished products. Policy research
interventions are often necessary to help farmers during the
initial years before trees become productive and exert their
positive ecological functions. Profitable agroforestry systems are
potentially sustainable, controlling erosion, enhancing
biodiversity and conserving carbon, provided nutrient offtake is
balanced by nutrient returns via litter and the strategic use of
fertilizers, particularly phosphorus. A list of research gaps
indicates where hard data are needed to provide a predictive
understanding of the competition, complexity, profitability and
sustainability aspects of agroforestry.
© Thomson
1497. Scientific basis for estimating air
emissions from animal feeding operations.
National Research Council.
Committee on Air Emissions from Animal Feeding
Operations
Washington DC: National Academies
Press; 122 p. (2002)
Notes: Title: Interim report;
ISBN: 0-309-08461-X
http://www.nap.edu/books/030908461X/html/
Descriptors:
emissions/ animal feeding/ testing/
pollution control/ odor control
1498. Scoping analysis and public involvement:
Summary for the proposed standards for rangeland health and
guidelines for livestock grazing.
United States. Bureau of Land
Management. New Mexico State Office.
Santa Fe, N.M.: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Bureau of Land Management, New Mexico State Office; 69 p.
(1996)
Notes: Cover title. Shipping list no.: 97-0020-P.
"September 1996." Chiefly tables. SUDOCS: I 53.2:SCO 6.
NAL Call #: SF85.35.N6S36--1996
Descriptors:
Range management---New
Mexico---Planning/ Livestock---New Mexico---Management/ Grazing
districts---New Mexico---Planning---Citizen
participation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1499. The secret life of compost: A "how-to"
& "why" guide to composting: Lawn, garden, feedlot, or
farm.
Beck, Malcolm
Metairie, La.: Acres U.S.A.; x, 150
p.: ill. (1997)
NAL Call #: S661-.B42-1997;
ISBN: 0911311521 (trade paper); 091131153X
(hardcover)
Descriptors:
Compost
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1500. Section 319 National Monitoring Program: An
Overview.
Osmond, D. L.; Line, D. E.;
Spooner, J.; North Carolina State University Water Quality Group;
and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
North Carolina State University,
1997 (text/html)
NAL Call #: TD223 S44 1997
http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu/319glossy/index.html
Descriptors:
nonpoint source pollution/
environmental monitoring/ governmental programs and projects/
watershed management/ water quality/ land management/ best
management practices/ pollution control/ case studies/ United
States/ Section 319 National Monitoring Program/ BMPs
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1501. Section 319 National Monitoring Program
Projects: 2000 Summary Report.
Lombardo, L. A.; Grabow, G. L.;
Tweedy, K. L.; Line, D. E.; Osmond, D. L.; Spooner, J.; North
Carolina State University Water Quality Group; and U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
North Carolina State University,
2000 (text/html)
http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu/2000rept319/
Descriptors:
nonpoint source pollution/
environmental monitoring/ governmental programs and projects/
watershed management/ water quality/ land management/ best
management practices/ agricultural land/ case studies/ United
States/ Section 319 National Monitoring Program/ BMPs
1502. Section 319 National Monitoring Program
Projects: 2001 Summary Report.
Lombardo, L. A.; Grabow, G. L.;
Line, D. E.; Osmond, D. L.; Spooner, J.; North Carolina State
University Water Quality Group; and U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
North Carolina State University,
2001 (text/html)
http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu/319/2001rept/index.htm
Descriptors:
nonpoint source pollution/
environmental monitoring/ governmental programs and projects/
watershed management/ water quality/ land management/ best
management practices/ agricultural land/ case studies/ United
States/ Section 319 National Monitoring Program/ BMPs
1503. Section 319 Nonpoint Source National
Monitoring Program: Successes and Recommendations.
Lombardo, L. A.; Grabow, G. L.;
Spooner, J.; Line, D. E.; Osmond, D. L.; Jennings, G. D.; North
Carolina State University Water Quality Group; and U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
North Carolina State University,
2000 (application/pdf)
http://www5.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/wqg/section319/NMP%20Lessons%20Learned%2011_00.pdf
Descriptors:
nonpoint source pollution/
environmental monitoring/ governmental programs and projects/
watershed management/ water quality/ land management/ best
management practices/ pollution control/ case studies/ United
States/ Section 319 National Monitoring Program/ BMPs
1504. Section 319 Nonpoint Source Success
Stories.
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency [Also available as: EPA 841-S-94-004], 1994
(text/html)
NAL Call #: TD223 S43 1998
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/Success319/
Descriptors:
Clean Water Act/ laws and
regulations/ nonpoint source pollution/ runoff/ water pollution/
water quality/ watershed management/ best management practices/
environmental protection/ governmental programs and projects/
United States/ BMPs
Abstract: Demonstrates the successful
implementation of the Section 319 Clean Water Act Nonpoint Source
program. Provides examples of successful solutions to a variety of
water quality problems caused by nonpoint source
pollution.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1505. Section 319 Success Stories: Highlights of
State and Tribal Nonpoint Source Programs.
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency [Also available as: EPA 841-R-97-001], 1997.
Notes: Subtitle: Volume II (text/html)
http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/Section319II/
Descriptors:
Clean Water Act/ laws and
regulations/ nonpoint source pollution/ runoff/ water pollution/
water quality/ watershed management/ best management practices/
environmental protection/ governmental programs and projects/
United States/ BMPs
Abstract: Gives examples of success stories
that have come with the maturation of state nonpoint source
programs.
1506. Section 319 Success Stories: Volume
III.
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water.
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency [Also available as: EPA-841-S-01-001], 2002
(application/pdf; text/html)
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/Section319III/pdf/319_all.pdf
Descriptors:
Clean Water Act/ laws and
regulations/ nonpoint source pollution/ runoff/ water pollution/
water quality/ watershed management/ best management practices/
environmental protection/ governmental programs and projects/
United States/ BMPs
Abstract: Success Stories: Volume III contains
approximately two new stories per state, highlighting some of the
additional successes achieved since the 1997 publication. These
stories demonstrate better-defined water quality improvements, as
well as growing partnerships and funding sources, as state 319
programs expand and states learn increasingly more from past 319
demonstration projects. Collectively, they represent only a
fraction of the section 319 project successes.
1507. Sediment quality criteria in use around the
world.
Burton, G Allen Jr
Limnology 3 (2): 65-75. (2002);
ISSN: 1439-8621
Descriptors:
acid volatile sulfides/ organic
carbon/ organism (Organisms): bioindicator/ aquatic ecosystems/
benchmarks/ bioaccumulation/ ecological risk/ ecotoxicology/
laboratory toxicity/ sediment contamination/ sediment quality
guidelines [SQGs]: criteria/ temporal variability
Abstract: There have been numerous sediment quality
guidelines (SQGs) developed during the past 20 years to assist
regulators in dealing with contaminated sediments. Unfortunately,
most of these have been developed in North America. Traditionally,
sediment contamination was determined by assessing the bulk
chemical concentrations of individual compounds and often comparing
them with background or reference values. Since the 1980s, SQGs
have attempted to incorporate biological effects in their
derivation approach. These approaches can be categorized as
empirical, frequency-based approaches to establish the relationship
between sediment contamination and toxic response, and
theoretically based approaches that attempt to account for
differences in bioavailability through equilibrium partitioning
(EqP) (i.e., using organic carbon or acid volatile sulfides). Some
of these guidelines have been adopted by various regulatory
agencies in several countries and are being used as cleanup goals
in remediation activities and to identify priority polluted sites.
The original SQGs, which compared bulk chemical concentrations to a
reference or to background, provided little insight into the
ecosystem impact of sediment contaminants. Therefore, SQGs for
individual chemicals were developed that relied on field sediment
chemistry paired with field or laboratory-based biological effects
data. Although some SQGs have been found to be relatively good
predictors of significant site contamination, they also have
several limitations. False positive and false negative predictions
are frequently in the 20% to 30% range for many chemicals and
higher for others. The guidelines are chemical specific and do not
establish causality where chemical mixtures occur.
Equilibrium-based guidelines do not consider sediment ingestion as
an exposure route. The guidelines do not consider spatial and
temporal variability, and they may not apply in dynamic or
larger-grained sediments. Finally, sediment chemistry and
bioavailability are easily altered by sampling and subsequent
manipulation processes, and therefore, measured SQGs may not
reflect in situ conditions. All the assessment tools provide useful
information, but some (such as SQGs, laboratory toxicity and
bioaccumulation, and benthic indices) are prone to
misinterpretation without the availability of specific in situ
exposure and effects data. SQGs should be used only in a
"screening" manner or in a "weight-of-evidence" approach. Aquatic
ecosystems (including sediments) must be assessed in a "holistic"
manner in which multiple components are assessed (e.g., habitat,
hydrodynamics, resident biota, toxicity, and physicochemistry,
including SQGs) by using integrated approaches.
© Thomson
1508. Sediment quality values (SQVs) and
ecological risk assessment (ERA).
Chapman, Peter M and Mann, Gary
S
Marine Pollution
Bulletin 38 (5): 339-344.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
GC1000.M3;
ISSN: 0025-326X
Descriptors:
contaminants: bioavailability/
dredging/ ecological risk assessment/ environmental contamination/
sediment quality
Abstract: A wide variety of sediment quality values
(SQVs) have been promulgated. Ecological risk assessment (ERA)
provides a framework for objectively and systematically evaluating
the risks posed by environmental contamination to ecological
resources. SQV application to ERA should be restricted to the
initial problem formulation stage where they can be used either
alone (i.e., in jurisdictions with accepted SQVs) or in a
weight-of-evidence approach (i.e., multiple SQV types; in
jurisdictions without accepted SQVs) to screen out contaminants
posing negligible risks to ecological receptors.
© Thomson
1509. Sediment transport, aqueous bedform
stability and morphodynamics under unidirectional current: A brief
overview.
Mazumder, R.
Journal of African Earth
Sciences 36 (1-2):
1-14. (Jan.-Feb. 2003);
ISSN: 0899-5362.
Notes: Number of References: 132
Descriptors:
Earth Sciences/ bedform stability/
morphodynamics/ turbulence/ sediment transport/ boundary layer/
stage plane beds/ turbulent boundary layers/ current ripples/
equilibrium morphology/ subaqueous dunes/ fine sand/ heterogeneous
sediment/ stratification types/ fluvial sandstone/ flume
experiments
Abstract: Extensive research on the stability and
morphodynamics of aqueous bedforms over the past four decades
reveals the existance of seven bedform states (ripples, lower stage
plane beds, pebble clusters, bedload sheets, dunes, upper stage
plane beds and antidunes). Their stability and morphology is a
function of mean flow velocity/non-dimensional bed shear stress and
sediment-size. These bedform states are distinguishable from one
other by their morphology, dimension, and sediment transport rate.
Each bedform state is characterized by distinct physical
process(es), and transitional bedform states (washed-out-ripples
and dunes) are consequences of their temporal, spatial and
dimensional variabilities. The physical processes associated with
various aqueous bedform states and transitional bedforms are
discussed in this paper, in order to gain insights into their
stability and morphodynamics in different sediment-sizes. (C) 2003
Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
© Thomson ISI
1510. Seed Banks and Seed Population Dynamics of
Halophytes.
Ungar, I. A.
Wetlands Ecology and
Management 9 (6): 499-510.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.M3 W472;
ISSN: 0923-4861.
Notes: Special Issue: Halophytes - a Resource for the
future; DOI: 10.1023/A:1012236829474
Descriptors:
Seed banks/ Population dynamics/
Halophytes/ Gradients/ Salinity effects/ Seeds/ Aquatic plants/
Environmental protection/ Nature conservation/ Salinity tolerance/
Literature reviews/ Geographical distribution/ Wetlands/ Salt
Marshes/ Zones/ Plant Populations/ Spatial Distribution/ Temporal
Distribution/ Salt Tolerance/ Reviews/ Plants general/ Population
dynamics/ Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi and Plants/ Water and
plants
Abstract: In this review I will describe the
importance of seed banks and the population dynamics of seeds on
the distribution of species in saline habitats. The main questions
being examined in this review include: 1. Does the seed bank
represent the flora of the entire salinity gradient or is it
restricted to the species in each zonal community? 2. Is the size
and species composition of the persistent seed bank regulated by
the degree of salt stress in habitats along an environmental
gradient? 3. Does the population dynamics of seeds influence the
temporal and spatial distribution of plant species in saline
habitats? Seed banks may be transient or persistent depending upon
the physiological responses of species and the soil environment in
which the seeds are found. The formation of zonal communities in
salt marsh environments is affected by changes in soil salinity and
flooding along an elevational gradient. Population dynamics of
seeds have been found to determine the spatial and temporal
distribution of species along salinity gradients. The flora and
relative density of species of zonal communities are significantly
dependent upon the stress tolerance of species at different stages
of development and the presence of transient or persistent seed
banks. The occurrence of a seed bank is related to the salinity
tolerance of species at the germination stage of development, a
seeds ability to tolerate hypersaline conditions and flooding, and
whether or not species are able to maintain a persistent seed bank
until hypersaline conditions are alleviated.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1511. Seed banks: Memory in soil.
Cavers, P. B.
Canadian Journal of Soil
Science 75 (1): 11-13.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
56.8 C162;
ISSN: 0008-4271
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1512. Seeking the root of insect resistance to
transgenic plants.
Tabashnik, B. E.
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 94 (8):
3488-3490. (Apr. 1997);
ISSN: 0027-8424
Descriptors:
reviews/ transgenic plants/ Bacillus
thuringiensis/ pest resistance/ insecticides/ toxins/ Plants/
Pathology
Abstract: It is humbling and instructive that the
most exquisitely specific group of insecticides known originates
not from a laboratory, but instead from the common soil bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Insecticidal crystal proteins produced
by Bt kill insects by binding to and disrupting their midgut
membranes. Each of the numerous strains of Bt produces a
characteristic set of crystal proteins. Each of these toxins is
lethal to certain insects, yet does little or no harm to most other
organisms, including people, wildlife, and even other insects. Bt
was first formally described from Thuringia, Germany, in 1911 and
has been available in commercial formulations for insect control
since the 1930s; yet until recently, it remained a minor component
of pest management. Three factors set the stage for the emerging
importance of Bt: evolution of resistance to insecticides in more
than 500 species of insects and mites, rising concerns about
environmental hazards of conventional insecticides, and
breakthroughs in biotechnology. Genetic engineering has created
transgenic varieties of many crops that express Bt toxins; such
cultivars of transgenic corn, cotton, and potatoes were grown on a
large scale in the United States for the first time during 1996.
Transgenic plants armed with Bt toxins are defended against some of
the most notorious pests, which reduces the need for insecticidal
sprays. Because Bt is not toxic to arthropod natural enemies,
opportunities for biological control are enhanced and the secondary
pest outbreaks often caused by conventional insecticides are
avoided. Thus, this new technology could yield enormous benefits
for food production and environmental quality worldwide. Will the
advent of Bt-expressing transgenic plants herald a new era of
environmentally benign insect control? Or will the pests quickly
adapt?
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1513. Seepage from earthern animal waste ponds
and lagoons: An overview of research results and state
regulations.
Parker, D. B.; Schulte, D. D.; and
Eisenhauer, D. E.
Transactions of the
ASAE 42 (2): 485-493.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
290.9-Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351 [TAAEAJ]
Descriptors:
animal wastes/ seepage/
infiltration/ ponds/ lagoons/ regulations/ water quality/ pollution
control
Abstract: Wastewater seepage from earthen animal
waste lagoons and storage ponds can contaminate groundwater with
nutrients and pathogens. For almost 30 years, the subject has been
the focus of laboratory and field research projects designed to (1)
measure if and how much earthen ponds and lagoons leak, (2)
determine how different soil types affect seepage rates, and (3)
evaluate the magnitudes and mechanisms of sealing from animal
waste. In this article we present a research review performed to
determine how researchers have attempted to answer these questions
and how well they have been answered. We discuss weaknesses in the
body of knowledge and present further research and educational
needs. We also performed a review of 14 state regulations to assess
and compare how different states govern seepage from ponds and
lagoons. Six states regulate the maximum allowable seepage rate
from ponds and lagoons (values ranging from 0.042 to 0.63 cm/day)
while another six states regulate the maximum hydraulic
conductivity of earthen liners (values ranging from 0.086 to 0.0086
cm/day). The two remaining states regulate neither. The results of
this research and regulatory, review demonstrate that there is
still much to be learned about seepage from animal waste ponds and
lagoons. We suggest that a risk-based approach to regulating
seepage may be appropriate in the future.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1514. Selected procedures for the monitoring of
polar pesticides and related microcontaminants in aquatic
samples.
Brouwer, E R; Kofman, S; and
Brinkman, U A T
Journal of Chromatography
A 703 (1-2): 167-190.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
QD272.C4J68;
ISSN: 0021-9673
Descriptors:
analytical method/ surface water/
tap water/ water pollution
© Thomson
1515. Selecting and testing indicators of forest
health.
Lewis, T. E.; Cassell, D. L.;
Cline, S. P.; Alexander, S. A.; Stolte, K. W.; and Smith, W.
D.
In: North American Workshop on
Monitoring for Ecological Assessment of Terrestrial and Aquatic
Ecosystems = Taller Norteamericano Sobre Monitoreo para la
Evaluacion Ecologica de Ecosistemas Terrestres y Acuaticos.
(Held 18 Sep 1995-22 Sep 1995 at
Mexico City, Mexico.)
Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; pp.
140-156; 1996.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.284
Descriptors:
forest health/ biological
indicators/ monitoring/ environmental assessment/ forest ecology/
ecosystems/ government/ cooperation/ quality controls/
organizations/ sustainability/ forest management/ social values/
wildlife/ habitats/ productivity/ environmental management/ spatial
distribution/ environmental impact/ quantitative techniques/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1516. Selecting indicator species to monitor
ecological integrity: A review.
Carignan, V. and Villard, M.
A.
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 78 (1): 45-61.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors:
Environment management/
Bioindicators/ Conservation/ Environmental monitoring/ Biological
diversity/ Pollution monitoring/ Indicator species/ Pollution
indicators/ Test organisms/ Marine organisms/ Estuarine organisms/
Animal physiology/ Life history/ Population structure/ Population
dynamics/ Analytical techniques/ Ecosystem management/ Water
quality control/ Pollution control/ Water pollution/ Sediment
pollution/ Aquatic environment/ Reviews/ Environmental action/
Methods and instruments/ Instruments/ Methods/ Pollution monitoring
and detection
Abstract: We review critical issues that must be
considered when selecting indicator species for a monitoring
program that aims to maintain or restore ecological integrity.
First, we examine the pros and cons of different management
approaches on which a conservation program can be based and
conclude that ecosystem management is most appropriate. We then
identify potential indicators of ecological integrity at various
levels of the ecosystem, with a particular emphasis on the species
level. We conclude that, although the use of indicator species
remains contentious, it can be useful if (1) many species
representing various taxa and life histories are included in the
monitoring program, (2) their selection is primarily based on a
sound quantitative database from the focal region, and (3) caution
is applied when interpreting their population trends to distinguish
actual signals from variations that may be unrelated to the
deterioration of ecological integrity. Finally, we present and
discuss different methods that have been used to select indicator
species.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1517. Selenium speciation in soils and
plants.
Fox, P. M.; LeDuc, D. L.; Hussein,
H.; Lin, Z. Q.; and Terry, N.
In: Biogeochemistry of
environmentally important trace elements/ Cai, Y. and Braids, O.
C., 2002; pp. 339-354.
ISBN: 0-8412-3805-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1518. Separation of manure solids from simulated
flushed manures by screening or sedimentation.
Powers, W. J.; Montoya, R. E.; Van
Horn, H. H.; Nordstedt, R. A.; and Bucklin, R. A.
Applied Engineering in
Agriculture 11 (3): 431-436.
(May 1995)
NAL Call #:
S671.A66;
ISSN: 0883-8542
Descriptors:
cows/ cattle manure/ solid wastes/
cattle slurry/ separation/ sieving/ sedimentation/ nitrogen/
phosphorus/ simulation/ literature reviews/ United
States
Abstract: Feces and urine were collected separately
from individual cows fed corn silage-based (50% of dry matter)
diets which were supplemented with distillers dried grains plus
solubles or soybean meal to be 14 or 18% crude protein (CP). Fecal
samples from 30 cows were screened using wet sieving and vibrating
screens (nested in series); sizes were 3.35, 2.00, 1.40, 1.00, and
0.50 mm. Effluent passing the screens contained 60.2% of total
solids (TS), 86.3% of nitrogen (N), and 94.3% of phosphorus (P).
Solids caught on the five screens (largest to smallest) accounted
for the following percentages of materials: 14.6, 9.4, 2.8, 4.3,
8.6% of TS; 5.7, 3.1, 0.8, 1.3, 2.8% of N; 2.2, 1.2, 0.3, 0.6, 1.5%
of P. In another study, a 100 g composite sample of urine and feces
from each of 44 cows, mixed in proportion to the amount excreted,
was diluted to 1 L with water and allowed to settle for 1 h in a
graduated cylinder. Supernatant and sediment were separated by
decanting. Supernatants were analyzed for N content, sediments for
TS content, and these amounts were subtracted from analyzed
contents of samples to obtain reciprocal fractions. Overall, the
sediment contained 66% of TS and 45% of N. Estimates of sediment
amount made at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 min by recording best-defined
line between supernatant and sediment suggested sedimentation was
89% completed by 5 min. In a second sedimentation study, simulated
manure flushwaters (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% TS) were treated with
additives as follows: (1) 0.75 g of CaCO3 plus 0.50 mL Fe2(SO4)3
solution/L, (2) 0.75 g of CaO plus 0.50 mL Fe2(SO4)3 solution/L,
(3) 0.50 mL Fe2(SO4)3 solution/L plus five drops of a commercial
polymer, and (4) control (no additives). Precipitates with CaCO3
and CaO treatments contained 92% of the TS, 69% of the N, and 31%
of the total potassium (K); the CaO treatment precipitated
appreciably more P (93% of total) than other treatments; and
treatment with Fe2(SO4)3 plus polymer precipitated the least TS and
N. These data indicated a potential to remove more manure solids
and N from flushed manure by sedimentation than by
screening.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1519. Sequestration of carbon and changes in soil
quality under conservation tillage on light-textured soils in
Australia: A review.
Chan, K. Y.; Heenan, D. P.; and So,
H. B.
Australian Journal of
Experimental Agriculture 43
(4): 325-334. (2003)
NAL Call #:
23-Au792;
ISSN: 0816-1089
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1520. Sheep grazing and riparian and watershed
management.
Glimp, H. A. and Swanson, S.
R.
Sheep Research
Journal Special issue: 65-71.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
SF371.R47
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1521. Sheep grazing as a range improvement
tool.
Havstad, K. M.
Sheep Research
Journal : 72-78.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
SF371.R47;
ISSN: 1057-1809.
Notes: Special issue: Role of sheep grazing in natural
resource management. Includes references.
Descriptors:
sheep/ range management/ grazing
intensity/ grazing effects/ herbivores/ plant succession/
controlled grazing/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1522. Significance and application of microbial
toxicity tests in assessing ecotoxicological risks of contaminants
in soil and sediment.
Beelen, P. van and Doelman,
P.
Chemosphere 34 (3): 455-499. (Feb. 1997)
NAL Call #:
TD172.C54;
ISSN: 0045-6535 [CMSHAF]
Descriptors:
polluted soils/ sediment/
pollutants/ toxicity/ tests/ bioassays/ contaminants/ soil flora/
soil enzymes/ biological activity in soil/ respiration/
mineralization/ microbial degradation/ nitrogen/ carbon/ microbial
activities/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1523. Simulation of pesticide persistence in the
field on the basis of laboratory data: A review.
Beulke, S.; Dubus, I. G.; Brown, C.
D.; and Gottesburen, B.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 29 (5): 1371-1379.
(Sept. 2000-Oct. 2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA]
Descriptors:
pesticides/ persistence/
degradation/ soil/ simulation models/ environmental fate/ model
evaluation
Abstract: Simulations of pesticide fate in soils are
often based on persistence models developed nearly 30 years ago.
These models predict dissipation in the field on a daily basis by
correcting laboratory degradation half-lives for actual soil
temperature and moisture content. They have been extensively
applied, but to date no attempt has been made to evaluate existing
studies in a consistent, quantitative way. This paper reviews 178
studies comparing pesticide soil residues measured in the field
with those simulated by persistence models. The simulated
percentage of initial pesticide concentration at the time of 50%
measured loss was taken as a common criterion for model
performance. The models showed an overall tendency to overestimate
persistence. Simulated values ranged from 12 to 96% of initial
pesticide concentrations with a median of 60%. Simulated soil
residues overestimated the target value (50% of initial) by more
than a factor of 1.25 in 44% of the cases. An underestimation by
more than a factor of 1.25 was found in only 17% of the
experiments. Discrepancies between simulated and observed data are
attributed to difficulties in characterizing pesticide behavior
under outdoor conditions using laboratory studies. These arise
because of differences in soil conditions between the laboratory
and the field and the spatial and temporal variability of
degradation. Other possible causes include losses in the field by
processes other than degradation, deviations of degradation from
first-order kinetics, discrepancies between simulated and actual
soil temperature and moisture content, and the lack of
soil-specific degradation parameters. Implications for modeling of
pesticide behavior within regulatory risk assessments
are discussed.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1524. Simulation of snowmelt erosion using the
EROSION 3D model.
Weigert, Astrid; Wenk, Gerald;
Ollesch, Gregor; and Fritz, Heiko
Journal of Plant Nutrition
and Soil Science 166 (1):
128-130. (2003)
NAL Call #:
384 Z343A;
ISSN: 1436-8730
Descriptors:
snowmelt erosion/ soil properties:
water content
© Thomson
1525. Simulation of subsurface flow constructed
wetlands: Results and further research needs.
Langergraber, G.
Water Science and
Technology 48 (5): 157-166.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: 16 references.
Publisher: I W a
Publishing
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ CW2D/
modelling/ multi component reactive transport/ numerical
simulation/ research need/ subsurface flow constructed
wetlands
Abstract: Simulation of constructed wetlands has two
main tasks: to obtain a better understanding of the processes in
constructed wetlands, and to check and optimise existing design
criteria. This paper shows simulation results for two indoor
pilot-scale constructed wetlands for wastewater and surface water
treatment respectively. The results presented and discussed are
mainly focussed on the hydraulic behaviour of the constructed
wetland systems. In addition results of reactive transport
simulations with CW2D are shown. The multi-component reactive
transport model CW2D (Constructed Wetlands 2 Dimensional) was
developed to model transport and reactions of the main constituents
of wastewater (organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus) in
subsurface flow constructed wetlands. For the pilot-scale
constructed wetlands a calibration of the flow model was possible
and therefore the results of the reactive transport simulations
with CW2D fit the measured data well. The further research needs
regarding the simulation of subsurface flow constructed wetlands
are discussed.
© Thomson ISI
1526. Site selection of animal operations using
air quality criteria.
Jacobson, L. D.; Wood, S. L.;
Schmidt, D. R.; Heber, A. J.; Bicudo, J. R.; and Moon, R.
D.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
1527. Slope stabilization and erosion control: A
bioengineering approach.
Morgan, R. P. C. and Rickson, R.
J.; 288 p. (1994); ISBN: 0-419-15630-5
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1528. Sludge Treatment, Utilization, and
Disposal.
Bowen, P. T.; Jackson, M. K.;
Corbitt, R. A.; and Gonce, N.
Water Environment
Research 65 (6): 360-368.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47
Descriptors:
Literature review/ Reviews/ Sludge
disposal/ Sludge treatment/ Sludge utilization/ Wastewater
disposal/ Wastewater treatment/ Chemical treatment/ Composting/
Incineration/ Land disposal/ Ocean dumping/ Recycling/ Sludge
drying/ Sludge stabilization/ Sludge thickening/ Wastewater
treatment processes/ Ultimate disposal of wastes
Abstract: Comprehensive reviews of sludge management
have been published. Sludge loading facilities, and agricultural
use of sludge is described in the United states, and
internationally, the incineration, dewatering and agricultural
utilization and disposal of sludge has been investigated. The
microbiological and organic properties of sludges have been
extensively reviewed and the metals content of sludge and
analytical procedures for determining the properties of sludges
have been investigated. Many methods are available for the
dewatering, thickening, and drying of sludge. These methods fall
under the broad categories of presses, centrifuges, and pressure
filters. A decision-making process for choosing the appropriate
dewatering technology has been described. Sludge stabilization
methods that are reviewed include composting and chemical
treatments. Ultimate disposal methods for sludge may involve,
incineration, ocean/river dumping, land application, recycling, and
agricultural uses. Dewatering technologies for alum and polymer
sludges, metal finishing slurries, and for pulp and paper mill
sludges have also been investigated. (Geiger-PTT)
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1529. Slurry application technology: A
review of methods.
Frick R
In: FAT - Berichte, 441; Tanikon,
Switzerland: Der Forschungsanstalt, 1994. 12 p.
Notes: Also published in French as Rapports FAT No.
441
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1530. Small-scale spatial and temporal variance
in the concentration of heavy metals in aquatic sediments: A review
and some new concepts.
Birch, G. F.; Taylor, S. E.; and
Matthai, C.
Environmental
Pollution 113
(3):
357-372. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491 [ENPOEK]
Descriptors:
heavy metals/ sediment/ aquatic
environment/ spatial variation/ temporal variation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1531. A sociological analysis of site-specific
management.
Nowak P; Pierce FJ; and Sadler
EJ
In: The state of site specific
management for agriculture, 1997; pp. 397-422.
Notes: 24 ref
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1532. Software for pest-management science:
Computer models and databases from the United States Department of
Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service.
Wauchope, R. D.; Ahuja, L. R.;
Arnold, J. G.; Bingner, R.; Lowrance, R.; Genuchten, M. T. van; and
Adams, L. D.
Pest Management
Science 59 (6-7): 691-698.
(June 2003-July 2003)
NAL Call #:
SB951 .P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X.
Notes: Number of References: 51
Descriptors:
Entomology/ Pest Control/ simulation
model/ database/ pesticide transport/ pesticide fate/ non point
pollution/ risk assessment/ runoff/ leaching/ erosion/ riparian
buffer/ watershed/ simulation/ transport/ water/ pesticides/
parameters/ systems/ scale
Abstract: We present an overview of USDA
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) computer models and databases
related to pest-management science, emphasizing current
developments in environmental risk assessment and management
simulation models. The ARS has a unique national interdisciplinary
team of researchers in surface and sub-surface hydrology, soil and
plant science, systems analysis and pesticide science, who have
networked to develop empirical and mechanistic computer models
describing the behavior of pests, pest responses to controls and
the environmental impact of pest-control methods. Historically,
much of this work has been in support of production agriculture and
in support of the conservation programs of our 'action agency'
sister, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the
Soil Conservation Service). Because we are a public agency, our
software/database products are generally offered without cost,
unless they are developed in cooperation with a private-sector
cooperator. Because ARS, is a basic and applied research
organization, with development of new science as our highest
priority, these products tend to be offered on an 'as-is' basis
with limited user support except for cooperating R&D
relationship with other scientists. However, rapid changes in the
technology for information analysis and communication continually
challenge our way of doing business.
© Thomson ISI
1533. Soil aggregate stability: A
review.
Amezketa, E.
Journal of Sustainable
Agriculture 14 (2/3): 83-151.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.S86S8;
ISSN: 1044-0046 [JSAGEB]
Descriptors:
aggregates/ soil structure/
sustainability/ soil formation/ stability/ quantitative analysis/
erodibility/ erosion/ measurement/ techniques/ sampling/
estimation/ crusts/ soil chemistry/ age of soil/ soil amendments/
cropping systems/ crops/ literature reviews/ sample
processing
Abstract: Soil aggregate stability is a crucial soil
property affecting soil sustainability and crop production. A broad
outline of the processes and agents of aggregate formation and
aggregate stabilization are presented and discussed in this review.
Aggregate stability is difficult to quantify and interpret. The aim
of aggregate stability tests is to give a reliable description and
ranking of the behavior of soils under the effect of water, wind
and management. Numerous methods have been used to determine
aggregate stability with varying success. The different
methodologies complicate the comparison among aggregate stability
data. It is also difficult to obtain a consistent correlation
between aggregate stability and other important soil properties
such as soil erodibility or crusting potential. This paper reviews
the different methods of measurement of soil aggregate stability
used in the literature, paying attention to the conditions of
sample collection in the field and sample preparation and
treatments in the laboratory. A unified methodological framework
including the most interesting aspects of existing methods is
suggested. The possibility of using aggregate stability data as an
estimation of soil erodibility is also discussed.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1534. Soil and crop responses to soil tillage
systems: A Polish perspective.
Malicki, Leszek; Nowicki, Janusz;
and Szwejkowski, Zbigniew
Soil and Tillage
Research 43 (1-2): 65-80.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
Descriptors:
erosion
Abstract: An analysis of the literature of the
subject shows that soil tillage only has a short-term direct
influence on soil properties and it exerts its influence on
cropping, first of all indirectly, through its effects on yield
forming factors. Consequently, on well cultivated soils in flat
areas and in the conditions of rational crop rotation,
fertilization and plant protection, it is possible to simplify
tillage significantly without adverse economical or ecological
results. The limitation of tillage, up to direct sowing, will be
indispensable in erosion areas. However, the presence of defective
soils and some meteorological conditions require conventional
plough tillage.
© Thomson
1535. Soil and water quality: An agenda for
agriculture.
National Research Council.
Committee on Long-Range Soil and Water Conservation
Policy
Washington DC: National Academies
Press; 542 p. (1993);
ISBN: 0-309-04933-4
http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309045347/html/
Descriptors:
agriculture/ soil erosion/ soil
degradation/ water quality/ soil management
1536. Soil biochemical properties as indices of
performance and sustainability of effluent irrigation systems in
New Zealand: A review.
Speir, T W
Journal of the Royal Society
of New Zealand 32 (4):
535-553. (2002);
ISSN: 0303-6758
Descriptors:
nutrients/ plant (Plantae)/ Plants/
biochemical properties/ denitrification/ enzyme activities/
industrial effluents/ land management/ methodological limitations/
microbial biomass/ plant growth/ sewage effluents/ soil heaths/
treatment sustainability/ water supply
Abstract: In New Zealand, there have been a number
of investigations of the effects on soil biochemical properties of
land application of industrial and sewage effluents. In recent
years, the rationale for determining these properties has been to
ascertain if they have a potential role as early warning indicators
of adverse effects of effluent irrigation on treatment
sustainability and/or soil health. In this review, I summarise the
findings from these studies and attempt to establish whether the
data do support this role. Assessment of biochemical effects of the
application of effluents to land under crops, forest, or scrub is
complicated by previous land management and by site
characteristics. Consequently, only investigations of effluent
application onto pastoral soils have allowed an assessment of the
potential value of soil biochemical properties as early-warning
indicators of adverse effects. Generally, these studies have shown
that effluent application has had a beneficial effect on soil
properties and plant growth and this is reflected by enhanced soil
biochemical activities. Where an adverse effect did occur in
response to a drastic change of effluent amount and composition,
soil biochemical properties were markedly reduced. However, soil
chemical properties and aggregate stability were unaffected. This
suggests, therefore, that there could be a role for biochemical
properties as indices of performance and sustainability of
land-based effluent irrigation systems. However, with most studies
showing that most effluent application is beneficial, such a role
may be limited to situations where the effluent is to be applied at
an amount, or has a composition that has not been previously
tested. The main conclusion from this review is that when
irrigation schemes have been running for a number of years and are
functioning well, soil biochemical properties reflect the soil
health enhancements provided by the water and nutrients added. Such
enhancements are generally manifested slowly and, therefore,
monitoring is required over a longer duration than has occurred in
several of the studies examined. Adverse effects attributable to
effluent irrigation are more difficult to recognise and interpret
unless a drastic change has occurred, due mainly to methodological
limitations and our lack of understanding of the true meaning of
what we are measuring or its relevance to soil functioning. Until
our understanding improves markedly, a predictive role for these
properties as an early warning of adverse effects of effluent
irrigation will remain elusive.
© Thomson
1537. Soil biology: Effects on soil
quality.
Hatfield, Jerry L. and Stewart, B.
A.
Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; 169
p.: ill.; Series: Advances in soil science (Boca Raton, Fla.).
(1994)
NAL Call #: QH84.8.S6315--1994; ISBN: 0873719271
Descriptors:
Soil biology/
Soils---Quality
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1538. Soil Biology Primer.
Ingham, E. R.; Moldenke, A. R.; and
Edwards, C. A.
Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water
Conservation Society. (2000)
Notes: Revised edition
Descriptors:
soil/ agricultural land/ soil
quality/ air quality/ water quality/ soil microorganisms
1539. Soil carbon sequestration for improved land
management.
Food and Agriculture Organization;
World Soil Resources Reports No.96, 2001. xi, 57 p.
Notes:
ISSN: 0532-0488
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1540. Soil community composition and ecosystem
processes: Comparing agricultural ecosystems with natural
ecosystems.
Neher, D A
Agroforestry Systems
45 (1-3): 159-185. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366
Descriptors:
nitrogen/ pesticide/ plant
(Plantae)/ soil organism (Organisms)/ Plants/ agroforestry/
decomposition/ ecosystem processes/ fertilizer/ mineralization/
nutrition/ phenology/ plant productivity/ soil community
composition/ water
Abstract: Soil organisms play principal roles in
several ecosystem functions, i.e. promoting plant productivity,
enhancing water relations, regulating nutrient mineralisation,
permitting decomposition, and acting as an environmental buffer.
Agricultural soils would more closely resemble soils of natural
ecosystems if management practices would reduce or eliminate
cultivation, heavy machinery, and general biocides; incorporate
perennial crops and organic material; and synchronise nutrient
release and water availability with plant demand. In order to
achieve these goals, research must be completed to develop methods
for successful application of organic materials and associated
micro-organisms, synchronisation of management practices with crop
and soil biota phenology, and improve our knowledge of the
mechanisms linking species to ecosystem processes.
© Thomson
1541. Soil degradation by erosion.
Lal, R.
Land Degradation and
Development 12 (6): 519-539.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S622.L26;
ISSN: 1085-3278
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1542. Soil detachment in the physically based
soil erosion process: A review.
Owoputi, L. O. and Stolte, W.
J.
Transactions of the
ASAE 38 (4): 1099-1110. (July
1995-Aug. 1995)
NAL Call #:
290.9-Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351 [TAAEAJ]
Descriptors:
interrill erosion/ rill erosion/
soil movement/ equations/ erodibility/ rain/ literature
reviews
Abstract: This article presents a broad review of
the physical process of soil erosion, but with the main focus on
the approaches, forms of equations, and techniques commonly adopted
to quantify the rate of soil detachment in an erosion event. While
presenting some of the commonly used equations, the emphasis is
placed on the physical significance of the associated parameters
and the general weaknesses of the equations. The two main
parameters of the existing equations, namely the critical condition
for erosion and soil erodibility, are evaluated in this article
with respect to the factors affecting them. In addition, the
impacts of flow and moisture variations in the soil that are
commonly neglected while defining soil erosion components and
parameters are also discussed. The conclusion of this article is
that there is a need to derive a more fundamental equation for
predicting the soil detachment rate. As a step in that direction, a
conceptual clarification of the mechanism of soil detachment, is
presented. Some fundamental concepts that may be useful in deriving
a more physically and engineering-based soil detachment equation
are also introduced.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1543. Soil ecosystem properties, microbial
diversity, and ecosystem assessments.
Tate, R. L. III and Rogers, B.
F.
In: Ecological significance of the
interactions among clay minerals, organic matter and soil biota:
3rd Symposium on Soil Mineral-Organic Matter-Microorganism
Interactions and Ecosystem Health. (Held 22 May 2000-26 May 2000 at Naples-Capri,
Italy.) Violante, A.; Huang, P. M.; Bollag, J. M.; and Gianfreda,
L. (eds.); pp. 79-93; 2002.
ISBN: 0-444-51039-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1544. Soil erosion and conservation in the United
States: An overview.
Magleby, Richard S. and
United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research
Service.
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service; iii, 28, 1 p.: ill., maps;
Series: Agriculture information bulletin no. 718. (1995)
Notes: "An Economic Research Service report." Cover
title. "October 1995"--P. [i]. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 27-[29]).
NAL Call #: 1--Ag84Ab-no.718
Descriptors:
Soil erosion---United States/ Soil
conservation---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1545. Soil erosion and productivity: A brief
review.
Ponzi, D.
Desertification Control
Bulletin (22): 36-44.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
GB611.D47;
ISSN: 0379-2455
Descriptors:
erosion/ soil degradation/ land
productivity/ relationships/ cost analysis/ losses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1546. Soil erosion and soil problems.
Higgitt, D.
Progress in Physical
Geography 17 (4): 461-472.
(1993);
ISSN: 0309-1333
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1547. Soil erosion at multiple scales: Principles
and methods for assessing causes and impacts.
Penning de Vries, F. W. T.; Agus,
F.; and Kerr, J.; xii, 390 p. (1998);
ISBN: 0-85199-290-0
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1548. Soil erosion by water: Problems and
prospects for research.
Boardman, J.
In: Advances in hillslope
processes/ Anderson, M. G. and Brooks, S. M.; Vol. 1.
Chichester, UK: John Wiley &
Sons, 1996; pp. 489-505.
ISBN: 0-471-96774-2
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1549. Soil erosion impact on agronomic
productivity and environment quality.
Lal, R.
Critical Reviews in Plant
Sciences 17 (4): 319-464.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QK1.C83;
ISSN: 0735-2689 [CRPSD3]
Descriptors:
erosion/ crop production/ pollution/
water pollution/ air quality/ dust/ emission/ water reservoirs/
silt/ geological sedimentation/ soil fertility/ soil depth/ roots/
growth/ horizons/ runoff/ watersheds/ topsoil/ economic analysis/
soil water content/ surveys/ soil management/ sustainability/ soil
formation/ desertification/ nitrogen fertilizers/ application
rates/ crop yield/ soil organic matter/ clay fraction/ mathematical
models/ literature reviews/ losses from soil
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1550. Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century:
Symposium.
American Society of Agricultural
Engineers
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, 2001.
Notes: Conference held 3-5 January 2001 at Honolulu,
Hawaii; Co-sponsors: American Society of Agronomy (ASA), Chinese
Soil and Water Conservation Society (CSWCS) Taiwan, Council of
Agriculture (COA) Taiwan, European Society for Soil Conservation
(ESSC), International Erosion Control Association (IECA),
International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), Soil Science Society
of America (SSSA), Soil and Water Conservation Society (SWCS),
USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA-Cooperative State
Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES), USDA-Forest
Service (FS), USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS),
and World Association of Soil and Water Conservation
(WASWC)
http://horizon.nserl.purdue.edu/~flanagan/erosymp/statement.htm
Descriptors:
soil erosion/ sedimentation/
agricultural research
Abstract: This consensus document was
developed by participants of the symposium "Soil Erosion Research
for the 21 st Century," sponsored by the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) and thirteen other professional
societies and agencies. Participants comprised 210 soil erosion
researchers and field practitioners from 30 countries, who gathered
with the specific purpose of reviewing current scientific
understanding of soil erosion and sedimentation and setting
research directions and goals for the next two decades.
1551. Soil fertility and fertilizers: An
introduction to nutrient management.
Havlin, John.
Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice
Hall; x, 499 p.: ill. (some col.), maps. (1999)
Notes: 6th ed.; Includes bibliographical references and
index.
NAL Call #: S633-.S715-1999;
ISBN: 0136268064
Descriptors:
Fertilizers/ Soil fertility/
Crops---Nutrition
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1552. Soil fertility management and insect pests:
Harmonizing soil and plant health in agroecosystems.
Altieri, Miguel A and Nicholls,
Clara I
Soil and Tillage
Research 72 (2): 203-211.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
Descriptors:
inorganic fertilizers: excessive
use/ nitrogen: nutrient/ nutrient: plant tissue levels / insect
(Insecta): herbivore, pest/ Animals/ Arthropods/ Insects/
Invertebrates/ active soil biology/ agroecosystems/ crop nutrition/
nutrient imbalances/ organic fertilizers/ organic matter/ soil
biological properties/ soil chemical properties/ soil fertility/
soil fertility management/ soil physical properties/ soil plant
health harmonization
Abstract: Cultural methods such as crop
fertilization can affect susceptibility of plants to insect pests
by altering plant tissue nutrient levels. Research shows that the
ability of a crop plant to resist or tolerate insect pests and
diseases is tied to optimal physical, chemical and mainly
biological properties of soils. Soils with high organic matter and
active soil biology generally exhibit good soil fertility. Crops
grown in such soils generally exhibit lower abundance of several
insect herbivores, reductions that may be attributed to a lower
nitrogen content in organically farmed crops. On the other hand,
farming practices, such as excessive use of inorganic fertilizers,
can cause nutrient imbalances and lower pest resistance. More
studies comparing pest populations on plants treated with synthetic
versus organic fertilizers are needed. Understanding the underlying
effects of why organic fertilization appears to improve plant
health may lead us to new and better integrated pest management and
integrated soil fertility management designs.
© Thomson
1553. Soil health and sustainability.
Doran, J. W.; Sarrantonio, M.; and
Liebig, M. A.
Advances in Agronomy 56:
1-54. (1996)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
soil/ quality/ sustainability/
assessment/ soil resources/ resource management/ environmental
protection/ farming systems/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1554. Soil health and sustainability: Managing
the biotic component of soil quality.
Doran, John W and Zeiss, Michael
R
Applied Soil Ecology
15 (1): 3-11. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.S6A67
Descriptors:
anthropogenic impact/ biotic
component management/ ecosystem management/ land use/ soil health/
soil quality/ sustainability/ sustainable management
system
Abstract: Soil health is the capacity of soil to
function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use
boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or
enhance water and air quality, and promote plant and animal health.
Anthropogenic reductions in soil health, and of individual
components of soil quality, are a pressing ecological concern. A
conference entitled 'Soil Health: Managing the Biological Component
of Soil Quality' was held was held in the USA in November 1998 to
help increase awareness of the importance and utility of soil
organisms as indicators of soil quality and determinants of soil
health. To evaluate sustainability of agricultural practices,
assessment of soil health using various indicators of soil quality
is needed. Soil organism and biotic parameters (e.g. abundance,
diversity, food web structure, or community stability) meet most of
the five criteria for useful indicators of soil quality. Soil
organisms respond sensitively to land management practices and
climate. They are well correlated with beneficial soil and
ecosystem functions including water storage, decomposition and
nutrient cycling, detoxification of toxicants, and suppression of
noxious and pathogenic organisms. Soil organisms also illustrate
the chain of cause and effect that links land management decisions
to ultimate productivity and health of plants and animals.
Indicators must be comprehensible and useful to land managers, who
are the ultimate stewards of soil quality and soil health. Visible
organisms such as earthworms, insects, and molds have historically
met this criterion. Finally, indicators must be easy and
inexpensive to measure, but the need for knowledge of taxonomy
complicates the measurement of soil organisms. Several
farmer-participatory programs for managing soil quality and health
have incorporated abiotic and simple biotic indicators. The
challenge for the future is to develop sustainable management
systems which are the vanguard of soil health; soil quality
indicators are merely a means towards this end.
© Thomson
1555. Soil invertebrates as bioindicators of
human disturbance.
Paoletti, M. G. and Bressan,
M.
Critical Reviews in Plant
Sciences 15 (1): 21-26.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
QK1.C83;
ISSN: 0735-2689 [CRPSD3]
Descriptors:
soil fauna/ soil invertebrates/
biological indicators/ checklists/ soil pollution/ ecosystems/
heavy metals/ sulfur/ pesticide residues/ herbicide residues/
dosage effects/ disturbed soils/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1556. Soil microbial biomass: What do the numbers
really mean.
Dalal, R. C.
Australian Journal of
Experimental Agriculture 38
(7): 649-665. (1998)
NAL Call #:
23-Au792;
ISSN: 0816-1089.
Notes: Special issue: Moving towards precision with
soil and plant analysis. Proceedings of the Second National
Conference and Workshops of the Australian Soil and Plant Analysis
Council, November 23-26, 1997, Launceston, Tasmania. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
soil organic matter/ soil flora/
soil fauna/ carbon/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ sulfur/ mineralization/
biological activity in soil/ techniques/ literature reviews/
nutrient sink/ soil quality/ soil health/ pesticide
degradation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1557. Soil organic matter and management of
plant-parasitic nematodes.
Widmer, T. L.; Mitkowski, N. A.;
and Abawi, G. S.
Journal of Nematology
34 (4): 289-295. (Dec.
2002)
NAL Call #:
QL391.N4J62;
ISSN: 0022-300X [JONEB5].
Notes: Symposium paper presented at the 39th Annual
Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, June 24-28, 2000, Quebec
City, Quebec, Canada. Includes references.
Descriptors:
nematoda/ plant parasitic nematodes/
nematode control/ cultural control/ hosts of plant pests/ crops/
rotations/ cover crops/ green manures/ soil organic matter/ organic
amendments/ soil management/ literature reviews
Abstract: Organic matter and its replenishment has
become a major component of soil health management programs. Many
of the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties are a
function of organic matter content and quality. Adding organic
matter to soil influences diverse and important biological
activities. The diversity and number of free-living and
plant-parasitic nematodes are altered by rotational crops, cover
crops, green manures, and other sources of organic matter. Soil
management programs should include the use of the proper organic
materials to improve soil chemical, physical, and biological
parameters and to suppress plant-parasitic nematodes and soilborne
pathogens. It is critical to monitor the effects of organic matter
additions on activities of major and minor plant-parasitic
nematodes in the production system. This paper presents a general
review of information in the literature on the effects of crop
rotation, cover crops, and green manures on nematodes and their
damage to economic crops.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1558. Soil organic matter and nitrogen management
in dryland cropping systems.
Payne, R. A.
Adelaide, SA: Primary Industries,
South Australia; 2 v.: ill.; Series: Technical report (Dept. of
Primary Industries) no. 211-212. (1993)
Notes: "August 1993." "AGDEX 536." Includes
bibliographical references; Contents note: pt. 1. Soil organic
matter sustainability -- pt. 2. Nitrogen requirements for dryland
cereal crops.
NAL Call #: S478.A86T4--no.211-212; ISBN: 0730821439 (set); 0730821145 (pt.1); 0730821234
(pt.2)
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1559. Soil organic matter is essential to solving
soil and environmental problems.
Wallace, Arthur
Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 25
(1-2): 15-28. (1994)
NAL Call #:
S590.C63;
ISSN: 0010-3624
Descriptors:
agriculture/ erosion/
mineralization/ physical properties/ resource management/ water
holding capacity
Abstract: Fifty per cent, more or less, of the soil
organic matter from farm lands has been lost. The remainder is
perhaps more resistant to loss and therefore is stable but that
which has been lost was perhaps the most important half--it
resisted erosion, it made soils permeable, it increased
water-holding capacity and it produced healthy crops. The 50 per
cent that has been lost is via two major mechanisms. One is loss
per unit weight of soil by decomposition (mineralization) induced
by cultivation, and the other is loss by erosion--loss by wash away
and blow away of the surface soil which contains the most soil
organic matter. Both mineralization and erosion are downhill
processes. If they are not in equilibrium with reverse processes,
the land cannot be sustainable. If agriculture is to be
sustainable, we have to look at soil organic matter, first and
foremost, as a means for maintaining stable-tillable soil. Mining
of soil for nutrients and letting soil organic matter levels
decrease can never result in sustainable agriculture. The role of
soil organic matter as a source of nitrogen and other nutrients is
less important than that of providing excellent physical and
biological properties of soil. Use of water-soluble polymer soil
conditioners can help.
© Thomson
1560. Soil phosphorus management and water
quality: A UK perspective.
Edwards, A C and Withers, P J
A
Soil Use and
Management 14 (supplement):
124-130. (1998)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68;
ISSN: 0266-0032
Descriptors:
phosphorus: availability,
fertilizer, nutrient, pollution potential/ agriculture/ soil
management/ water quality
Abstract: An increasing proportion of P reaching
surface waters appears to be derived from agricultural land;
apportioning the relative contribution to particular farming
systems is not straightforward. The majority of farms in the UK
operate on the basis of an annual agricultural P surplus, the size
of which varies across different farm types. Particularly high
values (>20 kg ha-1) are commonly associated with
intensive-livestock production and the lower values (< 10 kg P
ha-1) with arable farms. The geographical divide between the
predominance of arable cropping in the east and livestock
enterprises in the west of the UK should result in an uneven
pattern to the distribution of annual P surplus. The expected
cumulative effects of this surplus should be a noticeable increase
in total and extractable soil P concentrations, but this is not
readily apparent. While evidence from experimental plots suggests a
relationship between the concentration of available soil P and that
present in drainage waters, extrapolating this information so that
it can be useful at the scale of a whole catchment is difficult.
The loss of P from agricultural land is controlled by factors which
are independent of the size of the annual P surplus. The pattern of
P cycling, together with the dominant loss pathways, differ greatly
between livestock and arable farming systems. Proportioning the
contributions that either increased soil erosion arising from
changing agricultural practices or the cumulative effect of a P
surplus have had upon P loss is a necessary prerequisite to
effective management.
© Thomson
1561. Soil phosphorus saturation degree: Review
of some indices and their suitability for P management in Quebec,
Canada.
Beauchemin, S. and Simard, R.
R.
Canadian Journal of Soil
Science 79 (4): 615-625.
(Nov. 1999)
NAL Call #:
56.8-C162;
ISSN: 0008-4271 [CJSSAR]
Descriptors:
soil chemistry/ phosphorus/ base
saturation/ indexes/ solubility/ relationships/ sorption isotherms/
water pollution/ pollution control/ management/ Quebec/ phosphorus
sorption capacity/ nutrient management
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1562. Soil physics, pesticides, &
pathogens.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
George E. Brown Jr. Salinity Laboratory Soil Physics and Pesticide
Research Unit
Riverside, CA: George E. Brown Jr.
Salinity Laboratory, Soil Physics and Pesticide Research Unit.
(2002)
Notes: Title from web page. Description based on
content viewed April 30, 2002.
NAL Call #: aS595-.G46-2002
http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=53-10-20-05
Descriptors:
George E Brown, Jr. Salinity
Laboratory, Soil Physics and Pesticide Research Unit/ Soils, Salts
in---Research---United States/
Groundwater---Quality---Research---United States/ Computer
simulation/ Crops and water---Research---United States/
Pesticides---Environmental aspects---Research---United
States
Abstract: The mission of the Soil Physics and
Pesticide Research Unit is to develop methods for evaluating,
predicting, and managing the movement of water, salts and
agricultural chemicals in the root and vadose zones of
salt-affected soils and to develop tools for assessing new
soil-water-crop management schemes to make effective use of limited
resources where salinity and/or pesticides are a
concern.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1563. Soil, plant and atmospheric conditions as
they relate to ammonia volatilization.
Sharpe, R. R. and Harper, L.
A.
Fertilizer Research
42 (1/3): 149-153. (1995)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422;
ISSN: 0167-1731 [FRESDF].
Notes: Special issue: Nitrogen economy in tropical
soils / edited by N. Ahmad. Includes references.
Descriptors:
ammonia/ volatilization/ nitrogen/
losses from soil/ nitrogen cycle/ transport processes/
determination/ atmosphere/ concentration/ measurement/ analytical
methods/ evaluation/ accuracy/ micrometeorology/ environmental
factors/ stable isotopes/ nitrogen fertilizers/ urea/ manures/
animal wastes/ crops/ adsorption/ efflux/ reviews/ nitrogen balance
method/ enclosure method/ micrometeorological method
Abstract: Gaseous ammonia (NH3) transport is an
important pathway in the terrestrial N cycle. In the atmosphere NH3
neutralizes airborne acids and is a major factor determining air
quality and acid rain deposition patterns. Redeposition of
atmospheric NH3 plays an important role in the N balance of natural
ecosystems and has been implicated in forest decline, plant species
change and eutrophication of surface water. Much of the N in
soil-plant animal systems can be lost to the atmosphere,
particularly with surface applied livestock waste, or urea and
anhydrous ammonia fertilizers. Plants can have a significant impact
on NH3 transport because they can both absorb and desorb
atmospheric NH3. Under conditions of low soil N or high atmospheric
NH3 concentrations, plants absorb NH3. Under conditions of high
soil N or low atmospheric NH3 concentrations, plants volatilize
NH3. This article discusses methods for evaluating NH3 transport in
the filed, the rate of NH3 volatilized from fertilizer application,
and the effects of plants on net NH3 transport.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1564. Soil-plant nitrogen dynamics: What concepts
are required.
Stockdale, E. A.; Gaunt, J. L.; and
Vos, J.
European Journal of
Agronomy 7 (1/3): 145-159.
(Sept. 1997)
NAL Call #:
SB13.E97;
ISSN: 1161-0301.
Notes: Special issue: Perspectives for
Agronomy--Adopting Ecological Principles and Managing Resource Use
/ edited by M.K. Van Ittersum and S.C. Van de Geijn. Proceedings of
a conference held July 7-11, 1996, Veldhoven-Wageningen, The
Netherlands. Includes references.
Descriptors:
nitrogen cycle/ plants/ soil
fertility/ simulation models/ agricultural research/ crop
management/ nitrogen/ nutrition physiology/ efficiency/
fertilizers/ guidelines/ application rates/ losses/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1565. The soil quality concept: A tool for
evaluating sustainability.
Karlen, D. L. and Andrews, S.
S.
In: Soil stresses, quality and
care: Proceedings from NJF seminar 310 [DIAS Report: Plant
Production, No. 38]. Elmholt, Susanne (eds.)
Tjele, Denmark: Danish Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum; pp. 15-26;
2000.
Notes: Conference held: 10-12 April 2000
NAL Call #: SB187.D4 D54 nr. 38
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1566. Soil quality field tools: Experiences of
USDA-NRCS Soil Quality Institute.
Ditzler, C. A. and Tugel, A.
J.
Agronomy Journal
94 (1): 33-38. (2002)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P;
ISSN: 0002-1962
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1567. Soil resilience: A fundamental component of
soil quality.
Seybold, C. A.; Herrick, J. E.; and
Brejda, J. J.
Soil Science 164 (4): 224-234. (Apr. 1999)
NAL Call #:
56.8-So3;
ISSN: 0038-075X [SOSCAK]
Descriptors:
soil/ soil resources/
sustainability/ literature reviews/ terminology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1568. Soil solution and other soil analyses as
indicators of nutrient supply: A review.
Smethurst, P. J.
Forest Ecology and
Management 138 (1-3):
397-411. (2000)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science
Descriptors:
Reviews/ Soil nutrients/ Nutrient
availability/ Soil chemistry/ Forest management/ Eucalyptus/
Management
Abstract: This review examines the potential for
using soil solution as a tool for managing soil fertility. A review
of the current use of other types of soil analyses indicates that,
while their use in some cases is justified, there are substantial
limitations to the development of reliable and widely applicable
calibrations. Factors that govern concentrations of nutrients in
soil solution and the methods for measuring them are reviewed in
relation to their use in nutrient management of forest plantations
and agricultural crops. Topics include a discussion of (i) nutrient
supply and uptake mechanisms; (ii) solution culture studies which
define critical concentrations in solution; (iii) methods of
sampling solution from soils and (iv) estimation of concentrations
that can be maintained at root surfaces in soil. By inference,
nutrient supply would not limit plant growth if concentrations at
most root surfaces (e.g. young roots in surface soil) were
maintained at or above concentrations needed to maintain high rates
of growth in solution culture, i.e. critical concentrations.
Several aspects of this method have been validated for N and P in
Eucalyptus nitens plantations. For example, when concentrations of
ammonium (the preferred N source for E. nitens) in the field fell
below the critical level of 50 mu M, plantations of E. nitens
responded to applications of N-fertilizer. This method was also
useful for predicting P deficiency in corn (Zea mays), Eucalyptus
globulus and E. nitens grown in soils of widely different P-supply
characteristics. The convergence of concepts based on the
principles of soil nutrient supply and uptake, which link soil and
solution culture studies, is likely to provide a unifying approach
for diagnosing nutrient-supply limitations to plant growth and a
practical tool for nutrient management in forest
plantations.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1569. Soil tillage: A review.
Sturny, W. G.
Revue Suisse
d'Agriculture 25 (3):
154-168. (1993);
ISSN: 0375-1325
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1570. Soil translocation by tillage
tools.
Sharifat, K.; Kushwaha, R. L.; and
Reed, W. B.
In: 1994 International Summer
Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural
Engineers. (Held 19 Jun
1994-22 Jun 1994 at Kansas City, Missouri.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers; 17 p.; 1994.
Notes: Paper numbers: 94-1039/94-1074;
ISSN: 0149-9890
NAL Call #: 290.9-Am32P
Descriptors:
tillage/ erosion/ soil movement/
soil water/ soil compaction/ simulation/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1571. Soils, land use and sustainable
agriculture: A review.
Miller, F. P. and Wali, M.
K.
Canadian Journal of Soil
Science 75 (4): 413-422.
(Nov. 1995)
NAL Call #:
56.8-C162;
ISSN: 0008-4271 [CJSSAR]
Descriptors:
agricultural land/ land use/
sustainability/ soil/ quality/ land management/ food security/ soil
quality/ sustainable development
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1572. Solid-liquid separation of animal manure
for odor control and nutrient management.
Zhang, R. H. and Westerman, P.
W.
Applied Engineering in
Agriculture 13 (5): 657-664.
(Sept. 1997)
NAL Call #:
S671.A66;
ISSN: 0883-8542
Descriptors:
animal manures/ liquid manures/
solid wastes/ separation/ techniques/ odor abatement/ nutrients/
management/ waste utilization/ waste treatment/ separators/ design/
operation/ performance/ economic analysis/ literature reviews/
manure management systems
Abstract: Solid-liquid separation can be an
effective manure treatment method for producing nutrient-rich
organic solids for multiple uses and potentially reducing the odor
generation rate and nutrient contents in liquid manure storage and
treatment units. This article discusses the characteristics of
animal manure relevant to solid-liquid separation for odor control
and nutrient management, reviews the basic concepts used in
different separation processes, and presents the design and
operational principles and performance data of several major types
of separation equipment as compiled from an extensive literature
review. Such information is very useful for agricultural and
sanitary engineers and animal producers to select solid-liquid
separation equipment for animal enterprises. The needs for further
research and development in the area of solid-liquid separation are
identified.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1573. Solid-phase extraction of quaternary
ammonium herbicides.
Pico, Y; Font, G; Molto, J C; and
Manes, J
Journal of Chromatography
A 885 (1-2): 251-271.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QD272.C4J68;
ISSN: 0021-9673
Descriptors:
quaternary ammonium herbicides/
plant materials/ soil/ water
Abstract: This paper highlights recent advances in
the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of quaternary ammonium herbicides
in water, soil, plant and biological samples. After a brief
introduction summarizing the properties of quaternary ammonium
herbicides and the difficulties involved in measuring them,
attention is paid primarily to solid supports used for isolation
and concentration, pre-treatments required for the different
matrices, and eluents applied for quantitative desorption of these
analytes. The determination techniques used after SPE and
applications of the proposed SPE methodology are also briefly
discussed.
© Thomson
1574. Solid-phase sample preparation and
stability of pesticides in water using Empore disks.
Barcelo, D; Chiron, S; Lacorte, S;
Martinez, E; Salau, J S; and Hennion, M C
Trends in Analytical
Chemistry 13 (9): 352-361.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:
analytical method/ gas
chromatography/ mass spectrometry
© Thomson
1575. Solving Algae Problems: French Expertise
and World-Wide Applications.
Mouchet, P. and Bonnelye,
V.
Aqua: Journal of Water
Services Research and Technology 47 (3): 125-141. (1998)
NAL Call #:
TD201.A72;
ISSN: 0003-7214
Descriptors:
France/ Reviews/ Algae/
Eutrophication/ Activated Carbon/ Technology/ Optimization/ Algal
blooms/ Plant control/ Water treatment/ Toxicology/ Ozonation/
Filtration/ Sedimentation/ Algae/ Sources and fate of pollution/
Species interactions: pests and control/ Fungi
Abstract: This paper reviews the various methods
available for removing planktonic microalgae (microstraining,
direct filtration, sedimentation, flotation, polishing using
ozonation and granular activated carbon [O sub(3) + GAC], membrane
filtration), and discusses their comparative effectiveness,
optimisation and limitations. Also described are the treatments
considered most effective in the removal of odorous and/or toxic
metabolites. In each case French technology and its world-wide
applications are compared to those documented in the literature.
The article concludes with recommendations on the most appropriate
processes for treating eutrophic waters.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1576. Some agrometeorological aspects of pest and
disease management for the 21st century.
Strand, J. F.
Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology 103 (1/2): 73-82.
(June 2000)
NAL Call #:
340.8-AG8;
ISSN: 0168-1923.
Notes: Special issue: Agrometeorology in the 21st
century: Needs and perspectives / edited by M.V.K. Sivakumar, C.J.
Stigter, and D. Rijks. Paper presented at an international workshop
held February 15-17, 1999, Accra, Ghana. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
agriculture/ plant pests/ plant
diseases/ pest control/ disease control/ agricultural meteorology/
simulation models/ cropping systems/ pest management/ weeds/ crop
weed competition/ transgenic plants/ genetic resistance/ biological
control agents/ cultural control/ information needs/ agricultural
chemicals/ weather data/ weather forecasting/ climatic factors/
climatic change/ risk assessment/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1577. Some contributions to integrated crop
management in Europe.
Hewson, R. T. and Sagenmueller,
A.
Pest Management
Science 56 (11):
954-956. (Nov. 2000)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X
Descriptors:
Integrated control/ Agricultural
practices/ Europe/ Insecta/ Agricultural & general applied
entomology
Abstract: This paper reports the successful outcome
of case studies using integrated crop management (ICM) with a view
to attaining sustainable, safe and economic practices for European
farmers and growers. Examples are the adoption of 6-m conservation
headlands to allow the use of selective herbicides for the control
of problem weeds, whilst leaving non-competitive species as a
habitat and food source for diverse fauna; a computerised warning
system for the control of Phytophthora infestans in the
Netherlands, enabling fewer fungicide applications; a computer
model (Colibri) which allows French farmers and advisers to
forecast development of Sitobion avenae populations in order to
predict optimal dates for treatment and recommendations for
achieving control of Myzus persicae in peaches grown in Italy which
results in least harm to beneficial insects. Lower inputs have
often resulted in more cost-effective programmes accompanied by
less environmental impact, while support for farmers and growers by
well-trained staff has proved to be an important factor
contributing to successful outcome of the various
projects.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1578. Sorption and binding of organic compounds
in soils and their relation to bioavailability.
Novak, J. M.; Jayachandran, K.;
Moorman, T. B.; and Weber, J. B.
In: Bioremediation science and
applications/ Skipper, H. D. and Turco, R. F.; Series: SSSA special
publication 43.
Madison, Wis.: Soil Science Society
of America, 1995; pp. 13-31
NAL Call #: S590.S62-no.43
Descriptors:
polluted soils/ pesticide residues/
contamination/ pesticides/ adsorption/ desorption/ binding/ binding
sites/ bioavailability/ microbial flora/ microbial degradation/
bioremediation/ transformation/ detoxification/ soil pollution/
pollution control/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1579. Sources and Impacts of Irrigation
Drainwater Contaminants in Arid Wetlands.
Lemly, A. D.; Finger, S. E.; and
Nelson, M. K.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12 (12): 2265-2279.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:
wetlands / arid environments/
contaminants/ agriculture / irrigation/ drainage/ reviews/
agricultural wastes/ agricultural runoff/ water supply/ ecological
effects/ environmental effects/ toxicity/ pollutants/ regulations/
Western/ Wetlands/ Environmental impact/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Freshwater pollution/ United States
Abstract: Arid wetlands are being contaminated by
subsurface agricultural irrigation drainage throughout the western
United States. Historic freshwater inflows have been diverted for
agricultural and municipal use, and remaining freshwater supplies
are not sufficient to maintain the integrity of these important
natural areas once they are degraded by irrigation drainwater.
Waterfowl populations are threatened in the Pacific and Central
Flyways; migratory birds have been poisoned by drainwater
contaminants on at least six national wildlife refuges. Subsurface
irrigation drainage is the most widespread and biologically
important source of contaminants to wetlands in arid regions of the
country. The case history of poisoning at Kesterson National
Wildlife Refuge in California and studies at other locations by the
U.S. Department of the Interior provide detailed information on the
toxicity of drainwater contaminants to fish and wildlife.
Biogeochemical conditions favorable for the production of toxic
drainage are found throughout the western states. Two actions seem
necessary to prevent further drainage-related degradation of arid
wetlands. First is a reduction in the amount of contaminants
reaching these wetlands, possibly involving regulatory intervention
through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit
process. Second, a better balance must be achieved in the way fresh
water is allocated between agriculture and wildlife. Federally
subsidized water has supported agriculture at the expense of
wetlands for nearly 100 years in the western United States. This
trend must be reversed if arid wetlands and their fish and wildlife
populations are to survive.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1580. Sources of Methyl Mercury to Freshwater
Ecosystems: A Review.
Rudd, J. W. M.
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 80 (1-4): 697-713.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979.
Notes: Conference: Third International Conference on
Mercury as a Global Pollutant, Whistler, BC (Canada), 10-14 Jul
1994; Editors: Porcella, D. // Huckabee, J. // Wheatley,
B.
Descriptors:
methyl mercury/ freshwater
environments/ lakes/ wetlands/ pollutant deposition/ aquatic
environment/ literature reviews/ inland water environment/
pollution dispersion/ air pollution/ water pollution/
methylmercury/ water pollution sources/ ecosystems/ analytical
methods/ literature review/ Freshwater pollution/ Behavior and fate
characteristics/ Sources and fate of pollution
Abstract: The recent development of sensitive
analytical techniques for the determination of MeHg concentrations
in water has resulted in a rapid advancement in our understanding
of MeHg production and transport in lake and reservoir systems.
Results from three recent whole-ecosystem studies have shown that
there are three important sources of MeHg to aquatic systems -
precipitation, runoff from wetlands, and inlake methylation. Data
from these three studies are used to construct a simple model that
illustrates how the relative importance of these sources can vary
with rates of atmospheric deposition of MeHg, lake type, percentage
of wetlands in the terrestrial catchment and the percentage of
water surface area that covers flooded terrain.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1581. Sources of Nutrient Pollution to Coastal
Waters in the United States: Implications for Achieving Coastal
Water Quality Goals.
Howarth, R. W.; Sharpley, A.; and
Walker, D.
Estuaries 25 (4b): 656-676. (2002)
NAL Call #:
GC96.E79;
ISSN: 0160-8347.
Notes: Special issue: Nutrient Over-enrichment in
Coastal Waters: Global Patterns of Cause and Effect
Descriptors:
Nutrients (mineral)/ Nitrogen/
Phosphorus/ River basins/ River discharge/ Brackishwater pollution/
Eutrophication/ Anoxic conditions/ Oxygen depletion/ Coastal
waters/ Pollution effects/ Wastewater treatment/ Sewage/
Agricultural runoff/ Pollution control/ Pollution sources/ Water
pollution/ Inland water environment/ Reviews/ United States/
Estuaries / Water Pollution Sources/ Nutrients/ Wastewater
Disposal/ Nonpoint Pollution Sources/ Air Pollution/ Spatial
Distribution/ Temporal Distribution/ Water Pollution Control/
Pollution (Water)/ Pollution (Nonpoint sources)/ Runoff
(Agricultural)/ Pollution (Air)/ Distribution (Mathematical)/ Time
dependent/ Nutrient concentrations/ Sewage treatment plants/ Marine
pollution/ United States/ United States, Mississippi River/ ASW,
USA, Gulf Coast/ Pollution Environment/ Behavior and fate
characteristics/ Pollution studies general/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Water Quality/ Marine Pollution/ Water Pollution:
Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Abstract: Some 60% of coastal rivers and bays in the
U.S. have been moderately to severely degraded by nutrient
pollution. Both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contribute to the
problem, although for most coastal systems N additions cause more
damage. Globally, human activity has increased the flux of N and P
from land to the oceans by 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively. For N,
much of this increase has occurred over the past 40 years, with the
increase varying by region. Human activity has increased the flux
of N in the Mississippi River basin by 4-fold, in the rivers of the
north-eastern U.S. by 8-fold, and in the rivers draining to the
North Sea by more than 10-fold. The sources of nutrients to the
coast vary. For some estuaries, sewage treatment plants are the
largest single input; for most systems nonpoint sources of
nutrients are now of relatively greater importance, both because of
improved point source treatment and control (particularly for P)
and because of increases in the total magnitude of nonpoint sources
(particularly for N) over the past three decades. For P,
agricultural activities dominate nonpoint source fluxes.
Agriculture is also the major source of N in many systems,
including the flux of N down the Mississippi River, which has
contributed to the large hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. For
both P and N, agriculture contributes to nonpoint source pollution
both through losses at the field scale, as soils erode away and
fertilizer is leached to surface and ground waters, and from losses
from animal feedlot operations. In the U.S. N from animal wastes
that leaks directly to surface waters or is volatilized to the
atmosphere as ammonia may be the single largest source of N that
moves from agricultural operations into coastal waters. In some
regions, including the northeastern U.S., atmospheric deposition of
oxidized N from fossil-fuel combustion is the major flux from
nonpoint sources. This atmospheric component of the N flux into
estuaries has often been under-estimated, particularly with respect
to deposition onto the terrestrial landscape with subsequent export
downstream. Because the relative importance of these nutrient
sources varies among regions and sites, so too must appropriate and
effective mitigation strategies. The regional nature and
variability of nutrient sources require that nutrient management
efforts address large geographic areas.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1582. Sources of nutrients in the nation's
watersheds.
Smith, Richard A. and Alexander,
Richard B.
Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological
Survey. (2000)
NAL Call #: TD428.8 .S65 2000
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/nut%5Fsources/nut%5Fsources.htm
Descriptors:
Nonpoint source pollution---United
States/ Fertilizers---Environmental aspects---United States/
Water---Pollution---United States/ Agricultural
pollution---Environmental aspects---United States/
Eutrophication---United States/ Watershed management---United
States
Abstract: SPARROW and Nutrient Sources; Also
available at:
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/nut%5Fsources/Nutrients%5FSPARROW%5Fpaper.pdf
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1583. Southern forested wetlands: Ecology and
management.
Messina, M. G. and Conner, William
H.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers;
616 p.: ill., maps. (1998)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 493-582)
and index.
NAL Call #: SD410.9.S68--1998; ISBN: 1566702283 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetland forestry/ Forested
wetlands---Management/ Wetlands---Management/ Wetland ecology/
Forest ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1584. Spatial patterns and fragmentation:
Indicators for conserving biodiversity in forest
landscapes.
Loyn, R. H. and McAlpine,
C.
In: Criteria and indicators for
sustainable forest management: Papers presented at a
IUFRO/CIFOR/FAO conference, Sustainable forest management:
Fostering stakeholder input to advance development of
scientifically based indicators. (Held Aug 1998 at Melbourne, Australia.) Raison,
R. J.; Brown, A. G.; and Flinn, D. W. (eds.) Wallingford, UK: CAB
International; pp. 391-422; 2001.
ISBN: 0-85199-392-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1585. Spatial Variability of Microbial Processes
in Soil: A Review.
Parkin, T. B.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 22 (3): 409-417.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6 [JEVQAA]
Descriptors:
Agricultural chemicals/ Fate of
pollutants/ Path of pollutants/ Soil bacteria/ Soil environment/
Water pollution control/ Cropland/ Farm management/ Fertilizers/
Leaching/ Pesticides/ Spatial variation/ Statistical analysis/
Sources and fate of pollution/ Water quality control/ Water in
soils
Abstract: Microbial transformations of fertilizers
and pesticides in the surface soil have a direct impact on the mass
of the agrochemical that is susceptible to leaching losses. The
greatest potential for controlling leaching losses of agrochemicals
is through the management of these compounds in the surface soil. A
variety of strategies have been employed to maximize the residence
time of applied chemical in the surface soil, including: timing of
application, formulation (e.g., slow-release fertilizers and
encapsulated pesticides), and the use of compounds that modify
microbial activity in soil (e.g., nitrification inhibitors).
Although these strategies have met with some success, more precise
quantification of the microbial transformations of agrochemicals is
required to aid the development of improved management strategies.
The high spatial variability exhibited by many microbial processes,
in many cases, precludes precise quantification. A greater
understanding of the factors contributing to the variability of
microbial processes allows for improved estimation, as well as for
the assessment of key driving variables controlling microbial
processes in soil. The discussion focuses on the scale at which
variability is expressed (microscale, plot scale, landscape scale,
and regional scale), and the soil and environmental variables that
serve to control variability at each scale. The study of
variability provides a mathematical or statistical framework that
is useful in elucidating both the interactions involved in
controlling soil processes as well as estimating the magnitude of a
given microbial process in soils. (Author's abstract) 35
097797000
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1586. Species guides for wetland plantings in the
southeast United States.
Everett, H. Wayne and South
National Technical Center (U.S.).
Fort Worth, TX: USDA, Soil
Conservation Service, South National Technical Center; 1 v.
(various pagings): maps. (1994)
Notes: 1st ed.; Cover title. "April 1994." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aQK125.S64--1994
Descriptors:
Wetland plants Southern states/
Wetland planting---Southern States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1587. Spiders in decomposition food webs of
agroecosystems: Theory and evidence.
Wise, D. H.; Snyder, W. E.;
Tuntibunpakul, P.; and Halaj, J.
Journal of
Arachnology 27 (1): 363-370.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
QL451.J6;
ISSN: 0161-8202
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1588. Spiking hydrophobic organic compounds into
soil and sediment: A review and critique of adopted procedures.
[Erratum: Feb 2001, v. 20 (2), p. 458.].
Northcott, G. L. and Jones, K.
C.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 19 (10): 2418-2430.
(Oct. 2000)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268 [ETOCDK]
Descriptors:
organic compounds/ soil/ sediment/
analytical methods/ soil spiking procedures
Abstract: Studies on the fate and effects of organic
pollutants in soil and sediment are often carried out under
laboratory conditions and often require the study compound to be
introduced, or spiked, into the test substrate. The procedures
adopted to spike relatively large amounts of hydrophobic organic
compounds into soil and sediment can introduce interferences into
experiments that have the potential to dominate the process(es)
under investigation. This review identifies and discusses key
factors of spiking procedures that can introduce significant
interferences to experiments. These include soil or sediment drying
and rewetting, effects of carrier solvents, and the homogeneity of
spike distribution. The persistence of solvents, and therefore
their contribution to soil and sediment organic carbon, is
discussed with reference to potential effects on the partitioning
behavior of spiked compounds. We have summarized the spiking
procedures used in 64 published articles and have evaluated the
information supplied by authors. From this analysis, we conclude
that, in general, authors should report more detailed information
regarding the procedural aspects of compound spiking. We conclude
that standard operating procedures need to be validated and
recommended for spiking organic compounds into soil and sediment by
recommended organizations. As an aid to this process, we recommend
a number of practices to observe when spiking organic compounds
into soil and sediment.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1589. Status and trends of wetlands in the
conterminous United States 1986 to 1997.
Dahl, Thomas E. and U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service; 82 p.: ill. (some col.), col.
maps. (2000)
Notes: "December 2000"--P. 4 of cover. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 70-72).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3-D33-2000
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/ Wetland
conservation---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1590. The status of IPM... Past, present and
future.
Polk, D.
Pennsylvania Fruit
News 79 (4): 19-23.
(1999);
ISSN: 0031-451X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1591. Stomatal control by chemical signalling and
the exploitation of this mechanism to increase water use efficiency
in agriculture.
Davies, W. J.; Wilkinson, S.; and
Loveys, B.
New Phytologist 153 (3): 449-460. (Mar. 2002)
NAL Call #:
450-N42;
ISSN: 0028-646X [NEPHAV].
Notes: Special issue: Stomata / edited by P. Ayres.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
plants/ water use efficiency/
stomatal movement/ plant breeding/ biochemical pathways/ shoots/
abscisic acid/ xylem/ pH/ sap/ translocation/ temperature/
irrigation/ plant water relations/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1592. Storing carbon in agricultural soils to
help mitigate global warming.
Rosenberg, Norman J.
Ames, Iowa: Council for
Agricultural Science and Technology, 2000. 8 p.
Descriptors:
soil conservation/ global warming/
pollution control/ carbon sequestration/ agriculture
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1593. Strategies for chromatographic analysis of
pesticide residues in water.
Balinova, Anna
Journal of Chromatography
A 754 (1-2): 125-135.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
QD272.C4J68;
ISSN: 0021-9673
Descriptors:
analytical method/ coupled column
liquid chromatography/ gas chromatography/ high performance liquid
chromatography/ high performance thin layer chromatography/ HPLC/
liquid-liquid extraction/ methodology/ pesticide residues/
pesticides/ pollution/ purification method/ sample preparation
method/ solid phase extraction/ solid phase microextraction/
supercritical fluid extraction/ water
Abstract: A review is presented of the modern
techniques and approaches in methods for pesticide residue analysis
in water matrices. The state of the art of the individual steps
(extraction, clean-up, separation, identification, quantitation) of
the chromatographic methods is reviewed with emphasis laid on
emerging techniques which have gained popularity. The new
approaches are discussed with respect to their relevancy to the
requirements for increasing the sensitivity of detection and
reliability of identification and quantitation at low levels of
concentrations, arising from the European Community Drinking Water
Directive.
© Thomson
1594. Strategies to reduce environmental
pollution from animal manure: Nutritional management option:
Review.
Paik, I K
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 12 (4):
657-666. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7;
ISSN: 1011-2367
Descriptors:
animal (Animalia)/ Animals/ manure
environmental pollution/ nutritional management
Abstract: The first option in manure management is
developing an environmentally sound nutritional management. This
includes proper feeding programs and feeds which will result in
less excreted nutrients that need to be managed. Critical
components that should be controlled are N, P and minerals that are
used at supranutritional levels. Amino acid supplementation and
protein restriction reduce N excretion in the monogastric animals.
Supplementation with enzymes, such as carbohydrases, phytase and
proteases, can be used to reduce excretion of nutrients and feces
by improving digestibility of specific nutrients. Growth promoting
agents, such as antibiotics, beta-agonists and somatotropin,
increase the ability of animals to utilize nutrients, especially
dietary protein, which results in reduced excretion of N. Some
microminerals, such as Cu and Zn, are supplemented at
supranutritional level. Metal-amino acid chelates,
metal-proteinates and metal-polysaccharide complexes can be used at
a much lower level than inorganic forms of metals without
compromising performance of animals. Deodorases can be used to
avoid air pollution from animal manure. Nutritional management
increases costs to implement. It is necessary to assess the
economics in order to find an acceptable compromise between the
increased costs and the benefits to the environment and production
as well.
© Thomson
1595. Strategies to reduce environmental
pollution from animal manure: Principles and nutritional
management: A review.
Paik IK; Blair R; and Jacob
J
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 9 (6):
615-635; 94 ref. (1996)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1596. Straw chopper systems for manure pipelines:
Final report.
Boyden, Alan.; Prairie Agricultural
Machinery Institute (Canada); and Saskatchewan, Agriculture
Development Fund
Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada:
Agriculture Development Fund; various pagings: ill.
(2000)
Notes: "ADF #9700326." "March 2000." "Prepared by:
PAMI"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 1, 4th
group).; Contents note: Efficient injection for sustainable
nutrient management of manure / Alan Boyden ... [et al.] --
Development of a hog manure pipeline control system / Alan Boyden
... [et al.].
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.S77-2000
Descriptors:
Manure handling---Equipment and
supplies
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1597. Stream and riparian management for
freshwater turtles.
Bodie, J.
Journal of environmental
management 62 (4): 443-455.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6;
ISSN: 0301-4797.
Notes: Publisher: Academic Press
Descriptors:
Riparian environments/ Environment
management/ Streams/ Conservation/ Nests/ Migration/ Freshwater
organisms/ Wildlife/ Habitat/ Nature conservation/ Migrations/
Aquatic reptiles/ Ecosystem management/ Feeding/ Nesting/
Overwintering/ River basin management/ Water Resources Management/
Ecological Effects/ Literature Review/ Ecosystems/ Riparian Land/
Turtles/ Habitats/ Research Priorities/ Environmental Policy/
Testudines/ Reptilia/ United States/ Turtles/ Reptiles/ Tortoises /
Terrapins/ Reptiles/ Environmental action/ Conservation, wildlife
management and recreation/ Ecological impact of water
development
Abstract: The regulation and management of stream
ecosystems worldwide have led to irreversible loss of wildlife
species. Due to recent scrutiny of water policy and dam
feasibility, there is an urgent need for fundamental research on
the biotic integrity of streams and riparian zones. Although
riverine turtles rely on stream and riparian zones to complete
their life cycle, are vital producers and consumers, and are
declining worldwide, they have received relatively little
attention. I review the literature on the impacts of contemporary
stream management on freshwater turtles. Specifically, I summarize
and discuss 10 distinct practices that produce five potential
biological repercussions. I then focus on the often-overlooked use
of riparian zones by freshwater turtles, calculate a biologically
determined riparian width, and offer recommendations for ecosystem
management. Migration data were summarized on 10 species from eight
US states and four countries. A riparian zone encompassing the
majority of freshwater turtle migrations would need to span 150 m
from the stream edge. Freshwater turtles primarily chose high,
open, sandy habitats to nest. Nests in North America contained eggs
and hatchlings during April through September and often through the
winter. In addition, freshwater turtles utilized diverse riparian
habitats for feeding, nesting, and overwintering. Additional
documentation of stream and riparian habitat use by turtles is
needed. Copyright 2001 Academic Press
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1598. Stream corridor restoration: Principles,
processes, and practices.
Federal Interagency Stream
Restoration Working Group.
USDA, Natural Resources
Conservation Service, 1998.
Notes: Cooperative effort among fifteen Federal
agencies and partners to produce a common reference on stream
corridor restoration./ Cover title./ Shipping list no.: 99-0011-S./
"National engineering handbook (NEH), part 653"--Transmittal
sheet./ "October 1998."/ "August 26, 1998"--Transmittal sheet./
Includes bibliographical references and index.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/stream_restoration/newgra.html
1599. Stream Restoration: A Natural Channel
Design Handbook.
Doll, B. A.; Grabow, G. L.; Hall,
K. R.; Halley, J.; Harman, W. A.; Jennings, G. D.; Wise, D. E.;
North Carolina Stream Restoration Institute; and North Carolina Sea
Grant.
North Carolina State University,
2003 (application/pdf)
http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/wqg/sri/stream_rest_guidebook/sr_guidebook.pdf
Descriptors:
riverbank protection/ land
management/ stream channels/ ecological restoration/ stream
restoration/ natural channel design
1600. A stream visual assessment protocol (SVAP)
for riparian landowners.
Bjorkland, R.; Pringle, C. M.; and
Newton, B.
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 68 (2): 99-125.
(May 2001)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors:
Streams/ Riparian environments/
Environmental surveys/ Environmental monitoring/ United States/
Land/ Streams (in natural channels)/ River management/ Natural
resources/ Water resources/ Conservation/ Agriculture/ Nature
conservation/ Monitoring methods/ Water pollution measurements/
Riparian Land/ Land Tenure/ Monitoring/ Methodology/ Visual
inspection/ Rivers/ Environment management/ United States/
landowners/ stream visual assessment protocol/ Methodology general/
Water Resources and Supplies/ Freshwater pollution/ Streamflow and
runoff/ Protective measures and control/ Water Pollution:
Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Abstract: A user-friendly Stream Visual Assessment
Protocol (SVAP) was recently developed in a joint effort by the
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture and the University of Georgia. SVAP was
designed to be an introductory screening-level assessment method
for people unfamiliar with stream assessments. It was designed for
use by NRCS field staff who work with agricultural landowners. NRCS
is in a key position to influence conservation practices since the
organization works with private stakeholders, maintaining more than
2000 field offices throughout the U.S. with a central office in
each state. The SVAP measures a maximum of 15 elements and is based
on visual inspection of the physical and biological characteristics
of instream and riparian environments. Each element is assigned a
numerical score relative to reference conditions and an overall
score for the stream reach is calculated. A qualitative description
of the stream reach is made based on overall numerical score. While
SVAP is not intended to replace more robust stream assessment
protocols, it provides quick and reliable information for use in
NRCS farm assistance programs. It is also an educational tool
through which landowners can learn about conservation of aquatic
resources. An abridged copy of SVAP is attached as an appendix to
this article and the complete document can be found on the web
at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ECS/aquatic/svapfnl.pdf.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1601. Strengths and limitations of immunoassays
for effective and efficient use for pesticide analysis in water
samples: A review.
Hennion, Marie Claire and Barcelo,
Damia
Analytica Chimica
Acta 362 (1): 3-34.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
381 An1;
ISSN: 0003-2670
Descriptors:
pesticide: analysis/ quality
assurance/ water samples
Abstract: Immunoassay techniques provide a simple,
powerful and inexpensive method for pesticide analysis. However,
the acceptance of immunoassays is dependent on the demonstration of
quality and validity compared to more traditional techniques. In
this review, primarily, the knowledge and the fundamentals of
immunoassay methods are given in order to make good use of
immunoassays, especially of ELISA tests. Special attention is given
to a better understanding of the high selectivity and sensitivity
which is attained for some immunoassays and not for others. It is
also explained why some immunoassays are a quantitative method
whereas others can only be used as a screening method. The
cross-reactivity process, the effect of the sample matrix and the
data interpretation are illustrated by numerous examples from the
literature. Other formats, especially flow-injection immunoassays,
dipstick immunoassay and liposome-amplified immunoassays are
presented. Quality assurance and guidelines for validation and use
are given.
© Thomson
1602. Strip tillage for "no-till" row crop
production.
Morrison, J. E. Jr.
Applied Engineering in
Agriculture 18 (3): 277-284.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
S671.A66;
ISSN: 0883-8542
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1603. The strobilurin fungicides.
Bartlett, Dave W; Clough, John M;
Godwin, Jeremy R; Hall, Alison A; Hamer, Mick; and Parr Dobrzanski,
Bob
Pest Management
Science 58 (7): 649-662.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X
Descriptors:
azoxystrobin: environmental safety,
fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin, synthesis/
famoxadone: environmental safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk,
strobilurin, synthesis/ fenamidone: environmental safety,
fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin, synthesis/ kresoxim
methyl: environmental safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk,
strobilurin, synthesis/ metominostrobin: environmental safety,
fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin, synthesis/
picoxystrobin: environmental safety, fungicide, mode of action,
risk, strobilurin, synthesis/ pyraclostrobin: environmental safety,
fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin, synthesis/
trifloxystrobin: environmental safety, fungicide, mode of action,
risk, strobilurin, synthesis
Abstract: Strobilurins are one of the most important
classes of agricultural fungicide. Their invention was inspired by
a group of fungicidally active natural products. The outstanding
benefits they deliver are currently being utilised in a wide range
of crops throughout the world. First launched in 1996, the
strobilurins now include the world's biggest selling fungicide,
azoxystrobin. By 2002 there will be six strobilurin active
ingredients commercially available for agricultural use. This
review describes in detail the properties of these active
ingredients - their synthesis, biochemical mode of action,
biokinetics, fungicidal activity, yield and quality benefits,
resistance risk and human and environmental safety. It also
describes the clear technical differences that exist between these
active ingredients, particularly in the areas of fungicidal
activity and biokinetics.
© Thomson
1604. Stubble height as a tool for management of
riparian areas.
Clary, W. P. and Leininger, W.
C.
Journal of Range
Management 53 (6): 562-573.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
60.18 J82;
ISSN: 0022-409X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1605. Study design for monitoring
wetlands.
Parker, Amanda K.; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria
Division; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands
Division; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Water.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland
condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Study design for monitoring
wetlands (#4).Title from web page. "March 2002." "Prepared jointly
by Thece of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)." "EPA 822-R-02-015."
Description based on content viewed March 31, 2003. Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: QH90.57.B5-P37-2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/4StudyDesign.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetland management---United States/
Water quality management---United States/ Pollution---United
States---Measurement/ Environmental sampling---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1606. Subirrigation and controlled
drainage.
Belcher, H. W. and D'Itri, Frank
M.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers;
xii, 482 p.: ill. (1995)
NAL Call #: S619.S92S83--1995; ISBN: 1566701392 (acid-free paper)
Descriptors:
Subirrigation---Congresses/
Drainage---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1607. Substratum-Associated
Microbiota.
Tuchman, N. C. and Peterson, C.
G.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 702-713.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:
literature review/ substrates/
microbiological studies/ bacteria/ algae/ metabolism/ enzymes/
microbiological analysis/ surface films/ sediment analysis/
meiobenthos/ enzymatic activity/ biofilms/ Network design/
Ecological techniques and apparatus/ Methods and
instruments
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1608. Subsurface drip irrigation: A
review.
Camp, C. R.
Transactions of the
ASAE 41 (5): 1353-1367.
(Sept. 1998-Oct. 1998)
NAL Call #:
290.9-Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351 [TAAEAJ]
Descriptors:
trickle irrigation/ subsurface
irrigation/ literature reviews
Abstract: A comprehensive review of published
information on subsurface drip irrigation was performed to
determine the state of the art on the subject. Subsurface drip
irrigation has been a part of drip irrigation development in the
USA since its beginning about 1960, but interest has escalated
since the early 1980s. Yield response for over 30 crops indicated
that crop yield for subsurface drip was greater than or equal to
that for other irrigation methods, including surface drip, and
required less water in most cases. Lateral depths ranged from 0.02
to 0.70 m and lateral spacings ranged from 0.25 to 5.0 m. Several
irrigation scheduling techniques, management strategies, crop water
requirements, and water use efficiencies were discussed. Injection
of nutrients, pesticides, and other chemicals to modify water and
soil conditions is an important component of subsurface drip
irrigation. Some mathematical models that simulate water movement
in subsurface drip systems were included. Uniformity measurements
and methods, a limited assessment of root intrusion into emitters,
and estimates of overall system longevity were also discussed.
Sufficient information exists to provide general guidance with
regard to design, installation, and management of subsurface drip
irrigation systems. A significant body of information is available
to assist in determining relative advantages and disadvantages of
this technology in comparison with other irrigation types.
Subsurface drip provides a more efficient delivery system if water
and nutrient applications are managed properly. Waste water
application, especially for turf and landscape plants, offers great
potential. Profitability and economic aspects have not been
determined conclusively and will depend greatly on local conditions
and constraints, especially availability and cost of
water.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1609. Subsurface Drip Irrigation of Row Crops: A
Review of 15 Years of Research at the Water Management Research
Laboratory.
Ayars, J. E.; Phene, C. J.;
Hutmacher, R. B.; Davis, K. R.; Schoneman, R. A.; Vail, S. S.; and
Mead, R. M.
Agricultural Water
Management 42 (1): 1-27.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3;
ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:
Drip Irrigation/ Subsurface
Irrigation/ Agriculture/ Literature Review/ Water Management/
Fertilizers/ Water Table/ Groundwater/ Research Priorities/
Conservation in agricultural use
Abstract: Use of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI)
has progressed from being a novelty employed by researchers to an
accepted method of irrigation of both perennial and annual crops.
This paper reviews the SDI research conducted by scientists at the
Water Management Research Laboratory over a period of 15 years.
Data are presented for irrigation and fertilization management on
tomato, cotton, sweet corn, alfalfa, and cantaloupe for both plot
and field applications. Results from these studies demonstrated
significant yield and water use efficiency increases in all crops.
Use of high frequency irrigation resulted in reduced deep
percolation and increased use of water from shallow ground water
when crops were grown in high water table areas. Uniformity studies
demonstrated that after 9 years of operation SDI uniformity was as
good as at the time of installation if management procedures were
followed to prevent root intrusion.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1610. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands for
wastewater treatment: A technology assessment.
Reed, Sherwood C.
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water; 1 v. (various
pagings): ill. (1993)
Notes: "Mr. Sherwood C. Reed ... was the principal
author and editor of this document"--P. i. "July 1993." "EPA
832/R-93-008." "PB94-107893"--Cover. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD756.5.R44--1993
Descriptors:
Constructed wetlands
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1611. Summary of national standards and
guidelines for pesticides in water, bed sediment, and aquatic
organisms and their application to water-quality
assessments.
Nowell, Lisa H.; Resek, Elizabeth
A.; Geological Survey (U.S.); and United States. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Sacramento, Calif.: U.S. Geological
Survey; vi, 115 p.: ill.; Series: U.S. Geological Survey open-file
report 94-44. (1994)
Notes: Open-File Report 94-44; Spine title: National
standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, bed sediment, and
aquatic organisms. Includes bibliographical references (p.
48-51).
NAL Call #: SB970.4.U6N69--1994
Descriptors:
Pesticides---Government
policy---United States/ Pesticides---Law and legislation---United
States/ Pesticides---Environmental aspects---United States/
Water---United States---Pesticide content
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1612. Summary of research and development needs
for monitoring forest and rangeland ecosystems.
Powell, D. S.
In: North American Workshop on
Monitoring for Ecological Assessment of Terrestrial and Aquatic
Ecosystems = Taller Norteamericano Sobre Monitoreo para la
Evaluacion Ecologica de Ecosistemas Terrestres y Acuaticos.
(Held 18 Sep 1995-22 Sep 1995 at
Mexico City, Mexico.)
Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; pp.
295-296; 1996.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.284
Descriptors:
forests/ rangelands/ ecosystems/
environmental assessment/ monitoring/ information needs/ research /
cooperation/ spatial variation/ temporal variation/ sampling/
quality controls/ information/ government organizations
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1613. Supercritical fluid extraction as a useful
method for pesticides determination.
Camel, V
Analusis 26 (6): M99-M111. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QD71.A52;
ISSN: 0365-4877
Descriptors:
benzoic acid pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant/ organochlorine pesticides:
determination, pollutant, extraction/ organophosphorus pesticides:
determination, pollutant, extraction/ organotin pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant/ pesticides: determination,
pollutant, extraction/ phenoxyacetic acid pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant/ substituted urea pesticides:
determination, pollutant, extraction/ thiolcarbamate pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant/ triazine pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant/ triazole pesticides:
determination, pollutant, extraction / animal tissue/ food/ plant
tissues/ sediments/ soils/ water
Abstract: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has
faced a growing interest in the past few years, due to its numerous
advantages over classical liquid solvent extractions (mainly
rapidity, selectivity, low solvent volumes required). In
particular, applications of this technique have been reported for
the determination of pesticides in complex matrices, such as soils
and sediments, water samples (after a solid-phase extraction),
plant materials, animal tissues, and food items. In fact, SFE of
pesticides represents quite a challenge due to the wide range of
polarity encountered and the variety of matrices that may contain
those residues. Consequently, extraction parameters need to be
carefully chosen. So, this paper details the main strategies
possible for efficient extractions of pesticides from several
matrices.
© Thomson
1614. Supercritical fluid extraction for the
analysis of pesticide residues in miscellaneous samples.
Motohashi, Noboru; Nagashima,
Hideo; and Parkanyi, Cyril
Journal of Biochemical and
Biophysical Methods 43 (1-3):
313-328. (2000);
ISSN: 0165-022X
Descriptors:
pesticide residues: analysis,
extraction, food contaminant/ biological tissues/ fruits/ soils/
vegetables
Abstract: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
procedures for pesticide residue analysis are reviewed and
discussed. A variety of applications were classified, on matrices
such as fruits, vegetables, soils, biological tissues, and other
materials. Emphasis is placed on analysis of samples with a high
water content containing polar pesticides, with particular
attention paid to the multiresidue analyses.
© Thomson
1615. Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands:
Overview.
Kadlec, R. H.
Water Science and
Technology 32 (3): 1-12.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Monograph: 0-08-042878-9; Conference: 4. Int.
Conf. on Wetlands Systems for Water Pollution Control [Selected
Proceedings], Ghangzhou (People's Rep. China), 6-10 Nov 1994;
Source: Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 1994. Selected
Proceedings for the 4th International Conference on Wetland Systems
for Water Pollution Control Held in Guangzhou, China 6-10 November,
1994., 1995, Pp. 1-12, Water Science and Technology [Water Sci.
Technol.], Vol. 32, No. 3
Descriptors:
wetlands / hydrology/ fluid flow/
marshes/ wastewater treatment/ nutrients (mineral)/ surface runoff/
artificial wetlands/ water quality control/ design criteria/
Dynamics of lakes and rivers/ Mechanical and natural changes/
Wastewater treatment processes/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Several hundreds of marshes have now been
built primarily for the purposes of water quality improvement. This
paper reviews statistics on the types and numbers and character of
these low-tech water treatment wetlands. The operational processes
are discussed, including sedimentation, plant uptake, sorption,
nutrient cycling, and chemical and microbial conversion.
Performance has been good for reduction of suspended solids,
biological oxygen demand, phosphorus, nitrogen, metals and some
anthropogenic chemicals. Design procedures are evaluated, showing
that the overly simplistic techniques used in the infancy of the
technology may now be replaced by rational procedures based on the
large and rapidly growing information base for constructed surface
flow treatment wetlands. Ancillary wildlife and human use is an
important part of this type of wetland, and should be acknowledged
in design. Capital costs are low, but the principal financial
advantage is the extremely low base cost of operation.
© Thomson ISI
1616. Survey of livestock influences on stream
and riparian ecosystems in the western United States.
Belsky, A. J.; Matzke, A.; and
Uselman, S.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 54 (1): 419-431.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1617. Survival of pathogenic microorganisms and
parasites in excreta, manure and sewage sludge: A
review.
Strauch D
Medycyna
Weterynaryjna 49 (3):
117-121; 66 ref. (1993).
Notes: Subtitle: Part II
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1618. Suspended clay's effect on lake and
reservoir limnology.
Lind, Owen T
Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie
Supplement 139 (3): 327-360.
(2003)
Descriptors:
ions/ polar organic molecules/ toxic
materials: food chain entry, sedimentation, suspended clay
adsorption/ algae (Algae): filterable/ animal (Animalia): filter
feeders/ bacteria (Bacteria): filterable/ fish (Pisces)/ macrophyte
(Plantae): production/ plankton (Organisms): production/
zooplankton (Animalia)/ Algae/ Animals/ Bacteria/ Chordates/
Eubacteria/ Fish/ Microorganisms/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Nonvascular
Plants/ Organisms/ Plants/ Vertebrates/ adsorbed organic material:
concentrated bacterial substrate source/ benthic production/ clay
crystals: physical layered structure/ clays: chemical properties,
physical properties/ grazer assimilation/ lake limnology: suspended
clay impacts/ light attenuation/ limnological system properties/
mixing depth/ reservoir limnology: suspended clay impacts/ sediment
resuspension/ stratification/ suspended clay/ thermal regimes/
trophic state/ water chemistry
Abstract: Many reservoirs and some lakes have
significant quantities of suspended clay that is primarily derived
from the watershed, but subsequently from sediment resuspension.
Both the physical and chemical properties of clays affect other
limnological system properties. The physical layered structure of
the different clay crystals presents greatly different surfaces for
adsorption of ions and polar organic molecules. Adsorption of
nutrients acts as either a sink or a source relative to biotic use
depending upon water chemistry and trophic state. Toxic materials
may be adsorbed to suspended clay and then either be directed into
the food chain or removed from the system by sedimentation.
Suspended clay lessens autotrophy. It competes with autotrophs for
nutrients and is the principal cause of light attenuation in many
waters. Thus it significantly governs plankton, benthic and
macrophyte production. Clay in suspension may either facilitate or
inhibit filter feeding animals. Adsorbed organic material provides
a concentrated source of bacterial substrate as well as food for
zooplankton and small fishes. But, high concentrations can dilute
the concentration of filterable cells (algae, bacteria) and lessen
grazer assimilation. Suspended clay is significant in determining
community structure. Light attenuation governs the relative
abundance of sight-feeding predators and their prey and thus is
significant in structuring aquatic communities. In addition to
light attenuation, suspended clay affects thermal regimes, and
consequently mixing depth and time of stratification which in turn
can affect the quantity of resuspended clay.
© Thomson
1619. Sustainability, conservation tillage and
weeds in Canada.
Derksen, D A; Blackshaw, R E; and
Boyetchko, S M
Canadian Journal of Plant
Science 76 (4): 651-659.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
450-C16;
ISSN: 0008-4220
Descriptors:
bacteria (Bacteria General
Unspecified)/ crop (Angiospermae)/ fungi (Fungi Unspecified)/
fungus (Fungi Unspecified)/ insect (Insecta Unspecified)/ plant
(Plantae Unspecified)/ rhizobacteria (Bacteria General
Unspecified)/ weeds (Tracheophyta)/ Insecta (Insecta Unspecified)/
Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ angiosperms/ animals/ arthropods/
bacteria/ eubacteria/ fungi/ insects/ invertebrates/
microorganisms/ nonvascular plants/ plants/ spermatophytes/
vascular plants/ agriculture/ biobusiness/ biological control/
biological control agent/ conservation tillage/ crop residue/
herbicide/ integrated management systems/ pest/ pest management/
soil science/ sustainability
Abstract: The sustainability of conservation tillage
is dependent on the extent of changes in weed community
composition, the usage of herbicides, and the development of
integrated weed management (IWM) strategies, including biological
weed control. The objective of this paper is to review research on
conservation tillage and weed management in light of these factors.
Recent Canadian research has found that changes in weed communities
due to the adoption of conservation tillage are not necessarily
those expected and were not consistent by species, location, or
year. Changes reflected the use of different selection pressures,
such as different crop rotations and herbicides, within the studies
to a greater extent than weed life cycle groupings. Therefore,
research that determines the reasons for change or the lack of
change in weed communities is required to provide the scientific
basis for the development of IWM strategies. Documented herbicide
usage in conservation tillage varies from less than to more than
conventional-tillage systems. Potential to reduce herbicide usage
in conservation-tillage systems exists. Furthermore, the herbicides
used in western Canada are different from those causing ground
water contamination in the United States, are less volatile, and
are used at lower rates. The presence of surface crop residues in
conservation tillage may provide a unique environment for classical
and inundative biological control agents. Some insects, fungi, and
bacteria have the potential to survive to a greater extent in
undisturbed plant residues. Residue management and conservation
tillage systems are evolving in Canada. Research must keep pace by
providing weed management strategies that enhance the
sustainability of these systems.
© Thomson
1620. Sustainability in agriculture: An
evaluation of principal goal-oriented concepts to close the gap
between theory and practice.
Wiren Lehr, S. von.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 84 (2): 115-129.
(Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
agriculture/ sustainability/
guidelines/ land management/ crop management/ evaluation/
indicators/ agricultural production/ environmental protection/
ecology/ literature reviews
Abstract: The objective of concepts to assess and
implement sustainability in agriculture is to consolidate the
complex and diverse principles of the theoretical paradigm and to
transform them into recommendations for agricultural practice.
Since only goal-oriented concepts show a high adaptation to
different conditions and target groups, their fundamental strategy
was highlighted and their suitability for successful
operationalisation was worked out. Seven goal-oriented concepts,
representing the main current methods of sustainability assessment,
were evaluated regarding potential and drawbacks for a successful
transfer of the theoretical paradigm into practice. A principal
strategy of goal-oriented concepts has been identified in all
concepts: goal definition, indicator selection, evaluation based on
indicator sets and final formulation of management advice. In most
of the seven reviewed concepts, the protection of the agricultural
production system itself is postulated as a major aim.
Consequently, indicator sets mainly consist of production-oriented
indicators and eco-balancing predominantly represents the
methodological framework. Six of the seven selected concepts base
sustainability assessment on an evaluation strategy with estimated
threshold values or margins of tolerance. Three main drawbacks of
goal-oriented concepts have been identified that restrict to
transfer the theoretical sustainability paradigm into agricultural
practice: (1) the lack of systemic and transferable indicators
which characterise agricultural and other eco-systems regarding all
dimensions of sustainability; (2) the deficit of an adequate
evaluation of agro-ecosystems; and (3) the lack of principal
guidelines for the. formulation of management advice for practical
application. Goal-oriented concepts based on models for agronomy
and management show a high potential to overcome these drawbacks
and therefore represent a promising tool to bridge the gap between
theory and practice of sustainability in agriculture.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1621. Sustainability of irrigation: An overview
of salinity problems and control strategies.
Rhoades, J. D. and Salinity
Laboratory (U.S.)., 1997.
Notes: Caption title. Paper presented at the 1997
annual conference, footprints of humanity: reflections on fifty
years of water resource developments, held in Lethbridge, Alberta,
June 3-6, 1997. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aS613.R56-1997
Descriptors:
Irrigation Management/ Soils, Salts
in/ Irrigation water/ Soils, Irrigated
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1622. Sustainability of soil use.
Buol, S. W.
Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 26: 25-44.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
QH540.A55;
ISSN: 0066-4162 [ARECBC]
Descriptors:
sustainability/ agricultural land/
crop production/ soil fertility/ soil exhaustion/ ecosystems/ soil
degradation/ erosion/ reviews/ agroecosystems
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1623. Sustainable agriculture systems.
Hatfield, Jerry L. and Karlen, D.
L.
Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; 316
p.: ill. (1994)
NAL Call #: S494.5.S86S86--1994; ISBN: 1566700493 (acid-free paper)
Descriptors:
Sustainable agriculture/
Agricultural systems/ Agricultural ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1624. Sustained productivity in intensively
managed forest plantations.
Fox, T. R.
Forest Ecology and
Management 138 (1/3):
187-202. (2000)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1625. Sustaining biological diversity in early
successional communities: The challenge of managing unpopular
habitats.
Askins, Robert A
Wildlife Society
Bulletin 29 (2): 407-412.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SK357.A1W5;
ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors:
beauty perceptions/ biological
diversity: sustenance/ conservation priorities/ early successional
communities/ forest clearing/ habitat destruction/ habitat
disturbance/ regional variation/ shrubland declines/ unpopular
habitat management/ wetlands protection
© Thomson
1626. Swine manure odor control using pit
additives: A review.
Zhu Jun; Bundy DS; Li XiWei; Rashid
N; Zhu J; and Li XW.
In: Livestock Environment V:
Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. (Held 29 May 1997-31 May 1997 at
Bloomington, Minnesota.) Bottcher RW and Hoff SJ (eds.); Vol. 2.
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers; pp.
295-302; 1997.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1627. A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon
emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: Comparing tillage
practices in the United States.
West, T. O. and Marland,
G.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 91 (1/3):
217-232. (Sept. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
agriculture/ tillage/ carbon/
emission/ carbon cycle/ deforestation/ fuel consumption/ farm
management/ pesticides/ irrigation/ farm machinery/ estimation/
estimates/ no-tillage/ soil organic matter/ conservation/ carbon
dioxide/ literature reviews/ United States
Abstract: The atmospheric CO2 concentration is
increasing, due primarily to fossil-fuel combustion and
deforestation. Sequestering atmospheric C in agricultural soils is
being advocated as a possibility to partially offset fossil-fuel
emissions. Sequestering C in agriculture requires a change in
management practices, i.e. efficient use of pesticides, irrigation,
and farm machinery. The C emissions associated with a change in
practices have not traditionally been incorporated comprehensively
into C sequestration analyses. A full C cycle analysis has been
completed for agricultural inputs, resulting in estimates of net C
flux for three crop types across three tillage intensities. The
full C cycle analysis includes estimates of energy use and C
emissions for primary fuels, electricity, fertilizers, lime,
pesticides, irrigation, seed production, and farm machinery. Total
C emissions values were used in conjunction with C sequestration
estimates to model net C flux to the atmosphere over time. Based on
US average crop inputs, no-till emitted less CO2 from agricultural
operations than did conventional tillage, with 137 and 168 kg C
ha(-1) per year, respectively. Changing from conventional tillage
to no-till is therefore estimated to both enhance C sequestration
and decrease CO2 emissions. While the enhanced C sequestration will
continue for a finite time, the reduction in net CO2 flux to the
atmosphere, caused by the reduced fossil-fuel use, can continue
indefinitely, as long as the alternative practice is continued.
Estimates of net C flux, which are based on US average inputs, will
vary across crop type and different climate regimes. The C
coefficients calculated for agricultural inputs can be used to
estimate C emissions and net C flux on a site-specific
basis.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1628. A systems engineering approach for
utilizing animal manure.
Karlen, D. L.; Russel, J. R.; and
Mallarino, A. P.
In: Animal waste utilization:
Effective use of manure as a soil resource/ Hatfield, J. L. and
Stewart, B. A., 1998; pp. 283-315
NAL Call #: S655.A57 1998
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1629. Technical and commercial aspects of
biocontrol products.
Powell, K. A. and Jutsum, A.
R.
Pesticide Science
37 (4): 315-321. (1993)
NAL Call #:
SB951.P47;
ISSN: 0031-613X [PSSCBG].
Notes: Paper presented at the meeting, "Biological
Control: Use of Living Organisms in the Management of Invertebrate
Pests, Pathogens and Weeds," October 19-20, 1992, London, England.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
biological control agents/ microbial
pesticides/ world markets/ applications/ regulations/ pest control/
industry/ literature reviews
Abstract: The global agrochemical market in 1991 was
$26800 million, yet biological products were reported to account
for only $120 million of sales per annum-less than 0.5% of the
total. The majority of these sales are attributed to
bio-insecticides of which Bacillus thuringiensis accounts for over
90%, but B. thuringiensis could be described as a biologically
produced insecticide, rather than a true biocontrol agent.
Biological products have technical limitations, including extreme
specificity, sensitivity to environmental factors and problems with
robustness of the formulations, but ironically, it is these
limitations which also give biological control an image of
environmental acceptability. Nonetheless, some of the limitations
will be overcome and sales will increase, but primarily in niche
situations such as the control of soil-borne diseases and the
control of insect pests showing resistance to agrochemicals. In
order for significant inroads to be made into such niche markets it
is imperative that progress with biological products is not
impaired by over-regulation, and a rational approach by all
regulatory bodies is required. Overall, though, agrochemicals are
likely to continue to be the major method of crop protection for
the foreseeable future, and the biological control field now needs
clear, well-defined goals if current successful niche products can
be the basis for future success rather than a limited experiment in
alternative technology.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1630. Techniques for restoration of disturbed
coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes.
Wilcox, D. A. and Whillans, T.
H.
Wetlands 19 (4): 835-857. (1999)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212.
Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration
Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995; Publisher:
Society of Wetlands Scientists
Descriptors:
North America/ Wetlands/
Degradation/ Environmental Quality/ Land Reclamation/ Land
Management/ Hydrology/ Water Control/ Environmental restoration/
Methodology/ Coastal environments/ North America, Great Lakes/
Restoration/ Sedimentation/ Community composition/ Water levels/
Pollution control/ Sediment pollution/ Decomposition/ Environmental
quality standards/ Land restoration/ North America, Great Lakes/
North America/ land restoration/ Watershed protection/ Reclamation/
Protective measures and control/ Water Resources and
Supplies
Abstract: A long history of human-induced
degradation of Great Lakes wetlands has made restoration a
necessity, but the practice of wetland restoration is relatively
new, especially in large lake systems. Therefore, we compiled
tested methods and developed additional potential methods based on
scientific understanding of Great Lakes wetland ecosystems to
provide an overview of approaches for restoration. We addressed
this challenge by focusing on four general fields of science:
hydrology, sedimentology, chemistry, and biology. Hydrologic
remediation methods include restoring hydrologic connections
between diked and hydrologically altered wetlands and the lakes,
restoring water tables lowered by ditching, and restoring natural
variation in lake levels of regulated lakes Superior and Ontario.
Sedimentological remediation methods include management of sediment
input from uplands, removal or proper management of dams on
tributary rivers, and restoration of protective barrier beaches and
sand spits. Chemical remediation methods include reducing or
eliminating inputs of contaminants from point and non-point
sources, natural sediment remediation by biodegradation and
chemical degradation, and active sediment remediation by removal or
by in situ treatment. Biological remediation methods include
control of non-target organisms, enhancing populations of target
organisms, and enhancing habitat for target organisms. Some of
these methods were used in three major restoration projects
(Metzger Marsh on Lake Erie and Cootes Paradise and Oshawa Second
Marsh on Lake Ontario), which are described as case studies to show
practical applications of wetland restoration in the Great Lakes.
Successful restoration techniques that do not require continued
manipulation must be founded in the basic tenets of ecology and
should mimic natural processes. Success is demonstrated by the
sustain -ability, productivity, nutrient-retention ability,
invasibility, and biotic interactions within a restored
wetland.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1631. Techniques for simultaneous quantification
of wind and water erosion in semiarid zones.
Visser, S. M. and Sterk,
G.
In: Soil erosion research for the
21st century: Proceedings of the International Symposium.
(Held 3 Jan 2001-5 Jan 2001 at
Honolulu, Hawaii.) Ascough, J. C. and Flanagan, D. C.
(eds.)
St Joseph, Mo.: American Society of
Agricultural Engineers; pp. 544-547; 2001. ISBN: 1-892769-16-6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1632. Technologies and management practices for
more efficient manure handling: A committee report.
Mellano, Valerie J.; Meyer, Deanne
Morse.; University of California, Davis. Animal Agricultural
Research Center; and University of California, Davis. Agricultural
Issues Center.
Davis, Calif.: UCD Animal
Agriculture Research Center: UC Agricultural Issues Center; iv, 48
p. (1996)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
43-46).
NAL Call #: S655-.T43-1996
Descriptors:
Manure handling/
Manures---Management/ Agricultural wastes---Management/ Farm
manure---Management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1633. Temperate freshwater wetlands: Types,
status, and threats.
Brinson, M. M. and Malvarez, A.
I.
Environmental
Conservation 29 (2): 115-133.
(June 2002)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E55;
ISSN: 0376-8929
Descriptors:
Wetlands / Land Use/ Environmental
Protection/ Environmental Quality/ Eutrophication/ Water Quality/
Drainage/ Resources Management/ Ecosystem analysis/ Temperate
environments/ Environmental degradation/ General/ Management/
Wetlands
Abstract: This review examines the status of
temperate-zone freshwater wetlands and makes projections of how
changes over the 2025 time horizon might affect their biodiversity.
The six geographic regions addressed are temperate areas of North
America, South America, northern Europe, northern Mediterranean,
temperate Russia, Mongolia, north-east China, Korea and Japan, and
southern Australia and New Zealand. Information from the recent
technical literature, general accounts in books, and some
first-hand experience provided the basis for describing major
wetland types, their status and major threats. Loss of biodiversity
is a consequence both of a reduction in area and deterioration in
condition. The information base for either change is highly
variable geographically. Many countries lack accurate inventories,
and for those with inventories, classifications differ, thus making
comparisons difficult. Factors responsible for losses and
degradation include diversions and damming of river flows,
disconnecting floodplain wetlands from flood flows, eutrophication,
contamination, grazing, harvests of plants and animals, global
warming, invasions of exotics, and the practices of filling, dyking
and draining. In humid regions, drainage of depressions and flats
has eliminated large areas of wetlands. In arid regions, irrigated
agriculture directly competes with wetlands for water.
Eutrophication is widespread, which, together with effects of
invasive species, reduces biotic complexity. In northern Europe and
the northern Mediterranean, losses have been ongoing for hundreds
of years, while losses in North America accelerated during the
1950s through to the 1970s. In contrast, areas such as China appear
to be on the cusp of expanding drainage projects and building
impoundments that will eliminate and degrade freshwater wetlands.
Generalizations and trends gleaned from this paper should be
considered only as a starting point for developing world-scale data
sets. One trend is that the more industrialized countries are
likely to conserve their already impacted, remaining wetlands,
while nations with less industrialization are now experiencing
accelerated losses, and may continue to do so for the next several
decades. Another observation is that countries with both protection
and restoration programmes do not necessarily enjoy a net increase
in area and improvement in condition. Consequently, both reductions
in the rates of wetland loss and increases in the rates of
restoration are needed in tandem to achieve overall improvements in
wetland area and condition.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1634. Temperate Zone Fens of the Glaciated
Midwestern USA.
Amon, J. P.; Thompson, C. A.;
Carpenter, Q. J.; and Miner, J.
Wetlands 22 (2): 301-317. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212.
Notes: Publisher: The Society of Wetland Scientists;
DOI: 10.1043/ 0277-5212(2002)022(0301: TZFOTG)2.0.CO;2
Descriptors:
USA/ Wetlands/ Glaciers/ Temperate
Zone/ Boreal Forests/ Literature Review/ Species Diversity/
Groundwater/ Hydrogen Ion Concentration/ Root Zone/ Organic Matter/
Conductivity/ Fens/ Inland water environment/ Classification
systems/ Hydrology/ Physicochemical properties/ community
composition/ species diversity/ Habitat community
studies
Abstract: A study of more than 70 fens in the
Midwestern United States and a review of the literature indicates
that these temperate zone wetlands may differ from fens of the
boreal zone and are not adequately differentiated from them by
present classification systems. Fens of the Midwestern temperate
zone 1) are wetlands with high botanical diversity, 2) are
supported in part by ground water with conductivity > 100mS/cm
and circumneutral pH, 3) contain water in the root zone during most
of the growing season yet are not usually inundated, and 4)
accumulate organic and/or carbonate substrates. Individually, none
of these descriptors is adequate to distinguish fens from other
wetland communities of the Midwest such as marshes, sedge meadows,
and wet prairies; yet, when they are taken together, such
discrimination is possible. While fens of this zone share many
species, our study does not support using indicator species because
too few are both faithfully represented and geographically
widespread. Midwestern temperate fens are sustained by forces of
climate, landscape, and geology, which permit ground water to seep
continuously into the root zone in a focused location. Since water
availability in the temperate Midwest is less than in the boreal
zone, continuous discharge is needed to maintain the saturation
conducive to peat formation.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1635. Temporary ponds and their invertebrate
communities.
Williams, D Dudley
Aquatic Conservation
7 (2): 105-117. (1997);
ISSN: 1052-7613
Descriptors:
Aerial colonization/ Agricultural
drainage/ Aquatic phase/ Competition/ Conservation/ Freshwater
ecology/ Length/ Life history modification / Microcrustacean/
Migration/ Odonates/ Physiological tolerance/ Predation/
Seasonality/ Temporary ponds/ Water disappearance/ birds (Aves
Unspecified)/ chironomids (Diptera)/ crustaceans (Crustacea
Unspecified)/ mites (Acarina)/ snails (Gastropoda)/ springtails
(Collembola)/ Aves (Aves Unspecified)/ Coleoptera (Coleoptera)/
Crustacea (Crustacea Unspecified)/ Hemiptera (Hemiptera)/ Odonata
(Odonata)/ animals/ arthropods/ birds/ chelicerates/ chordates/
crustaceans/ insects/ invertebrates/ mollusks/ nonhuman
vertebrates/ vertebrates/ Northeast North America/ Northwest
Australia/ Britain/ UK
Abstract: 1. Temporary waters are bodies of water
that experience a recurrent dry phase of varying length that is
sometimes predictable in its onset and duration. The maximum number
of temporary and permanent ponds in England and Wales in 1880 is
estimated to be gt 1 million. A 1920s survey showed lowest
densities in mountainous areas (0.12 km-2) and highest densities in
ancient woodland and ancient agriculture areas (115 km-2). 2. The
most important physical and chemical influences on the biota of
temporary ponds are the length of the aquatic phase, pattern of
disappearance of the water, and whether the latter is predictable
or unpredictable. Biological influences include the degree of
inter/intraspecific competition and predation, and the seasonal
influx of aerial colonizers. 3. Temporary ponds from Britain,
northeastern North America and northwestern Australia are compared
and, despite large differences in climate and zoogeography,
considerable similarity is evident amongst their faunas. Snails,
microcrustaceans, aquatic mites, springtails, odonates,
chironomids, and a high diversity of Hemiptera and Coleoptera are
characteristic of these habitats. British ponds share at least 33
genera and three species with their North American counterparts.
The three main evolved strategies by which invertebrates survive in
temporary ponds are physiological tolerance, life history
modification, and migration. populations in these ponds. 5.
Agricultural drainage and pond 'improvement' schemes are seen as
distinct threats to the survival of temporary ponds and should be
reviewed in the context that these water bodies are not 'wasted'
areas of land but natural features of the environment. It is
recommended that the management of wetlands in Britain should be
directed towards maintaining a high diversity of natural water
bodies, including a variety of temporary pond types.
© Thomson
1636. Testing a conceptual model of soil
emissions of nitrous and nitric oxides.
Davidson, Eric A; Keller, Michael;
Erickson, Heather E; Verchot, Louis V; and Veldkamp,
Edzo
Bioscience 50 (8): 667-680. (2000)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A;
ISSN: 0006-3568
Descriptors:
nitric oxides: pollutant, toxin/
nitrous oxides: pollutant, toxin/ soil nitrogen: availability/
conceptual models/ disciplinary research/ ecotoxicology/ global
warming/ habitat alteration/ microbial ecology/ nutrient cycling/
soil emissions
© Thomson
1637. Theoretical and practical challenges to an
IPM approach to weed management.
Buhler, D. D.; Liebman, M.; and
Obrycki, J. J.
Weed Science 48 (3): 274-280.
(May 2000-June 2000)
NAL Call #:
79.8-W41;
ISSN: 0043-1745 [WEESA6]
Descriptors:
weeds/ weed control/ integrated pest
management/ cropping systems/ herbicides/ conservation tillage/
erosion/ yield losses/ evolution/ plant communities/ selection
pressure/ agricultural research/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1638. Threats to imperiled freshwater
fauna.
Richter, B. D.; Braun, D. P.;
Mendelson, M. A.; and Master, L. L.
Conservation Biology
11 (5): 1081-1093. (Oct.
1997)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5;
ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors:
USA/ population decline/ freshwater
environments/ aquatic animals/ conservation/ environmental stress/
Anthropogenic factors/ Pollution effects/ Eutrophication/ Sediment
load/ River engineering/ Agricultural pollution/ Introduced
species/ Freshwater fish/ Aquatic insects/ Freshwater molluscs/
Freshwater crustaceans/ Amphibiotic species/ Ecosystem disturbance/
Nature conservation/ Inland water environment/ United States/
Environmental Effects/ Regulated Rivers/ Sedimentation/ Exotic
Species/ Hydrological Regime/ Mussels/ Fish/ Dams/ United States/
Conservation/ Effects on organisms/ Ecological impact of water
development
Abstract: Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna in
the U.S. were assessed through an experts survey addressing
anthropogenic stressors and their sources. Specifically, causes of
historic declines and current limits to recovery were identified
for 135 imperiled freshwater species of fishes, crayfishes,
dragonflies and damselflies, mussels, and amphibians. The survey
was designed to identify threats with sufficient specificity to
inform resource managers and regulators faced with translating
information about predominant biological threats into specific,
responsive actions. The findings point to altered sediment loads
and nutrient inputs from agricultural nonpoint pollution;
interference from exotic species; and altered hydrologic regimes
associated with impoundment operations as the three leading threats
nationwide, accompanied by many lesser but still significant
threats. Variations in threats among regions and among taxa were
also evident. Eastern species are most commonly affected by altered
sediment loads from agricultural activities, whereas exotic
species, habitat removal/damage, and altered hydrologic regimes
predominate in the West. Altered sediment loading from agricultural
activities and exotic species are dominant problems for both
eastern mussels and fishes. However, eastern fishes also appear to
be suffering from municipal nonpoint pollution (nutrients and
sediments), whereas eastern mussels appear to be more severely
affected by altered nutrient impacts from hydroelectric
impoundments and agricultural runoff. Our findings suggest that
control of nonpoint source pollution associated with agriculture
activities should be a very high priority for agricultural
producers and governmental support programs. Additionally, the
large number of hydropower dams in the U.S. subject to federal
re-licensing in coming years suggests a significant opportunity to
restore natural hydrologic regimes in the affected
rivers.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1639. Threats to waterbirds and wetlands:
Implications for conservation, inventory and research.
O'Connell, Mark
Wildfowl 51: 1-15. (2000);
ISSN: 0954-6324
Descriptors:
waterbirds (Aves)/ Animals/ Birds/
Chordates/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ biodiversity/
conservation implications/ demographic changes/ economic changes/
human activity/ social changes/ wetlands: habitat
Abstract: The world has undergone major social,
economic and demographic changes in the last two centuries.
Predictions suggest that during the next 100 years, even greater
changes will occur and this will put increasing pressure on
wetlands and their biodiversity. This paper examines the changes
that have occurred, and the nature of threats facing waterbirds and
wetlands as a result of human activities. The need for specific
areas of research is identified, particularly in relation to
detecting and measuring change and the need to provide
solution-oriented research to underpin conservation
action.
© Thomson
1640. Tillage and allelopathic aspects of the
corn-soybean rotation effect.
Anderson, I. C. and Cruse, R.
M.
In: Allelopathy: Organisms,
processes, and applications/ Inderjit; Dakshini, K. M. M.; and
Einhellig, F. A.; Series: ACS Symposium
Series 582.
Washington, D.C.: American Chemical
Society, 1995; pp. 184-192.
ISBN: 0-8412-3061-7
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
1641. Tillage and crop residue management
practices for sustainable dryland farming systems.
Unger, P. W.; Schomberg, H. H.;
Dao, T. H.; and Jones, O. R.
Annals of Arid Zone
36 (3): 209-232.
(1997);
ISSN: 0570-1791
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1642. Tillage and fertilizing effects on sandy
soils: Review and selected results of long-term experiments at
Humboldt-University, Berlin.
Ellmer F; Peschke H; Kohn W;
Chmielewski FM; and Baumecker M
Journal of Plant Nutrition
and Soil Science 163 (3):
267-272; 29 ref. (2000)
NAL Call #:
384 Z343A
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
1643. Tillage, mineralization and leaching:
Phosphate.
Addiscott, T. M. and Thomas,
D.
Soil and Tillage
Research 53 (3/4): 255-273.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1644. A total system approach to sustainable pest
management.
Lewis, W. J.; Van Lenteren, J. C.;
Phatak, S. C.; and Tumlinson, J. H.
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 94 (23):
12243-12248. (1997);
ISSN: 0027-8424
Descriptors:
reviews/ pest control/ crops/
agriculture/ Pest control/ Agricultural & general applied
entomology
Abstract: A fundamental shift to a total system
approach for crop protection is urgently needed to resolve
escalating economic and environmental consequences of combating
agricultural pests. Pest management strategies have long been
dominated by quests for "silver bullet" products to control pest
outbreaks. However, managing undesired variables in ecosystems is
similar to that for other systems, including the human body and
social orders. Experience in these fields substantiates the fact
that therapeutic interventions into any system are effective only
for short term relief because these externalities are soon
"neutralized" by countermoves within the system. Long term
resolutions can be achieved only by restructuring and managing
these systems in ways that maximize the array of "built-in"
preventive strengths, with therapeutic tactics serving strictly as
backups to these natural regulators. To date, we have failed to
incorporate this basic principle into the mainstream of pest
management science and continue to regress into a foot race with
nature. In this report, we establish why a total system approach is
essential as the guiding premise of pest management and provide
arguments as to how earlier attempts for change and current
mainstream initiatives generally fail to follow this principle. We
then draw on emerging knowledge about multitrophic level
interactions and other specific findings about management of
ecosystems to propose a pivotal redirection of pest management
strategies that would honor this principle and, thus, be
sustainable. Finally, we discuss the potential immense benefits of
such a central shift in pest management philosophy.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1645. Toward Quantifying Water Pollution
Abatement in Response to Installing Buffers on Crop
Land.
Dosskey, M. G.
Environmental
Management 28 (5): 577-598.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
Water pollution control/
Agricultural runoff/ Nonpoint pollution/ Filtration/ Literature
Review / Cultivated Lands/ Nonpoint Pollution Sources/ Best
Management Practices/ Runoff/ Research Priorities/ Pollution
control/ Agricultural pollution/ Buffers/ Environment management/
Pollution monitoring/ Rivers/ Lakes/ Land use/ Erosion control/
Surface water/ Evaluation/ buffer strips/ crop land buffers/
Freshwater pollution/ Water quality control/ Protective measures
and control
Abstract: The scientific research literature is
reviewed (i) for evidence of how much reduction in nonpoint source
pollution can be achieved by installing buffers on crop land, (ii)
to summarize important factors that can affect this response, and
(iii) to identify remaining major information gaps that limit our
ability to make probable estimates. This review is intended to
clarify the current scientific foundation of the USDA and similar
buffer programs designed in part for water pollution abatement and
to highlight important research needs. At this time, research
reports are lacking that quantify a change in pollutant amounts
(concentration and/or load) in streams or lakes in response to
converting portions of cropped land to buffers. Most evidence that
such a change should occur is indirect, coming from site-scale
studies of individual functions of buffers that act to retain
pollutants from runoff: (1) reduce surface runoff from fields, (2)
filter surface runoff from fields, (3) filter groundwater runoff
from fields, (4) reduce bank erosion, and (5) filter stream water.
The term filter is used here to encompass the range of specific
processes that act to reduce pollutant amounts in runoff
flow.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1646. Towards a Unified System for Detecting
Waterborne Pathogens.
Straub, T. M. and Chandler, D.
P.
Journal of Microbiological
Methods 53 (2): 185-197.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QR65.J68;
ISSN: 0167-7012.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V.; DOI:
10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00023-X
Descriptors:
Pathogens/ Microbiological Studies/
Water Analysis/ Public Health/ Water Sampling/ Water Quality/
Detection/ Samples/ Purification/ Reviews/ Identification of
pollutants/ Other water systems
Abstract: Currently, there is no single method to
collect, process, and analyze a water sample for all pathogenic
microorganisms of interest. Some of the difficulties in developing
a universal method include the physical differences between the
major pathogen groups (viruses, bacteria, protozoa), efficiently
concentrating large volume water samples to detect low target
concentrations of certain pathogen groups, removing co-concentrated
inhibitors from the sample, and standardizing a culture-independent
endpoint detection method. Integrating the disparate technologies
into a single, universal, simple method and detection system would
represent a significant advance in public health and
microbiological water quality analysis. Recent advances in sample
collection, on-line sample processing and purification, and DNA
microarray technologies may form the basis of a universal method to
detect known and emerging waterborne pathogens. This review
discusses some of the challenges in developing a universal pathogen
detection method, current technology that may be employed to
overcome these challenges, and the remaining needs for developing
an integrated pathogen detection and monitoring system for source
or finished water.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1647. Towards more rigorous assessment of
biodiversity.
Vanclay, J. K.
In: Assessment of biodiversity for
improved forest planning: Proceedings of the Conference on
Assessment of Biodiversity for Improved Planning. (Held 7 Oct 1996-11 Oct 1996 at Monte
Verita, Switzerland.) Bachmann, P.; Kohl, M.; and Paivinen, R.
(eds.)
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
Publishers; pp. 211-232; 1998.
NAL Call #: SD1.F627-v.51;
ISBN: 0792348729
Descriptors:
biodiversity/ assessment/ surveys/
sampling/ forest inventories/ literature reviews/ mathematical
models/ habitats/ ecosystems/ indexes
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1648. Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of
Sediment-Associated Contaminants Using Freshwater Invertebrates: A
Review of Methods and Applications.
Ingersoll, C. G.; Ankley, G. T.;
Benoit, D. A.; Brunson, E. L.; Burton, G. A.; Dwyer, F. J.; Hoke,
R. A.; Landrum, P. F.; Norberg-King, T. J.; and Winger, P.
V.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 14 (11): 1885-1894.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:
reviews/ bioaccumulation/ Hyalella
azteca/ Chironomus tentans/ Lumbriculus variegatus/ sediments/
freshwater ecosystems/ contaminants/ toxicity testing/ benthos/
invertebrates/ toxicity/ analytical methods/ bioassays/ pollution
effects/ pollution tolerance/ toxicity tests/ water pollution/
sediment pollution/ chironomidae/ Diptera/ Toxicology and health/
Effects of pollution/ Methods and instruments/ Toxicology &
resistance
Abstract: This paper reviews recent developments in
methods for evaluating the toxicity and bioaccumulation of
contaminants associated with freshwater sediments and summarizes
example case studies demonstrating the application of these
methods. Over the past decade, research has emphasized development
of more specific testing procedures for conducting 10-d toxicity
tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus
tentans. Toxicity endpoints measured in these tests are survival
for H. azteca and survival and growth for C. tentans. Guidance has
also been developed for conducting 28-d bioaccumulation tests with
the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, including determination of
bioaccumulation kinetics for different compound classes. These
methods have been applied to a variety of sediments to address
issues ranging from site assessments to bioavailability of organic
and inorganic contaminants using field-collected and
laboratory-spiked samples. Survival and growth of controls
routinely meet or exceed test acceptability criteria. Results of
laboratory bioaccumulation studies with L. variegatus have been
confirmed with comparisons to residues (PCBs, PAHs, DDT) present
from synoptically collected field populations of oligochaetes.
Additional method development is currently underway to develop
chronic toxicity tests and to provide additional data-confirming
responses observed in laboratory sediment tests with natural
benthic populations.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1649. Toxicity of mixtures of pesticides in
aquatic systems.
Deneer, John W
Pest Management
Science 56 (6): 516-520.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X
Descriptors:
algae (Algae)/ insects (Insecta)/
molluscs (Mollusca)/ Algae/ Animals/ Arthropods/ Insects/
Invertebrates/ Microorganisms/ Mollusks/ Nonvascular Plants/
Plants/ aquatic systems
Abstract: The paper assesses the usefulness of the
concept of 'concentration addition' (CA) for describing the joint
effect of pesticides on aquatic organisms, based on literature data
from 1972 to 1998. For more than 90% of 202 mixtures in 26 studies,
CA was found to predict effect concentrations correctly within a
factor of two. Although from a theoretical point of view the
assumption of CA may be invalid when dealing with mixtures of
compounds with dissimilar modes of action, the experimental results
have usually been indistinguishable from that predicted by CA.
Deviations from CA did occur, but were mostly limited in extent.
Upward and downward deviations from CA were of comparable magnitude
and frequency, and tended to cancel each other out. The
combinations identified as most frequently leading to deviations
from CA were those of an organophosphorus ester or a carbamate with
either another organophosphorus ester or a synthetic
pyrethroid.
© Thomson
1650. Toxicity of Pesticides to Aquatic
Microorganisms: A Review.
Delorenzo, M. E.; Scott, G. I.; and
Ross, P. E.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 20 (1): 84-98.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:
Aquatic microorganisms/ Reviews/
Pesticides/ Herbicides/ Atrazine/ Photosynthesis/ Pollution
effects/ Toxicology/ Estuarine organisms/ Bioaccumulation/
Toxicity/ Decomposition/ Estuaries/ Ecosystems/ Microorganisms/
Toxicity/ Pesticides/ Ecology/ Micro organisms/ Aquatic organisms/
Bacteria/ Protozoa/ Toxicity testing/ Environmental impact/ Effects
on organisms/ Effects of pollution/ Effects of Pollution/
Toxicology and health
Abstract: Microorganisms contribute significantly to
primary production, nutrient cycling, and decomposition in
estuarine ecosystems; therefore, detrimental effects of pesticides
on microbial species may have subsequent impacts on higher trophic
levels. Pesticides may affect estuarine microorganisms via spills,
runoff, and drift. Both the structure and the function of microbial
communities may be impaired by pesticide toxicity. Pesticides may
also be metabolized or bioaccumulated by microorganisms. Mechanisms
of toxicity vary, depending on the type of pesticide and the
microbial species exposed. Herbicides are generally most toxic to
phototrophic microorganisms, exhibiting toxicity by disrupting
photosynthesis. Atrazine is the most widely used and most
extensively studied herbicide. Toxic effects of organophosphate and
organochlorine insecticides on microbial species have also been
demonstrated, although their mechanisms of toxicity in such
nontarget species remain unclear. There is a great deal of
variability in the toxicity of even a single pesticide among
microbial species. When attempting to predict the toxicity of
pesticides in estuarine ecosystems, effects of pesticide mixtures
and interactions with nutrients should be considered. The toxicity
of pesticides to aquatic microorganisms, especially bacteria and
protozoa, is an area of research requiring further
study.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1651. Toxicology and ecotoxicology of persistent
organic microcontaminants in aquatic systems.
Miniero, R.; Dellatte, E.; and
Domenico, A. di
Annali
dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanit? 38 (2): 131-135. (2002);
ISSN: 0021-2571
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1652. Trace and toxic metals in wetlands: A
review.
Gambrell, R. P.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 23 (5): 883-891.
(Sept. 1994-Oct. 1994)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium, "Wetland
Processes and Water Quality," November 3-4, 1992, Minneapolis, MN.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
wetland soils/ upland soils/ heavy
metals/ leaching/ immobilization/ soil ph/ redox reactions/
bioavailability/ plants
Abstract: The mobility and plant availability of
many trace and toxic metals in wetland soils is often substantially
different from upland soils. Oxidation-reduction (redox) and
associated pH changes that occur in soils as a result of flooding
or drainage can affect the retention and release of metals by clay
minerals, organic matter, iron oxides, and, for coastal wetlands,
sulfides. Except where a Hooded soil or sediment becomes strongly
acid upon drainage and oxidation, as sometimes occurs, the
processes immobilizing metals tend to be complimentary such that
large-scale metal releases from contaminated soils and sediments do
not occur with changing redox conditions. Metals tend to be
retained more strongly in wetland soils compared with upland
soils.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1653. Trace element inputs into soils by
anthropogenic activities and implications for human
health.
Senesi, G. S.; Baldassarre, G.;
Senesi, N.; and Radina, B.
Chemosphere 39 (2): 343-377. (July 1999)
NAL Call #:
TD172.C54;
ISSN: 0045-6535 [CMSHAF].
Notes: Special issue: Matter and energy fluxes in the
anthropocentric environment / edited by N. Senesi, J.A. Rice, and
T.M. Miano. Paper presented at the XIII International Symposium on
Environmental Biogeochemistry held September 21-26, 1997, Monopoli
(Bari), Italy. Includes references.
Descriptors:
soil pollution/ polluted soils/
trace elements/ air pollution/ air pollutants/ deposition/
fertilizers/ liming materials/ agricultural chemicals/ sewage
sludge/ organic amendments/ irrigation water/ toxicity/ man/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1654. Trace-level detection and identification of
polar pesticides in surface water: The SAMOS approach.
Brinkman, U A T; Slobodnik, J; and
Vreuls, J J
Trends in Analytical
Chemistry 13 (9): 373-381.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:
analytical method/ drinking water/
gas chromatography/ liquid chromatography/ water
pollution
© Thomson
1655. Trace-level determination of pesticides in
water by means of liquid and gas chromatography.
Geerdink, R B; Niessen, W M A; and
Brinkman, U A Th
Journal of Chromatography
A 970 (1-2): 65-93.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QD272.C4J68;
ISSN: 0021-9673
Descriptors:
pesticide: water pollutant/
pesticide transformation product/ carrot: vegetable/ cauliflower:
vegetable/ ground water/ onion: vegetable/ water
pollution
Abstract: The trace-level determination of
pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in water by
means of liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC) is reviewed.
Special attention is given to the use of (tandem) mass spectrometry
for identification and confirmation purposes. The complementarity
of LC- and GC-based techniques and the potential of comprehensive
GCXGC are discussed, and also the impressive performance of
time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It is also indicated that, in the
near future, the TPs rather than the parent compounds should
receive most attention-with a better understanding of matrix
effects and eluent composition on the ionization efficiency of
analytes being urgently required. Finally, the merits of using much
shorter LC columns, or even no column at all (flow-injection
analysis) in target analysis are shown, and a more cost-efficient
and sophisticated strategy for monitoring programmes is briefly
introduced.
© Thomson
1656. Trail Degradation as Influenced by
Environmental Factors: A State-of-the-Knowledge Review.
Leung, Yu-Fai and Marion, J.
L.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 51 (2): 130-136.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
drainage patterns/ degradation/ land
use/ recreation/ national parks/ soil erosion/ trails/ Erosion and
sedimentation
Abstract: Human use and misuse of land has been
causing extensive degradation of the very natural resources on
which we depend. National parks, wilderness and other protected
natural or semi-natural areas (referred to as natural areas
hereafter) represent efforts to preserve our natural heritage from
further exploitation. Such areas also provide outstanding
recreational, research, and educational opportunities. However,
resource impacts resulting from overuse and inappropriate
management increasingly threaten these protected areas and erode
their natural and cultural values. Among the many forms of
recreational impact, those associated with trail development and
use are often a major concern of natural area managers and
visitors. Such impacts impair and degrade the functions that trails
serve, including (1) protecting resources by concentrating traffic
on a hardened tread, (2) providing recreational opportunities along
aesthetically pleasing trail routes, and (3) facilitating
recreational use by providing a transportation network. The
extensive distribution of trails and their degrading condition in
many natural areas can have pervasive environmental effects through
alteration of natural drainage patterns, erosion and deposition of
soil, introduction of exotic vegetation, and increasing
human-wildlife conflicts. Degraded trails also threaten the quality
of visitor experiences by making travel difficult or unsafe, or by
diminishing visitors' perceptions of naturalness.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1657. Transfer of phosphorus from agricultural
soils.
Haygarth PM and Jarvis
SC
Advances in Agronomy
66: 195-249. (1999)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1658. Transformations of pesticides in the
atmosphere: A state of the art.
Atkinson, Roger; Guicherit, Rob;
Hites, Ronald A; Palm, Wolf Ulrich; Seiber, James N; and De, Voogt
Pim
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 115 (1-4): 219-243.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors:
pollutants/ toxins/ alpha
hexachlorocyclohexane/ chloropicrin/ cis 1,3 chloropropane/
cycloate/ gamma hexachlorocyclohexane/ hexachlorobenzene/ hydroxide
radicals/ methyl bromide/ methyl isothiocyanate/ parathion/
phorate/ phosphine/ trans 1,3 chloropropane/ trifluralin/ EPTC/ 1,2
dibromo 3 chloropropane/ atmospheric lifetimes/ atmospheric removal
rates/ chemical reactions/ ecotoxicology/ particle phase/ pesticide
transformation/ physical reactions/ reaction rates
Abstract: The current knowledge about transformation
rates and products of pesticides in the atmosphere is reviewed.
Reactive species and their concentrations in the atmosphere are
presented. Reactions of pesticides with these species (including
photolysis) in the gas and the particulate phase are evaluated from
available experimental data. The potential of estimation methods is
discussed. Experimental techniques for laboratory and outdoor
measurements are reviewed. Finally, an estimation is made of
uncertainties in atmospheric lifetimes due to chemical or physical
reactions. It is concluded that the most important transformation
of pesticides in the atmosphere is due to reaction with OH
radicals. Very few experimental data for pesticides are available
though. The levels of uncertainty in OH radical concentrations are
acceptable, however, for a proper estimation of atmospheric removal
rates due to reactions with OH radicals of those pesticides for
which experimental transformation rates (of homologues) are
available.
© Thomson
1659. Transgenics, pest management, and the
environment.
Sharma, H. C. and Ortiz,
R.
Current Science 79 (4): 421-437. (2000)
NAL Call #:
475 SCI23;
ISSN: 0011-3891
Descriptors:
Sustainable development/ Pest
control/ Environmental protection/ Bacillus thuringiensis/
Transgenic plants/ Transgenic animals/ Reviews/ Pest resistance/
Bacillus thuringiensis/ Insecta/ Environmental action/ Agricultural
& general applied entomology/ General Environmental
Engineering
Abstract: Genetic engineering of crop plants to
confer resistance to insect pests offers an environmental friendly
method of crop protection. Impressive results have been obtained
with the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and other toxin
genes in several crops. However, both exotic and plant-derived
genes have some performance limitations, and there have been some
failures in insect control through transgenic crops. The production
and deployment of transgenic crops for pest control need to address
the issues related to impact of the transgenic crops on the insect
pests, ecological cost of resistance development, effects on the
nontarget organisms, availability and distribution of the alternate
host plants, and the potential for introgression of genes into the
wild relatives of crops. There is a need for a more responsible
public debate and better presentation of the benefits for a
rational deployment of the genetically-transformed plants for
sustainable crop production.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1660. Transport of bacteria from manure and
protection of water resources.
Unc, A. and Goss, M. J.
Applied Soil Ecology
25 (1): 1-18. (2004)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.S6A67;
ISSN: 0929-1393.
Notes: Number of References: 119
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ soil/ manure/
bacterial persistence/ surface chemistry/ escherichia coli/ soil
columns/ organic contaminants/ surface properties/ aquifer
sediments/ preferential flow/ fecal bacteria/ liquid manure/ porous
media/ vadose zone
Abstract: Survival and transport of pathogens from
manure in the environment depend on a number of complex phenomena.
An important question is how the properties of such a complex
environment as the soil-manure medium impact the persistence of
bacteria within the vadose zone. First, manure can change the
partitioning of precipitation water between infiltration (enhanced
by solid manure) and surface runoff (stimulated by liquid manure).
Components of manure, such as straw and coarse organic matter, can
strain and filter micro-organisms from the transporting water.
After infiltrating the soil, the retention of bacteria depends on
the physical configuration of soil, the soil chemistry, and the
properties of the microbial cells. Transport of bacteria in soils
obeys the general laws pertinent to macropore flow and the
interaction between particles and surfaces of variable charge.
Detailed characterisation of the variable properties within the
structured soil profile is a difficult task. Application of manure
can result in significant changes in the physical and
electrochemical properties of the soils and microbial cells. Such
changes can affect the interaction between bacterial cells and
soils in several ways: increase filtration, modify the kinetics of
the physico-chemical interactions between charged surfaces, and
alter the competition for retention sites between suspended soluble
and particulate compounds. Survival of faecal bacteria is affected
by the physical and chemical conditions existing prior to manure
application as well as by conditions imposed by mixing soil and
manure. Competitive interaction with native soil bacteria, in the
soil-manure mixtures, is an important aspect governing survival of
introduced organisms. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson ISI
1661. Treatment lagoons for animal
agriculture.
Hamilton, D. W.; Fathepure, B.;
Fulhage, C.; Clarkson, W.; and Laiman, J.
In: White papers on animal
agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department
of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes---Environmental
aspects---United States
1662. Treatment of acid mine drainage by
sulphate-reducing bacteria using permeable reactive barriers: A
review from laboratory to full-scale experiments.
Gibert, O; de, Pablo J; Cortina, J
L; and Ayora, C
ReViews in Environmental
Science and BioTechnology 1
(4): 327-333. (2002);
ISSN: 1569-1705
Descriptors:
sulfate reducing bacteria
(Bacteria): biological control agent/ Bacteria/ Eubacteria/
Microorganisms/ acid mine drainage/ permeable reactive
barrier
© Thomson
1663. Treatment of irrigation effluent water to
reduce nitrogenous contaminants and plant pathogens.
MacDonald, James D. and United
States Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development
Fund.
Bet Dagan, Israel: BARD; ii, 47
leaves: ill. (1997)
Notes: Final report. Project no. IS-2122-92. Includes
bibliographical references (leaves 22-24).
NAL Call #: TD930.T68--1997
Descriptors:
Agricultural wastes/ Land treatment
of wastewater
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1664. Treatment wetlands.
Kadlec, Robert H. and Knight,
Robert L.
Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; 893
p.: ill., maps. (1996)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 839-880)
and index.
NAL Call #: TD755.K33--1996;
ISBN: 0873719301 (acid-free paper)
Descriptors:
Sewage---Purification---Biological
treatment/ Wetlands
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1665. Tree Shelters and Weed Control Increase the
Survivorship of Riparian Plantings.
Anon.
Watershed Protection
Techniques 1 (1): 26.
(1994);
ISSN: 1073-9610
Descriptors:
Pennsylvania/ White Clay Creek/
seedlings/ weed control/ reforestation/ revegetation/ riparian
vegetation/ monitoring/ reviews/ trees/ Control of water on the
surface/ United States
Abstract: The Stroud Water Research Center has
recently completed a long-term research project on the best
techniques to establish native riparian forest buffers along
streams in the Piedmont watersheds of Pennsylvania. Sweeney (1993)
indicates that poor survival can be expected for planted seedlings,
due to competition from weeds, drought, and animal predation. He
stresses that weed control (twice annual mowing or careful
application of herbicides) was the major factor influencing
survival rates of seedlings.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1666. Tree windbreaks and shelter benefits to
pasture in temperate grazing systems. [Erratum: 1998, v. 42 (2), p.
211.].
Bird, P. R.
Agroforestry Systems
41 (1): 35-54. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366 [AGSYE6].
Notes: Special issue: Windbreaks in support of
agricultural production in Australia / edited by R. Prinsley.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
shelterbelts/ trees/ pastures/
grazing systems/ temperate climate/ forage/ grasses/ livestock/
performance/ growth/ plant competition/ plant height/ species
differences/ spatial distribution/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1667. Trees outside forests: Agro, community, and
urban forestry.
Long, A. J. and Nair, P. K.
R.
New Forests 17/18 (1/3/1): 145-174. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SD409.N48;
ISSN: 0169-4286.
Notes: Special issue: Planted forests: Contributions to
the quest for sustainable societies / edited by J. R. Boyle, J.
Winjum, K. Kavanagh and E. Jensen. Paper presented at a symposium
held June 1995, Portland, Oregon. Includes references.
Descriptors:
forest trees/ agroforestry/ forest
plantations/ social forestry/ urban forestry/ community forestry/
sustainability/ private forestry/ genotype mixtures/ agricultural
research/ subsistence/ land use/ profitability/ species diversity/
shifting cultivation/ home gardens/ literature reviews
Abstract: Planted forests are often considered to
consist of tree plantings at a scale large enough to satisfy such
objectives as commercial production of timber and fiber, protection
of watersheds, and preservation of natural habitats. However, trees
are planted also at greatly reduced scales in agroforestry systems
or as community woodlots to provide a mixture of products and
services to resident households, local communities, and regional
cultures. Agroforestry systems represent a major form of
small-scale tree planting, where trees are grown in purposeful
combinations with agricultural crops and/or livestock in order to
take advantage of tree-crop interactions, and thereby enhance crop
production, diversify farm out-put, stabilize or improve soils, or
ameliorate harsh environmental conditions. Some important examples
of these systems in tropical countries include homegardens, alley
cropping, improved fallows, intercropped trees for shade and fodder
production, and trees planted in hedgerows and along fence lines.
Throughout the tropics, there is a large variety of indigenous
practices and species mixtures that represent adaptations of these
systems to meet localized needs and opportunities. Research and
development programs have supported the expansion and refinement of
many of these systems during the last 20 years, but substantial
constraints on tree planting still exist in the form of land-tenure
practices, population pressures that relegate agroforestry
practices to degraded lands, subsistence needs that prevent
extended periods of tree growth, and insufficient technical
information or technology dissemination. Agroforestry systems in
temperate, industrialized. countries include combinations of trees,
pasture, and livestock; fruit or nut trees interplanted with
vegetable or grain crops; windbreaks and shelterbelts; multispecies
riparian buffer strips; and forest farming systems for specialty
crops. Compared to the tropics, however, temperate-zone systems
tend to focus on one or two high-value crops, often involve some
level of mechanization, and frequently represent an opportunistic
approach to improving the economic profitability of farms rather
than meeting subsistence needs. In both tropical and temperate
regions, agroforestry systems and community woodlots will be an
important component of new sustainable agriculture and
environmental protection programs. Although species diversity is an
essential feature of all agroforestry systems, community forests
generally involve planting only a few species in small woodlots
near farms, around villages, along roads, and as riparian buffers.
Provincial or state governments and the local populace are often
involved in landownership and plantation establishment. Major
objectives of these forests are production of fuelwood for local
consumption and of other tree products for market; soil
stabilization, reclamation, or improvement; and protection of water
quality. As with many other planted forests, the number of species
widely used in community forests has been relatively small, with
the genera Eucalyptus, Pinus, and Acacia providing the bulk of the
species. Major issues with these 'planted forests' focus on rights
for use of the products, tending responsibilities since trees are
established, protection until trees are large enough for their
designated use, increasing interest in using "native" species, and
greater community involvement in planning and management. Trees
planted along streets and waterways, or as woodlots in parks and
other public places, represented a major group of planted forests
in many urban and periurban landscapes. In addition providing of
the same environmental services that agroforests and community
forests do, these urban plantings have unique aesthetic and
recreational value. For much of the world's ever-increasing urban
population, these may be the only tangible reference points for
understanding planted forests. These relatively little-recognized
forms of planted forests-planted trees, to be more appropriate--are
now receiving much greater attention. There are, however, some
serious technical and sociopolitico-institutional constraints to
their development as more widely adopted systems in both tropical
and temperate regions.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1668. Trends in nutrients.
Heathwaite AL; Johnes PJ; and
Peters NE
Hydrological
Processes 10 (2): 263-293;
many ref. (1996)
NAL Call #:
GB651.H93
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1669. Trends in tillage practices in relation to
sustainable crop production with special reference to temperate
climates.
Cannell, R. Q. and Hawes, J.
D.
Soil and Tillage
Research 30 (2/4): 245-282.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1670. Turbidity, Suspended Sediment, and Water
Clarity: A Review.
Davies-Colley, R. J. and Smith, D.
G.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 37 (5): 1085-1102. (2001)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315;
ISSN: 1093-474X
Descriptors:
Water quality (Natural waters)/
Turbidity/ Sediment/ Suspended solids/ Clarity/ Benthos/ Water
Quality/ Light Penetration/ Sediments/ Transparency/ Water Quality
Standards/ Suspended particulate matter/ Resuspended sediments/
Water Quality/ Water quality control/ Ocean circulation and
currents
Abstract: Suspended sediment causes a range of
environmental damage, including benthic smothering, irritation of
fish gills, and transport of sorbed contaminants. Much of the
impact, while sediment remains suspended, is related to its light
attenuation, which reduces visual range in water and light
availability for photosynthesis. Thus measurement of the optical
attributes of suspended matter in many instances is more relevant
than measurement of its mass concentration. Nephelometric
turbidity, an index of light scattering by suspended particles, has
been widely used as a simple, cheap, instrumental surrogate for
suspended sediment, that also relates more directly than mass
concentration to optical effects of suspended matter. However,
turbidity is only a relative measure of scattering (versus
arbitrary standards) that has no intrinsic environmental relevance
until calibrated to a `proper' scientific quantity. Visual clarity
(measured as Secchi or black disc visibility) is a preferred
optical quantity with immediate environmental relevance to
aesthetics, contact recreation, and fish habitat. Contrary to
common perception, visual clarity measurement is not particularly
subjective and is more precise than turbidity measurement. Black
disc visibility is inter-convertible with beam attenuation, a
fundamental optical quantity that can be monitored continuously by
beam transmissometry. Visual clarity or beam attenuation should
supplant nephelometric turbidity in many water quality
applications, including environmental standards.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1671. Twenty-five year review of conservation
tillage in the Southern U.S.: Perspective from industry.
Bradley, J. F.
In: Making conservation tillage
conventional: Building a future on 25 years of research --
Proceedings of 25th Annual Southern Conservation Tillage Conference
for Sustainable Agriculture. (Held 24 Jun 2002-26 Jun 2002 at Auburn,
AL.)
Santen, E. van (eds.)
Auburn, AL: Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station, Auburn University; pp. 20-24; 2002.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1672. Two-stage system for prioritizing riparian
restoration at the stream reach and community scales.
Harris, Richard and Olson,
Craig
Restoration Ecology
5 (4 [supl.]): 34-42.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.R45R515;
ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors:
plant (Plantae)/ Plants/ community
structure/ geomorphology/ prioritization/ riparian restoration:
community scale, stream reach scale/ riparian vegetation/ species
composition
Abstract: This paper describes a two-stage system
for prioritizing stream reaches and riparian communities along a
given river for protection or restoration. The system uses
associations between geomorphology and riparian vegetation at
stream reach and community scales as a basis for defining reference
conditions. First-stage reach classification involves collecting
and analyzing data from topographic maps and aerial photographs.
These data, along with judgment-based criteria for ranking reaches
relative to reference conditions, are used to classify stream
reaches as suitable for protection, recommended for mitigation or
restoration within existing site-specific regulatory procedures, or
requiring further analysis to evaluate community-scale restoration
needs. Second-stage field sampling is conducted on the reaches
needing further analysis to determine the riparian communities
present, the associations between communities and floodplain
landforms, and reference community conditions. This stage requires
collection of field data on geomorphic conditions, plant species
composition, and plant community structure. Cluster analysis or a
comparable technique is used to classify plant communities
associated with floodplain landforms and identify reference
conditions for each landform. Community structure and species
composition are compared to reference conditions to define
restoration possibilities at the community scale. The combined
results from stream reach and community scale analysis provide a
strategy for protecting and restoring riparian resources for a
whole river. Implementation requires further site-specific
information on hydrology, geomorphology, and other
factors.
© Thomson
1673. Two-toxin strategies for management of
insecticidal transgenic crops: Can pyramiding succeed where
pesticide mixtures have not?
Roush, R T
Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 353 (1376): 1777-1786. (1998)
NAL Call #:
501 L84Pb;
ISSN: 0962-8436
Descriptors:
Bt toxin / Bacillus thuringiensis Bt
gene (Endospore forming Gram Positives)/ cotton (Malvaceae): fiber
crop/ Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera): agricultural pest/ Angiosperms/
Animals/ Arthropods/ Dicots/ Insects/ Invertebrates/ Plants/
Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ insect pest resistance/ transgenic
crops
Abstract: Transgenic insect-resistant crops that
express toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) offer significant
advantages to pest management, but are at risk of losing these
advantages to the evolution of resistance in the targeted insect
pests. All commercially available cultivars of these crops carry
only a single Bt gene, and are particularly at risk where the
targeted insect pests are not highly sensitive to the Bt toxin
used. Under such circumstances, the most prudent method of avoiding
resistance is to ensure that a large proportion of the pest
population develops on non-transgenic 'refuge' hosts, generally of
the crop itself. This has generated recommendations that 20% or
more of the cotton and maize in any given area should be
nontransgenic. This may be costly in terms of yields and may
encourage further reliance on and resistance to pesticides. The use
of two or more toxins in the same variety (pyramiding) can reduce
the amount of refuge required to delay resistance for an extended
period. Cross-resistance among the toxins appears to have been
overestimated as a potential risk to the use of pyramids (and
pesticide mixtures) because cross-resistance is at least as
important when toxicants are used independently. Far more critical
is that there should be nearly 100% mortality of susceptible
insects on the transgenic crops. The past failures of pesticide
mixtures to manage resistance provide important lessons for the
most efficacious deployment of multiple toxins in transgenic
crops.
© Thomson
1674. U.S. soil erosion rates: Myth and
reality.
Trimble, S. W. and Crosson,
P.
Science 289 (5477): 248-250. (2000)
NAL Call #:
470 Sci2;
ISSN: 0036-8075
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1675. Uncertainities in current estimates of
emissions of ammonia in the United Kingdom.
Lee, D. S. and Dollard, G.
J.
Environmental
Pollution 86 (3):
267-277. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491 [ENPOEK]
Descriptors:
ammonia/ emission/ atmosphere/
animal husbandry/ sources/ pollution/ environmental impact/
vehicles/ fertilizer industry/ vegetation/ degradation/ literature
reviews/ UK/ coal combustion/ waste incineration/ human
sources
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1676. Undamming Rivers: A Review of the
Ecological Impacts of Dam Removal.
Bednarek, A. T.
Environmental
Management 27 (6): 803-814.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
Dams/ Rivers/ Environmental
restoration/ River engineering/ Restoration/ Fluvial morphology/
Habitat/ Sediment transport/ Ecosystem resilience/ Environmental
impact/ Migratory species / Stream flow rate/ Cost benefit
analysis/ Biota/ Regulated Rivers/ Environmental Quality/ Sediment
Load/ Streamflow/ Alteration of Flow/ Pisces/ fish passage/ dam
removal/ Reclamation/ Protective measures and control/
Environmental action/ Ecological impact of water
development
Abstract: Dam removal continues to garner attention
as a potential river restoration tool. The increasing possibility
of dam removal through the FERC relicensing process, as well as
through federal and state agency actions, makes a critical
examination of the ecological benefits and costs essential. This
paper reviews the possible ecological impacts of dam removal using
various case studies. Restoration of an unregulated flow regime has
resulted in increased biotic diversity through the enhancement of
preferred spawning grounds or other habitat. By returning riverine
conditions and sediment transport to formerly impounded areas,
riffle/pool sequences, gravel, and cobble have reappeared, along
with increases in biotic diversity. Fish passage has been another
benefit of dam removal. However, the disappearance of the reservoir
may also affect certain publicly desirable fisheries. Short-term
ecological impacts of dam removal include an increased sediment
load that may cause suffocation and abrasion to various biota and
habitats. However, several recorded dam removals have suggested
that the increased sediment load caused by removal should be a
short-term effect. Preremoval studies for contaminated sediment may
be effective at controlling toxic release problems. Although
monitoring and dam removal studies are limited, a continued
examination of the possible ecological impacts is important for
quantifying the resistance and resilience of aquatic ecosystems.
Dam removal, although controversial, is an important alternative
for river restoration.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1677. Understanding farmstead odors: An annotated
review.
Hamilton, D. W. and Arogo,
J.
Professional Animal
Scientists 15 (4): 203-210.
(Dec. 1999)
NAL Call #:
SF51.P76;
ISSN: 1080-7446
Descriptors:
farmyard manure/ odors/ odor
emission/ concentration/ organolepsis/ persistence/ volatile
compounds/ organic acids/ organic sulfur compounds/ nitrogenous
compounds/ phenols/ alcohols/ aldehydes/ ketones/ characteristics/
sensory evaluation/ literature reviews/ odor intensity
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1678. Understanding rangeland
biodiversity.
Blench, R.; Sommer, Florian.; and
Overseas Development Institute (London, England
London: Overseas Development
Institute; 52 p.: ill.; Series: Working paper (Overseas Development
Institute (London, England)) no. 121. (1999)
Notes: "September 1999" "Results of ODI research
presented in preliminary form for discussion and critical
comment"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references (p.
45-52).
NAL Call #: SF85-.B64-1999;
ISBN: 0850034329
Descriptors:
Rangelands/ Biological diversity
conservation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1679. Unwanted agricultural pesticides: State
disposal programs.
Centner, Terence J
Journal of Environmental
Quality 27 (4): 736-742.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors:
pesticides: agrichemical/
environmental quality/ environmental risks/ health risks/ pesticide
disposal: state programs
Abstract: Millions of pounds of unwanted pesticides
have accumulated in storage barns throughout our country. The
potential environmental and health risks posed by this situation
have garnered public attention and governmental action. While the
possession of unwanted pesticides generally is not illegal,
agricultural producers need to follow requisite legal requirements
and dispose of pesticides properly to avoid legal infractions. The
federal government has published the Universal Waste Rule so that
it is easier to dispose of unwanted pesticides through waste
pesticide collection programs. Nearly every state has initiated
efforts to collect and dispose of accumulated pesticides in a safe
manner, but many programs only address a part of the problem. For
many states, the lack of implementation of funding or a permanent
mechanism for the collection of unwanted pesticides means that
pesticides will continue to present risks to our
society.
© Thomson
1680. The Upper St. Johns River Basin Project:
Merging flood control with aquatic ecosystem restoration and
preservation.
Miller, Steven J.; Lee, Mary Ann;
and Lowe, Edgar F.
Transactions of the North
American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 63: 156-170. (1998)
NAL Call #:
412.9 N814;
ISSN: 0078-1355
Descriptors:
ecosystem restoration/ flood
control/ floodplain management/ water quality/ wetlands/ Upper St.
Johns River Basin Project/ Florida/ Conservation
© Thomson
1681. The USDA Forest Service pesticide spray
behavior and application development program: An
overview.
Barry, J. W.
Journal of the American
Mosquito Control Association 12 (2, part 2): 342-352. (1996)
NAL Call #:
QL536.J686;
ISSN: 8756-971X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1682. Use and reuse of saline-sodic waters for
irrigation of crops.
Goyal, S. S.; Sharma, S. K.; and
Rains, D. W.
Journal of Crop
Production 7 (1/2): 131-162.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1683. The use of animal waste as a crop
fertilizer.
Ap Dewi, I.
In: Pollution in livestock
production systems/ Ap, Dewi I.; Axford, R. F. E.; Marai, I. F. M.;
and Omed, H. M., 1994; pp. 309-331
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1684. The use of buffer zones to protect water
quality: A review.
Norris, V.
Water Resources
Management 7 (4): 257-272.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TC401.W27;
ISSN: 0920-4741 [WRMAEJ]
Descriptors:
surface water/ runoff water/ water
pollution/ pollution control/ protection/ zoning/ vegetation/
watersheds/ reviews/ Australia/ vegetated buffer zones
Abstract: It is popularly accepted that vegetated
buffer zones are effective in removing water pollutants from
surface runoff. However, there is a paucity of detailed information
about establishing and maintaining buffer zones under different
conditions, particularly in large catchments with diverse land
uses. This paper reviews information on the application and
effectiveness of vegetated buffer zones, and seeks to provide
guidelines on their use for water quality control. Investigations
into the use of buffer zones are grouped here into three major
categories: studies of runoff plots or confined field areas;
studies of operational forestry catchments; and studies of
agricultural catchments. The degree of effectiveness of buffer
zones for water pollution control in all these categories is
generally attributed either to physical properties of the buffer
zones (such as width, slope, vegetative cover, or soil type) or to
the type of pollutant encountered. However, it is clear that
although buffer zones have been shown to work well under small
scale, experimental conditions, they lack success for water quality
control on a broad catchment basis. In this respect, it is
important that runoff must enter a buffer zone as shallow, overland
flow in order to be slowed or detained, and that excessively
channelised runoff will pass through a buffer zone unhindered.
Buffer zones positioned close to sources of surface water pollution
are therefore more likely to succeed in controlling water quality.
It is suggested that although buffer zones are capable of removing
pollutants from surface runoff, the proximity of buffer zones to
sources of pollution is more important to their effectiveness than
has been generally recognised. In view of this, the successful use
of buffer zones for water quality control would require that they
be comprehensively arranged along streams and around pollution
sources in a catchment, and therefore that a large proportion of
catchment area be set aside for this purpose. The real value of
buffer zones in any situation would rest not only on their ability
to control water quality, but on a number of other benefits and
costs associated with maintaining large areas of natural
vegetation.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1685. Use of constructed wetlands for urban
stream restoration: A critical analysis.
Helfield, James Mark and Diamond,
Miriam L
Environmental
Management 21 (3): 329-341.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
Conservation/ Contaminant Input/
Delta Marsh Restoration/ Don River/ Toronto/ Urban Stream
Restoration/ Water Quality/ Wetland Processes
Abstract: Investigation of a delta marsh restoration
project proposed for the Don River in Toronto, Ontario, underlines
several concerns about constructed wetland projects designed for
water quality improvement and aquatic habitat enhancement. The Don
is a highly urbanized river that has undergone significant
physiographic modifications and continually receives a complex
mixture of conventional, metallic, and organic contaminants from
multiple point and nonpoint sources. Rather than providing
permanent removal of urban contaminants, wetland processes offer a
limited capacity for temporary storage of contaminant inputs, and
potential reactions may actually produce more toxic and/or
bioavailable forms of some chemicals. These processes tend to
result in the concentration of watershed contaminants in wetland
vegetation and sediments. As the restored marsh would be available
for spawning and feeding by aquatic fauna, the potential exists for
chemical bioconcentration and biomagnification through the aquatic
community. Accordingly, wetland systems are not suited to the dual
purposes of water quality improvement and aquatic habitat
enhancement. Upstream controls, including source reduction of
contaminant inputs, are recommended as essential components of all
constructed wetland projects.
© Thomson
1686. Use of constructed wetlands to process
agricultural wastewater.
Peterson, Hans G
Canadian Journal of Plant
Science 78 (2): 199-210.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
450-C16;
ISSN: 0008-4220
Descriptors:
nitrogen / phosphorus/ agriculture/
constructed wetland usage/ organics
Abstract: Constructed wetlands are emerging as a
serious challenge to conventional wastewater treatment because of
lower construction and operating costs, less requirement for
trained personnel, more flexibility, and lower susceptibility to
variations in waste loading rates. Water quality improvements can
be achieved by removal of plant nutrients, such as N and P,
organics (natural and man-made) as well as inorganic contaminants.
Wetland treatment is now advocated by regulatory agencies and has
been determined as the technology of choice by municipalities and
industries required to meet stringent discharge regulations. These
same regulations have not usually been imposed on the agricultural
community, but deteriorating water sources will likely change this
regulatory anomaly. Use of this technology in treating agricultural
wastewater is still in its infancy with few, although rapidly
expanding, applications. This paper aims to highlight different
aspects of wetland treatment by exploring its use for the treatment
of agricultural run-off as well as wastewater from the agri-food
industry. It is concluded that natural wetlands will be quite
limited in absorbing agricultural wastewater while constructed
wetlands can be designed for optimum pollutant removal.
© Thomson
1687. Use of electronic noses for detection of
odour from animal production facilities: A review.
Nimmermark, S.
Water Science and
Technology 44 (9): 33-41.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1688. The use of environmental radionuclides as
tracers in soil erosion and sedimentation investigations: Recent
advances and future developments.
Zapata, F.
Soil and Tillage
Research 69 (1/2): 3-13.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48;
ISSN: 0167-1987
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1689. Use of herbicide-tolerant crops as a
component of an integrated weed management program.
Knezevic, S. Z. and Cassman, K.
G.
Crop Management (March): 0-7. (2003)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1690. The use of higher plants as
bioindicators.
Markert, B. A.; Breure, A. M.; and
Zechmeister, H. G.
In: Bioindicators and biomonitors:
Principles, concepts and applications/ Markert, B. A.; Breure, A.
M.; and Zechmeister, H. G., 2003; pp. 423-463.
ISBN: 0-08-044177-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1691. The use of imaging radars for ecological
applications: A review.
Kasischke, E. S.; Melack, J. M.;
and Dobson, M. C.
Remote Sensing of
Environment 59 (2): 141-156.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
Q184.R4;
ISSN: 0034-4257
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1692. Use of innovative tools to increase
nitrogen use efficiency and protect environmental quality in crop
rotations.
Delgado, J A; Ristau, R J; Dillon,
M A; Duke, H R; Stuebe, A; Follett, R F; Shaffer, M J; Riggenbach,
R R; Sparks, R T; Thompson, A; Kawanabe, L M; Kunugi, A; and
Thompson, K
Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 32
(7-8): 1321-1354. (2001)
NAL Call #:
S590.C63;
ISSN: 0010-3624
Descriptors:
chlorophyll: monitoring/ nitrate:
nutrient, pollutant, sap concentrations, shallow underground water
table removal/ nitrogen: crop use efficiency, leaching, nutrient,
pollutant/ nutrients: erosion leaching, pollutants/ grains
(Gramineae): deep rooted, small/ winter cover crops (Angiospermae)/
Angiosperms/ Monocots/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/
environmental quality: protection/ fine particles: erosion
leaching/ organic matter: erosion leaching/ sandy coarse soils:
nutrient leaching susceptibility/ sandy soil cropping systems:
nitrogen status, nutrient balancing/ soil quality protection/ wind
erosion
Abstract: Cropping systems grown over sandy coarse
soils are susceptible to nutrient leaching due to local
thunderstorms and irrigation. Additionally, erosion can contribute
to removal of nutrients, soil organic matter, and fine particles.
Balancing nutrients for these systems while protecting water and
soil quality requires best management practices (BMPs). Crop
rotations with deeper rooted small grains and winter cover crops
reduced potential losses of fine particles, soil organic matter,
nitrogen, and other nutrients due to wind erosion and protected
soil and water quality. The cropping system N status can be
monitored by assessing chlorophyll, sap NO3--N concentrations and N
indexes of the canopy. The Nitrogen Leaching Economic Analysis
Package (NLEAP) model simulated residual soil NO3--N and soil water
and showed that there is potential to use precision farming to
improve NUE. Simulations of the system showed that BMPs increased
NUE and that NO3--N can potentially be removed from the shallow
underground water table protecting water quality. These results
show that with the application of models, and tools to monitor the
N status of the above-ground canopy, such as chlorophyl readings,
sap NO3--N concentrations, N indices, and other new technologies
such as precision farming and remote sensing, nutrient use
efficiency in the new millennium will be significantly increased,
environmental quality will be conserved, and product quality will
be improved at the farm level for the benefit of producers,
processors and consumers.
© Thomson
1693. The use of invertebrate soil fauna in
monitoring pollutant effects.
Cortet, J.; Gomot-de Vauflery, A.;
Poinsot-Balaguer, N.; Gomot, L.; Texier, C.; and Cluzeau,
D.
European Journal of Soil
Biology 35 (3): 115-134.
(1999);
ISSN: 1164-5563
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1694. The use of live biocatalysts for pesticide
detoxification.
Chen, Wilfred and Mulchandani,
Ashok
Trends in
Biotechnology 16 (2): 71-76.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TP248.13.T72;
ISSN: 0167-7799
Descriptors:
biocatalysts/ Escherichia coli
(Enterobacteriaceae): decomposer, genetically engineered organism/
Bacteria/ Eubacteria/ Microorganisms
Abstract: During the past decade, numerous
microorganisms capable of degrading pesticides have been isolated,
and detoxification processes based on these live biocatalysts have
been developed. Recently, novel detoxification strategies using
genetically engineered microorganisms with extended degradative
capabilities have been investigated and, in some cases, shown to be
more effective. One promising approach for the detoxification of
organophosphate pesticides uses genetically engineered Escherichia
coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Continuous
efforts in this direction are required, in conjunction with a
search for microorganisms capable of degrading pesticides rapidly,
to establish efficient and cost-effective large-scale processes for
pesticide detoxification.
© Thomson
1695. The Use of Macrophyte-Based Systems for
Phosphorus Removal: An Overview of 25 Years of Research and
Operational Results in Florida.
Debusk, T. A.; Dierberg, F. E.; and
Reddy, K. R.
Water Science and
Technology 44 (11-12): 39-46.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7;
ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: 7. International Conference on
Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000, Lake Buena Vista,
FL [USA], 11-16 Nov 2000; Source: Wetland Systems for Water
Pollution Control 2000; Editors: Kadlec, R. H. //Reddy, K.
R.;
ISBN: 1843394073
Descriptors:
United States, Florida/ Water
Pollution Control/ Wetlands/ Performance Evaluation/ Phosphorus
Removal/ Macrophytes/ Case Studies/ Reviews/ Case study/
Agricultural runoff/ Wastewater treatment/ Historical account/
United States, Florida/ Water quality control/ Water Treatment/
Freshwater pollution/ Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control &
Remediation/ Wastewater treatment processes
Abstract: Phosphorus (P) removal from wastewaters
and surface runoff using macrophyte-based systems (MBS) has been a
topic of great interest in Florida for over 25 years. During this
period, P removal by both treatment wetlands and floating aquatic
macrophyte systems has been evaluated from both a research and
operational standpoint. Several factors have contributed to the
increased focus on the use of MBS for P removal. First, there exist
no conventional technologies that can cost-effectively achieve the
low outflow P concentrations required to protect the integrity of
Florida's relatively pristine surface waters. Second, because MBSs
typically provide some water storage, they can accommodate the wide
ranges of flows typical for runoff sources such as agricultural
drainage waters. Finally, many regions in Florida have sufficient
area for deployment of the relatively land-intensive MBS
technologies. The first P removal work in Florida was initiated in
the mid-1970s, and involved pilot-scale research on domestic
wastewater treatment by natural wetlands. Parallel studies were
performed with managed (periodically harvested) floating plant
systems (i.e., Eichhornia crassipes) for tertiary treatment. Since
that time. the range of operational systems that have been deployed
include emergent macrophyte-based and forested wetlands, managed
floating plant systems, and submerged macrophyte-based systems.
Waters treated by MBS include domestic effluents, agricultural
runoff and eutrophic lake waters. Phosphorus removal targets for
MBS in Florida have been as low as 10 mu g/L. In this paper, we
summarize research and operational results for MBS in Florida over
the past 25 years.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1696. The use of macrophytes in
bioremediation.
Wood, B. and McAtamney,
C.
Biotechnology
Advances 12 (4): 653-662.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
TP248.2.B562;
ISSN: 0734-9750 [BIADDD].
Notes: Special issue: Biotechnology and industry:
Present and future / edited by C.R. Barnett, J.S.G. Dooley, A.P.
McHale, and P.G. McKenna. Includes references.
Descriptors:
waste water treatment/
bioremediation/ wetlands/ reviews/ reed bed systems/ constructed
wetlands
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1697. Use of nuclear techniques in soil erosion
and siltation studies: IAEA activities.
Zapata, F.; Garcia Agudo, E.; Hera,
C.; Rozanski, K.; and Frohlich, K.
In: Nuclear techniques in
soil-plant studies for sustainable agriculture and environment
preservation: Proceedings of a conference. (Held 17 Oct 1994-21 Oct 1994 at Vienna,
Austria.)
Vienna: International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA); pp. 631-642; 1995. ISBN: 92-0-100895-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1698. Use of prescribed fire for vegetation
management.
Feller, M. C.
In: Integrated forest vegetation
management: Options and applications -- Proceedings of the fifth
British Columbia Forest Vegetation Management Workshop.
(Held 29 Nov 1993-30 Nov 1993 at
Richmond, British Columbia, Canada.) Gomeau, P. G.; Harper, G. J.;
Blanche, M. E.; Boateng, J. O.; and Gilkeson, L. A. (eds.); pp.
17-34; 1996.
Notes: FRDA report 251;
ISSN: 0835-0752
NAL Call #: SD14.B7F7
Descriptors:
forest management/ vegetation
management/ prescribed burning/ silviculture/ ecosystems/ fire
effects/ fire ecology/ plant morphology/ forest ecology/ site
preparation/ fuel appraisals / plant succession/ seed banks/
pioneer species/ phenology/ seasonal variation/ literature reviews/
British Columbia
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1699. Use of spent mushroom substrate for growing
containerized woody ornamentals: An overview.
Chong, C. and Rinker, D.
L.
Compost Science and
Utilization 2 (3): 45-53.
(Summer 1994)
NAL Call #:
TD796.5.C58;
ISSN: 1065-657X.
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium, "Spent
Mushroom Substrate, March 11-14, 1994, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
ornamental woody plants/ container
grown plants/ growth/ growing media/ salinity/ physicochemical
properties/ leaves/ nutrient content/ waste utilization
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1700. USEPA biomonitoring and bioindicator
concepts needed to evaluate the biological integrity of aquatic
systems.
Lazorchak, J. M.; Hill, B. H.;
Brown, B. S.; McCormick, F. H.; Engle, V. D.; Lattier, D. J.;
Bagley, M. J.;
Griffith, M. B.; Maciorowski, A.
F.;
and Toth, G. P.
In: Bioindicators and biomonitors:
Principles, concepts and applications/ Markert, B. A.; Breure, A.
M.; and Zechmeister, H. G., 2003;
pp. 831-874.
ISBN: 0-08-044177-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1701. Users guide to description, propagation and
establishment of native shrubs and trees for riparian areas in the
intermountain West.
Ogle, Daniel G.; Hoag, J. Chris.;
Scianna, Joseph D.; and United States. Natural Resources
Conservation Service. Plant Materials Program (U.S.).
Boise, Idaho; Bozeman, Mont.: USDA,
Natural Resources Conservation Service; Series: Technical note
(United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service)
no. 32. (2000)
Notes: Title from web page. "February, 2000" "Plant
Materials Program." Description based on content viewed Oct. 28,
2002. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aS627.A35-O56-2000
http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/idpmctn320200.pdf
Descriptors:
Trees---West---United
States---Identification/ Riparian ecology---West---United States/
Revegetation---West---United States/ Soil
conservation---West---United States/ Bioengineering---West---United
States/ Erosion---West---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1702. Using a drum composter to produce compost
from cattle manure.
Malkki S; Klemola E; and Szmidt
RAK
Acta Horticulturae
469: 139-148.
(1998).
Notes: Conference: Proceedings of the international
symposium on composting and use of composted materials for
horticulture,
Auchincruive, Ayr, UK, 5-11 April
1997
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1703. Using aerial photographs to assess proper
functioning condition of riparian-wetland areas: Riparian area
management.
Prichard, Donald E.; United States.
Bureau of Land Management. PFC Aerial Photo Interpretation Team;
and National Applied Resource Sciences Center (U.S.).
Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Applied Resource
Sciences Center; iii, 41 p.: col. ill., col. maps; Series:
Technical reference (United States. Bureau of Land Management)
1737-12. (1996)
Notes: Shipping list no.: 97-0077-P. "September
1996"--Report documentation p. "BLM/RS/ST-96/007+1737"--P. [2] of
cover. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 19). SUDOCS: I
53.35:1737-12.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.R52U85--1996
Descriptors:
Riparian areas---United
States---Management/ Wetland conservation---United States/ Aerial
photography in watershed management---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1704. Using algae to assess environmental
conditions in wetlands.
Stevenson, R. Jan.; McCormick, Paul
V.; Frydenborg, Russ.; United States. Environmental Protection
Agency. Office of Water; United States. Environmental Protection
Agency. Office Science and Technology; and United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
Watersheds.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland
condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Using algae to assess
environmental conditions in wetlands (#11); Title from web page.
"March 2002." "Prepared jointly by U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science
and Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans,
and Watersheds)" "EPA-822-R-02-021." Description based on content
viewed April 14, 2003. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: QH541.15.I5-S74-2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/11Algae.pdf
Descriptors:
Indicators---Biology---United
States/ Environmental indicators---United States---Mathematical
models/ Algae---United States/ Wetland conservation---
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1705. Using amphibians in bioassessment of
wetlands.
Sparling, Donald W.; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water.; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria
Division.; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
Wetlands Division.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland
condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Using amphibians in bioassessment of wetlands.
(#12).Title from web page. "March 2002." "Prepared jointly by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological
Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetlands
Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)"
"EPA-822-R-02-022." Description based on content viewed March 31,
2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: QH541.15.I5-M472-2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/12Amphibians.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetlands management---United States/
Indicators---Biology---United States/ Environmental
indicators---United States/ Monitoring, Biological---United States/
Amphibians---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1706. Using chorioallantoic membranes for
non-lethal assessment of persistent organic pollutant exposure and
effect in oviparous wildlife.
Cobb, G. P.; Bargar, T. A.; Pepper,
C. B.; Norman, D. M.; Houlis, P. D.; and Anderson, T. A.
Ecotoxicology 12 (1): 31-45. (2003)
NAL Call #:
RA565.A1 E27;
ISSN: 0963-9292
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1707. Using cover crops to manage arthropod pests
of orchards: A review.
Bugg, R. L. and Waddington,
C.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 50 (1): 11-28.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809.
Notes: Conference: 19. International Congress of
Entomology, Beijing (People's Rep. China), 28 Jun-4 Jul
1992
Descriptors:
orchards / biological control/ cover
crops/ Agricultural & general applied entomology/
Control
Abstract: A review of entomological studies of cover
crops for tree nuts, pome fruits, stone fruits, and citrus suggests
both opportunities and challenges. Various cover crops harbor
distinctive complexes of beneficial and pest arthropods, and
diverse trophic relationships have been well documented in the
literature. More study is required to determine: (1) whether cover
cropping modifies orchard microclimate and target crop nutritional
status and thereby influences pest dynamics; (2) whether and how
cover crop species composition, spatial interspersion of species,
and management by irrigation, mowing, and tillage affect build-up
and movement of arthropods, and resultant pest damage to the target
crop.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1708. Using ecological relationships of wildlife
as templates for restoring Southwestern forests.
Reynolds, R. T.; Block, W. M.; and
Boyce, D. A.
In: Conference on Adaptive
Ecosystem Restoration and Management restoration of cordilleran
conifer landscapes of North America. (Held 6 Jun 1996-8 Jun 1996 at Flagstaff,
Arizona.)
Fort Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station; pp. 35-43; 1996.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.278
Descriptors:
pinus ponderosa/ wildlife/
ecosystems/ strix occidentalis/ accipiter gentilis/ endangered
species/ wildlife conservation/ habitats/ predator prey
relationships/ food chains/ forests/ botanical composition/ plant
communities/ chains/ sustainability/ forest management/ literature
reviews/ Southwestern states of United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1709. Using geochemical and statistical tools to
identify irrigated areas that might contain high selenium
concentrations in surface water: Irriation drainage in the western
United States creates unforseen environmental problems.
Naftz, David L. and Geological
Survey (U.S.).
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, National Irrigation Water Quality Program, U.S.
Geological Survey; Series: Fact sheet (Geological Survey (U.S.))
FS-96-077. (1997)
Notes: Caption title. "August 1996." Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: S618.6.S4N34-1997
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-077-96/
Descriptors:
Selenium---Environmental
aspects---West---United States/ Irrigation
water---Pollution---West---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1710. Using nutrient uptake patterns to develop
efficient nitrogen management strategies for vegetables.
Sanchez, C. A. and Doerge, T.
A.
HortTechnology 9 (4): 601-606. (Oct. 1999-Dec.
1999)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68;
ISSN: 1063-0198.
Notes: Proceedings of the workshop on Patterns and
physiology of nutrient use in horticultural crops: Implications for
fertilizer efficiency held July 11-16, 1998, Charlotte, North
Carolina. Includes references.
Descriptors:
vegetables/ crops/ nitrogen/ crop
management/ nutrient uptake/ soil fertility/ leaching/
denitrification/ losses from soil/ nitrogen content/ nutrient
requirements/ split dressings/ sidedressing/ controlled release/
fertigation/ irrigation/ literature reviews
Abstract: Nitrogen (N) in a soil that is not
immediately taken up by a crop is subject to leaching,
denitrification and other mechanisms of loss. Nitrogen uptake
studies identify the total amount of N accumulated by the crop and
the period of peak demand. This information can be used to devise
management strategies aimed at supplying N preceding anticipated
uptake. Split sidedress application, fertigation, and use of
controlled release fertilizers (CRN) are all viable options for N
management, depending on the crop production scenario and available
infrastructure. Soil and plant tissue testing can be useful
feedback tools for adjusting N applications for soil contributions
of N and unexpected N losses. Efficient irrigation is of paramount
importance in achieving efficient N fertilization regardless of
management practice.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1711. Using remote photography in wildlife
ecology: A review.
Cutler, T. L. and Swann, D.
E.
Wildlife Society
Bulletin 27 (3): 571-581.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SK357.A1W5;
ISSN: 0091-7648
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1712. Using the past to predict the future: Lake
sediments and the modelling of limnological disturbance.
Anderson, N John
Ecological Modelling
78 (1-2): 149-172. (1995)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.M3E25;
ISSN: 0304-3800
Descriptors:
history/ mathematical modelling/
simulation/ water quality
Abstract: Most lakes have been disturbed to varying
degrees but for an individual lake the timescale of these
disturbances is rarely known. Lake sediments, however, can be used
as natural archives of perturbation histories, e.g. acidification
and eutrophication. At present the use of simple weighted averaging
models permits the reconstruction of a variety of water chemical
variables from diatom and other microfossils preserved in lake
sediments (pH, total phosphorus, salinity and lakewater
temperature). Sediment records can, therefore, provide
lake-specific background data for lake management as well as
information about their ecological histories. The common models
used in paleolimnology (dating, transfer-functions) are reviewed
and their role in environmental monitoring discussed. Predictions
of future lake water quality following lake restoration methods
tend to be made from dynamic mathematical models, but they are also
used for hindcasting (e.g. the MAGIC model of catchment
acidification). A problem with using dynamic models is that they
are often site-specific and require calibration for a given lake.
Combined with reliable dating, chemical reconstructions from
microfossil-based transfer functions offer the possibility of
testing hindcast predictions derived from dynamic mathematical
models, e.g. for salinity, TP and pH. In this way, sediment
microfossil-based models can assist with the parameterization of
more complex, dynamic models of contemporary processes. In this
review, comparisons between the two approaches (sediment-based and
dynamic models) are given and possible future interactions
outlined. Validation of mathematical models by palaeolimnological
data might enhance their predictive ability when used for
forecasting take recovery. There is clearly, however, a need for a
more rigorous approach to paleolimnology, i.e. critical hypothesis
generation. Multidisciplinary studies of lake disturbance. that
combine paleolimnology, dynamic modelling and contemporary process
studies, would also be beneficial.
© Thomson
1713. Using vegetation to assess environmental
conditions in wetlands.
Fennessy, Slobhan.; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria
Division; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands
Division; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Water.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland
condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Using vegetation to assess
environmental conditions in wetlands (#10); Title from web page.
"March 2002." Major contributors: Slobhan Fennessy and others.
"Prepared jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and
Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and
Watersheds)" "EPA-822-R-02-020." Description based on content
viewed March 31, 2003. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: QH541.15.I5-M473-2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/10Vegetation.pdf
Descriptors:
Plant indicators---United States/
Indicators---Biology---United States/ Wetland management---United
States/ Environmental monitoring---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1714. Using water of marginal quality for crop
production: Major issues.
Shalhevet, Joseph
Agricultural Water
Management 25 (3): 233-269.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3;
ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:
plant (Plantae Unspecified)/
Angiospermae (Angiospermae)/ angiosperms/ plants/ spermatophytes/
vascular plants/ agriculture/ drainage/ fertilizer/ hydraulic
conductivity/ irrigation/ soil salinity/ yield
Abstract: A considerable amount of data is available
regarding the effect of soil salinity on crop yield. Most of the
data was obtained under uniform spatial and temporal distribution
of salts, at high levels of fertility and with crop established
prior to the introduction of saline conditions. In practice, under
realistic field conditions, uniformity is the exception rather than
the rule, soil fertility may not be optimal and salinity may be
present before the crop is established. In addition, crops may have
different sensitivities at different stages of growth. This review
attempts to answer the principal questions which are relevant to
the use of marginal quality water for irrigation. Duration of
exposure and stage of growth: plants are more sensitive during the
seedling stage than during later stages of growth. But the
preponderant temporal effect of salinity is the duration of
exposure. Spatial distribution: the best estimate of the effective
salinity when salt is non-uniformly distributed with depth is the
mean salinity within the root zone. Under some conditions
normalization on the water uptake basis is superior. Soil
fertility: the level of soil fertility has no effect on the
tolerance of crops to salinity. Varietal differences: differences
in salt tolerance among varieties exist mainly in fruit trees,
which are specifically sensitive to chloride and sodium salts.
Differences among field and garden crops are not common and are
usually small. Irrigation requirement: crop water production
functions relating yield to evapotranspiration are not influenced
by water salinity. It is still controversial whether reduction in
water uptake with increasing salinity is the cause or the result of
reduction in growth. Leaching requirement: leaching is the key to
the successful use of saline water for irrigation. Under normal
field conditions with free drainage the leaching provided by the
normal inefficiencies in irrigation should be sufficient to control
salinity. When leaching is necessary, it should be provided at the
time when the soil salinity reaches hazardous levels. Irrigation
frequency: the bulk of the evidence shows no advantage to
increasing irrigation frequency when saline water is used, except
possibly under excessive leaching. Fertilizer application: the
response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization under non-saline
conditions is the same as or even greater than under saline
conditions. Excessive phosphorous application may be toxic at high
salinity, especially in hydroponic conditions. Availability of more
than one water source: blending of saline with non-saline water is
a questionable practice. It is preferable to use the non-saline
water source early in the growing season and the source of saline
water successively. Irrigation method: drip irrigation, where
feasible, gives the greatest advantages when saline water is used.
Sprinkler irrigation may cause leaf burn on sensitive crops. The
damage may be reduced by night irrigation and by irrigating
continually rather than intermittently. Drainage: the critical
depth to the water table is determined mainly by the aeration
requirement of the crop, as long as a net downward flux of water is
maintained by natural or properly designed man made drainage
system. The design drainage coefficient is determined by the
leaching requirement. Soil hydraulic conductivity (K) and drainable
porosity: important parameters in drainage design, are strongly
influenced by the composition and concentration of the irrigation
water. The higher the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the greater
the reduction in K. The detrimental effect of high SAR is mitigated
as the total salt concentration increases.
© Thomson
1715. Using winter cover crops to improve soil
and water quality.
Dabney, S. M.; Delgado, J. A.; and
Reeves, D. W.
Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 32
(7/8): 1221-1250. (2001)
NAL Call #:
S590.C63;
ISSN: 0010-3624 [CSOSA2].
Notes: Special issue: Potential use of innovative
nutrient management alternatives to increase nutrient use
efficiency, reduce losses, and protect soil and water
quality/edited by J. Delgado. Proceedings of the Annual Conference
of the Soil and Water Conservation Society held Aug. 8-11, 1999,
Biloxi, Mississippi. Includes references.
Descriptors:
cover crops/ secale cereale/
triticum aestivum/ winter/ erosion control/ water erosion/
nutrients/ losses from soil/ water quality/ pesticide residues/
water pollution/ pollution control/ soil fertility/ soil
properties/ crop production/ daucus carota/ spinacia oleracea/
lactuca sativa/ solanum tuberosum/ literature reviews/
Colorado
Abstract: This article reviews literature about the
impacts of cover crops in cropping systems that affect soil and
water quality and presents limited new information to help fill
knowledge gaps. Cover crops grow during periods when the soil might
otherwise be fallow. While actively growing, cover crops increase
solar energy harvest and carbon flux into the soil, providing food
for soil macro and microorganisms, while simultaneously increasing
evapotranspiration from the soil. Cover crops reduce sediment
production from cropland by intercepting the kinetic energy of
rainfall and by reducing the amount and velocity of runoff. Cover
crops increase soil quality by improving biological, chemical and
physical properties including: organic carbon content, cation
exchange capacity, aggregate stability, and water infiltrability.
Legume cover crops contribute a nitrogen (N) to subsequent crops.
Other cover crops, especially grasses and brassicas, are better at
scavenging residual N before it can leach. Because growth of these
scavenging cover crops is usually N limited, growing grass/legume
mixtures often increases total carbon inputs without sacrificing N
scavenging efficiency. Cover crops are best adapted to warm areas
with abundant precipitation. Water use by cover crops can adversely
impact yields of subsequent dryland crops in semiarid areas.
Similarly, cooler soil temperatures under cover crop residues can
retard early growth of subsequent crops grown near the cold end of
their range of adaptation. Development of systems that reduce the
costs of cover crop establishment and overcome subsequent crop
establishment problems will increase cover crop utilization and
improve soil and water quality.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1716. The utility of movement corridors in
forested landscapes.
Niemela, J.
Scandinavian Journal of
Forest Research (suppl.3):
70-78. (2001)
NAL Call #:
SD1.S34;
ISSN: 0282-7581.
Notes: Special issue: Science and the management of
boreal forest biodiversity / edited by S. Larsson and K. Danell.
Paper presented at a workshop held September 27-30, 1999,
Olofsfors, Sweden. Includes references.
Descriptors:
forests/ landscape/ habitats/
survival/ populations/ persistence/ forest management/ nature
reserves/ fragmentation/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1717. Utilization of resistant cultivars as
components of Integrated Crop Protection.
Hartleb, H.; Heitefuss, R.; and
Hoppe, H. H.
In: Resistance of crop plants
against fungi/ Hartleb, H.; Heitefuss, R.; and Hoppe, H.
H.
Jena, Germany: G. Fischer, 1997;
pp. 449-469.
ISBN: 3437353381
NAL Call #: SB750.R47-1997
Descriptors:
plant disease control/ disease
resistance/ cultivars/ genetic resistance/ pest management/
decision making/ fungicides/ leaves/ crop yield/ susceptibility/
split dressings/ application date/ virulence/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1718. The value of buffer zones for the
conservation of biodiversity.
Boatman, N. D.
In: Brighton Crop Protection
Conference: Pests & Diseases, 1998: Proceedings of an
International Conference. (Held 16 Nov 1998-19 Nov 1998 at Brighton,
UK.); Vol. 3. Farnham, UK: British Crop Protection Council; pp.
939-950; 1998.
ISBN: 0-901396-52-5
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1719. Variable-source-area controls on phosphorus
transport: Bridging the gap between research and design.
Gburek, W. J.; Drungil, C. C.;
Srinivasan, M. S.; Needleman, B. A.; and Woodward, D. E.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 5 (6): 534-543.
(Nov. 2002-Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
phosphorus/ losses from soil/
indexes/ watersheds / transport processes/ runoff/ runoff water/
water erosion/ universal soil loss equation/ fields/ agricultural
soils/ rain/ hydrology/ soil fertility/ Pennsylvania
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1720. Vegetated Stream Riparian Zones: Their
Effects on Stream Nutrients, Sediments, and Toxic
Substances.
Correll, D.
Smithsonian Environmental Research
Center, 1999.
Notes: 8th edition (text/html)
http://www.unl.edu/nac/ripzone03.htm
Descriptors:
riparian areas/ water quality/
information sources/ conservation buffers/ filter strips/
floodplains/ vegetation/ ground cover plants/ herbaceous plants/
riparian forests/ grasses/ hydrologic factors/ geomorphology/ water
quality criteria/ trace elements / heavy metals/ nitrogen/
nitrites/ nitrates/ ammonia/ phosphorus/ herbicides/ salts/ organic
matter/ total suspended solids/ denitrification/
evapotranspiration/ nitrification/ infiltration (hydrology)/ soil
water movement/ sediment deposition/ biogeochemical cycles/
TSS
Abstract: SERC produced this annotated and
indexed bibliography of the world's literature on buffer strips and
their interactions with hyporheic zones and floodplains.
1721. Vegetation-based indicators of wetland
nutrient enrichment.
Craft, C.; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria
Division; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands
Division; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Water.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland
condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, 2003.
Notes: [Methods for evaluating wetland condition #16]
Title from web page. "March 2002." Prepared jointly by: the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria
Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetland Division
(Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds). "EPA-822-R-02-024."
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: QH76.5.N8-V47-2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/16Indicators.pdf
Descriptors:
wetlands / ecology/ land use/
nutrient enrichment/ nutrient enrichment/ vegetation/ environmental
management
1722. Vegetation corridors: A literature review
with comments from a Swedish forest perspective.
Nohlgren, Eva. and Gustafsson,
Lena.
Uppla, Sweden: SkogForsk; 40 p.:
ill. (1995)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
34-38).
NAL Call #: SD211.R47--1995-no.1
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1723. Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: A
critique of the current paradigms.
Briske, D D; Fuhlendorf, S D; and
Smeins, F E
Journal of Applied
Ecology 40 (4): 601-614.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
410 J828;
ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors:
ecological thresholds/ equilibrium
systems/ methodology/ non equilibrium systems/ paradigm shifts/
range condition/ rangeland ecology/ spatial scales/ temporal
scales/ vegetation dynamics: event driven
Abstract: 1. Rangeland ecologists have been debating
the validity of two current paradigms for the evaluation of
vegetation dynamics on rangelands. This debate frequently contrasts
the conventional model of continuous and reversible vegetation
dynamics (range model) with a more contemporary model that can
accommodate discontinuous and non-reversible vegetation change
(state-and-transition model). 2. The range and the
state-and-transition models are conceptually related to the
equilibrium and non-equilibrium paradigms within ecology,
respectively. The methodological dichotomy that has developed
between the range and the state-and-transition models has fostered
the perception that these two ecological paradigms are mutually
exclusive. We challenge this perception and contend that both
methodologies and their corresponding paradigms are non-exclusive.
3. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium ecosystems are not distinguished
on the basis of unique processes or functions, but rather by the
evaluation of system dynamics at various temporal and spatial
scales. Consequently, ecosystems may express both equilibrium and
non-equilibrium dynamics. This confirms early interpretations that
ecosystems are distributed along a continuum from equilibrium to
non-equilibrium states. 4. Although both equilibrium and
non-equilibrium dynamics occur in numerous ecosystems, the
empirical evidence is frequently confounded by (i) uncertainty
regarding the appropriate evidence necessary to distinguish between
paradigms; (ii) disproportionate responses among vegetation
attributes to climate and grazing; (iii) comparisons among systems
with varying degrees of managerial involvement; and (iv) the
evaluation of vegetation dynamics at various spatial and temporal
scales. 5. Synthesis and applications. This critique supports the
conclusion that a paradigm shift has not taken place in rangeland
ecology, but rather, the debate has forced a more comprehensive
interpretation of vegetation dynamics along the entirety of the
equilibrium-non-equilibrium continuum. Therefore, the rangeland
debate should be redirected from the dichotomy between paradigms to
one of paradigm integration.
© Thomson
1724. Vegetation growth in rivers: Influences
upon sediment and nutrient dynamics.
Clarke, S. J.
Progress in Physical
Geography 26 (2): 159-172.
(2002);
ISSN: 0309-1333
Descriptors:
Vegetation cover/ Bottom topography/
Hydrology/ Hydrodynamics/ Nutrient cycles/ Sediment dynamics/
Rivers/ Vegetation/ Sediments/ Nutrients/ Geomorphology/ Fluvial
Sediments/ River Flow/ Dynamics of lakes and rivers/ Water and
plants
Abstract: Hydrological and geomorphological research
in river environments has largely ignored the influence of instream
vegetation growth; focusing rather on the role of riparian
vegetation as a control on bank stability or as a potential buffer
for dissolved and particulate material entering the channel from
the hillslope. However, in many lowland streams instream vegetation
may be abundant and reach high levels of biomass during the growing
season. These instream plants (macrophytes) have a significant
effect on flow, sediment and nutrient dynamics. Plant growth may
cause increased frictional resistance to flow and through flow
diversion may have a short- to medium-term influence on instream
channel geomorphology. Additionally, this effect of plants upon
flow velocities within the channel has an impact on sedimentation
patterns. Rooted plants also function as a link between bed
sediments and the water column, thus plants have a key role in the
cycling of nutrients between these two components of the fluvial
system. This, combined with the uptake and temporary storage of
nutrients by the plants and the retention of fine sediments within
dense plant stands, has the result that plants within rivers are an
integral component of nutrient dynamics. A review of research on
the role of macrophytes in fluvial system nutrient dynamics is
presented and identifies the need for an increased understanding
and recognition of the role of plants in the functioning of fluvial
systems as a whole.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1725. Vegetation management and ecosystem
disturbance: Impact of glyphosate herbicide on plant and animal
diversity in terrestrial systems.
Sullivan, Thomas P and Sullivan,
Druscllia S
Environmental Reviews
11 (1): 37-59. (2003)
NAL Call #:
GE140.E59;
ISSN: 1181-8700
Descriptors:
glyphosate herbicide: pesticide,
soil pollutant, toxin/ Alces alces [moose] (Cervidae):
bioindicator/ Capreolus capreolus (Cervidae): bioindicator, deer/
Lepus spp. [hare] (Leporidae): bioindicator/ Odocoileus spp.
(Cervidae): bioindicator, deer/ plant (Plantae): bioindicator/
Animals/ Artiodactyls/ Chordates/ Lagomorphs/ Mammals / Nonhuman
Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Plants/ Vertebrates/ agro ecosystem/
biodiversity/ crop production/ forest ecosystem/ species richness/
temperate climate/ terrestrial ecosystem/ vegetation management/
weed control
© Thomson
1726. Vegetation management for the maintenance
and conservation of butterfly habitats in temperate human-dominated
landscapes.
Smallidge, P. J. and Leopold, D.
J.
Landscape and Urban
Planning 38 (3-4): 259-280.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1L32;
ISSN: 0169-2046.
Notes: Special issue: Wildlife habitats in human
dominated landscapes
Descriptors:
habitat/ environment management/
conservation/ vegetation/ Ecosystem management/ Natural
disturbance/ Ecosystem disturbance/ Land use/ Fragmentation/
Lepidoptera/ Papilionoidea/ Lepidoptera/ Butterflies/ Management/
Human Population Biosphere Interactions/ Populations & general
ecology
Abstract: Many temperate butterfly species occur in
habitats where human activities have altered the natural or
long-term disturbance regime, and current activities modify the
structure and availability of butterfly habitats over several
spatial and temporal scales. Indeed, human activities modify key
ecological processes sufficiently that the maintenance of some
butterfly populations depends on human intervention to provide
suitable habitat. Combined changes in historic and current
disturbance regimes and human land-use practices necessitate active
vegetation and habitat management to conserve and expand many
butterfly populations. Efforts to protect temperate butterfly
habitats often have resulted in successional changes that reduce
habitat suitability. Butterfly habitats commonly deteriorate
through a reduced intensity and frequency of long-term disturbance
or management patterns that result in smaller and fragmented
patches of early successional habitat. Fragmentation of otherwise
continuous habitats can result in the forced dependence of a
metapopulation structure. Because some butterfly larvae require one
or a few host plants or adults are selective for nectar or
oviposition sites, habitat management plans that include selection
of an appropriate site for subsequent vegetation management
activities may enhance conservation efforts. Vegetation management
activities within an area can be coordinated to provide a mosaic
landscape with habitats suitable for numerous species. Recommended
vegetation management strategies vary with plant community type,
historic disturbance regime, desired vegetation structure and
composition, spatial pattern of habitat patches, land ownership
patterns, and economic constraints. Because butterflies respond
directly and indirectly to vegetation management and to the mosaic
nature of habitat patches within the landscape, management plans
must accommodate the constraints of the regional landscape and the
spatial and temporal dynamics of the prescribed disturbance or
management regime. We review efforts to manage temperate plant
communities for butterfly habitat, and discuss general strategies
for developing a vegetation management program for butterfly
habitats in human-dominated landscapes. A case study of Karner blue
butterfly habitat conservation efforts is provided.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1727. Viewpoint: Benefits and impacts of wildlife
water developments.
Rosenstock, S. S.; Ballard, W. B.;
and DeVos, J. C. Jr.
Journal of Range
Management 52 (4): 302-311.
(July 1999)
NAL Call #:
60.18-J82;
ISSN: 0022-409X [JRMGAQ]
Descriptors:
game birds/ water resources/ arid
lands/ predators/ wildlife management/ ovis canadensis/ odocoileus
virginianus/ odocoileus hemionus/ chiroptera/ antilocapra
americana/ wild birds/ desert rodents/ lagomorpha/ adverse effects/
reptiles/ water quality/ cost benefit analysis/ duration/
experimental design/ literature reviews/ callipepla/
zenaida
Abstract: Resource managers in the western United
States have long assumed that water was a key limiting factor on
wildlife populations in arid habitats. Beginning in the
1940s-1950s, state and federal resource management agencies
initiated water development programs intended to benefit game
species and other wildlife. At least 5,859 such developments have
been built in 11 western states. Most state wildlife management
agencies in the western United States have ongoing wildlife water
development programs that vary greatly in extent. Ranchers and
range managers also have developed water sources for livestock,
many of which also are used by wildlife. Recently, critics have
suggested that wildlife water developments have not yielded
expected benefits, and may negatively impact wildlife by increasing
predation, competition, and disease transmission. Based upon a
comprehensive review of scientific literature, we conclude that
wildlife water developments have likely benefitted many game and
non-game species, but not all water development projects have
yielded expected increases in animal distribution and abundance.
Hypothesized negative impacts of water developments on wildlife are
not supported by data and remain largely speculative. However, our
understanding of both positive and negative effects of wildlife
water developments is incomplete, because of design limitations of
previous research. Long-term, experimental studies are needed to
address unanswered questions concerning the efficacy and ecological
effects of water developments. We also recommend that resource
managers apply more rigorous planning criteria to new developments,
and expand monitoring efforts associated with water development
programs.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1728. Volatile fatty acids as odor indicators of
swine manure: A critical review.
Zhu, J.; Riskowski, G. L.; and
Torremorell, M.
Transactions of the
ASAE 42 (1): 175-182.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
290.9-Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351 [TAAEAJ]
Descriptors:
pig manure/ volatile fatty acids/
odors/ indicators/ bacteria/ odor abatement/ catabolism
Abstract: Determination of odor indicators in swine
manure is critical for many aspects of developing effective odor
control techniques. Past research has used volatile fatty acids
(VFAs) as an odor indicator; however, using all VFAs can still be
misleading. This article presents the available information
regarding the mechanisms in microbiology and biochemistry of
producing volatile fatty acids in swine manure and an extensive
discussion on using VFAs as odor indicators. Long chain and
branching VFAs (C4-C9) may represent the offensiveness of malodors
in swine manure better than short and straight chain acids and thus
should receive further research to correlate them with odor
indicators. Two bacterial genera, Eubacterium and Clostridium,
appear to be the most likely major contributors to the production
of odorous compounds, such as volatile fatty acids, in swine
manure. More research is needed to identify the species within
these two genera to determine the types and quantities of odorous
compounds produced by different species.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1729. A VSA-based strategy for placing
conservation buffers in agricultural watersheds.
Qiu, Z. Y.
Environmental
Management 32 (3): 299-311.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5;
ISSN: 0364-152X.
Notes: Number of References: 80; Publisher:
Springer-Verlag
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ conservation
buffers/ water quality/ landscape planning/ benefit cost analysis/
variable source areas/ source area hydrology/ filter strips/
forested catchments/ runoff generation/ pollution control/
topmodel/ model/ soil/ quality/ drainage
Abstract: Conservation buffers have the potential to
reduce agricultural nonpoint source pollution and improve
terrestrial wildlife habitat, landscape biodiversity, flood
control, recreation, and aesthetics. Conservation buffers,
streamside areas and riparian wetlands are being used or have been
proposed to control agricultural nonpoint source pollution. This
paper proposes an innovative strategy for placing conservation
buffers based on the variable source area (VSA) hydrology. VSAs are
small, variable but predictable portion of a watershed that
regularly contributes to runoff generation. The VSA-based strategy
involves the following three steps: first, identifying VSAs in
landscapes based on natural characteristics such as hydrology, land
use/cover, topography and soils; second, targeting areas within
VSAs for conservation buffers; third, refining the size and
location of conservation buffers based on other factors such as
weather, environmental objectives, available funding and other best
management practices. Building conservation buffers in VSAs allows
agricultural runoff to more uniformly enter buffers and stay there
longer, which increases the buffer's capacity to remove sediments
and nutrients. A field-scale example is presented to demonstrate
the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the within-VSA
conservation buffer scenario relative to a typical edge-of-field
buffer scenario. The results enhance the understanding of
hydrological processes and interactions between agricultural lands
and conservation buffers in agricultural landscapes, and provide
practical guidance for land resource managers and conservationists
who use conservation buffers to improve water quality and amenity
values of agricultural landscape.
© Thomson ISI
1730. Waste management and utilization in food
production and processing.
Boersma, L. L. and Murarka, I.
P.
Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology; Task force report no. 124, 1995. 125
p.
ISBN: 1887383026
Descriptors:
waste management/ crop production/
livestock production/ fertilizer application/ crop residues/
recycling/ food processing
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1731. Waste management for hog farms:
Review.
Svoboda IF and Jones A
Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 12 (2):
295-304; 32 ref. (1999)
NAL Call #:
SF55.A78A7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1732. Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and
current issues.
Richardson, S. D.
Analytical Chemistry
(Washington) 75 (12):
2831-2857. (2003);
ISSN: 0003-2700
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1733. Water and nutrient management for
greenhouses.
Cornell Controlled Environment
Agriculture Working Group.; Sailus, Martin.; and Weiler, Thomas
C.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Northeast Regional
Agricultural Engineering Service; 102 p.: ill.; Series: NRAES 56.
(1996)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
100-102).
NAL Call #: S675.C67--1996
Descriptors:
Greenhouse
plants---Irrigation
Abstract: Preparing stock solutions for
proportioners; selecting substrate; interpreting leaf, substrate,
and water test results; and estimating crop nutrient needs are
necessary skills for managing a greenhouse for zero runoff. This
publication will help greenhouse managers learn these skills. The
book begins with discussions on general crop needs, balancing
nutrient applications with crop demand, and the units used in
measuring fertilizer quantities. Subsequent chapters go into more
detail about specific components of the root zone: water,
fertilizer, substrate, temperature, and the biotic environment. How
to use a fertilizer proportioner and the features of a
well-designed water and nutrient delivery system are discussed as
well.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
1734. Water Conservation, Competition and Quality
in Western Irrigated Agriculture: An Overview of the W-190 Regional
Research Project, 1994-99.
Gopalakrishnan, C.
International Journal of
Water Resources Development 16 (2): 177-185. (2000)
NAL Call #:
TD201.I56;
ISSN: 0790-0627.
Notes: Special issue: Water and agriculture in the
American West; DOI: 10.1080/07900620050003099
Descriptors:
Water Conservation/ Irrigation
Water/ Agriculture/ Water Supply/ Water Demand/ Water Allocation/
Research Priorities/ Water Resources Management/ United States/
Water supplies/ Water demand/ Water management/ Conservation in
agricultural use/ Underground Services and Water Use
Abstract: Irrigated agriculture in the American West
has experienced a variety of problems in respect of the supply,
demand, allocation and management of water. In an effort to address
some of these issues, a regional research project (W-190) entitled
`Water Conservation, Competition and Quality in Western Irrigated
Agriculture' was set up in 1994, initially for a five-year period.
The papers published in this special issue of IJWRD are the upshot
of research conducted to meet the three specific objectives of this
project. This paper presents an overview and assessment of research
carried out under this project, by objective and by state, during
its first five-year period.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1735. The Water Hyacinth: An Environmental Friend
or Pest? A Review.
Mehra, A.; Farago, M. E.; Banerjee,
D. K.; and Cordes, K. B.
Resource and Environmental
Biotechnology 4: 255-281.
(1999);
ISSN: 1358-2283
Descriptors:
Water Hyacinth/ Survival/ Stress/
Water Temperature/ Organic Compounds/ Industrial Wastewater/
Wastewater Treatment/ Reviews/ Planting Management/ Literature
reviews/ Freshwater weeds/ Ecosystem management/ Bioaccumulation/
Plant control/ Water pollution treatment/ Biotechnology/ Aquatic
plants/ Phytoremediation/ Animal feeds/ Fertilizers/ Biogas/
Evapotranspiration/ Freshwater pollution/ Pest control/ Eichhornia
crassipes/ Hydrilla verticillata/ Wastewater treatment processes/
Mechanical and natural changes/ Environmental action/ Control of
water on the surface
Abstract: The water hyacinth, a potential
environmental resource and also a persistent pest, is reviewed in
terms of both its usefulness to clean wastewaters and its
detrimental effects on water bodies which need proper management
and control. Although there is considerable literature on the
bioaccumulation capacity of the plant and its potential for metal
removal from wastewaters, its use for the removal of organic
contaminants from industrial wastewaters has not received much
attention. The ability of the water hyacinth to survive under
stress and wide ranging temperature, pH and saline conditions
enhances its ability for treating wastewaters. Moreover, the plant
can be utilized for animal feed, biofertilizer production, biogas
production, paper manufacture and also for integrated rural
development. The detrimental effects of the water hyacinth are
strongly linked with its capacity to multiply and spread very
rapidly as a weed and thus cause problems for navigation in
waterways, increase flooding, block water intakes to hydropower
plants and irrigation channels, decrease the amount of fresh water
in water bodies by evapotranspiration, damage fish habitats and
reduce fishing opportunities, and increase sedimentation of lakes
and reservoirs. The plant needs to be properly managed by means of
physical, biological and chemical control methods to prevent
further serious problems.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1736. Water in food production and processing:
Quantity and quality concerns.
Kirby, R. M.; Bartram, J.; and
Carr, R.
Food Control 14 (5): 283-299. (2003);
ISSN: 0956-7135
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1737. Water in pig nutrition: Physiology,
allowances and environmental implications.
Mroz, Z.; Jongbloed, A. W.; Lenis,
N. P.; and Vreman, K.
Nutrition Research
Reviews 8: 137-164.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
QP141.A1N87;
ISSN: 0954-4224 [NREREX]
Descriptors:
pigs/ nutritional state/ body water/
water metabolism/ drinking water/ water intake/ water excretion /
urine/ feces/ animal physiology/ environmental factors/ diet/ body
weight/ nutrient requirements/ circadian rhythm/ piglets/ growth
period/ sow pregnancy/ sow lactation/ blood/ manures/ sodium
chloride/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1738. Water in the West: The challenge for the
next century: Report of the Western Water Policy Review Advisory
Commission.
United States. Western Water Policy
Review Advisory Commission.
Denver, Colo.: Western Water Policy
Review Advisory Commission; 1 v. (various pagings): ill., maps
(some col.). (1998)
Notes: Final report; "June 1998." Shipping list no.:
99-0021-P. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: HD1695.A17-U54-1998
Descriptors:
Water resources
development---Government policy---West U.S./ Water---Law and
legislation---West U.S./ Water supply---Government policy---West
U.S./ Watershed management---Government policy---West U.S./ Water
rights---West U.S.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1739. Water management strategies for salinity
control.
Van Schilfgaarde, J.
Tasks for Vegetation
Science (28): 371-377.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QK1.T37;
ISSN: 0167-9406.
Notes: In the series analytic: Towards the rational use
of high salinity tolerant plants. 2. Agriculture and forestry under
marginal soil water conditions / edited by H. Lieth and A.A. Al
Masoom. Proceedings of the 1st ASWAS Conference held December 8-15,
1990, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Literature review. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
crop production/ irrigation/
irrigation water/ saline water/ brackish water/ salinity/ water
management/ arid regions/ literature reviews/ irrigated
farming
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1740. Water Quality and Agriculture: Status,
Conditions, and Trends.
Sutton, J. D. and U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
U. S. Department of Agriculture
[Also available as: Working Paper #16], 1997
(application/pdf)
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/WP16.pdf
Descriptors:
water quality/ water quality
analysis/ water quality criteria/ soil quality/ soil erosion/
agrochemicals/ nutrient management/ nonpoint source
pollution/
environmental monitoring/
agricultural policy/ governmental programs
and projects
Abstract: National opinion surveys reflect the
public's concern that sediment from agricultural land, pesticides,
and fertilizers from animal wastes and chemical applications may be
contributing to surface and ground water pollution. This
publication documents the national and regional status of and
trends in water quality from the early 1980s to the early 1990s
relative to these agricultural substances. It sets the stage for
subsequent analysis of projected resource conditions under
alternative social, economic, and environmental
policies.
1741. Water quality and poultry
production.
King, A. J.
Poultry Science 75 (7): 852-853. (1996);
ISSN: 0032-5791
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1742. Water-quality assessment of part of the
upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Review of
selected literature.
Andrews, William J. and
Geological Survey (U.S.).
Mounds View, Minn.: U.S. Dept. of
the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey; vi, 21 p.: col. maps; Series:
Water-resources investigations report 96-4149. (1996)
Notes: "Contribution from the National Water-Quality
Assessment Program." "National Water-Quality Assessment study
unit"--Cover. Shipping list no.: 97-0017-P. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 10-21). SUDOCS: I
19.42/4:96-4149.
NAL Call #: GB701.W375--no.96-4149
Descriptors:
Water quality---Mississippi
River---Watershed/ Water quality management---Mississippi
River---Watershed/ Groundwater---Mississippi
River---Watershed---Quality
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1743. Water quality effect of rangeland beef
cattle excrement.
Nader, G.; Tate, K. W.; Atwill, R.;
and Bushnell, J.
Rangelands 20 (5): 19-25. (1998)
NAL Call #:
SF85.A1R32;
ISSN: 0190-0528
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1744. Water quality for irrigation and human
consumption: A literature review and results from a case study in
Eritrea: A minor field study.
Fox, Patrick.
Uppsala: Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre; 80,
12, 5 p.: ill., maps; Series: Working paper (Sveriges
lantbruksuniversitet. International Rural Development Centre) 252.
(1994)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
77-79).
NAL Call #: HD1401.W675--no.252
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1745. Water quality functions of riparian forest
buffer systems in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: A report of the
Nutrient Subcommittee of the Chesapeake Bay Program.
Lowrance, R.; Altier, L. S.;
Newbold, J. D.; Schnabel, R. R.; Groffman, P. M.; Denver, J. M.;
Correll, D. L.; Gilliam, J. W.; Robinson, J. L.; Brinsfield, R. B.;
Staver, K. W.; Lucas, W.; and Todd, A. H.
Annapolis, MD: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency for the Chesapeake Bay Program EPA 903-R-95-004;
67 p. (1995)
NAL Call #: TD225.C43W383 1995
http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/claritgw?op-Display&document=clserv:Other:0836;&rank=4&template=epa
Descriptors:
Water quality
management---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va/ Riparian
forests---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va/ Chesapeake Bay
Watershed/ Nonpoint source pollution---Chesapeake Bay
Watershed---Md and Va
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1746. Water quality impacts of forest
fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus.
Binkley, Dan; Burnham, Heather; and
Allen, H Lee
Forest Ecology and
Management 121 (3): 191-213.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors:
nitrate: pollutant/ nitrogen:
fertilizer/ phosphorus: fertilizer/ streamwater quality
Abstract: The drinking-water quality of streamwater
in forests is typically very good, exceeding the quality of water
in areas with other types of land use. Streams draining
agricultural lands in the United States average about nine times
greater concentrations of nitrate and phosphate than streams
draining forested areas. Forest fertilization commonly increases
nutrient concentrations in streamwater, and large increases could
lead to unacceptable degradation of water quality. This review
summarizes information from studies of forest fertilization around
the world, and evaluates the responses of streamwater chemistry. In
general, peak concentrations of nitrate-N in streamwater increase
after forest fertilization, with a few studies reporting
concentrations as high as 10-25 (mg N)/l as nitrate. Increases in
average concentrations of nitrate are much lower than the peak
values, and the highest annual average nitrate-N concentration ever
reported was 4 (mg N)/l. Relatively high concentrations of
streamwater nitrate-N tend to occur with repeated fertilization,
use of ammonium nitrate (rather than urea), and fertilization of
N-saturated hardwood forests. Ammonium-N concentrations may also
show large peaks following fertilization (up to 15 (mg N)/l), but
annual averages remain <0.5 (mg N)/l. Fertilization with
phosphate can lead to increased peak concentrations of >1 (mg
P)/l, but annual averages remain <0.25 (mg P)/l. No evidence has
been reported of detectable effects of forest fertilization on the
composition or productivity of stream communities, but more
detailed studies may be warranted (especially in relation to P
fertilization). Major limitations in current knowledge include the
effects of repeated fertilization in short-rotation plantations,
fertilization of large landscapes rather than small stands, and the
effects of fertilization on streamwater chemistry in tropical
plantations.
© Thomson
1747. Water reclamation and reuse.
Smith, R. G.
Water Environment
Research 65 (4): 371-374.
(June 1993)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303.
Notes: Literature review. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
water pollution/ water purification/
waste water treatment/ water reuse/ irrigation water/ United
States/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1748. Water reclamation and reuse.
Smith, R. G. and Walker, M.
R.
Water Environment
Research 66 (4): 378-383.
(June 1994)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
water/ reclamation/ water reuse/
planning/ management/ irrigation water/ drainage water/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1749. Water reclamation and reuse.
Smith, R. G.
Water Environment
Research 67 (4): 488-495.
(June 1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
water reuse/ groundwater recharge/
water resources/ waste water/ irrigation/ irrigation water/
literature reviews/ water recycling
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1750. Water reclamation and reuse.
Van Riper, C. and Geselbracht,
J.
Water Environment
Research 68 (4): 516-520.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
water reuse/ water purification/
reclamation/ irrigation water/ waste water/ literature reviews/
reclaimed water
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1751. Water reclamation and reuse.
Van Riper, C. and Geselbracht,
J.
Water Environment
Research 70 (4): 586-590.
(June 1998)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:
water purification/ water reuse/
waste water/ waste water treatment/ groundwater recharge/
literature reviews/ irrigation water
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1752. Water relations of riparian plants from
warm desert regions.
Smith, S. D.; Devitt, D. A.; Sala,
A.; Cleverly, J. R.; and Busch, D. E.
Wetlands 18 (4): 687-696. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47;
ISSN: 0277-5212
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1753. Water Repellency in Soils: A Historical
Overview.
Debano, L. F.
Journal of Hydrology
231-232 (1-4): 4-32.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
292.8 J82;
ISSN: 0022-1694.
Notes: Special issue: Water repellency in
soils
Descriptors:
Water Repellent Soils/ Soil
Absorption Capacity/ Soil Properties/ Soil Types/ Water Harvesting
/ Productivity/ Ecosystems/ Water in soils
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to document
some of the more important highlights of the research and
historical aspects concerning soil water-repellency. This effort
traces the evolution of interests and concerns in water repellency
from basic studies in the nineteenth century to the earlier part of
the 20th century and up to our current-day understanding of this
subject. The interactions among different scientific disciplines,
various manager-scientists efforts, and specific scientific and
management concerns are presented chronologically. This growing
interest in water repellency generated an earlier conference in
1968 which was devoted exclusively to water repellency and has
since initiated productive discussions and debate on water
repellency during several peripherally related national and
international conferences. The 1968 conference held in Riverside,
California (USA), mainly involved scientists from the United States
and Australia. Since this early conference, a large body of
information has been published in a wide range of scientific
disciplines throughout the world. This worldwide attention has
produced many recent research findings, which have improved the
understanding of water-repellent soils, particularly of the
dynamics of the water movement and redistribution in these unique
systems. Intermingled with the effort in water repellency is a
related, although somewhat separate, body of information dealing
with soil aggregation and water harvesting, which are important for
improving the productivity of fragile and ecosystems. A summary is
presented of the literature on water repellency, showing changes in
subject areas and national interests over time.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1754. Water resource investments in irrigated
agriculture: A conservation basebook.
Pavelis, George A.; Anwer, Muhammad
Sarfraz.; Colorado State University. Dept. of Sociology. Water
Laboratory; United States. Bureau of Reclamation; and United
States. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Resource Economics
and Social Sciences Division.
Fort Collins, Colo.: Dept. of
Sociology Water Laboratory, Colorado State University; viii, 138
p.: col. ill., col. maps. (2002)
Notes: Interim report: Management practice study III:
Social and economic sustainability of irrigated family farms in the
West.; Research in collaboration with the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation, with support from the Resource Economics and Social
Science Division of the Natural Resources Conservation Service,
USDA. "December 2002." Includes bibliographical references (p.
106-107).
NAL Call #: TD388-.P38-2002
Descriptors:
Water conservation---West---United
States/ Irrigated farming---Economic aspects---West---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1755. Water-sediment controversy in setting
environmental standards for selenium.
Hamilton, Steven J and Lemly, A
Dennis
Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety 44 (3):
227-235. (1999)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E29;
ISSN: 0147-6513
Descriptors:
selenium: environmental standards,
national water quality criterion, pollutant/ environmental
contamination
Abstract: A substantial amount of laboratory and
field research on selenium effects to biota has been accomplished
since the national water quality criterion was published for
selenium in 1987. Many articles have documented adverse effects on
biota at concentrations below the current chronic criterion of 5
mug/L. This commentary will present information to support a
national water quality criterion for selenium of 2 mug/L, based on
a wide array of support from federal, state, university, and
international sources. Recently, two articles have argued for a
sediment-based criterion and presented a model for deriving
site-specific criteria. In one example, they calculate a criterion
of 31 mug/L for a stream with a low sediment selenium toxicity
threshold and low site-specific sediment total organic carbon
content, which is substantially higher than the national criterion
of 5 mug/L. Their basic premise for proposing a sediment-based
method has been critically reviewed and problems in their approach
are discussed.
© Thomson
1756. Water-use efficiency on irrigation systems:
A review of research carried out under DFID's engineering research
programme.
Brown, D.
Agricultural Water
Management 40 (1): 139-147.
(Mar. 1999)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3;
ISSN: 0378-3774 [AWMADF].
Notes: Annex 1; Special issue: More from less:
Improving irrigation water-use efficiency / edited by W. Stephens,
T. Hess, R.C. Carter and P. Howsam. Includes references.
Descriptors:
water management/ water use
efficiency/ irrigation systems/ research support/ research
projects/ UK/ department for international development
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1757. Waterborne pathogens in agricultural
watersheds.
Rosen, B. H. and Croft,
R.
Ithaca, NY: Natural Resource,
Agriculture, and Engineering Service; 62 p. (2001); ISBN: 0935817689
Descriptors:
pathogens/ agricultural watersheds/
monitoring/ Cryptosporidium parvum/ Giardia/ Escherichia coli
O157:H7/ Campylobacter/ algal blooms / disease control
Abstract: This publication introduces
waterborne pathogens, the disease-causing organisms that
contaminate water. Key organisms of concern are described in
detail, including Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Cryptosporidium parvum,
and Giardia species. Indicator bacteria that are normally monitored
for water quality are described as well. Waterborne Pathogens in
Agricultural Watersheds represents a proactive approach for
reducing overall pathogen loading within a watershed. The viability
of organisms in an agricultural setting is discussed, along with
relevant management practices for controlling waterborne pathogens
at their source. Harmful algal blooms are also addressed, although
these organisms do not fall neatly into the category of pathogen.
While foodborne pathogens are not specifically described in this
publication, the pathogens that are described may contaminate both
food and water.
© Natural Resource, Agriculture and
Engineering Service (NRAES)
1758. Watershed abatement costs for agricultural
phosphorus.
Johansson, R. C. and Randall,
J.
Water Resources
Research 39 (4):
NIL_9-NIL_16. (2003)
NAL Call #:
292.8 W295;
ISSN: 0043-1397
Descriptors:
Environment/ Ecology/ Civil
Engineering/ nonpoint source pollution/ phosphorus/ abatement cost/
pollution abatement/ management/ index/ scale
Abstract: [1] Agricultural, nonpoint pollution has
increasingly become the focus of state and federal water quality
mitigation efforts. However, this pollution is spatially dispersed
and temporally uncertain, making regulatory efforts aimed at its
abatement difficult. For these reasons, policymakers have
concentrated on reducing the potential of agricultural, nonpoint
sources to emit pollutants. Because the majority of the nonpoint
pollution originates from a minority of U. S. cropland, these
efforts have often been targeted using indices, such as the
phosphorus index. This paper develops the concept of a phosphorus
index to explicitly include heterogeneous productivity, which is
necessary to efficiently target nonpoint pollution efforts. Such
targeting can improve cost effectiveness and increase the scope of
voluntary conservation programs designed to mitigate agricultural
phosphorus pollution.
© Thomson ISI
1759. Watershed-based management strategies for
the prevention and abatement of polluted agricultural
runoff.
Frarey, L. C. and Jones, H.
H.
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 41 (2): 109-124.
(June 1996)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5;
ISSN: 0167-6369 [EMASDH].
Notes: Special issue: Environmental quality in
watersheds / edited by V.G.G. Mennella and L.C. Frarey. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
livestock farming/ livestock
feeding/ runoff/ water pollution/ pollution control/ watersheds/
watershed management/ agricultural land/ environmental impact/
environmental legislation/ federal government/ state government/
Texas/ Arkansas/ United States/ point source pollution/
concentrated animal feeding operations/ Clean Water Act of 1972/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/ Texas Institute for
Applied Environmental Research
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1760. Watershed effects of biosolids land
application: Literature review.
Draeger, Kathryn J.
Alexandria, VA: Water Environment
Research Foundation; 1 v. (various pagings): ill., maps.
(1999)
Notes: "Project 96-REM-2." "Final report"--Cover.
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: TD774-.W38-1999; ISBN: 1893664007
Descriptors:
Land treatment of wastewater/ Sewage
sludge as fertilizer/ Sewage disposal in the ground / Watershed
management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1761. Watershed level risk assessment of nitrogen
and phosphorus export.
Wickham, James D and Wade, Timothy
G
Computers and Electronics in
Agriculture 37 (1-3): 15-24.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.D3C652;
ISSN: 0168-1699
Descriptors:
nitrogen: environmental impact,
export, nutrient, pollutant, water pollutant/ phosphorus:
environmental impact, export, nutrient, pollutant, water pollutant/
land mass cover
Abstract: Land cover composition across a watershed
is a principal factor in controlling the amount of nitrogen and
phosphorus exported from a watershed. A well developed literature
of nutrient export coefficients by land-cover class was used to
model the risk of equaling or exceeding specified levels of
nutrient export. The model was applied to about 1000 comparatively
small watersheds mapped for the state of Maryland for environmental
analysis and planning. Risk estimates generally increased from west
to east, but numerous areas of high variability were evident. Risk
of exceeding specified levels of nitrogen and phosphorus export
were nonlinearly related to the amount of forest in the watershed.
Risk increased more dramatically for phosphorus and nitrogen when
forest dropped below between 90 and 95%, respectively. Bifurcations
in this nonlinear relationship were the result of the relative
abundance of agriculture and urban land in the watershed. The
nonlinear relationship between percentage forest and risk increased
more dramatically for phosphorus and less dramatically for nitrogen
when urban was relatively more abundant than agriculture.
Regional-scale variation in risk is discussed in terms of its
relevance to environmental management.
© Thomson
1762. Watershed management contributions to land
stewardship: A literature review.
Baker, Malchus B. and Rocky
Mountain Research Station
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station;
Series: General technical report RMRS GTR-71-WWW. (2000)
Notes: Title from title screen. "December 2000."
Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aSD144.A14-G46-no.-71
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr71.pdf
Descriptors:
Watershed
management---Bibliography
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1763. Watershed management for potable water
supply: Assessing the New York City strategy.
National Research Council (U.S.).
Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Management
Strategy.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press; xiii, 549 p.: ill. (2000)
NAL Call #: TD225.N5-W38-2000; ISBN: 0309067774
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309067774/html/
Descriptors:
Water quality management---New York,
NY/ Watershed management---New York, NY/ Drinking water---New York,
NY/ Water supply---New York, NY/ Phosphorus---Environmental
aspects---New York NY
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1764. Watershed-scale hydrologic and
nonpoint-source pollution models: Review of mathematical
bases.
Borah, D. K. and Bera,
M.
Transactions of the
ASAE 46 (6): 1553-1566.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
290.9 Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351.
Notes: Number of References: 87
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ agriculture/
agrochemical/ hydrology/ modeling/ nonpoint source pollution /
sediment/ water quality/ watershed/ sediment/ runoff/ transport/
Illinois/ nitrate/ system/ AGNPS model/ flood/ SHE model/ ANSWERS
model/ CASC2D model/ DWSM (model)/ KINEROS model/ PRMS
model
Abstract: A clear understanding of a model is
important for its appropriate use. In this article, eleven
watershed scale hydrologic and nonpoint-source pollution models are
reviewed: AGNPS, AnnAGNPS, ANSWERS, ANSWERS-Continuous, CASC2D,
DWSM, HSPF KINEROS, MIKE SHE, PRMS, and SWAT AnnAGNPS, ANSWERS-
Continuous, HSPF, and SWAT are continuous simulation models useful
for analyzing long-term effects of hydrological changes and
watershed management practices, especially agricultural practices.
AGNPS, ANSWERS, DWSM, and KINEROS are single rainfall event models
useful for anal wing severe actual or design single-event storms
and evaluating watershed management practices, especially
structural practices. CASC2D, MIKE SHE, and PRMS have both
long-term and single-event simulation capabilities. Mathematical
bases, the most important and critical elements of these
mathematical models, were identified and compiled. In this article,
a comprehensive summary of the compilation is presented in tabular
form. The flow-governing equations and their solution methods used
in each of the eleven models are discussed. The compilation of the
mathematical bases of these models would be useful to determine the
problems, situations, or conditions for which the models are most
suitable, the accuracies and uncertainties expected, their full
potential uses and limitations, and directions for their
enhancements or new developments. AGNPS, AnnAGNPS, DWSM, HSPF MIKE
SHE, and SWAT were found to have all the three major components
(hydrology, sediment, and chemical) applicable to watershed-scale
catchments. SWAT is a promising model for continuous simulations in
predominantly agricultural watersheds, and HSPF is promising for
mixed agricultural and urban watersheds. Among the single-event
models, DWSM provides a balance between the simple but approximate
and the computationally intensive models and, therefore, is a
promising storm event model for agricultural watersheds.
© Thomson ISI
1765. Watershed systems (PL-534): Hydraulic
research of the past, present, and future.
Hanson GJ and Temple DM.
In: ASAE Annual International
Meeting. (Held 12 Jul
1998-16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE); 10 p.; 1998.
Notes: ASAE Paper no. 982015
NAL Call #: S671.3 .A54
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1766. Weathering and erosion aspects of small
catchment research.
Bricker, O. P.; Paces, T.; Johnson,
C. E.; and Sverdrup, H.
In: Biogeochemistry of small
catchments: A tool for environmental research/ Moldan, B. and
Cerny, J.
Chichester, UK: John Wiley &
Sons, 1994; pp. 85-105.
ISBN: 0-471-93723-1
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1767. Weed management in conservation crop
production systems.
Locke, M. A.; Reddy, K. N.; and
Zablotowicz, R. M.
Weed Biology and
Management 2 (3): 123-132.
(2002);
ISSN: 1444-6162
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1768. Weed management in conservation tillage
systems for wheat production in North and South America.
Moyer, J R; Roman, E S; Lindwall, C
W; and Blackshaw, R E
Crop Protection 13 (4): 243-259. (1994)
NAL Call #:
SB599.C8;
ISSN: 0261-2194
Descriptors:
triticum aestivum/ conservation
tillage/ no-tillage/ minimum tillage/ weeds/ weed control/
herbicides/ chemical control/ cover crops/ continuous cropping/
double cropping/ literature reviews/ North America/ South America/
Angiospermae (Angiospermae)/ Triticum spp. (Gramineae)/
angiosperms/ monocots/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/
glyphosate/ annuals/ cropping sequences/ erosion control/
herbicides/ perennials
Abstract: Soil erosion by wind or water is a serious
problem in North and South America. When no-till or reduced tillage
is used to control erosion, the density of certain annual and
perennial weeds can increase and new weed control techniques are
usually required, The effects of conservation tillage on annual and
perennial weeds, weeds that are spread by wind, plants from
rangelands and pasture as weeds and volunteer plants as weeds are
reviewed. Current weed control methods with minimum tillage,
herbicides, cover crops and other cultural practices in
conservation tillage systems in North and South America are
described. Some producers are successfully controlling weeds in
continuous summer cropping systems in North America and in double
cropping systems that include wheat in the winter and soybean or
corn in the summer in Brazil, Argentina and southeastern United
States. Successful conservation tillage systems usually involve
cropping sequences of three or more crop types and several
herbicides. In these cropping sequences, the ground is covered with
a crop during most of the period in which the climate is favorable
for weed growth. Perennial weeds are a problem in all tillage
systems and there is a general dependence on glyphosate for
perennial weed control. In successful conservation tillage systems,
the amount and cost of herbicides used is similar to that for
herbicides used in conventional tillage systems.
© Thomson
1769. Weed management practices in natural
ecosystems: A critical overview.
Reinhardt, C. F.
Koedoe 1: 67-74. (2000);
ISSN: 0075-6458
Descriptors:
Control programs/ Weeds/ Herbicides/
Biological control/ Methodology/ Management
Abstract: Increasing public pressure against the use
of pesticides and other agricultural inputs has placed increased
emphasis on the development of ecologically based pest management.
One distinct reaction of the Weed Science discipline has been the
swing away from herbicide research to increased research on the
basic biology and ecology of weeds in hopes of reduced reliance on
"technological crutches" such as herbicides and other practices
that are potentially harmful to the environment. Biological control
is the long-standing alternative to the use of herbicides and
interest in the former practice has been boosted by the realization
that the use of herbicides may lead to the development of herbicide
resistance in weed populations, and that herbicide residues occur
in surface and groundwater. Supporters of herbicide use would point
out that biological control is generally not effective in crop
production systems, and is basically slow-acting. Debates between
protagonists for the exclusive use of one or the other weed
management practice tend to obscure the benefits that integration
of different techniques are likely to have. For natural ecosystems
it is proposed that integration of the more subtle practice of
biological control with the use of herbicides, which relatively
quickly overwhelm a biological system with mortality, is likely to
be the most effective weed management tool. Different weed
management practices that could be considered in natural ecosystems
are discussed in terms of three key performance rating criteria,
viz. activity, selectivity and persistence In this concise review,
general discussion is focussed on the fundamentals of weed
management practices, with the view to promote concept-based
approaches that are critical for the development of effective weed
management strategies.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1770. Weed prevention: Priority research for
alternative weed management.
Jordan, N.
Journal of Production
Agriculture 9 (4): 485-489.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68;
ISSN: 0890-8524
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1771. Weed thresholds: Theory and
applicability.
Swanton, C. J.; Weaver, S.; Cowan,
P.; Acker, R. van.; Deen, W.; and Shreshta, A.
Journal of Crop
Production 2 (1): 9-29.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Expanding the context of weed
management / edited by Douglas D. Buhler. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
weeds/ weed control/ integrated pest
management/ tolerance/ genotype mixtures/ crop weed competition/
growth models/ cropping systems/ guidelines/ plant density/ crop
yield/ yield losses/ literature reviews/ integrated weed
management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1772. Weighing the health risks of airborne
particulates.
Reichhardt, Tony
Environmental Science and
Technology 29 (8): 360A.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5;
ISSN: 0013-936X
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ animals/
chordates/ humans/ mammals/ primates/ vertebrates/ air quality
standards/ epidemiology/ morbidity/ mortality
© Thomson
1773. Welcome to reality: An overview of a
low-input sustainable agriculture (LISA) project in small
fruit.
Goulart, B. L.
HortTechnology 6 (4): 354-359. (Oct. 1996-Dec.
1996)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68;
ISSN: 1063-0198
Descriptors:
small fruits/ fragaria/ rubus/ low
input agriculture/ farm inputs/ crop production/ sustainability/
integrated pest management/ research projects/ agricultural
research/ extension education/ sustainable
agriculture research
and education
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1774. The WEPP watershed model: Hydrology and
erosion.
Ascough, J. C. II.; Baffaut, C.;
Nearing, M. A.; and Liu, B. Y.
Transactions of the
ASAE 40 (4): 921-933. (July
1997-Aug. 1997)
NAL Call #:
290.9-Am32T;
ISSN: 0001-2351 [TAAEAJ].
Notes: Subtitle: [Part] I.
Descriptors:
water erosion/ watersheds/ catchment
hydrology/ transport processes/ mathematical models/ prediction/
accuracy/ water erosion prediction project/ scale models
Abstract: The Water Erosion Prediction Project
(WEPP) watershed scale model is a continuous simulation tool that
extends the capability of the WEPP hillslope model to provide
erosion prediction technology for small cropland and rangeland
watersheds. The model is based on fundamentals of erosion theory,
soil and plant science, channel flow hydraulics, and
rainfall-runoff relationships, and contains hillslopes, channels,
and impoundments as the primary components. The hillslope and
channel components can be further divided into hydrology and
erosion components. Channel infiltration is calculated by a
Green-Ampt Mein-Larson infiltration equation. A continuous channel
water balance is maintained, including calculation of
evapotranspiration, soil water percolation, canopy rainfall
interception, and surface depressional storage. The channel peak
runoff rate is calculated using either a modified Rational equation
or the equation used in the CREAMS model. Flow depth and hydraulic
shear stress along the channel are computed by regression equations
based on a numerical solution of the steady state spatially varied
flow equations. Detachment, transport, and deposition within
constructed channels or concentrated flow gullies are calculated by
a steady state solution to the sediment continuity equation. The
impoundment component routes runoff and sediment through several
types of impoundment structures, including farm ponds, culverts,
filter fences, and check dams. The purpose of this article is to
provide an overview of the model conceptual framework and
structure. In addition, detailed mathematical representations of
the processes simulated by the channel hydrology and erosion
components are presented. The processes simulated by the
impoundment component are not described in this article, but it
does include impoundment effects on watershed model channel peak
discharge and time of concentration calculations.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1775. WEPS and WEPP science commonality
project.
Fox, F. A.; Flanagan, D. C.;
Wagner, L. E.; and Deer-Ascough, L.
In: Soil erosion research for the
21st century. Proceedings of the International Symposium.
(Held 3 Jan 2001-5 Jan 2001 at
Honolulu, Hawaii.) Ascough, J. C. and Flanagan, D. C. (eds.); pp.
376-379; 2001. ISBN: 1-892769-16-6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1776. Wetland and environmental applications of
GIS.
Lyon, J. G. and McCarthy,
Jack
Boca Raton: CRC Press; 373 p., 8 p.
of plates: ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); Series: Mapping
sciences series. (1995)
NAL Call #: GB622.W47--1995; ISBN: 0873718976 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetlands---Remote sensing/
Geographic information systems
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1777. Wetland birds: Habitat resources and
conservation implications.
Weller, Milton Webster.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press; xv, 271 p., [26] p. of plates: ill., map. (1999)
Notes: Contents note: Introduction -- Wetlands: what,
where, and why -- Major groups of birds that use wetlands -- Water
and other resource influences -- Foods, feeding tactics,
strategies, and guilds -- Bird mobility and wetland predictability
-- Other behavioral and physical influences on wetland living --
Spatial and structural patterns -- Habitat dynamics: water, plant
succession, and time -- Population consequences of wetland
abundance and quality -- How birds influence wetlands --
Conservation implications -- Measures of bird habitat use and
quality -- Current status and some conservation problems --
Conservation and management strategies -- Outlook.
NAL Call #: QL698.95-.W45-1999; ISBN: 0521633265 (hb);
0521633621 (pb)
Descriptors:
Water birds---Ecology/ Wetland
animals---Ecology / Birds, Protection of
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1778. Wetland ecology: Principles and
conservation.
Keddy, Paul A.
Cambridge, UK; New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press; xiv, 614 p.: ill., maps; Series:
Cambridge studies in ecology. (2000)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
[543]-593).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3-K44-2000; ISBN: 0521780012 (hb);
0521783674 (pb)
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology/ Wetland
conservation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1779. Wetland indicators: A guide to wetland
identification, delineation, classification, and
mapping.
Tiner, Ralph W.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers;
392 p., 8 p. of plates: ill. (some col.), maps. (1999)
NAL Call #: GB624.T564-1999; ISBN: 0873718925 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/ Wetland
ecology---United States/ Plant indicators---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1780. Wetland landscape
characterization.
Lyon, J. G.
Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press;
vii,
135 p.: ill. (2001)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-129)
and index.
NAL Call #: QH87.3-.L96-2001; ISBN: 1575041219
Descriptors:
Wetlands---Remote sensing/
Geographic information systems/ Ecological mapping/ Wetland
ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1781. Wetland management and conservation of rare
species.
Doust, Lesley Lovett and Doust, Jon
Lovett
Canadian Journal of
Botany 73 (7): 1019-1028.
(1995);
ISSN: 0008-4026
Descriptors:
Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/
plants/ ethics/ genetics/ habitat protection/ habitat quality/
legislation
Abstract: The value of wetland is now widely
recognized; some legislation requires 'no net loss' of wetlands,
although economic incentives still exist for wetland conversion.
Rare plants may be protected by law; however, wetlands are rarely
managed specifically to converse rare species. Furthermore, it is
not always clear how the environment should be manipulated to
increase the abundance of such species, since necessary
autecological details are rarely available. Species conservation
involves demographic and genetic elements, as well as ethical
decisions about the merits of transplanting or importing genes
through controlled pollinations. Rare species may serve as
indicators of habitat quality, although this will depend on the
reasons behind the species' rarity. There is a need for
multiple-use management plans that incorporate species- and
habitat-conservation goals and that implement overall strategies to
maintain or enhance the total quantity and quality of
wetlands.
© Thomson
1782. Wetland Mercury Research: A Review With
Case Studies.
Rood, B. E.
Current Topics in Wetland
Biogeochemistry 2: 73-108.
(1996);
ISSN: 1076-4674
Descriptors:
United States, Florida, Everglades/
wetlands/ mercury/ case studies/ contamination/ literature review/
literature reviews/ biogeochemical cycle/ pollution effects/
biogeochemistry/ United States, Florida, Everglades/ case reports/
Sources and fate of pollution/ Behavior and fate characteristics/
Geochemistry of sediments/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Interestingly, there is a paucity of
information regarding the role that wetlands play in the regional
and global cycles of mercury (Zillioux et al., 1993). Eugene Odum
has said that "a healthy wetland is an indicator of a healthy
watershed" (Oglethorpe Power Corporation, 1990). As such, there is
a compelling need to: 1) evaluate the status of mercury
contamination in a variety of wetland types, both impacted and
unimpacted by regional anthropogenic activities, 2) examine
chemical and biological transformations of mercury under the unique
ambient conditions associated with wetlands, and 3) reconstruct
trends of mercury accumulation in wetlands preserved in the
sediment record. The goals of this literature review are to provide
wetland scientists with an overview of current issues and
observations regarding research of environmental mercury
contamination, to identify the critical need for mercury
researchers to incorporate detailed wetland studies into current
research, and to overview current studies of mercury in wetlands
including a case study of mercury paleoecological research in the
Florida Everglades.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1783. Wetland planting guide for the northeastern
United States: Plants for wetland creation, restoration, and
enhancement.
Thunhorst, Gwendolyn A.
St. Michaels, Md.: Environmental
Concern; v, 179 p.: ill. (1993)
NAL Call #: SB475.9.W48T48-1993; ISBN: 1883226023
Descriptors:
Wetland landscape
design---Northeastern States/ Wetland planting---Northeastern
States/ Wetland plants---Northeastern States/ Native plants for
cultivation---Northeastern States/ Natural
landscaping---Northeastern States/ Restoration
ecology---Northeastern States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1784. Wetland plants: Biology and
ecology.
Cronk, J. K. and Fennessy, M.
Siobhan.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers;
462 p.: ill., maps. (2001)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 389-438)
and index; Contents note: Introduction to wetland plants -- Wetland
plant communities -- The physical environment of wetland plants --
Adaptations to growth conditions in wetlands -- Reproduction of
wetland angiosperms -- The primary productivity of wetland plants
-- Community dynamics in wetlands -- Invasive plants in wetlands --
Wetland plants in restored and constructed wetlands -- Wetland
plants as biological indicators.
NAL Call #: QK938.M3-C76-2001; ISBN: 1566703727 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetland plants/ Wetlands/ Wetland
ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1785. Wetland plants: More than just a pretty
face?
Nuttall, C. A.
Land Contamination and
Reclamation 11 (2): 173-180.
(2003);
ISSN: 0967-0513
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1786. Wetland policy issues.
Leitch, J. A.
Ames, Iowa: Council for
Agricultural Science and Technology, 1994. 47 p.
Notes: "February 1994."
Descriptors:
Wetlands---Issues and
policy
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1787. Wetland processes and water quality: A
symposium overview.
Reddy, K. R. and Gale, P.
M.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 23 (5): 875-877.
(Sept. 1994-Oct. 1994)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium, "Wetland
Processes and Water Quality," November 3-4, 1992, Minneapolis, MN.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
wetlands/ water quality/
conferences/ paper summaries
Abstract: Wetlands are ecotones that buffer the
interactions of terrestrial and aquatic systems. Considered
wastelands until relatively recently, their value is currently
being recognized with greater public awareness and development of a
national policy. Wetlands protect aquatic systems from upland
environments through sedimentation and filtration of runoff
providing environments for nutrient assimilation. Likewise,
wetlands can protect uplands from aquatic systems by diverting and
dissipating floodwater volume and energy. Major research needs in
the area of wetland science include: (i) wetland delineation, (ii)
characterization of wetland soils, and (iii) biogeochemical
processes in soil and water column regulating the water quality.
This overview provides a brief introduction to the papers presented
at a symposium entitled "Wetland Processes and Water Quality"
sponsored by Division A-5 of the American Society of Agronomy and
So Divisions within the Soil Science Society of America.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1788. Wetland restoration, flood pulsing, and
disturbance dynamics.
Middleton, Beth.
New York: J. Wiley; xi, 388 p.:
ill., maps. (1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 303-369)
and index.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3M54-1999; ISBN: 047129263X (cloth)
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology/ Restoration
ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1789. Wetland restoration in central Europe: Aims
and methods.
Pfadenhauer, J. and Grootjans,
A.
Applied Vegetation
Science 2 (1): 95-106. (May
1999)
NAL Call #:
QK900-.A66;
ISSN: 1402-2001 [AVSCFC].
Notes: Special issue: From basic to applied ecology --
vegetation science for nature conservation / edited by S. Gusewell,
J. Pfadenhauer, and E. van der Maarel. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
wetlands/ reclamation/ emission/ air
pollutants/ fens/ water/ species diversity/ plant communities/
botanical composition/ spatial variation/ temporal variation/ land
use/ quantitative analysis/ qualitative analysis/ groundwater/
water quality/ literature reviews/ central Europe
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1790. Wetland rice soils as sources and sinks of
methane: A review and prospects for research.
Kumaraswamy, S.; Rath, A. K.;
Ramakrishnan, B.; and
Sethunathan, N.
Biology and Fertility of
Soils 31 (6): 449-461.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH84.8.B46;
ISSN: 0178-2762
Descriptors:
flooded rice/ rice soils/ paddy
soils/ soil bacteria/ anaerobes/ methane production/ methane/
oxidation/ emission/ oryza sativa/ roots/ pollution control/
fertilizers/ pesticides/ nitrification inhibitors/ community
ecology/ biological activity in soil/ literature reviews/
methanotrophy
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1791. Wetland Risk Assessment.
Pascoe, G. A.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12 (12): 2293-2307.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:
wetlands/ contamination/ risk
assessment/ United States/ reviews/ ecosystems/ ecological effects
/ environmental effects/ pollutants/ geochemistry/ risks/
ecological crisis/ ecosystem disturbance/ Wetlands/ Toxicity
testing/ Freshwater pollution/ Environment
Abstract: Wetlands represent unique environments for
assessing ecological risks. Habitats may vary from riverine to
basin type and include such diverse media as surface waters,
sediments, soils, and ground water, with both terrestrial and
aquatic biota. Given the diversity of wetland habitats, a number of
species may be expected to be fairly unique to a particular site.
Wetland ecosystems may be impacted by chemical contamination or by
nonchemical stressors such as temperature or suspended solids. A
key to assessing ecological risks to chemically contaminated
wetlands is determining the degree of contaminant bioavailability
from multiple environmental media. Chemical and physical factors of
the various wetland habitats must be evaluated for their role in
chemical release, transformation, and availability. Approaches to
assessing ecological risks may extend from simple benchmark or
literature comparisons to direct measurement of exposure and
toxicity through laboratory and/or field tests. To increase the
utility of wetland risk assessments, the uncertainty inherent in
the complex habitats and in the chemistry that governs contaminant
bioavailability should be minimized. This can be most readily
accomplished by applying an assessment methodology triad of
ecology, chemistry, and toxicology to characterize ecological
risks. Literature toxicity information and laboratory and field
data are used to evaluate potential threats to individuals or
species in each trophic level of the wetland food web. The
ecological data are integrated with this information to assess
whether the concentrations of contaminants and the observed or
predicted toxicity relate to actual ecological effects. The
ecological relevance of the expected or measured biological
responses is of prime importance in predicting risks to the wetland
ecosystem. Applications of this approach to risk assessments are
presented as case studies of metals-contaminated wetlands at
Milltown Reservoir, Montana, and Kesterson Reservoir,
California.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1792. Wetland soils: Genesis, hydrology,
landscapes, and classification.
Richardson, J. L. and Vepraskas,
Michael J.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers;
417 p., 8 p. of plates: ill. (some col.), maps. (2001)
NAL Call #: S592.17.H93-W48-2001; ISBN: 1566704847 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Hydric soils/ Wetlands
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1793. Wetland soils of the prairie
potholes.
Richardson, J. L.; Arndt, J. L.;
and Freeland, J.
Advances in Agronomy 52:
121-171. (1994)
NAL Call #:
30-Ad9;
ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7]
Descriptors:
wetland soils/ prairie soils/
prairies/ soil properties/ soil sequences/ literature reviews/
Alberta/ Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ north central states of
USA
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1794. Wetlands.
Mitsch, William J. and Gosselink,
James G.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold;
xiii, 722 p.: ill., maps. (1993)
Notes: 2nd ed.; Includes bibliographical references (p.
643-698) and index.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3M59-1993; ISBN: 0442008058
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology---United States/
Wetlands---United States/ Wetland conservation---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1795. Wetlands.
Mitsch, William J. and Gosselink,
James G.
New York: John Wiley; xiii, 920 p.:
ill., maps. (2000)
Notes: 3rd ed.; Includes bibliographical references (p.
785-892) and indexes.
NAL Call #: QH104-.M57-2000; ISBN: 047129232X (cloth: alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology---United States/
Wetlands---United States/ Wetland management---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1796. Wetlands and ground water in the United
States.
Stone, Andrew W. and Stone, Amanda
J. Lindley
Dublin, Ohio: American Ground Water
Trust; Concord, N.H.: Audubon Society of New Hampshire; iv, 100 p.:
ill. (1994)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
79-82).
NAL Call #: GB624.S76--1994;
ISBN: 0964118602
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/
Groundwater---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1797. Wetlands: Characteristics and
boundaries.
National Research Council (U.S.),
Committee on Characterization of Wetlands
Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press; xvii, 307 p.: ill., maps. (1995)
NAL Call #: QH87.3.W475--1995; ISBN: 0309051347 (cloth)
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309051347/html/
Descriptors:
Wetlands / Wetland ecology/ Wetland
conservation---Government policy---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1798. Wetlands classification.
Detenbeck, Naomi Elizabeth.; United
States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and
Technology; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland
condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Wetlands classification (#7);
Title from web page. "March 2002." "EPA-822-R-02-017." "Prepared
jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and
Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and
Wetlands Division Office." Description based on content viewed
April 10, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3-D47-2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/7Classification.pdf
Descriptors:
Wetlands---United States/
Wetlands---United States ---Classification
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1799. Wetlands: Guide to science, law, and
technology.
Dennison, Mark S. and Berry, James
F.
Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.: Noyes
Publications; xxiv, 439 p.: ill., maps. (1993)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 352-383)
and indexes.
NAL Call #: QH87.3.D45--1993; ISBN: 081551333X (cloth):
Descriptors:
Wetlands/ Wetland conservation/
Wetlands---Law and legislation---United States/ Wetland
ecology
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1800. Wetlands: History, current status, and
future.
Hook, D. D.
Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12 (12): 2157-2166.
(Dec. 1993)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58;
ISSN: 0730-7268 [ETOCDK].
Notes: Annual Review Issue: Wetland Ecotoxicology and
Chemistry. Includes references.
Descriptors:
wetlands/ bogs/ fens/ moorland/
history/ uses/ environmental protection/ projections/ literature
reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1801. Wetlands in the northern Great Plains: A
guide to values and management.
Berry, Charles R.; Buechler, Dennis
G.; Wentz, W. Alan.; South Dakota State University. Cooperative
Extension Service; and U.S. Prairie Pothole Joint
Venture.
Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service; Brookings, S.D.: Agricultural Extension Service,
South Dakota State University; 13 p.: col. ill. (1993)
Notes: Caption title. "Published by a cooperative
agreement between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S. Prairie
Pothole Joint Venture) and the Agricultural Extension Service,
South Dakota State University, Brookings, S.D. Funding was provided
by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Federal Highway
Administration, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers"--P. 13.
"Update of Wetland values and management ... 1981"--P.
13.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3B47--1993
Descriptors:
Wetland ecology Great Plains/
Wetlands Great Plains
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1802. Wetlands of the interior southeastern
United States: Conference summary statement.
Trettin, C. C.; Aust, W. M.; Davis,
M. M.; Weakley, A. S.; and Wisniewski, J.
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 77 (3/4): 199-205.
(Oct. 1994)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36;
ISSN: 0049-6979 [WAPLAC].
Notes: Special issue: Wetlands of the interior
southeastern United States / edited by C.C. Trettin, W.M. Aust, and
J. Wisniewski. Proceedings of the Southern Appalachian Man and the
Biosphere Conference on "Wetland Ecology, Management, and
Conservation," held September 28-30, 1993, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
wetlands/ plant communities/ plant
ecology/ community ecology/ ecosystems/ nature conservation/
conferences/ southeastern states of USA
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1803. What is watershed stability? A review of
the foundation concept of dynamic equilibrium in watershed
management: Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial Watershed Management
Conference, Sixth Biennial Watershed Management Conference (Held
23-25 October 1996 at Lake Tahoe,
Califoria/Nevada).
Sommarstrom, Sari
Davis, CA: Centers for Water and
Wildland Resources, University of California; Series: Water
Resources Center report no. 92; vi, 193 p.: ill. (1997)
Notes: "April 1997."
NAL Call #: TD224.C2W37--no.92; ISBN: 1887192069
Descriptors:
Watershed management---United
States---Congresses/ Watersheds---United States---Congresses/
Watershed management---California---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1804. Which decision support tools for the
environmental management of nitrogen?
Meynard, J. M.; Cerf, M.; Guichard,
L.; Jeuffroy, M. H.; and Makowski, D.
Agronomie 22 (7/8): 817-829. (2002)
NAL Call #:
SB7.A3;
ISSN: 0249-5627
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
1805. White Paper Summaries.
Humenik, F.; Rice, M.; and National
Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management.
National Center for Manure and
Animal Waste Management, 2001.
Notes: 64 pp.; Produced through a USDA Fund for Rural
America Grant (application/pdf)
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/waste_mgt/natlcenter/summary.pdf
1806. White papers on animal agriculture and the
environment.
National Center for Manure &
Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and United States.
Dept. of Agriculture
Raleigh, NC: National Center for
Manure & Animal Waste Management, 2002.
NAL Call #: TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:
Animal waste---Environmental
aspects/ Agricultural wastes---Environmental aspects/
Manures
Abstract: Topics covered include: odor
mitigation; site selection of animal operations; air quality and
emissions; production/waste management systems; health effects;
particulate matter emissions; ammonia emissions; land application;
treatment lagoons; animal diets; closure of earthen manure
structures; remediation and legal structures; innovative policies;
pathogens; manure marketing; and cost benefit analysis to improve
social welfare.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1807. Why Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal
toxins are so effective: Unique features of their mode of
action.
Aronson, Arthur I and Shai,
Yechiel
FEMS Microbiology
Letters 195 (1): 1-8.
(2001);
ISSN: 0378-1097
Descriptors:
Bacillus thuringiensis toxins:
insecticide, toxin/ Bacillus thuringiensis (Endospore forming Gram
Positives)/ Diptera (Diptera)/ Animals/ Arthropods/ Bacteria/
Eubacteria/ Insects/ Invertebrates/ Microorganisms
Abstract: The spore-forming bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis produces intracellular inclusions comprised of
protoxins active on several orders of insects. These highly
effective and specific toxins have great potential in agriculture
and for the control of disease-related insect vectors. Inclusions
ingested by larvae are solubilized and converted to active toxins
in the midgut. There are two major classes, the cytolytic toxins
and the delta-endotoxins. The former are produced by B.
thuringiensis subspecies active on Diptera. The latter, which will
be the focus of this review, are more prevalent and active on at
least three orders of insects. They have a three-domain structure
with extensive functional interactions among the domains. The
initial reversible binding to receptors on larval midgut cells is
largely dependent upon domains II and III. Subsequent steps involve
toxin insertion into the membrane and aggregation, leading to the
formation of gated, cation-selective channels. The channels are
comprised of certain amphipathic helices in domain I, but the three
processes of insertion, aggregation and the formation of functional
channels are probably dependent upon all three domains. Lethality
is believed to be due to destruction of the transmembrane
potential, with the subsequent osmotic lysis of cells lining the
midgut. In this review, the mode of action of these
delta-endotoxins will be discussed with emphasis on unique
features.
© Thomson
1808. Wildlife damage management research needs:
Perceptions of scientists, wildlife managers, and stakeholders of
the USDA/Wildlife Services program.
Bruggers, Richard L; Owens,
Richard; and Hoffman, Thomas
International
Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 49 (2-3): 213-223. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH301.I54;
ISSN: 0964-8305
Descriptors:
bird (Aves): pest/ human
(Hominidae)/ mammal (Mammalia): pest/ Animals/ Birds/ Chordates/
Humans/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Primates/
Vertebrates/ USDA/ APHIS Wildlife Services program/ administrative
guidance/ agriculture/ aquaculture/ aviation/ invasive species/
legislative guidance/ livestock/ overabundant populations/ research
needs assessment/ scientist perceptions/ stakeholder perceptions/
timber/ wildlife damage management research/ wildlife manager
perceptions/ wildlife borne diseases/ wildlife human
conflicts
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a
nationwide research needs assessment of the important
wildlife-human conflict issues and associated research needs of the
USDA/APHIS-Wildlife Services (WS) program and its stakeholders.
Thirty-six WS State Directors, 23 WS/National Wildlife Research
Center (NWRC) scientists and 6 members of the National Wildlife
Services Advisory Committee (NWSAC) to the US Secretary of
Agriculture responded to a request for participation. This paper
compares these current research needs with previous regional and
national research needs assessments for wildlife damage management
in the United States. Important national problems identified
included issues related to aviation, timber, agriculture,
aquaculture, and livestock industries, as well as wildlife-borne
diseases, invasive species, and overabundant wildlife populations.
This assessment provides useful input, along with legislative and
administrative guidance, to NWRC for allocating resources to
specific research projects that address the WS program's needs for
knowledge and new methods.
© Thomson
1809. Wildlife exposure to organophosphorus
insecticides.
Sanchez Hernandez, J. C.
Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 172: 21-63. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TX501.R48;
ISSN: 0179-5953 [RCTOE4]
Descriptors:
organophosphorus insecticides/
exposure/ cholinesterase/ markers/ monitoring/ wildlife/ nontarget
organisms/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1810. Wind erosion air quality project: An
interim report of the Northwest Columbia Plateau.
Papendick, Robert I.; Veseth,
Roger; United States. Environmental Protection Agency; and
Washington State University. College of Agriculture and Home
Economics
Pullman, Wash.: Washington State
University, College of Agriculture and Home Economics; Series:
Miscellaneous publication (Washington State University. College of
Agriculture and Home Economics) no. 184; 63 p.: ill. (some col.),
maps (some col.). (1996)
Notes: "December 1996." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 62-63).
NAL Call #: TD883.5.W22C65--1996
Descriptors:
Air Pollution---Washington
State---Columbia Plateau/ Air quality---Washington State---Columbia
Plateau/ Wind erosion---Washington State---Columbia Plateau/ Soil
conservation---Washington State---Columbia Plateau
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1811. Wind erosion and air quality research needs
in the Pacific Northwest.
Saxton, K. E.
In: 1993 International Summer
Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers
and The Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering. (Held 20 Jun 1993-23 Jun 1993 at Spokane,
Washington.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers; 16 p.; 1993.
Notes: Paper no. 932121; Papers of the American Society
of Agricultural Engineers;
ISSN: 0149-9890
NAL Call #: 290.9-Am32P
Descriptors:
wind erosion/ air quality/ dust/
particles/ dust control/ research/ Pacific states of USA
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1812. Windbreaks and specialty crops for greater
profits.
Brandle, J. R.; Hodges, L.; and
Stuthman J.
In: Agroforestry and sustainable
systems symposium proceedings. (Held 7 Aug 1994-10 Aug 1994 at Fort Collins,
Colorado.)
Fort Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station; pp. 81-91; 1995.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42-no.261
Descriptors:
shelterbelts/ trees/ shrubs/ wind/
wind erosion/ crop yield/ crop quality/ earliness/ crop management/
habitats/ sustainability/ microclimate/ stresses/ planting date/
harvesting date/ economic analysis/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1813. Windbreaks as a pesticide drift mitigation
strategy: A review.
Ucar, T. and Hall, F. R.
Pest Management
Science 57 (8): 663-675.
(Aug. 2001)
NAL Call #:
SB951-.P47;
ISSN: 1526-498X [PMSCFC]
Descriptors:
windbreaks/ pesticides/ application/
drift/ spraying/ deposition/ literature reviews/ drift mitigation
strategies
Abstract: The use of natural and artificial barriers
to mitigate pesticide drift from agricultural and forest
applications is discussed. This technique has been considered as an
alternative to current methods at a time when environmental
concerns are under great public scrutiny. There has been a variety
of research experiments on this subject from New Zealand to The
Netherlands which have documented reductions in spray drift of up
to 80-90%. However, there are still enormous data gaps to utilize
this method accurately. The aerodynamic factors of wind barriers
and shelter effects on crop growth and yield have been well
investigated. In contrast, some of the important aspects of drift
mitigation, eg porosity and turbulence, have been difficult to
obtain and no standard methodologies are currently available to
evaluate and classify windbreaks and shelterbelts or to determine
their efficiency in reducing drift. Thus there is a significant
opportunity to incorporate windbreaks into the tool set of drift
mitigation tactics. Government policies, initiatives, legislation,
etc, which currently address water quality, BMP, stewardship,
buffers, etc, are issues which so far have not included windbreaks
as a valuable drift mitigation strategy.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
1814. Winter habitat of selected stream fishes
and potential impacts from land-use activity.
Cunjak, R. A.
In: Workshop on the science and
management for habitat conservation and restoration strategies
(HabCARES) in the great lakes / Comptes rendus d'un atelier sur la
science et la gestion des strat?es de conservation et de
restauration des habitats (HabCARES) dans le bassin des Grands
Lacs. (Held Nov 1994 at
Kempenfelt, Ontario, Canada.) Kelso, J. R. (eds.) Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada: National Research Council of Canada; pp. 267-282;
1996.
Notes: Also published as: Canadian journal of fisheries
and aquatic sciences / Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques
et aquatiques [can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci./J. Can. Sci. Halieut.
Aquat.] 53 (supplement 1);
ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors:
habitat/ habitat selection/ winter/
environmental impact/ land use/ metabolism/ habitat improvement/
rivers/ Salmonidae/ Canada/ Conservation, wildlife management and
recreation
Abstract: This paper reviews the habitat
characteristics and the behaviour of selected stream fishes during
winter in temperate-boreal ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on the
salmonid fishes upon which most winter research has been directed.
As space is the primary factor regulating stream fish populations
in winter, aspects of winter habitat are considered at various
spatial scales from microhabitat to stream reach to river basin.
Choice of winter habitat is governed by the need to minimize energy
expenditure, with the main criterion being protection from adverse
physicochemical conditions. The distance moved to wintering
habitats, and the continued activity by many fishes during the
winter, need to be considered when making management decisions
regarding fish habitat. How habitat is affected by land-use
activity in stream catchments is discussed with reference to
impacts from water withdrawal, varying discharge regimes, and
erosion or sedimentation. Even stream enhancement practices can
deleteriously affect stream habitat if project managers are unaware
of winter habitat requirements and stream conditions. Maintenance
of habitat complexity, at least at the scale of stream sub-basin,
is recommended to ensure the diversity of winter habitats for fish
communities.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
1815. Year end review of recycling and
composting.
Glenn, J.
Biocycle 38 (12): 49-53. (Dec. 1997)
NAL Call #:
57.8-C734;
ISSN: 0276-5055
Descriptors:
waste utilization/ United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1,2 dibromo 3
chloropropane 1658
17 beta estradiol 545
2,4 D 177
21st Century 731
3,5,6 trichloro 2
pyridinol 1397
abandoned land 215
Abandoned mined lands
reclamation 631
abandoned peatland
659
abatement cost 1758
abiotic factors 1352
abiotic injuries 579
abiotic transformations
480
aboveground biomass
[AGBM] 812
Abrasion 1461
abscisic acid 1591
absorption 671, 1202, 1376
Abundance 1101
Acari 1342
acaricides 747
Accipiter gentilis
424, 1708
Accumulation 1159
accuracy 136, 1563, 1774
acetochlor 833
acetylcholinesterase
834
acid damaged lakes
1296
acid deposition 585
acid mine drainage
918, 919, 920, 922,
1170, 1419, 1662
acid particulates 1296
acid rain 551
acid volatile sulfides
1507
Acidic Water 1418
acidification 68, 481, 544, 649, 652, 696,
869, 920, 1345, 1404, 1419, 1642
acidifying additives
8
acidity 1418, 1479
Acrididae 477
actinomycetes (Actinomycetes
and Related Organisms) 336, 909
actinomycetes (Actinomycetes
and Related Organisms): decomposer, xenobiotic degrading
microorganism 670
Activated Carbon 1575
activated sludge 783, 985
active soil biology
1552
acute toxicity 1406
adaptability 1082
adaptation 365, 1264, 1418
Adaptations 1418
adaptive management
862
adenosinetriphosphatase
1490
Adenovirus (Adenoviridae):
disinfection resistance, pathogen 370
adjustment 345
adjuvants 494
administrative guidance
1808
adsorbed organic material:
concentrated bacterial substrate source 1618
adsorbents 8
adsorption 9, 439, 695, 1116, 1563,
1578
Advanced treatment
1159
Advanced Wastewater
Treatment 1159
adverse effects 834, 961, 1118,
1727
aeration 16, 186, 1185, 1266
aeration zone 337
Aerial colonization
1635
aerial insects 691
aerial pesticide 366
aerial photography
539, 1328
Aerial photography in
watershed management---United States 1703
aerobic sediments 1468
aerodynamic profile
916
Aeromonas 351
Aeromonas hydrophila
(Aeromonadaceae): pathogen, waterborne 370
aerosol particles 1051
aerosol sorption 134
aerosols 149, 457
aesthetic value 711, 1785
afforestation 176, 225, 579, 1349
age 1270, 1317
age differences 692
age of soil 1533
agenda laden literature
reviews 1431
Ageniaspis citricola [brown
citrus aphid] (Hymenoptera): pest 235
aggregate stability
311
aggregates 677, 930, 1318, 1533,
1643
aggregation stability
18
aging 200, 439
AGNPS model 1764
agricultural adjustment
479
agricultural byproducts
1470
agricultural chemicals
19, 20, 47, 48, 75, 448,
681, 925, 970, 1018, 1091, 1164, 1339, 1395, 1412, 1576, 1585,
1653
Agricultural
chemicals---Environmental aspects---Mexico, Gulf of 420
Agricultural
chemicals---Environmental aspects---United States 561
Agricultural
conservation 958
agricultural cropping
119
agricultural drainage
1158, 1635
Agricultural ecology
1623
Agricultural
ecology---Technique 159
Agricultural ecosystems
37
agricultural education
41, 514
agricultural effluent
613
agricultural fields
897, 1348
Agricultural & general
applied entomology 183, 387, 422, 477, 506, 754, 761,
949, 1074, 1193, 1342, 1473, 1577, 1644, 1659, 1707
agricultural irrigation
487
agricultural land 25, 43, 46, 52, 94, 107, 123,
153, 155, 212, 273, 295, 320, 341, 428, 464, 533, 538, 929, 976,
990, 1018, 1096, 1136, 1141, 1156, 1196, 1198, 1241, 1268, 1357,
1386, 1421, 1424, 1457, 1501, 1502, 1538, 1571, 1622, 1718,
1759
agricultural land use
24
Agricultural lands
266
agricultural landscape
795
Agricultural landscape
management---United States 126
agricultural law 807, 827
Agricultural laws and
legislation---United States 1420
Agricultural Machinery and
Equipment 266
agricultural
meteorology 1576
agricultural pesticide
853
Agricultural
pests---Integrated control---United States 28
agricultural policy
40, 41, 43, 81, 86, 320,
365, 451, 594, 679, 807, 869, 1295, 1447, 1740
agricultural pollution
75, 390, 413, 433, 494,
511, 833, 923, 1034, 1220, 1445, 1469, 1638, 1645
Agricultural pollution
California 1330
Agricultural
pollution---Economic aspects---United States 299
Agricultural
pollution---Environmental aspects---United States 1582
Agricultural
pollution---Handbooks, manuals, etc 632
Agricultural pollution---North
America 283
agricultural practices
38, 201, 390, 422, 427,
433, 761, 949, 1034, 1248, 1342, 1577
agricultural production
49, 781, 846, 1460,
1620
agricultural
productivity 476
Agricultural products
266
agricultural research
163, 224, 358, 679, 734,
1263, 1336, 1365, 1550, 1564, 1637, 1667, 1770, 1773
Agricultural Research
Service 81
Agricultural
resources---United States---Management 1420
agricultural runoff
29, 34, 80, 81, 295,
344, 372, 378, 390, 413, 494, 683, 923, 1012, 1049, 1076, 1117,
1124, 1147, 1159, 1301, 1340, 1358, 1388, 1462, 1469, 1579, 1581,
1645, 1695
agricultural soils
188, 453, 454, 464, 581,
695, 720, 947, 990, 1003, 1118, 1156, 1268, 1269, 1378, 1539, 1657,
1719
agricultural
sustainability 31
Agricultural systems
1623
Agricultural systems---Middle
West 1299
Agricultural waste---South
Dakota 826
agricultural wastes
1, 32, 33, 34, 35, 86,
180, 258, 1084, 1085, 1154, 1579, 1663
Agricultural
wastes---Environmental aspects 1806
Agricultural
wastes---Environmental aspects---Congresses 879
Agricultural
wastes---Environmental aspects---United States 57, 67, 241, 306, 430, 637, 791,
808, 872, 880, 1053, 1099, 1106, 1155, 1316, 1325, 1526,
1661
Agricultural
wastes---Management 1632
Agricultural
wastes---Recycling---Environmental aspects 790
agricultural wastewater
discharge 1487
Agricultural water
supply 460
agricultural watersheds
860, 1443,
1757
Agriculture 17, 20, 26, 36, 37, 38, 41,
45, 60, 92, 116, 128, 136, 160, 164, 212, 224, 264, 273, 278, 309,
324, 341, 377, 390, 449, 451, 459, 465, 499, 502, 518, 545, 552,
591, 594, 595, 604, 612, 614, 653, 668, 681, 783, 798, 803, 817,
829, 882, 931, 970, 971, 976, 986, 1006, 1034, 1076, 1124, 1130,
1152, 1153, 1189, 1196, 1216, 1236, 1248, 1346, 1359, 1364, 1365,
1389, 1409, 1535, 1559, 1560, 1576, 1579, 1592, 1600, 1609, 1619,
1620, 1627, 1644, 1660, 1668, 1686, 1714, 1734, 1764, 1804,
1808
Agriculture---Environmental
aspects 958
Agriculture---Environmental
aspects---Developing countries 482
agriculture integrative
approach 53
agriculture
sustainability 470
agro ecosystem 1725
agrochemical 1764
Agrochemicals 335, 511, 833, 1395, 1412,
1740
Agroecosystem 266
agroecosystems 278, 1552, 1622
agroforestry 50, 51, 52, 54, 61, 127, 507,
530, 591, 841, 911, 1452, 1477, 1540, 1667
Agroforestry and land use
changes in industrialized nations 52, 54
agroforestry: shelterbelt
plantings 1251
agroforestry systems
51, 54, 61, 127, 311,
530, 841
Agroforestry
systems---California 857
Agroforestry---United
States 1019
Agronomy 11, 136, 545, 829, 986, 1152, 1359,
1660, 1764
Agronomy
(Agriculture) 31, 1285
Agropyron cristatum
(Gramineae): forage crop 716
AIDS 351
air 394, 454, 677, 870
air flow 443
air fugacity ratio
134
air microbiology 12, 149, 691
air pollutants 454, 634, 932, 1005, 1399,
1400, 1653, 1690, 1789
air pollution 17, 40, 49, 58, 68, 93, 169,
198, 341, 353, 390, 423, 454, 455, 493, 585, 597, 645, 685, 728,
764, 787, 896, 898, 907, 932, 999, 1004, 1005, 1054, 1119, 1225,
1379, 1381, 1400, 1466, 1580, 1581, 1653, 1690
Air pollution control
493
Air Pollution: Monitoring,
Control & Remediation 1004
Air---Pollution---United
States 1148,
1149
Air Pollution---Washington
State---Columbia Plateau 1810
air quality 58, 169, 277, 327, 787, 792,
1071, 1302, 1399, 1538, 1549, 1690, 1811
air quality assessment
meterological modeling: dynamical models, four dimensional data
assimilation 896
air quality management
597
air quality standards
1772
Air quality---Washington
State---Columbia Plateau 1810
air soil interface
135
air surface exchange
134
air temperature 443, 523, 997, 1225
air toxics 457
air vegetation
interface 135
air water interface
135
Alabama 441
alachlor 833, 1135, 1324
alachlor: biodegradation,
herbicide 152
Alberta 210, 1793
Alces alces [moose]
(Cervidae): bioindicator 1725
alcohols 1677
aldehydes 1677
Alfalfa---Diseases and
pests---Control---United States 698
alfalfa hay 409
Alfalfa industry---United
States 698
Algae 59, 354, 368, 452, 551, 553, 814,
1110, 1418, 1575, 1607, 1618, 1649
algae (Algae) 354, 553, 814, 1649
algae (Algae):
filterable 1618
algae (Algae
Unspecified) 146
Algae Ecophysiology
59
Algae---United States
1704
Algal blooms 1464, 1575, 1757
algal toxins: pollutant,
toxin 854
algicides 1448
algorithms 522
alien plants 669
alkalinization 1347
alkane: pollutant 93
allelism 729
allelochemicals 60, 231, 310, 1245
allelopathins 309
allelopathy 60, 309, 310, 1640
alley cropping 52, 54, 61, 127, 530, 552,
841
alluvial deposits 603
Alluvial Rivers 1226
alluvial sediments
24
Alluvium---Measurement
559
alpha hexachlorochyclohexane:
pollutant, toxin 134
alpha
hexachlorocyclohexane 1658
alteration of flow
1337, 1676
Alternanthera
philoxeroides 1073
Alternaria (Fungi Imperfecti
or Deuteromycetes): H S toxins 968
Alternative
agriculture---United States 561
alternative farming
784, 970
alternative stable
states 449
altitude 1349, 1427
aluminium 1785
aluminum 585, 719
aluminum hydrous oxides
581
aluminum sulfate 1181, 1302
ambrysus amargosus
271
amended soils 1161
amenity and recreation
areas 1427
American avocet 1469
American Beaver 598
American coot 1469
amino acid enantiomers
986
amino acid nutrition
1475
amino acid racemization
986
amino acids: feed additive,
synthetic 446
amino sugars 986
ammonia 8, 26, 56, 66, 68, 70, 72, 104, 294,
414, 423, 481, 486, 652, 676, 847, 893, 950, 984, 990, 993, 1000,
1044, 1191, 1229, 1240, 1302, 1381, 1382, 1399, 1400, 1402, 1415,
1563, 1675, 1720
Ammonia as fertilizer
248
ammonia deposition
131
ammonia emission 983, 1359
Ammonia emissions 69, 131, 446
Ammonia---Environmental
aspects 1370
Ammonia---Physiological
effect 248
ammonia: pollutant
131, 532
ammonium 719, 899, 1002, 1281
ammonium nitrogen 917, 1281
Amphibia 88, 216, 442, 1101, 1228, 1233,
1317
amphibian conservation
520
Amphibians 442, 1233
Amphibians---United
States 1705
Amphibiotic species
1638
amylases 479
anaerobes 1790
anaerobic conditions
941
anaerobic digesters
1052, 1293
anaerobic digestion
13, 32, 74,
180
anaerobiosis 453
analytical chemistry
78
analytical method 469, 571, 662, 764, 1056,
1289, 1514, 1574, 1593, 1654
analytical methods
168, 326, 347, 349, 558,
662, 922, 1134, 1182, 1290, 1294, 1563, 1580, 1588, 1648
Analytical procedures
511, 666
Analytical techniques
75, 167, 339, 347, 511,
1516
Anas platyrhynchos
1469
anatidae 862
ANE, Baltic Sea 222
ANE, North Sea 222
Angiospermae
(Angiospermae) 116, 502, 1153, 1714,
1768
angiosperms 6, 115, 116, 128, 176, 177,
179, 234, 235, 254, 257, 275, 282, 319, 407, 473, 502, 530, 537,
589, 613, 627, 641, 643, 652, 667, 669, 677, 700, 701, 716, 724,
785, 788, 823, 849, 850, 852, 855, 908, 952, 1077, 1089, 1153,
1192, 1200, 1219, 1264, 1298, 1312, 1367, 1427, 1482, 1483, 1496,
1602, 1604, 1619, 1640, 1673, 1692, 1714, 1752, 1768,
1785
Anguilla anguilla 1135
animal (Animalia) 665, 1594
animal (Animalia): aquatic,
terrestrial 1431
animal (Animalia): filter
feeders 1618
animal (Animalia
Unspecified) 576,
595, 662
animal ecology 665, 815
animal feeding 56, 843, 1497
Animal feeding---Economic
aspects---United States 299
Animal feeds 1735
animal housing 294, 455, 1229, 1381,
1382
animal husbandry 257, 971, 1103, 1486,
1675
Animal
industry---Environmental aspects 261
Animal industry---Waste
disposal---United States 859
animal manure 1064
animal manure
management 80,
81, 86, 624, 625, 820, 884, 1071, 1252
animal manures 16, 73, 82, 83, 85, 86, 142,
180, 371, 375, 464, 483, 486, 540, 548, 673, 682, 720, 726, 825,
827, 865, 882, 884, 893, 899, 917, 929, 947, 1001, 1028, 1044,
1054, 1065, 1156, 1229, 1246, 1252, 1258, 1281, 1381, 1382, 1402,
1412, 1572, 1628, 1683
animal nutrition 82, 810, 1028, 1038,
1044
Animal
nutrition---Congresses 1035
animal pests 197
animal physiology 1516, 1737
Animal & Plant
Science 311
Animal Populations
442
animal production 68, 80, 409, 414, 787, 950,
1044, 1203, 1229
animal tissue 1613
animal tissues 1651, 1706
Animal waste 819, 828
Animal waste---Economic
aspects---United States 299
Animal waste---Environmental
aspects 84, 883,
1105, 1806
Animal waste---Environmental
aspects---Congresses 879
Animal waste---Health
aspects 842
Animal
waste---Management 84, 284, 285, 733, 842
Animal waste
Netherlands---Management---Methodology 1370
Animal waste---North
Carolina---Management 360
Animal
waste---Recycling 828
Animal waste---South
Dakota 826
Animal waste storage and
treatment facilities 69
Animal waste---United
States---Management 859
Animal waste---United
States---Management---Methodology 1370
animal wastes 8, 34, 35, 83, 85, 149, 228,
252, 359, 372, 414, 451, 483, 534, 831, 835, 1037, 1038, 1044,
1104, 1240, 1297, 1409, 1412, 1485, 1513, 1563, 1683
Animalia (Animalia
Unspecified) 146,
397, 576, 595, 662, 851
animals 49, 55, 88, 102, 104, 113, 118, 165,
166, 168, 177, 182, 202, 204, 216, 219, 220, 234, 235, 252, 303,
321, 348, 350, 354, 370, 376, 397, 446, 463, 466, 468, 504, 541,
553, 558, 560, 576, 595, 630, 662, 665, 667, 691, 701, 727, 728,
729, 755, 758, 764, 766, 783, 789, 801, 803, 814, 823, 850, 851,
863, 876, 881, 910, 914, 948, 968, 969, 983, 984, 1006, 1052, 1088,
1094, 1097, 1103, 1107, 1109, 1123, 1187, 1191, 1197, 1207, 1208,
1251, 1255, 1270, 1285, 1297, 1303, 1304, 1352, 1396, 1399, 1406,
1422, 1429, 1431, 1463, 1475, 1484, 1485, 1487, 1494, 1520, 1552,
1587, 1590, 1594, 1604, 1618, 1619, 1635, 1639, 1649, 1671, 1673,
1693, 1700, 1706, 1711, 1725, 1736, 1741, 1772, 1807,
1808
animals (Animalia
Unspecified) 397
anionic species 581
Annelids 354, 814
annelids (Annelida)
814
annual mean rainfall
1487
annuals 14, 769, 1768
Anoxic conditions 222, 900, 1581
Anser canagicus 1469
ANSWERS model 1764
anthropogenic contaminant
distribution 764
anthropogenic
disturbances 630
Anthropogenic factors
1638
anthropogenic impact
1554
anthropogenic processes
1347
antibacterial agents
1152
antibiotic resistance: plant
pathogens 90
antibiotic use 90
antilocapra americana
1727
antimicrobial
resistance 1152
antinutritional factors
244
ANW, USA, Chesapeake
Bay 339
aphid (Homoptera) 691
aphid mummies 1387
aphididae 691
aphidoidea 563, 1387
APHIS Wildlife Services
program 1808
Aphthona czwalinae
(Coleoptera): biological control agent, flea beetle 177
Aphthona lacertosa
(Coleoptera): biological control agent, flea beetle 177
Aphthona nigriscutus
(Coleoptera): biological control agent, flea beetle 177
apiculture 1406
Appalachian States of
USA 6, 436,
788
apples 741, 849
application 1001, 1367, 1529, 1681,
1813
application date 66, 991, 1060, 1112, 1344,
1717
application equipment
548
application methods
444, 640, 726, 820,
1002, 1083, 1344, 1529
application rates 30, 66, 394, 445, 478, 549,
719, 726, 776, 786, 855, 947, 991, 995, 997, 1002, 1060, 1174,
1234, 1344, 1355, 1458, 1549, 1564
application season
133
application to land
30, 142, 203, 229, 252,
428, 483, 673, 827, 835, 865, 874, 881, 955, 1037, 1046, 1102,
1104, 1195, 1209, 1302, 1324, 1529
applications 1371, 1629, 1691
applied and field
techniques 90
applied entomology
675
applied microbiological test
parameters 915
APS model 160
Aquaculture 1184, 1205, 1448,
1808
aquatic animals 130, 1396, 1469,
1638
aquatic biology 166
aquatic biota evolution
809
aquatic birds 37, 1373, 1469
aquatic communities
107, 247, 565, 1450,
1700
aquatic conservation
1451
Aquatic
ecology---Environmental aspects---United States 1283
Aquatic ecosystems
78, 565, 598, 1296,
1487, 1507
aquatic ecosystems:
topographical uniqueness 809
Aquatic entomology
148, 1421,
1461
Aquatic environment
3, 4, 109, 130, 164,
247, 412, 432, 434, 494, 565, 649, 683, 721, 1090, 1128, 1395,
1403, 1464, 1516, 1530, 1580
aquatic environments
247, 432, 722, 910,
1305, 1651, 1700, 1718
Aquatic food web 146
aquatic foodchain 480
Aquatic Habitats 339, 649
aquatic herbicides:
environmental effects, fate, modes of action 1361
aquatic insects 175, 271, 343, 431,
1638
aquatic invertebrate
(Invertebrata) 553
aquatic invertebrates
88, 343, 712,
1700
Aquatic
invertebrates---Environmental aspects---United States 355
Aquatic Life 434, 683
aquatic macrophyte
(Plantae) 1347
Aquatic macrophytes
1159, 1468
Aquatic mammals 598
Aquatic microorganisms
1395, 1650
aquatic organism
(Organisms) 630
aquatic organisms 130, 148, 162, 683, 721, 910,
961, 1101, 1150, 1360, 1450, 1650, 1700
Aquatic organisms,
Effect of contaminated sediments on---United States
1283
Aquatic organisms Effect of
water pollution on---United States 1143
Aquatic phase 1635
aquatic plant control
1397
aquatic plants 339, 973, 1073, 1159, 1180,
1413, 1418, 1510, 1735, 1785
aquatic productivity
1094
Aquatic reptiles 1597
Aquatic resources
conservation---United States 1283
Aquatic sciences 222, 1397, 1468
aquatic sediments 814
aquatic soils 108, 110
aquatic systems 1649
Aquatic Weed Control
1073
aquatic weed (Plantae):
biology, ecology, invasive, management research, physiology
1361
aqueous solutions 661
Aquifer Characteristics
1314
aquifer sediments 1660
aquifers 15, 20, 246, 1046, 1049, 1135,
1314
arable land 105, 212, 945
arable landscapes 390
arable soils 899
arable systems 1374
Araneae 118, 422, 689, 1473, 1494,
1587
arbuscular mycorrhiza
(Phycomycetes) 114
arbuscular mycorrhizae
(Phycomycetes): symbiont 115
arcelins: insecticide
1177
Archaeobacteria 1303
arctic nival 498
areas 1278
arid ecosystems: degradation,
restoration 449
arid environments 1579
arid lands 320, 1239, 1288, 1727
arid regions 44, 522, 1487, 1739
Arid regions
agriculture 22
arid zones 15, 63, 888
aridity 781
Aristida beyrichiana
[wiregrass] (Gramineae): nontarget organism 641
Aristida stricta [wiregrass]
(Gramineae): nontarget organism 641
Arizona 584, 1205, 1433, 1752
Arkansas 1046, 1759
Arnica Montana l 423
aromatic hydrocarbons
1362
Artemisia spp 176
Artemisia spp. [sagebrush]
(Compositae) 823
Artemisia tridentata
176
Artemisia tridentata
(Compositae) 669
arthropod (Arthropoda):
biological control agent 755
arthropod (Arthropoda):
pest 220
arthropod control 220
arthropod pests 265, 563, 758, 1206,
1590
Arthropoda 183, 761
Arthropoda (Arthropoda
Unspecified) 766,
1285
arthropods 49, 118, 154, 168, 177, 202, 216,
220, 234, 235, 272, 466, 667, 691, 727, 728, 729, 730, 755, 758,
814, 823, 968, 1232, 1285, 1406, 1463, 1494, 1552, 1587, 1590,
1619, 1635, 1649, 1671, 1673, 1693, 1807
arthropods (Arthropoda
Unspecified) 766
artificial selection
310, 1033
artificial wetlands
287, 292, 344, 920, 964,
973, 1159, 1368, 1615, 1785
Artiodactyls 104, 446, 803, 850, 948, 983,
984, 1303, 1475, 1725
arundo donax 398
aschelminthes
(Helminthes) 814
Aschelminths 766, 1107
asexual reproduction
398
Asia 222, 510, 1046, 1089,
1174
aspartic acid 986
assay 666, 1358
assessment 88, 120, 123, 124, 127, 343, 466,
539, 712, 734, 907, 945, 1276, 1553, 1566, 1647
Assessments 666, 816, 1379
ASW, Mexico Gulf 222
ASW, USA, Gulf Coast
1581
atmosphere 58, 634, 701, 886, 900, 932, 1051,
1066, 1172, 1240, 1563, 1675
Atmospheric carbon
dioxide---United States 771
Atmospheric chemistry
900, 1004
Atmospheric
chemistry---Technique 159
atmospheric deposition
1347, 1348
Atmospheric
deposition---United States 1148
Atmospheric diffusion---United
States 1149
atmospheric dispersion
133
atmospheric fallout
674
Atmospheric gases 900
atmospheric lifetimes
1658
atmospheric reaeration
1369
atmospheric removal
rates 1658
atmospheric science
916
atmospheric transport
131, 134, 135
Atrazine 683, 833, 1135, 1650
atrazine: endocrine disrupting
pesticide 352
atrazine: herbicide,
pollutant, toxin 133
atrazine: herbicide, toxin,
pollutant 134
attitudes towards
wolves 1270
Australia 356, 369, 627, 784, 856, 1119, 1120,
1201, 1239, 1271, 1298, 1337, 1456, 1477, 1519, 1684
automated sampling
136
automation 246
Autotrophy 1418
availability 383, 1161, 1718
available water 300
avenacins: fungicides
968
Aves 37, 367, 424, 848, 895
Aves (Aves Unspecified)
1635
aviation 1808
azotobacter 1488
azoxystrobin: environmental
safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin,
synthesis 1603
Bacillariophyceae 565
bacillus licheniformis
1293
bacillus thuringiensis
479, 495, 1341, 1512,
1659
Bacillus thuringiensis Bt gene
(Endospore forming Gram Positives) 1673
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Endospore forming Gram Positives) 1807
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Endospore forming Gram Positives): biocontrol agent,
entomopathogen 729
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Endospore forming Gram Positives): pest 1177
Bacillus thuringiensis
entomotoxic proteins 1177
Bacillus thuringiensis toxins:
insecticide, toxin 1807
bacteria 90, 186, 298, 322, 336, 347, 350,
370, 376, 452, 541, 553, 670, 681, 697, 729, 814, 851, 894, 909,
910, 969, 1078, 1103, 1107, 1177, 1201, 1278, 1303, 1384, 1418,
1461, 1607, 1618, 1619, 1650, 1662, 1694, 1728, 1743,
1807
bacteria (Bacteria)
336, 553, 814
bacteria (Bacteria):
decomposer, xenobiotic degrading microorganism 670
bacteria (Bacteria):
filterable 1618
bacteria (Bacteria General
Unspecified) 851,
1619
bacteria (Bacteria):
pathogen 1107
bacteria (Bacteria): pathogen,
waterborne 370
bacteria (Bacteria): pollution
indicator 350
bacterial diseases
376
bacterial persistence
1660
bacterial populations
1278
bacterial toxins 479
bacteriological quality
1072
bacteriophage 139
bacteriophages 139
Bacteroides fragilis
372
Bald eagle 424
bank erosion 890
bank stabilization
1451
barley 409
barn wastewater 292
Bartramia longicauda
424
base saturation 226, 1561
Baseline studies 1435, 1493
basic ecological principles:
effective implementation challenges, effective implementation
opportunities 809
Basidiomycetes (Fungi
Unspecified) 1479
Basins 833, 1100
BASINS---Computer
program 1080
Basins---Geology 420
battery husbandry 30
Bayesian Methods 141
Bayesian theory 1096
Bays 222
beauty perceptions
1625
beauveria bassiana
238
Beavers 598
bed load transport
1315
bed topography 801
bedform stability 1509
beef cattle 203, 219, 409, 1191
beef cattle (Bovidae)
803
beef systems 1374
behavior 167, 397
Behavior and fate
characteristics 34, 109, 112, 263, 544, 833, 919,
920, 928, 934, 1015, 1076, 1162, 1358, 1379, 1445, 1580, 1581,
1782
behavioral responses
166
Behaviour 167
benchmarks 1507
beneficial arthropods
238, 758
beneficial insects
212, 976
beneficial organisms
117
beneficial use 1337
benefit cost analysis
1729
benefit drawback
analysis 143
Benefits 685
benthic fauna 110
benthic flora 110
benthic habitats 630
benthic infauna
(Organisms) 122
benthic production
1618
Benthos 110, 343, 565, 1648, 1670
benzoic acid pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant 1613
best management
practice 710
best management
practices 43, 80,
81, 521, 726, 1018, 1197, 1443, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505,
1506, 1645
Best management practices
(Pollution prevention) 958, 1438
beta vulgaris 1488
bibliographies 433
Bifidobacterium 372
big sagebrush 669
binding 123, 439, 1578, 1702
binding sites 1578
bioaccumulation 78, 130, 148, 721, 1093, 1186,
1507, 1648, 1650, 1735
bioaccumulation
processes 480
Bioassay 137, 167, 435
bioassays 137, 166, 168, 170, 666, 1128, 1201,
1522, 1648
bioavailability 130, 439, 692, 1198, 1371,
1578, 1652
biobusiness 45, 257, 278, 1463,
1619
biocatalysts 1694
biochemical oxygen
demand 1369
biochemical pathways
1125, 1591
biochemical properties
1536
biochemistry 501, 511, 867, 1469,
1517
Biochemistry---Congresses 1449
biocides 602
Bioclimatology---Technique 159
BioCycle 258
biodegradation 2, 47, 73, 123, 186, 287, 336,
410, 439, 501, 618, 620, 985, 1030, 1078, 1131, 1134, 1202, 1294,
1318, 1395, 1470
biodiversity 88, 99, 120, 153, 155, 216,
224, 271, 272, 377, 384, 390, 433, 520, 538, 576, 592, 634, 652,
653, 668, 690, 701, 712, 722, 768, 795, 801, 809, 815, 856, 931,
943, 1118, 1172, 1250, 1317, 1352, 1355, 1424, 1450, 1456, 1467,
1487, 1584
biodiversity (contd.)
1639, 1647, 1718,
1725
biodiversity patterns
1451
bioenergy 81, 180, 464, 1085
Bioengineering 194
Bioengineering---West---United
States 1701
bioethics 250
biofilms 1078, 1607
biofilters 1052
Biofiltration 1358
biogas 73, 74, 180, 1735
biogeochemical
conditions 100
Biogeochemical cycle
339, 900, 1162,
1782
biogeochemical cycles
59, 1352,
1720
biogeochemical cycling
674
biogeochemical
processes 801
biogeochemistry 20, 160, 339, 722, 794, 809,
936, 942, 1030, 1162, 1391, 1766, 1782
Biogeochemistry---Technique 159
Biogeomorphology of
terrestrial and freshwater systems 303
biographies 1058
Bioindicators 139, 162, 347, 349, 511, 799,
919, 1469, 1516
bioinsecticides 743
biointensive pest
management 1465
biological activity in
soil 5, 200, 483,
540, 722, 917, 1000, 1020, 1522, 1543, 1556, 1790
biological communities
1296
Biological control
12, 163, 173, 196, 235,
238, 250, 265, 310, 387, 593, 595, 615, 678, 741, 744, 747, 754,
758, 976, 1073, 1193, 1199, 1254, 1285, 1463, 1473, 1619, 1707,
1769, 1770
biological control
agent 1619
biological control
agents 173, 196,
197, 212, 325, 741, 747, 1199, 1341, 1576, 1629, 1681
Biological diversity
390, 949, 1282,
1516
Biological diversity
conservation 1678
Biological diversity
conservation---United States 161, 763
biological diversity:
sustenance 1625
biological effects
165, 166
biological filtration
997
biological indicators
88, 107, 120, 182, 212,
341, 343, 592, 645, 712, 944, 945, 1172, 1201, 1453, 1515, 1555,
1690, 1693, 1700
biological interactions
814
biological invasions
667
biological pest control
methods 172
biological processes
630
biological production
600
Biological Properties
184
biological quality
674
biological responses
1476
Biological sampling
511
biological tissue 764
biological tissues
1614
biological treatment
73, 158, 985
Biology 32, 89, 175, 266, 466, 817, 1072,
1511
biomanipulation 1212, 1468
Biomarkers 511
biomass 47, 170, 215, 453, 1085, 1185, 1394,
1457, 1691
biomass depletion 449
biomass production
361, 488, 523, 757,
1276, 1394
biomass related microbial
activities 915
biomonitoring 1179
Bioprocess Engineering
528, 1364
Bioreactors 186
bioremediation 186, 188, 336, 361, 363, 529,
1125, 1167, 1169, 1202, 1324, 1362, 1391, 1578, 1696
biosafety 479
biosolids 192, 348
biosphere 728
biota 167, 565, 721, 722, 1090, 1305,
1676
biotechnology 2, 12, 74, 173, 180, 195, 198,
501, 595, 1073, 1671, 1735
biotic component
management 1554
Biotic factors 184
biotic integrity 368, 943
biotic transformations
480
biotopes 105, 732
biphenyls 230, 789
bird (Aves) 560
bird (Aves): community
response, landscape variables 1251
bird (Aves): pest 1808
bird (Aves Unspecified)
1207
birds 37, 88, 204, 216, 367, 424, 427,
446, 560, 667, 717, 795, 823, 848, 895, 1187, 1197, 1207, 1208,
1251, 1319, 1373, 1399, 1475, 1635, 1639, 1706, 1711, 1741,
1808
birds (Aves
Unspecified) 1635
Birds, Protection of
1777
bivalves (Pelecypoda)
814
black box rates 794
Black necked stilt
1469
Black Rosy finch 424
black tern
(Charadriiformes) 667
blood 1469, 1737
BMP 710
BMPs 43, 80, 81, 327, 1197, 1500, 1501,
1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506
body fat 409
body morphology 701
body protein 409
Body size 1343
body water 1737
body weight 409, 1737
bog plants 588, 1180
bogs 1800
boreal forests 1492, 1634
botanical composition
117, 484, 693, 757, 821,
1045, 1172, 1349, 1708, 1789
Bottle brush tree 1073
bottom sediment
composition 674
Bottom Sediments 108, 1383, 1464
Bottom topography 1724
bottomland forests
1350
bottomland hardwood
wetlands 1176
bound amino acids 423
bound residues 200
boundary layer 1509
Bovidae 219, 252, 303, 876, 881, 1191, 1255,
1297, 1422, 1429, 1485, 1520, 1604
Bovidae (Bovidae) 850, 948
Brackish water 339, 431, 1015,
1739
Brackishwater pollution
1581
Brassica 677
Brassica chinensis [Chinese
whitebage] (Cruciferae): vegetable crop 254
brassica napus 677, 1488
Brassica napus [canola]
(Cruciferae): oil crop 115
Brassica sp.
(Cruciferae) 613
Brazil 369
breeding birds 201
breeding places 1357
Breeding sites 37, 1233
Breeding success 442
Brest, France 605
Britain 1635
British Columbia 125, 563, 1315,
1698
British Isles 170, 202, 206, 322, 882, 1194,
1243, 1255, 1367, 1368, 1548
Brittany 1096
broadcasting 1156, 1345
broiler chicken
(Galliformes) 1197
broiler production
1302
broilers 203, 204, 418, 692, 1208,
1399
broken leg model 1431
brominated flame retardant:
pollutant 93
bromus tectorum 769
brood parasitism 1319
brook valley meadows
1348
browsing 579, 757
Bryophytes 659
Bt toxin 1673
budgets 1485
buffer strips 1645
buffer zones 52, 54, 127, 205, 492, 530,
936, 988, 1116, 1117
Buffer zones---Ecosystem
management 1438
Buffer zones---Ecosystem
management---Chesapeake Bay---Md and Va---Handbooks, manuals,
etc 233
Buffer zones---Ecosystem
management---Georgia 1407
Buffer zones---Ecosystem
management---United States 1320
Buffers 1645
bulk density 275, 677, 719, 1025, 1165,
1266, 1304, 1385
bumblebees (Hymenoptera):
adult, nontarget organism 1406
burning 212, 278, 1085
Buteo regalis 424
Butterflies 1193, 1726
Butterflies---Great
Plains---Ecology---Handbooks, manuals, etc 836
Butterflies---Great
Plains---Effect of habitat modification on---Handbooks, manuals,
etc 836
butterfly
metapopulation 512
by product
identification 1114
Byproducts 1115
Cadmium 148
CAFOs 80, 86
Cajeput tree 1073
calcium 64, 418, 692, 1154, 1258
calcium carbonate 215, 585
calcium ions 719
calcium oxide 1181
calibration 138
Calicivirus 452
Calicivirus (Caliciviridae):
disinfection resistance, pathogen 370
California 44, 188, 398, 539, 584, 1205, 1332,
1380, 1682
California Nevada 521
callipepla 1727
calving rate 409
Campylobacter 1103, 1757
Canada 26, 125, 275, 341, 589, 668, 830,
961, 964, 991, 1038, 1076, 1090, 1103, 1194, 1200, 1248, 1363,
1379, 1403, 1409, 1689, 1814
canals 1286, 1310
Canis [wolf] (Canidae)
1270
canola (Cruciferae)
613
canopy 174, 216, 318, 715, 1081
canopy surface topology
812
capacity 102
Cape Fear 714
Capreolus capreolus
(Cervidae): bioindicator, deer 1725
capsicum annuum 705, 735
Capsicum annuum [Chinese
whitebage] (Solanaceae): vegetable crop 254
carabidae 212
Carbamate compounds
4, 511
carbamate insecticides
(detection of pollutants) dithiocarbamate fungicides (detection of
pollutants) imidazolinone herbicides (detection of pollutants)
organophosphorus insecticides (detection of pollutants) pesticides
(detection of pollutants) sulfonylu 190
Carbamate Pesticides
4
carbamate: pollutant
1253
Carbofuran 542
carbon 213, 214, 278, 421, 425, 464, 483,
484, 785, 898, 1318, 1338, 1347, 1404, 1416, 1479, 1522, 1539,
1556, 1627, 1642
carbon cycle 213, 215, 225, 226, 425, 484,
602, 1404, 1539, 1627
carbon dioxide 49, 91, 215, 277, 341, 473,
478, 481, 523, 604, 652, 735, 1172, 1338, 1347, 1627
carbon dioxide
enrichment 523
carbon dioxide: greenhouse
gas 614
carbon dioxide: greenhouse
gas, pollutant 1189
carbon monoxide: natural
emissions, pollutant 967
carbon:nitrogen ratio
785, 899
carbon sequestration
275, 1189, 1200, 1410,
1519, 1539, 1592
carcinogen 230
carcinogenesis 834
carcinogenicity 1476
Carcinogens 113
Carnivores 1270
carrot: vegetable 1655
carya illinoinensis
325
CASC2D model 1764
case reports 1782
case studies 577, 607, 691, 784, 815, 1005,
1263, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1695, 1782
Case study 1695
case study data 785
cash crop residues:
application timing, mineralization rates, nitrogen content, soil
incorporation 785
castor 333, 598
Castor canadensis 598
Castor fiber 598
catabolism 1728
catalysis 100
catchment acidification
1347
Catchment area 799, 1495
catchment areas 936, 1116, 1124,
1363
catchment basins 1495
catchment health
indicators 356
catchment hydrology
301, 526, 933, 1039,
1096, 1311, 1774
catchment scale
processes 809
catchment systems 736
catchments 1116, 1124, 1487
cation exchange
capacity 226,
719, 1240
cations 418
Catoptrophorus
semipalmatus 1469
cattle 210, 219, 252, 303, 353, 609, 876,
881, 1072, 1191, 1255, 1297, 1422, 1429, 1485, 1604
cattle (Bovidae): dairy
animal, female 104
cattle dung 534, 1191, 1195
cattle feeding 219
cattle manure 72, 198, 252, 329, 534, 864,
874, 1020, 1046, 1103, 1195, 1416, 1518, 1702, 1743
Cattle
Manure---Saskatchewan 889
cattle slurry 259, 417, 534, 1195, 1518,
1743
cauliflower: vegetable
1655
cell aging 986
cell fragment removal
531
centaurea diffusa 769
centaurea maculosa
769
centaurea solstitialis
769
central Europe 798, 1789
Central Gulf coastal
plain 234
central Ohio 7
Centrocercus urophasianus
[sage grouse] (Galliformes) 823
cereals 153, 156, 677, 692, 991,
1642
Chaetomium globosum
(Ascomycetes) 152
chains 1708
channel flow velocity
1096
channel instability
654
channel morphology
421, 890,
1315
channel movements 694
channeling 227
channelization 227, 1451
channels 345, 558, 890, 1092, 1226
Channels---Hydraulic
engineering---Canada 966
characteristics 228, 1677
Characteristics, behavior and
fate 413, 494,
924, 1117, 1314, 1395, 1464
Characterization 32, 359, 534
charcoal 425, 695
checklists 1357, 1555
Chelicerates 814, 1635
Chemical analysis 75
chemical assessment
techniques: background enrichment, bioavailability, grain size
effects, interstitial water chemistry, sediment quality
values 122
chemical bonding 200
chemical composition
20, 58, 953, 1029, 1517,
1595
chemical control 183, 593, 741, 1342, 1767,
1768
chemical degradation
1046, 1115
Chemical extraction
75
chemical fate 276
chemical interactions
814
chemical kinetics 544
chemical monitoring
1179
Chemical pollutants
130, 494,
1343
Chemical pollution
130, 442, 494, 511, 923,
1090, 1167, 1343, 1403
chemical precipitation
215, 1368,
1448
Chemical processes
263, 630, 942, 1030,
1162
chemical properties
7, 311
Chemical Reactions
4, 32, 167, 719, 1209,
1658
chemical recovery 1296
chemical residues 1259
chemical structure
231, 1125,
1294
chemical: transport
276
chemical transport
distance 134
Chemical treatment
1528
chemicals 130, 728, 1090, 1385, 1403,
1448
Chemicals (corrosion)
1121
Chen canagica 1469
Chesapeake Bay 327, 577
Chesapeake Bay
Watershed 1745
Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md
and Va 564,
1428
chicken (Galliformes)
1207
chicken (Galliformes):
broiler, chick, commercial species, layer, livestock 446
chickens 244
China 510
chiral OC pesticides:
enantiomers, pesticide, toxin, volatilization, pollutant
134
chironomidae 1648
chironomids (Diptera)
1635
Chironomus tentans
1648
chiroptera 1727
chitinases: insecticide
1177
chloralose 662
chloride 1002, 1490
chlorinated
hydrocarbons 1093
Chlorination 635
chloroacetanilides
152
Chlorofluorocarbons
493
chlorophyll 170
chlorophyll: monitoring
1692
chloropicrin 1658
chlorothalonil: fungicide,
pollutant, toxin 134
chlorpyrifos 247
chlorpyrifos: insecticide,
pollutant, toxin 134
chlorpyrifos: insecticide,
quantitative analysis 78
cholinesterase 1809
chordates 55, 102, 104, 113, 146, 165, 166,
446, 463, 468, 504, 560, 630, 667, 701, 764, 783, 789, 803, 814,
823, 850, 863, 914, 948, 983, 984, 1006, 1052, 1094, 1109, 1123,
1197, 1207, 1251, 1270, 1303, 1352, 1475, 1487, 1618, 1635, 1639,
1725, 1772, 1808
Chromatographic
techniques 75
Chromatography (Liquid)
75
Ciconiiformes 1706
circadian rhythm 1737
Circulation 525
cis 1,3 chloropropane
1658
citizen participation
43, 577, 1259
Citronelle ponds 234
citrus (Rutaceae): tropical
subtropical fruit crop 235
Civil 939
Civil Engineering 345, 1758
Clarity 1670
Classification 824, 1493
Classification systems
1413, 1493,
1634
clasts 1315
Clay 3
clay crystals: physical
layered structure 1618
clay fraction 867, 1549
clay soils 677, 1257
Clays 3
clays: chemical properties,
physical properties 1618
Clean Water Act 1453, 1504, 1505,
1506
Clean Water Act of 1972
1759
Clean Water Action Plan
863
clearcutting 1317
climate 91, 275, 340, 602, 685, 809, 964,
1318, 1366
climate change 7, 24, 141, 238, 525, 614,
794, 1006, 1307
climate cycles 1094
climate variability
24, 1307
climate variation 863
climatic change 49, 58, 333, 464, 474, 475,
523, 629, 811, 899, 1172, 1225, 1338, 1446, 1576
Climatic Changes 685, 900, 1004
Climatic conditions
184, 225
climatic factors 66, 92, 140, 971,
1576
climatic oscillation
449
climatic regimes 806
climatic zones 341, 1225
climatology 45, 141
Climatology (Environmental
Sciences) 240
climax vegetation 823
clones 361
Clostridium (Endospore forming
Gram Positives) 1384
clover (Leguminosae)
850
CO2 emissions 7
coagulants 1448
coal combustion 1675
Coal mine waste---Handbooks,
manuals, etc 632
coarse organic matter
701
coarse textured soils
993, 1519
coastal areas 1066, 1122, 1180,
1481
Coastal environments
1630
coastal erosion 812
coastal eutrophication
605
coastal plain 714
coastal plains 497, 1378
Coastal plants---Southern
States---Identification 555
Coastal plants---Southern
States---Pictorial works 555
coastal regions 665
Coastal states 222
coastal water 236, 1401
coastal waters 133, 222, 339, 605, 934, 1072,
1098, 1287, 1401, 1581
Coastal zone 339
coastal zone management
1401
coefficient 1369
coevolution 776
cold regions 134
Coleoptera (Coleoptera)
1635
Coliforms 351
coliforms
(Enterobacteriaceae): pollution indicator 350
collaborations 1361
Colloids 3
colonization 212, 399, 589, 1243
colonization rates
1347
color 907, 1281, 1327
Colorado 138, 768, 1715
column nitrate
enrichment 714
combustion 13, 457
cometabolism 336
commercial hybrids
479
commercial samples
906
communities 120, 170, 773, 784, 976,
1378
Community composition
334, 390, 683, 689,
1630, 1634
community ecology 155, 175, 399, 588, 681, 1232,
1790, 1802
community forestry
773, 1667
community involvement
530
Community structure
683, 1343,
1672
Community Studies 37, 1098
Comparison Studies
263, 1271
comparisons 170, 1367
compensatory mitigation
520
competition 1496, 1635
competitive ability
163, 398,
1009
complexity 1496
Compliance 1379
Composition of water
1162
compost 255, 260, 261, 556, 860, 883, 1048,
1214, 1364, 1499
compost co-utilization
513
Compost---Economic
aspects 258,
535
Compost---Handbooks, manuals,
etc 557
Compost---Management
535
Compost---Saskatchewan
515
compost utilization
254
composted manure 917
composted material
toxicity 410
composters 1702
composting 13, 32, 33, 191, 257, 259, 359, 509,
873, 1102, 1165, 1364, 1528, 1702
composts 142, 256, 359, 509, 784, 917, 1025,
1165, 1702
composts: disease supressive
effects 1254
computer applications
928, 1334
computer language 528
Computer models 1377
Computer programs 1377
computer simulation
926, 933, 940, 998,
1562, 1775
computerized technique
528
computers 1334
concentrated animal feeding
operations 80,
86, 1252, 1759
concentration 428, 961, 1563,
1677
conceptual challenges
794
conceptual models 1636
Concrete tanks---Design and
construction---Handbooks, manuals, etc 267
Conductivity 1634
conference proceedings
128
conferences 1054, 1211, 1565, 1787,
1802
confined animal feeding
operations 1359
Confinement farms Waste
disposal---United States 268
conifer (Coniferopsida)
463
coniferous forests
174, 573,
1427
conjunctive use 1215
connectivity 795, 815
consequences 817
conservation 62, 165, 184, 193, 212, 227,
234, 272, 273, 382, 424, 429, 463, 466, 537, 654, 689, 706, 732,
799, 804, 848, 943, 1098, 1123, 1176, 1233, 1248, 1282, 1295, 1340,
1357, 1493, 1516, 1597, 1600, 1627, 1635, 1638, 1680, 1685,
1726
conservation areas
516
conservation biology
512
conservation buffers
577, 1720,
1729
conservation
implications 1639
Conservation in agricultural
use 1609,
1734
Conservation of natural
resources 270
conservation practices
43, 65, 684,
1158
conservation priorities
1625
conservation programs
80
Conservation Reserve
Program 516,
986
conservation strategies
1347
conservation tillage
7, 117, 118, 215, 226,
274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 300, 318, 472, 536, 537, 558,
593, 642, 671, 684, 830, 899, 997, 1077, 1088, 1173, 1189, 1304,
1338, 1339, 1366, 1389, 1472, 1519, 1565, 1569, 1587, 1602, 1619,
1637, 1640, 1641, 1669, 1671, 1767, 1768
Conservation
tillage---Appalachian Region 312
Conservation
tillage---Economic aspects 406
Conservation
tillage---Environmental aspects 406
Conservation tillage---Great
Plains 314,
317
Conservation tillage---Middle
West 313
Conservation
tillage---Northeastern States 312
Conservation
tillage---Northwestern States 315
Conservation
tillage---Southern States 316
Conservation tillage---United
States 280,
580
Conservation, wildlife
management and recreation 37, 566, 816, 1215, 1233, 1248,
1443, 1597, 1814
constraints 52, 61, 810, 841,
1492
constructed wetland
usage 1686
constructed wetlands
284, 285, 286, 292, 521,
631, 718, 767, 1252, 1391, 1610, 1696
Constructed wetlands---Case
studies---Congresses 290
Constructed wetlands---Cold
weather conditions 289
Constructed
wetlands---Congresses 290
Constructed wetlands---Design
and construction 291
Constructed wetlands---Middle
Atlantic States---Handbooks, manuals, etc 632
Constructed wetlands---North
America 283
Constructed wetlands---Rocky
Mountains 293
Constructed wetlands---United
States 304,
628
Constructed wetlands---United
States---Case studies 288
Constructed
wetlands---West---United States 293
construction 227, 1078
container grown plants
1699
Contaminant Candidate List
[CCL] 370
contaminant extraction
531
Contaminant Input 1685
contaminants 20, 44, 130, 412, 616, 928,
1041, 1090, 1391, 1403, 1522, 1579, 1648
contaminants:
bioavailability 1508
contaminated sediment
764
contaminated sediments
529, 581, 613,
934
Contaminated
sediments---United States 709, 1142, 1143
contaminated soil 185
contaminated soils
529, 581
Contamination 188, 321, 372, 483, 544, 587,
602, 873, 961, 1093, 1116, 1135, 1147, 1235, 1314, 1324, 1364,
1578, 1693, 1782, 1791
contingent valuation
106
continuous cropping
309, 1472, 1519,
1768
contour cultivation
865
Control 147, 206, 387, 431, 604, 609, 754,
758, 949, 1011, 1024, 1073, 1193, 1245, 1389, 1454, 1590,
1707
control methods 321, 393, 839
Control of water on the
surface 378,
1073, 1337, 1665, 1735
control parameters
1364
Control programs 740, 744, 1769
controlled grazing
1521
controlled release
1091, 1710
conventional farming
375
cooperation 1515, 1612
Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension Service 81
copper 148, 418, 692, 1296
cordifines: antifeedant,
natural product 968
cores 1383
Corn Belt States of USA
319, 788, 852,
1566
corn (Gramineae) 257
Correlation analysis
1101
cost analysis 292, 407, 458, 685,
1545
cost benefit analyses
585
cost benefit analysis
86, 106, 666, 786, 1302,
1676, 1727
cost increasing events
1197
costs 143, 226, 516, 606, 769, 776, 1097,
1190, 1281, 1377, 1595, 1702
costs and returns 281
cotton 282, 700, 786, 788, 1077,
1602
Cotton---Diseases and
pests---Integrated control---West---United States 739
Cotton---Diseases and
pests---West---United States 739
cotton (Malvaceae): fiber
crop 473,
1673
coupled column liquid
chromatography 1593
cover 389
cover composition 823
cover crops 117, 226, 279, 300, 301, 302,
358, 642, 788, 997, 1007, 1082, 1234, 1366, 1557, 1707, 1715, 1767,
1768
Cover crops---Northeastern
States---Handbooks, manuals, etc 1021
Cover crops---United
States 1079
cows 195, 252, 417, 756, 876, 881, 994,
1024, 1255, 1518
Coxsackievirus
(Picornaviridae): disinfection resistance, pathogen 370
CREAMS Model 542
critical levels 423
critical loads 131, 423
critical review 209
critical reviews 1431
crop 300
crop (Angiospermae)
257, 1619
crop (Angiospermae): major
growth phases 785
crop damage 63, 265
crop establishment
1366
crop growth stage 1247, 1444
crop land buffers 1645
crop loss 595
crop management 19, 105, 281, 319, 320, 325,
445, 505, 599, 642, 720, 726, 735, 750, 776, 846, 849, 865, 995,
1002, 1007, 1020, 1058, 1060, 1063, 1112, 1174, 1247, 1313, 1326,
1336, 1564, 1620, 1710, 1812
crop management
practices 886
crop nutrition 1552
crop plant
(Angiospermae) 643
crop plant resistance
172
crop plants as weeds
1112
crop production 36, 147, 157, 203, 256, 358,
382, 387, 474, 593, 652, 788, 855, 888, 991, 1120, 1129, 1205,
1219, 1549, 1602, 1622, 1642, 1715, 1725, 1730, 1739, 1767,
1773
Crop production
(intercropping) 761
crop quality 224, 256, 377, 705, 937,
1812
crop residue 1619
Crop residue
management---Appalachian Region 312
Crop residue
management---Great Plains 314, 317
Crop residue
management---Middle West 313
Crop residue
management---Northeastern States 312
Crop residue
management---Northwestern States 315
Crop residue
management---Southern States 316
crop residues 60, 213, 281, 309, 318, 371,
478, 642, 678, 720, 788, 885, 899, 948, 987, 1003, 1007, 1020,
1028, 1173, 1192, 1219, 1304, 1338, 1339, 1410, 1470, 1472, 1640,
1641, 1730
crop rotation 7, 116, 311
crop tolerance 908
crop weed competition
358, 391, 749, 1458,
1576, 1771
crop yield 12, 36, 117, 256, 302, 309, 377,
428, 443, 445, 474, 523, 653, 678, 679, 693, 719, 749, 776, 786,
792, 846, 937, 975, 991, 995, 1008, 1033, 1058, 1060, 1166, 1174,
1200, 1225, 1245, 1247, 1264, 1326, 1336, 1344, 1345, 1385, 1444,
1488, 1490, 1496, 1519, 1549, 1602, 1669, 1717, 1771,
1812
cropland 43, 470, 1049, 1585
cropping practices
1189
cropping sequences
1768
cropping strategies
1027
cropping systems 54, 55, 221, 224, 275, 320,
365, 382, 407, 537, 593, 672, 693, 810, 841, 852, 855, 975, 1003,
1120, 1173, 1174, 1200, 1219, 1234, 1245, 1313, 1336, 1533, 1569,
1576, 1628, 1637, 1771, 1804
cropping systems in the great
plains 407, 593,
1219
crops 60, 197, 213, 309, 310, 375, 390,
428, 443, 465, 479, 523, 562, 599, 615, 782, 899, 941, 975, 997,
1002, 1007, 1033, 1173, 1175, 1193, 1225, 1268, 1288, 1327, 1355,
1376, 1389, 1394, 1409, 1457, 1490, 1533, 1557, 1563, 1644,
1710
Crops and nitrogen
996
Crops and
water---Environmental aspects---California 1330
Crops and
water---Research---United States 1562
crops (Angiospermae)
908
Crops---Nutrition 1551
cross resistance 590, 1341
crude protein 1044
Crustacea (Crustacea
Unspecified) 234,
1635
Crustaceans 234, 814, 1635
crustaceans (Crustacea)
814
crustaceans (Crustacea
Unspecified) 234,
1635
crusting 18
crusts 1533
Cry1A toxin 729
Cryptosporidium 321, 322, 351, 541, 1097,
1103
Cryptosporidium parvum
1097, 1757
CSREES 81
cucumis melo 705, 1063
cucumis sativus 705, 735
Culicidae 431
cultivars 309, 310, 325, 358, 445, 479, 846,
1009, 1033, 1112, 1247, 1336, 1717
Cultivated Lands 29, 273, 390, 1645
cultivation 42, 63, 66, 226, 282, 358,
537, 551, 579, 677, 720, 1009, 1077, 1219, 1640, 1641, 1669,
1770
cultural control 256, 265, 358, 593, 678, 749,
1245, 1389, 1557, 1576, 1767
cultural methods 282, 830, 1245
cumulative effects
809
cumulative impact
analysis 324
current ripples 1509
current use pesticides
327
current use pesticides:
pesticide, pollutant, toxin, transformation products 133
CW2D 1525
cyanazine 833
Cyanobacteria 231, 370, 638, 909
cyanobacteria
(Cyanobacteria) 909
cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria):
pathogen, waterborne 370
Cyanophyta 452
cycle 965
cycling 49, 213, 224, 279, 483, 634, 652,
653, 676, 994, 1000, 1001, 1028, 1029, 1037, 1209, 1338,
1376
cycling nutrients 160, 1004, 1030,
1034
cycloate 1658
cyclorrhapha 175
Cyclospora 452
Cydia pomonella 1075
Cyprus 369
cytoplasm 1490
dairies 292
dairy cattle 72, 756, 994, 1191
dairy cows 1255, 1416
dairy farm management
624
dairy farming 72, 1255
dairy farms 252, 417, 673, 876, 950, 994,
1255
dairy industry 292
dairy manure 860
DAISY model 160
Dam Construction 1226
Dam Failure 939
dam removal 1676
damage 539, 805, 907
damming 654
dams 62, 227, 333, 598, 602, 939, 1226,
1311, 1337, 1437, 1446, 1638, 1676
dangerous organisms
322, 349, 636, 833,
1121
Daphnia 1343
Data acquisition 924, 1363, 1413
data analysis 171, 425, 679, 784,
1480
data collection 518, 679, 715, 1276
Data Collections 344, 433, 452, 833, 1363,
1413
Data handling 1413
Data Interpretation
833, 1445
database 1532
Databases 138, 330, 705, 833, 944, 961, 1377,
1775
daucus carota 1715
Daucus carota [tomato]
(Umbelliferae): vegetable crop 254
DDE: pesticide 560
DDT 186, 331, 1373
DDT: pesticide 560, 1070
Dead animal
disposal---Saskatchewan 515
Dead animals, Removal and
disposal of 733
Dead
animals---Saskatchewan 515
dead trees 821
Dechlorination 186
deciduous forests 174, 1427
decision making 6, 12, 365, 391, 492, 599,
693, 705, 711, 792, 862, 1334, 1367, 1443, 1444, 1717,
1804
decision support
systems 80, 81,
1334
declines 520
decomposers 1030
decomposition 4, 5, 213, 309, 335, 384, 695,
910, 1030, 1060, 1115, 1304, 1318, 1399, 1461, 1519, 1540, 1587,
1630, 1650
defaunation 1303
defense mechanism 1177
defense mechanisms
12
defoliation 89
deforestation 551, 1627
degradation 4, 9, 75, 210, 335, 337, 494,
640, 642, 678, 1030, 1034, 1083, 1115, 1116, 1120, 1236, 1290,
1395, 1448, 1523, 1616, 1630, 1656, 1675
degraded forests 1349
degree of
mineralization 1114
dehydrogenase activity
915
Delaware 577
delivery 1072
Delta Marsh Restoration
1685
deltas 1437
demand 475, 1689
demographic changes
1639
demographic
stochasticity 512
demography 14
demonstration projects
1164
Dempster Shafer
Reasoning 141
denitrification 32, 338, 339, 421, 453, 486,
534, 798, 800, 868, 988, 990, 991, 1000, 1003, 1027, 1269, 1358,
1398, 1536, 1710, 1720
denitrifying
microorganisms 868
Denmark 105, 455, 677, 892, 1005
density 677, 1304, 1482
density dependence
512
department for international
development 1756
deposition 111, 165, 214, 534, 932, 1011, 1066,
1653, 1813
depth 693, 1247
derived distribution
710
Descriptors:
Dissipation 542
desert rodents 1727
desertification 449, 781, 1273,
1549
deserts 340, 665, 690
design 343, 345, 1312, 1368, 1372, 1431,
1572
design criteria 344, 378, 492, 1615
Design data 344
design standards 292
Desilting basins 1023
desorption 439, 618, 1376, 1578
detection 326, 969, 1009, 1646,
1687
detention ponds 521
detergents 1388
Determination 558, 1235, 1392,
1563
detoxification 1125, 1167, 1578
detritus 110
Developing Countries
287, 510, 1378,
1379
development 25, 1775
developmental stages
14, 1308,
1458
diagnosis 367, 705, 1308
diatom (Chrysophyta):
periphyton 368
dibenzo p dioxins 457
dibenzofuran: pollutant
93
dicofol: pesticide
560
dicots 115, 177, 179, 234, 235, 254, 473,
613, 667, 669, 716, 724, 823, 850, 952, 1483, 1496, 1673
die back 128
diesel 473
diet 1737
diet modification 446
dietary minerals 692
dietary restriction
1052
diets 130, 467, 676, 1044, 1163, 1191,
1255
diffuse environmental
contamination 853
diffusion 789
diffusivity 677, 867
digesta 244
digestibility 244, 547, 1163, 1293,
1460
digestive additives
8
Digital map data 1377
dilution 123
dimensional analysis
1495
dimensionality 794
Diptera 148, 175, 431, 1648
Diptera (Diptera) 1807
direct sowing 677, 1007, 1519,
1669
disc harrows 885
discharge 19, 345, 510, 710, 1368
discing 1602, 1640
disciplinary research
1636
disease 851
disease and pest
management 281,
458
disease control 735, 970, 1254, 1321, 1576,
1757
disease prevention
691, 1203
disease resistance
240, 432, 612, 678, 701,
1321, 1717
disease transmission
83, 322, 636, 691, 969,
1097
disease vectors 691
diseases 282, 636, 1173, 1389
disinfectants 1448, 1732
Disinfection 322, 1252, 1442
disinfection by products
[DBPs]: formation, pollutant, toxin 854
disinfection byproducts
1732
dispersal 173, 932, 1243, 1494
dispersion 123, 932
dissipation 1397
dissipation pathways
553
Dissolved chemicals
934
dissolved organic
carbon 327
dissolved organic
matter 371,
986
dissolved organic matter
loading 1110
dissolved oxygen 339, 1185, 1369,
1464
distance 1315
distribution 1147, 1494
Distribution
(Mathematical) 1581
District of Columbia
577
Disturbance 88, 184, 424
disturbance regimes
1250, 1451
disturbed land 579, 821
disturbed soils 1555
ditch blocking 659
dithiocarbamate:
pesticide 906
diuron: insecticide,
quantitative analysis 78
diverse aquatic ecosystems
linkages 813
diversity 1088, 1543, 1693
DNA fingerprinting
361
Domestic wastes 372
domestication 970
Dominant species 234
Don River 1685
dormancy breaking 478
dosage 915
dosage effects 1555
dose dependent effects
915
double cropping 1768
Double Stranded DNA
Viruses 370
Douglas fir western hemlock
forest stands 812
Downstream 1226
Drainage 21, 378, 380, 381, 441, 567, 602,
625, 659, 668, 684, 798, 1116, 1156, 1257, 1268, 1346, 1347, 1348,
1386, 1439, 1488, 1579, 1633, 1643, 1714, 1729
Drainage---Australia---New
South Wales---Management 664
Drainage---Australia---New
South Wales---Planning 664
Drainage---Australia---Victoria---Handbooks,
manuals, etc 778
drainage basins 603
Drainage---Congresses
779, 1606
Drainage effects 1049
Drainage---Environmental
aspects---Developing countries 482
Drainage---Environmental
aspects---Sweden 296
Drainage---Handbooks, manuals,
etc 379
Drainage---Management
22, 838, 844,
871
Drainage---Middle West
23
drainage patterns 1495, 1656
Drainage rates 32
drainage systems 1288
drainage water 44, 188, 582, 920, 947, 1063,
1194, 1419, 1469, 1748
Dredging 108, 1508
drift 444, 454, 1813
drift mitigation
strategies 1813
Drilling fluids 918
drinking water 100, 321, 322, 347, 351, 370,
452, 541, 635, 638, 969, 1097, 1150, 1654, 1732, 1737,
1741
Drinking
water---Contamination---Prevention 858
drinking water microbial
safety: global perspectives 914
Drinking water---New York,
NY 1763
Drinking
water---Purification---Congresses 1449
drinking water supplies:
management 854
Drip Irrigation 1609
droplet studies 1474
drought 114, 320, 333, 553, 781, 1194, 1248,
1446, 1752
drought resistance
1488
droughts 794
drug residues 1198, 1297, 1732
drugs 1198, 1732
dry farming 36, 92, 995, 1219,
1641
dry lot feeding 409
dry matter 1082, 1281
dry matter distribution
1166
dry particle deposition
133
dryland salinity 476, 1487
durability 1321
duration 1247, 1727
duration curves 710
dust 1024, 1399, 1549, 1811
dust control 1811
dust emissions 1071
dusts 921
DWSM (model) 1764
dynamic models 106, 1367
dynamics 7, 184, 512, 795, 800, 988, 1001,
1131
Dynamics of lakes and
rivers 569, 1495,
1615, 1724
dysaphis plantaginea
741
earliness 1812
early successional
communities 1625
Earth construction
385
Earth Sciences 1315, 1509
earth surface systems
802
earthworms 105, 558, 648, 1088, 1304, 1457,
1693
earthy flavors 909
eastern North America
588
Eastern North Carolina
714
ecdysteroids 651
Echovirus (Picornaviridae):
disinfection resistance, pathogen 370
ecohydrology 1352
Ecological
assessment---Biology---United States 126
Ecological assessment---United
States 357
ecological balance
409, 944, 1276,
1365
ecological
characteristics 630
ecological conditions
915
ecological crisis 390, 1791
Ecological Distribution
1418
ecological economics
1340
ecological effects
167, 431, 442, 799,
1337, 1418, 1469, 1579, 1597, 1791
ecological forecasts
389
ecological impact 1356
Ecological impact of water
development 38,
227, 431, 1226, 1597, 1638, 1676
Ecological implications of
livestock herbivory in the west 690
Ecological integrity---United
States 357,
765
Ecological mapping
1780
ecological processes
659
ecological processes:
evolution 809
ecological productivity
1487
ecological refugia
801
ecological restoration
577, 767, 1259,
1599
ecological restoration:
intermediate 1352
ecological risk 1507
ecological risk
assessment 368,
1508
ecological significance
128
ecological succession
667
Ecological techniques and
apparatus 1413,
1607
ecological thresholds
1723
ecologically based
Hydrogeomorphic approach 392
ecologically based pest
management 1465
Ecology 7, 37, 61, 89, 94, 130, 182, 207,
243, 325, 389, 390, 397, 398, 400, 466, 479, 512, 520, 521, 552,
573, 576, 591, 605, 683, 685, 686, 710, 712, 730, 749, 768, 795,
800, 811, 816, 928, 934, 964, 965, 970, 1061, 1088, 1098, 1100,
1161, 1173, 1227, 1267, 1278, 1323, 1351, 1369, 1424, 1469, 1511,
1525, 1587, 1620, 1650, 1693, 1711, 1721, 1729, 1758
Ecology (Environmental
Sciences) 1123
Ecology---United States
491
economic analysis 106, 138, 391, 408, 445, 530,
679, 769, 776, 1033, 1063, 1236, 1405, 1444, 1529, 1549, 1572,
1812
Economic aspects 1012, 1013
economic changes 1639
Economic Entomology
731, 1285
economic evaluation
407
economic impact 265, 673, 734, 786, 1197,
1487
economic indicators
792
economic injury level
265
economic significance
128
economic thresholds
391
economics 407, 682, 685, 841, 853, 1008, 1014,
1016, 1076, 1167, 1248, 1595
ecosystem 728
ecosystem analysis
412, 1633
Ecosystem disturbance
62, 222, 390, 438, 493,
565, 685, 770, 1057, 1638, 1726, 1791
ecosystem dynamics:
freshwater, riparian 1094
ecosystem function
667, 669, 851
ecosystem functioning
794
ecosystem health 354, 356
Ecosystem health West United
States 713
ecosystem integrity
667
Ecosystem management
97, 174, 184, 497, 622,
649, 696, 816, 1034, 1073, 1233, 1337, 1346, 1401, 1493, 1516,
1554, 1597, 1726, 1735
Ecosystem management---United
States 101,
763
ecosystem models 928
ecosystem performance
102
ecosystem processes
630, 1540
ecosystem productivity
1352
ecosystem recovery:
mechanisms, scales 1431
Ecosystem resilience
565, 1676
ecosystem responses
694, 989
ecosystem restoration
1680
ecosystem science 794
ecosystem studies 812
ecosystems 50, 60, 105, 154, 170, 174, 184,
212, 216, 224, 265, 266, 309, 333, 339, 340, 341, 400, 412, 423,
434, 436, 464, 479, 544, 551, 565, 573, 579, 599, 602, 634, 649,
653, 683, 685, 712, 758, 768, 769, 773, 798, 811, 934, 944, 964,
970, 971, 975, 976, 1030, 1057, 1081, 1098, 1101, 1128, 1236, 1331,
1351, 1365, 1418, 1424, 1427, 1436, 1447, 1467, 1485, 1515, 1543,
1555, 1580, 1597, 1612, 1622, 1647, 1650, 1691, 1698, 1708, 1753,
1791, 1802
Ecosystems and
energetics 339,
415, 426, 900, 1162, 1401
Ecosystems management---United
States 583
ecotones 400, 768, 798, 1424
ecotoxicity 123
ecotoxicological significance
experience 915
ecotoxicological
testing 915
ecotoxicology 100, 133, 134, 135, 166, 168,
343, 412, 641, 854, 916, 1107, 1122, 1179, 1201, 1296, 1476, 1507,
1636, 1658
ecotypes 1101, 1690
ectoparasites 1206
edaphic factors 140
eddy correlation 916
edge effect 895, 1243
education 607, 769, 813, 1270
eelgrass zostera marina
714
effective assessment
procedures: formulation 809
effective monitoring
procedures: formulation 809
effects 88, 168, 300, 423, 671,
1494
Effects of pollution
130, 148, 167, 247, 433,
434, 435, 442, 636, 683, 721, 799, 922, 1057, 1090, 1121, 1128,
1249, 1343, 1373, 1403, 1418, 1469, 1648, 1650
effects on 432
Effects on organisms
110, 130, 148, 162, 167,
247, 432, 433, 442, 683, 721, 1057, 1343, 1373, 1401, 1462, 1469,
1638, 1650
Effects on water of human
nonwater activities 324, 415, 426, 1346
efficacy 163, 212, 975, 1175
efficiency 341, 444, 474, 1236, 1564
efficient feed nutrient
utilization 446
Effluent 1403
Effluent quality---United
States 586
effluents 170, 447, 1403
efflux 464, 1563
eggs 1373, 1706
eggshell thickness
560
Eichhornia crassipes
1073, 1735
El Nino Southern Oscillation
[ENSO] 449
elasticities 786
elateridae 516
electrical conductivity
450, 1281
electricity 1207
Electronic publications
420
elevated atmospheric
CO2 238
elutriate exposure [extract
exposure] 1476
emission 8, 26, 49, 58, 66, 215, 224, 277,
294, 414, 440, 453, 454, 455, 540, 604, 652, 798, 868, 892, 893,
932, 990, 998, 1003, 1005, 1085, 1229, 1240, 1381, 1382, 1402,
1415, 1541, 1549, 1627, 1675, 1690, 1789, 1790
emission factors 69, 1359
emission reduction
704
emission reductions
1296
emissions 56, 457, 1004, 1497
emissions mitigation
119
Emperor goose 1469
encapsulated calcium
carbide 897
Encephalitozoon intestinalis
(Cnidosporidea): disinfection resistance, pathogen,
waterborne 370
enclosure method 1563
endangered species
271, 512, 584, 673, 848,
976, 1332, 1433, 1690, 1708
endangered species act
272
Endangered
species---West---United States 461
endemic species 1332
endocrine disrupters
442
endocrine disrupting
chemicals 442
endocrine disruption
1476
endocrine disruptors
442, 1090,
1403
Endocrine glands 1090, 1403
Endocrine system 1090, 1403
endosulfan: insecticide,
toxin, pollutant 134
endotoxins 479, 1341
energy 1207
energy balance 916
energy content 1416
energy expenditure
409
energy flow 630
energy relations 409
energy sources 13, 1394, 1416
Engineering 193, 462, 569, 1364,
1628
England 455
enrichment 170, 521, 1030
Enteric bacteria 351
Enterobacteriaceae
90, 376, 541, 969,
1103
Enterovirus 452
Entisols 1519
Entomologist 731
Entomology 238, 327, 563, 1075, 1532
entomopathogenic fungus
238
Environment 7, 93, 168, 182, 219, 243,
389, 414, 473, 512, 520, 521, 605, 671, 710, 792, 795, 800, 829,
965, 1061, 1100, 1161, 1191, 1267, 1278, 1369, 1371, 1372, 1445,
1485, 1525, 1718, 1729, 1758, 1791
Environment management
227, 438, 696, 804, 816,
964, 1034, 1073, 1167, 1462, 1516, 1597, 1600, 1645,
1726
environmental 349, 1346
Environmental action
3, 4, 222, 273, 390,
493, 565, 816, 964, 1034, 1076, 1090, 1119, 1215, 1248, 1337, 1379,
1443, 1516, 1597, 1659, 1676, 1735
environmental analysis
662
Environmental
Applications 1078
environmental
assessment 58,
341, 354, 391, 629, 903, 944, 1294, 1372, 1515, 1547, 1612, 1691,
1804
environmental
assessments 752
environmental benefits
472
Environmental changes
62
environmental chemistry
571
environmental concerns
172
environmental
conditions 24,
886
environmental
contamination 471, 585, 1107, 1508,
1755
environmental control
228, 1381
environmental decision
making 597
environmental
degradation 38,
324, 390, 415, 426, 465, 475, 792, 1201, 1248, 1347,
1633
environmental
disturbance 916
environmental education
272, 1259
environmental effects
162, 227, 324, 415, 426,
542, 721, 919, 921, 923, 1346, 1579, 1638, 1791
Environmental Engineering
& Energy 457,
965
environmental factors
186, 414, 466, 533, 681,
1563, 1737
environmental fate
327, 1523
environmental flows
694
environmental gradient
1451
environmental health
800, 1109
environmental
heterogeneity 794, 1451
environmental history
817
environmental impact
26, 40, 41, 46, 62, 68,
105, 107, 108, 123, 124, 153, 196, 197, 200, 227, 228, 250, 265,
324, 335, 377, 390, 394, 414, 415, 426, 427, 438, 448, 464, 467,
474, 475, 479, 481, 483, 486, 488, 493, 500, 501, 518, 551, 598,
599, 629, 667, 668, 676, 682, 683, 685, 734, 756, 799, 821, 825,
835, 864, 920, 923, 934, 995, 1011, 1073, 1083, 1102, 1122, 1131,
1154, 1158, 1172, 1183, 1191, 1192, 1196, 1197, 1201, 1237, 1248,
1255, 1294, 1337, 1339, 1343, 1373, 1419, 1448, 1453, 1457, 1485,
1487, 1515, 1579, 1595, 1616, 1650, 1675, 1676, 1732, 1759, 1804,
1814
Environmental impact
analysis---Developing countries 482
Environmental impact
analysis---United States 126
Environmental Impact and
Protection 266
environmental impacts
166
environmental
implications 209
Environmental
indicators---United States 1705
Environmental
indicators---United States---Mathematical models 1704
environmental law 807
Environmental Law, Regulations
& Policy 816
environmental
legislation 207,
673, 827, 1759
environmental linkages
814
environmental
management 192,
210, 694, 792, 1364, 1388, 1423, 1424, 1457, 1515, 1721,
1804
environmental manure
pollutants 1475
environmental
microbiology 504
Environmental Modeling
649, 934
environmental models
295
environmental
monitoring 1,
295, 342, 575, 1076, 1220, 1259, 1413, 1493, 1500, 1501, 1502,
1503, 1516, 1600, 1740
Environmental
monitoring---North America 150
Environmental
monitoring---United States 491, 765, 1713
environmental
persistence 134
environmental policy
40, 43, 86, 222, 412,
492, 493, 825, 923, 939, 1017, 1034, 1597, 1732
Environmental policy---United
States 491
environmental pollution
896, 927, 967
environmental pollution
analysis: quality assurance, quality controls, reference
materials 1466
environmental
protection 43,
46, 54, 65, 128, 223, 266, 382, 448, 455, 488, 565, 576, 598, 599,
650, 673, 816, 867, 871, 918, 921, 944, 961, 964, 1117, 1124, 1129,
1174, 1196, 1259, 1337, 1405, 1415, 1424, 1435, 1443, 1478, 1493,
1504, 1505, 1506, 1510, 1553, 1620, 1633, 1659, 1800
Environmental protection
agencies 335
Environmental Protection
Agency 81,
192
Environmental
protection---United States 491
environmental quality
38, 86, 390, 459, 674,
816, 943, 1373, 1630, 1633, 1676, 1679
environmental quality:
protection 1692
Environmental quality
standards 1630
Environmental
restoration 193,
273, 696, 1167, 1435, 1630, 1676
environmental risks
1679
environmental samples
77, 906
environmental samples:
chemical analysis 832
Environmental
sampling---United States 1605
environmental sciences
669
environmental stress
1638
Environmental Studies,
Geography & Development 714
environmental
surveillance 469
Environmental surveys
1600
environmental
temperature 523,
735, 971
environmental
temperatures 134
environmental
toxicology 1123
environmentally aggressive
chemicals 1177
Environmentally degradable
polymeric materials (EDPM) 501
enzymatic activity
1607
enzyme activities 1536
enzyme activity 244, 834, 1543
enzyme inhibitors 479
enzyme inhibitors:
insecticide 1177
enzyme preparations
244, 692, 1044,
1190
enzymes 410, 511, 547, 1607
enzymes: feed
supplement 446
EPA 81, 575
Ephemeral Streams 1239
Ephemeroptera 148
epidemics 163
epidemiology 12, 452, 691, 697, 1308, 1321,
1772
Epidemiology (Population
Studies) 240
epistemology 504
EPTC 1658
equations 19, 519, 522, 1369, 1385,
1542
equilibrium morphology
1509
equilibrium systems
1723
equipment 326, 881, 1185, 1281, 1304, 1392,
1529, 1702
Eradication 506
eroded soils 1392
erodibility 1533, 1542
erosion 18, 24, 91, 94, 106, 111, 194, 214,
226, 277, 303, 318, 330, 340, 341, 413, 445, 507, 508, 509, 510,
518, 519, 521, 537, 539, 551, 627, 642, 653, 672, 677, 678, 679,
715, 722, 788, 805, 821, 869, 940, 970, 971, 1082, 1087, 1089,
1092, 1157, 1192, 1241, 1271, 1298, 1304, 1312, 1360, 1385, 1386,
1392, 1394, 1401, 1410, 1427, 1429, 1452, 1471, 1478, 1527, 1532,
1533, 1534, 1541, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1559, 1570, 1622,
1637, 1643, 1669, 1674, 1688, 1697, 1765, 1766, 1775
Erosion and
sedimentation 110, 111, 416, 437, 438, 890, 1271,
1383, 1656
erosion control 15, 41, 106, 295, 301, 302,
318, 341, 361, 509, 537, 629, 652, 672, 885, 1031, 1183, 1189,
1248, 1312, 1377, 1392, 1394, 1477, 1478, 1480, 1527, 1541, 1641,
1645, 1715, 1768
erosion pattern 307
erosion rates 723, 890
Erosion---Southwestern
States 554
Erosion---United
States---States 760
Erosion---West---United
States 1701
error propagation 927
errors 79, 1281
Erwinia amylovora
(Enterobacteriaceae) 90
erynia neoaphidis 238
Escherichia coli 349, 351, 376, 541, 969, 1103,
1195, 1660
Escherichia coli
(Enterobacteriaceae): decomposer, genetically engineered
organism 1694
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 541,
1757
establishment 176, 384, 391, 821,
1410
esterase 511
esterases 244, 511
Esters 511
estimate bias sources
1374
estimates 92, 1627
estimation 92, 518, 604, 1096, 1294, 1533,
1627
estradiol 545, 1046
estrone 545, 1046
estuaries 41, 46, 166, 222, 236, 263, 339,
500, 605, 892, 999, 1098, 1287, 1581, 1650
estuaries: dissolved oxygen
gradients, pH gradients, productive marine ecosystems, redox
potential gradients, temperature gradients, variable
salinity 122
estuarine biota
(Organisms) 122
Estuarine chemistry
339
Estuarine organisms
1516, 1650
estuarine processes
122
estuarine sediment: chemical
assessment techniques, community level assessment techniques,
toxicological assessment techniques 122
estuary 396
ethics 224, 1781
ethylene 478
Eubacteria 90, 336, 350, 370, 553, 670, 729,
814, 851, 909, 1107, 1177, 1384, 1618, 1619, 1662, 1694,
1807
Eubacterium (Irregular
Nonsporing Gram Positive Rods) 1384
Eucalyptus 627, 1568
euphorbia esula 769
Euphorbia esula [leafy spurge]
(Euphorbiaceae): weed 177
Europe 163, 170, 202, 206, 222, 277, 390,
395, 464, 466, 510, 677, 682, 741, 882, 892, 950, 1005, 1046, 1117,
1194, 1243, 1255, 1304, 1305, 1323, 1346, 1367, 1368, 1548,
1577
European Beaver 598
European Union 473
eutrophic lake 1468
eutrophication 29, 30, 34, 170, 222, 263,
292, 339, 364, 390, 481, 500, 521, 551, 630, 649, 696, 714, 800,
817, 854, 989, 1011, 1037, 1157, 1158, 1212, 1236, 1241, 1340,
1347, 1352, 1356, 1386, 1388, 1401, 1405, 1445, 1448, 1462, 1464,
1575, 1581, 1633, 1638, 1732
Eutrophication---Control---Mexico, Gulf
of 420
Eutrophication---United
States 1582
evaluation 99, 163, 263, 325, 394, 518, 519,
938, 945, 1073, 1185, 1247, 1281, 1304, 1457, 1563, 1620,
1645
Evaluation process
816, 1435
Evaluation, processing and
publication 1377
evaporation 15, 36, 301, 443, 444, 705,
782, 937, 1225, 1240
evapotranspiration
92, 301, 415, 441, 484,
522, 523, 562, 677, 782, 870, 971, 1033, 1169, 1225, 1247, 1288,
1491, 1720, 1735
evolution 729, 970, 1321, 1447, 1490,
1637
evolutionary biology
675
evolutionary
characteristics 630
excessive environmental
nutrient loading modeling 927
exchangeable phosphate
263
excreta 1252
excretion 198, 417, 418, 692, 1044, 1163,
1198, 1255, 1416, 1595
excretory behavior
1359
Exotic Species 770, 1073, 1638
exotic species
introduction 630
experience 1270
Experimental Data 1159
experimental design
343, 530, 641, 679, 824,
1727
experimental plots
301
Experimental research
247, 1343
expert system
applications 528
expert systems 705, 1294
explosives 1169, 1362
export 800, 965
exposure 123, 376, 533, 545, 1122, 1249,
1693, 1706, 1732, 1809
exposure durations
166
exposure tolerance
721
extension 382
extension education
514, 1465,
1773
externalities 40
extinction 512, 1172
extinction risk 512
extraction 531
extreme flood 1267
fabaceae 1082
Factory and trade waste as
fertilizer 790
Facultatively Anaerobic Gram
Negative Rods 90
Faidherbia albida
(Leguminosae) 1496
Falco peregrinus 424
fallow 36, 537, 869, 1219, 1640
fallowing 1248
false positives 1107
famoxadone: environmental
safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin,
synthesis 1603
famphur: pesticide
560
farm income 41, 1008, 1295
farm inputs 474, 1773
farm machinery 1007, 1230, 1231,
1627
farm management 50, 252, 505, 518, 533, 787,
894, 1236, 1585, 1627, 1804
Farm manure 260, 875
Farm
manure---Composition 875
Farm
manure---Congresses 87
Farm manure---Environmental
aspects---Minnesota 877
Farm manure---Environmental
aspects---United States 268
Farm manure in methane
production---United States---Case studies 901
Farm manure,
liquid---Environmental aspects 883
Farm manure, Liquid---Odor
control---North Carolina 360
Farm
manure---Management 1632
Farm manure---Minnesota
877
Farm manure---Storage
385
Farm
manure---Storage---Handbooks, manuals, etc 267
farm model 104
farm nutrient flow: systems
approach 328
farm scale nutrient budgets:
soil fertility management tool 1374
Farm Wastes 34
farmed organic soil
614
farmers 1163, 1367, 1702, 1804
farmers' attitudes
1671
farming 54, 91, 375, 451, 717, 1270, 1412,
1439, 1443
farming systems 30, 51, 54, 72, 91, 203, 212,
393, 414, 537, 538, 591, 668, 784, 841, 855, 870, 950, 1000, 1009,
1028, 1175, 1255, 1366, 1494, 1553, 1628, 1641, 1669
farmland 19
farms 266, 390, 518, 784, 860, 994,
1702
Farms and farming 1412
farmyard manure 55, 153, 252, 1344,
1677
Fate 247, 494, 934, 1395
Fate of Pollutants
4, 20, 108, 247, 331,
337, 542, 543, 544, 925, 1004, 1119, 1133, 1375, 1395, 1442,
1585
fauna 50
Feasibility Studies
1159
feather meal 1293
feathers 1293
fecal bacteria 1660
Fecal coliforms 372
fecal contamination
1107
feces 372, 1737
fecundity 533, 1319, 1387
federal government
827, 1759
federal programs 575, 1041
feed additives 8, 68, 244, 418, 547, 692,
843, 1044, 1191, 1293
feed conversion 203, 1191, 1460
feed conversion
efficiency 1185,
1191
feed grains 244
feed intake 409, 1191, 1255
feed manufacturing technique
modification 446
feeding 68, 148, 417, 1044, 1163,
1597
feeding behaviour 1711
feeding habits 175
feeding sites 823
feedlot manure
management 257
Feedlot runoff---North
America 283
Feedlot runoff---North
Carolina---Measurement 360
Feedlot runoff---United
States 1329
Feedlot runoff---United
States---Management 859
feedlot wastes 149, 827
feedlots 149, 353, 1198
Feedlots---Environmental
aspects---North Carolina 360
Feedlots---South Dakota
826
feeds 105, 148, 198, 203, 547, 985, 1028,
1038, 1044, 1157, 1163, 1190, 1204, 1208, 1237, 1246, 1255, 1297,
1416, 1490
Feeds---Congresses
1035
feedstock 1364
fell and burn 436
female animals 692
fenamidone: environmental
safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin,
synthesis 1603
fenitrothion 1135
fens 1346, 1634, 1789, 1800
Fenvalerate 542
Ferruginous hawk 424
fertigation 1345, 1482, 1710
fertilisers 829
fertility management
1027
fertilization 119, 989, 1189,
1642
fertilizer 571, 850, 1540, 1714
fertilizer application
548, 820, 1301, 1322,
1730
fertilizer efficiency
115
fertilizer industry
1675
Fertilizer industry---Great
Britain---Management 751
fertilizer management
861, 897
fertilizer requirement
determination 30,
720, 991, 995, 998, 1002, 1234, 1327
fertilizer requirements
1027
fertilizer use 116, 502
Fertilizers 26, 48, 105, 138, 160, 215,
222, 295, 426, 433, 474, 478, 481, 493, 499, 534, 543, 549, 550,
551, 579, 589, 591, 593, 612, 668, 677, 705, 719, 728, 784, 852,
869, 894, 991, 1003, 1011, 1033, 1065, 1093, 1157, 1174, 1184,
1208, 1235
Fertilizers (contd.)
1245, 1247, 1248, 1255,
1314, 1339, 1367, 1409, 1412, 1448, 1472, 1488, 1551, 1564, 1585,
1595, 1609, 1642, 1653, 1657, 1668, 1671, 1735, 1741,
1790
Fertilizers---Environmental
aspects 790
Fertilizers---Environmental
aspects---United States 1582
fiber content 692
field crops 319, 976
field experiment 1315
field experimentation
163, 212, 319, 824,
1490
field experiments 829
field hazards 1406
field level studies
1361
Field Method 731
field studies 553
fields 212, 1719
filter strips 1720, 1729
filtration 1180, 1575, 1645
fine particles: erosion
leaching 1692
fine sand 1509
fine sediment 165
Finland 369, 677
Fire 201, 565
fire ecology 340, 1698
fire effects 140, 821, 1698
fire management 408
Fires 340, 424, 565
Fish 88, 102, 166, 438, 463, 565, 630,
701, 804, 814, 961, 1094, 1352, 1618, 1638
Fish culture 231, 432, 1223
fish kills 714
Fish Management 1411
fish passage 1676
fish (Pisces) 166, 814, 1352,
1618
fish (Pisces): alien species,
egg, freshwater species, larva 701
fish (Pisces): habitat
couplers, omnivore 630
fish (Pisces
Unspecified) 113,
146, 165, 463
Fish ponds 1184
Fish Populations 1403
fisheries 500
Fishery conservation
270
Fishery management
566, 804, 1223, 1411,
1462
fishes 711, 1396, 1700
Fishing 1411
fitness 590
flea beetles 563
Flexuosa l trin 423
flight 691
flocculation 719
flood 1764
flood control 567, 569, 725, 1311, 1680,
1765
flood events 694, 801
Flood forecasting 1377
flood plains 658, 1358
flooded rice 897, 1247, 1790
flooding 205, 453, 478, 600, 933, 941, 993,
1247, 1346, 1481, 1691
Floodplain ecology---North
America 568
floodplain gravel pits
654
floodplain landforms
334
floodplain management
1680
floodplain
sedimentation 1267
floodplain stratigraphy
24
floodplain systems
1451
floodplain woodlands:
restoration 694
floodplains 1267, 1350, 1430, 1437, 1441,
1450, 1720
floods 24, 205, 320, 725, 794, 1427,
1446
floriculture 774
Florida 441, 673, 903, 1680
flow 389, 924, 1404
flow duration 569, 710
flow hydraulics 806
flow regimen 701
flow regimes 603
flow regulation 1451
flow resistance 1276
flow velocity 806
flowing waters 1068
fluctuating stressors
1476
Fluctuations 900
fluid flow 1615
fluid mechanics 924
flume experiments 1509
fluoroquinolone
enrofloxacin 1152
fluvial action 801
fluvial competence
603
fluvial ecosystems: water use
legitimization 809
fluvial geomorphology
603
fluvial island formation:
flooding 1242
Fluvial morphology
890, 1676
fluvial processes 806
fluvial sandstone 1509
Fluvial Sediments 1239, 1724
fodder crops 534
fog 134, 1051
foliar application
1345
fonofos: volatilization
886
food 153, 1613
food acceptability
746
Food
animals---Nutrition---Congresses 1035
food biosecurity 320
food chains 130, 438, 685, 721, 730, 1093,
1150, 1343, 1708
food contamination
208, 1291, 1379,
1736
food crops 77
food industry 142, 1736
food processing 1730, 1736
food production 128, 264, 320, 475, 612,
1736
food productivity 470
food resources 814
food safety 746, 1448, 1736
Food Science 860
food security 612, 1571
food supply 320, 823
food web interactions
1110
food web stability
630
food web structure
630, 701
food web structures
1340
food webs 148, 605
foods 130, 148, 377
forage 6, 203, 534, 769, 1255, 1460, 1490,
1666
Forage
plants---Congresses 572
forages 860
foraging 212
Foraging behaviour
37
forb (Angiospermae):
food 823
forest clearing 1625
forest decline 333, 907
forest ecology 99, 120, 174, 400, 577, 579,
584, 711, 773, 815, 821, 1022, 1081, 1083, 1089, 1433, 1481, 1515,
1583, 1698
Forest ecology---United
States 578
forest ecosystem 989, 1725
forest fires 120, 333, 425, 539, 565, 821,
1390
forest health 216, 333, 907, 1467,
1515
forest industry 324, 415, 426
forest influences 526, 1312, 1350,
1624
forest inventories
1492, 1647
forest litter 384, 436
Forest management 99, 120, 225, 415, 424, 425,
426, 441, 484, 488, 573, 579, 592, 627, 711, 757, 773, 815, 821,
1045, 1282, 1317, 1350, 1441, 1467, 1492, 1515, 1568, 1584, 1624,
1698, 1708, 1716, 1752
Forest
management---Research---Arizona 1333
Forest
management---Research---New Mexico 1333
Forest management---United
States 960,
1019
forest plantations
99, 127, 484, 488, 530,
573, 579, 1317, 1624, 1667
forest policy 1350
forest productivity
764
forest recreation 333
forest resources 584, 1350, 1433
forest soils 371, 425, 627, 640, 818,
1624
forest trees 488, 757, 1089, 1481, 1604,
1667, 1752
forestation 1352
forested catchments
1729
Forested depression
wetland 234
Forested
wetlands---East---United States---Management 1432
Forested
wetlands---Management 1022, 1583
forestry 324, 366, 463, 464, 552, 576, 640,
723, 811, 938, 1025, 1216, 1681
forestry area 396
forestry development
1350
forestry method 723
forestry practices
88, 526
forests 54, 76, 96, 120, 184, 216, 371, 441,
488, 517, 526, 565, 573, 575, 627, 640, 658, 757, 796, 895, 899,
931, 999, 1081, 1089, 1317, 1351, 1378, 1390, 1427, 1456, 1467,
1584, 1612, 1624, 1681, 1691, 1708, 1716
Forests and forestry
574
formulations 163, 173, 1091,
1681
fossil fuel waste
disposal 487
fragaria 1773
fragmentation 50, 815, 1716, 1726
France 170, 369, 1575
Frankia 10
frankliniella
occidentalis 774
frequency distributions
665
Fresh water 171, 685, 809, 1643
fresh water wetlands
1267
freshwater 184, 364, 565, 1287, 1461
freshwater aquatic
systems 674
Freshwater crustaceans
1343, 1638
freshwater ecology
175, 234, 247, 376, 399,
500, 598, 649, 712, 813, 963, 1057, 1068, 1635
freshwater ecosystems
1352, 1648
freshwater environments
62, 148, 685, 964, 1073,
1580, 1638
freshwater fish 565, 566, 804, 1462,
1638
freshwater fishes 210, 270
Freshwater
invertebrates---Ecology---North America 772
Freshwater molluscs
1638
Freshwater organisms
148, 1597
Freshwater pollution
20, 75, 112, 139, 148,
162, 205, 247, 263, 322, 324, 335, 347, 349, 372, 378, 412, 413,
415, 426, 432, 433, 442, 494, 544, 666, 683, 696, 833, 923, 928,
1015, 1030, 1034, 1057, 1116, 1117, 1124, 1135, 1147, 1150, 1159,
1162, 1235, 1314, 1334, 1343, 1358, 1362, 1373, 1395, 1403, 1412,
1419, 1445, 1464, 1579, 1580, 1600, 1615, 1645, 1695, 1735, 1782,
1791
Freshwater productivity
718
Freshwater weeds 1735
freshwaters 1487
fruit trees 745, 747, 1345
fruits 1345, 1367, 1590, 1614
fuel 1093
fuel appraisals 1349, 1698
fuel consumption 1627
fuel crops 1394
fuels 26, 1208, 1324, 1390
Fulica americana 1469
fulvic acids 1067
fumigant 45
fumigated soil 704
functional couplings
813
funding 592
fungi 55, 114, 115, 116, 152, 186, 553,
670, 697, 814, 851, 909, 968, 1342, 1362, 1479, 1575,
1619
fungi (Fungi) 553, 814, 909
fungi (Fungi): decomposer,
lignolytic, xenobiotic degrading microorganism 670
fungi (Fungi): plant
pathogen 968
fungi (Fungi
Unspecified) 851,
1619
fungicide: compost chemistry,
degradation, pesticide 1047
fungicides 1290, 1717
fungus (Fungi
Unspecified) 1619
fungus gloeophyllum
striatum 1152
furrow irrigation 855
furrows 1031, 1231
future planning 1334
fuzzy logic 1128, 1196
fuzzy set theory 597
Fuzzy Sets 141
Galliformes 204, 1208, 1399, 1706,
1741
Gallus 204, 1208, 1399, 1706,
1741
game animals 197, 650
game birds 197, 1727
gamma
hexachlorocyclohexane 1658
Garlon 3A 1397
gas chromatography
1056, 1289, 1574, 1593,
1654
gas exchange 133
gaseous phase 1051
gases 294, 464, 722, 1003
Gastropoda 1101
GC 1289
gene expression 479, 1700
gene flow 479, 599
gene transfer 1175
General 900, 1633
General Environmental
Engineering 193,
222, 493, 1167, 1659
generalized likelihood
uncertainty estimation 1096
generalized sensitivity
analysis 927
genes 941
genetic algorithm 1061
genetic control 196
genetic diversity 155, 653, 1058,
1700
genetic engineering
196, 197, 223, 363, 377,
474, 599, 730, 743, 1168, 1175, 1457
genetic improvement
361, 612, 1033, 1174,
1336
genetic regulation
941
genetic resistance
612, 730, 941, 1175,
1321, 1341, 1576, 1717
genetic variation 729
genetically modified
crops 473
genetics 1511, 1781
genotype mixtures 1667, 1771
genotypes 310
Geochemistry 413, 617, 1791
Geochemistry of
sediments 416,
1782
geographic differences
863
geographic distribution
1347
Geographic information
systems 324, 943,
1061, 1377, 1776, 1780
Geographic information
systems---West (United States) 780
geographical
distribution 80,
89, 340, 770, 1317, 1510
geographical information
systems 246, 441,
539, 998, 1203, 1234, 1331, 1435
geographical variation
66, 325
Geohydrologic Units
617
Geologic Time 20
geological
sedimentation 500, 629, 1548, 1549, 1674, 1688,
1697
geology 246, 340, 602, 617, 1314
geometry 345
geomorphic thresholds
603
geomorphological
processes 694
geomorphology 303, 307, 617, 656, 658, 806,
1226, 1431, 1672, 1720, 1724
Geophysical prediction
1224
George E Brown, Jr. Salinity
Laboratory, Soil Physics and Pesticide Research Unit 1562
Georgia 441
geosmin: production
909
geostatistics 246, 665
Germany 277, 455, 483, 1046, 1304,
1308
germplasm 361, 474, 1063
Giardia 351, 541, 1097, 1103,
1757
GIS 577
Glaciers 1634
Glass 501
GLEAMS Model 542
global atmospheric
change 634
global C cycle 311
global carbon cycle
898
global change 7
Global Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment Program [GEWEX Program] 1307
global methane emission
1085
global positioning
systems 505,
1234
global threat 1487
global use 1070
global warming 58, 141, 481, 551, 1005, 1404,
1592, 1636
Glutathione 152, 1469
Glycine 275, 319, 852, 855, 1264,
1640
Glycine max 275, 319, 523, 606, 691, 852,
855, 1082, 1264, 1640
Glycine max
(Leguminosae) 724
glycophytes 1490
glyphosate 398, 606, 1112, 1768
glyphosate herbicide:
pesticide, soil pollutant, toxin 1725
glyphosate [Rodeo
formulation]: accidental overspray, efficacy, enzyme inhibitor,
herbicide, over water uses, soil pollutant, toxicodynamics,
toxicokinetics, toxin, water pollutant 396
goats 609
Golf courses---United
States---Management---Handbooks, manuals, etc 775
Gossypium 282, 700, 788, 1077, 1602
gossypium hirsutum
394, 776, 1205, 1288,
1488
government 1515
government
organizations 1612
Government policies
816, 939, 1034,
1443
government policy 41, 612, 706, 816,
1076
Government programs
575, 1076
Government publications
420
Government regulations
1379
governmental programs and
projects 80, 81,
1259, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1740
Gradients 1510
grain crops 1174
grain legumes 692, 810, 1643
grains 677
grains (Gramineae): deep
rooted, small 1692
Gram Negative Aerobic Rods and
Cocci 90
Gramineae (Gramineae)
850
graphic models 449
grass filters 1278
grass (Gramineae) 823
grass (Gramineae): alien
species, exotic pasture species, insolation, proliferation
701
grass strips 865, 1031, 1298,
1454
Grassed waterways 1438
Grassed waterways---United
States 1320
grasses 6, 319, 1666, 1720
grasshoppers 89, 477
grassland condition
1276
grassland improvement
6
grassland management
11, 76, 210, 486, 769,
845, 856, 1422, 1429, 1520, 1604
grassland soils 7, 720
grasslands 6, 11, 19, 76, 340, 388, 395, 486,
517, 534, 549, 689, 690, 769, 845, 856, 899, 1194, 1276, 1367,
1378, 1422, 1429, 1520, 1691
gravel bed rivers 345
gravel loss 654
gravel mining 654
grazed grassland 1006
grazer assimilation
1618
grazing 6, 76, 104, 210, 303, 333, 388, 395,
409, 414, 485, 534, 609, 668, 690, 757, 769, 824, 850, 856, 1422,
1424, 1429, 1460, 1486, 1519, 1520, 1587, 1604, 1616,
1743
Grazing districts---New
Mexico---Planning---Citizen participation 1498
grazing effects 76, 1521
Grazing---Environmental
aspects---United States 610, 639
Grazing---Idaho---Management 626
grazing intensity 757, 823, 1521
grazing management
807
grazing systems 210, 845, 1200, 1424, 1429,
1460, 1604, 1666
grazing trials 757
great basin rangeland
669
Great Lakes 1076
Great Plains States of
USA 382, 607,
852, 995, 1264, 1566
Green manure crops---United
States 1079
green manures 117, 156, 157, 212, 309, 591,
652, 784, 810, 1007, 1020, 1082, 1245, 1557
green revolution 473, 612
greenhouse crops 735, 774, 1405
greenhouse culture
615, 705, 735
greenhouse effect 311, 604, 900, 1005,
1338
Greenhouse effect,
Atmospheric---United States 771
greenhouse gas 525, 898
greenhouse gas emission
614
greenhouse gas emission
mitigation potential 456
greenhouse gases 49, 453, 493, 652, 900, 1004,
1005, 1229, 1541
Greenhouse gases---United
States 771
Greenhouse
plants---Irrigation 1733
greenhouses 454
greentree reservoir
management 1176
ground cover 117, 1009, 1082, 1276,
1480
ground cover plants
1720
ground layer vegetation
641
ground water 801, 951, 1362,
1655
groundwater 1, 20, 47, 138, 205, 276, 350,
351, 587, 594, 616, 617, 619, 620, 653, 671, 681, 682, 683, 855,
892, 948, 982, 997, 1014, 1018, 1041, 1046, 1145, 1241, 1288, 1301,
1339, 1362, 1378, 1424, 1491, 1609, 1634, 1752, 1789
groundwater aquifers
1451
groundwater
contamination 337, 923, 1124
groundwater discharge
1348
groundwater extraction
333
groundwater flow 246, 618, 619, 933,
1491
groundwater level 441
Groundwater---Microbiology 912
Groundwater---Microbiology---Laboratory
manuals 912
Groundwater---Mississippi
River---Watershed---Quality 1742
groundwater movement
205, 988
Groundwater Pollution
20, 35, 47, 138, 337,
390, 587, 618, 681, 683, 833, 919, 923, 924, 993, 997, 1005, 1013,
1017, 1018, 1037, 1041, 1046, 1049, 1065, 1117, 1119, 1124, 1135,
1136, 1141, 1164, 1235, 1314, 1362, 1402, 1445
Groundwater---Pollution---Middle Atlantic
States 979
Groundwater---Pollution---United
States 957, 980,
1042, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1329
Groundwater---Quality---Research---United
States 1562
Groundwater recharge
369, 1235, 1378, 1478,
1749, 1751
Groundwater---United
States 1796
groundwater zones 100
groundwaters 800, 1487
growing finishing pigs
1359
growing media 735, 1699
growth 309, 310, 442, 534, 579, 621, 770,
784, 821, 899, 937, 1166, 1225, 1266, 1385, 1488, 1549, 1602, 1666,
1699
growth models 937, 1771
growth performance
1475
growth period 1002, 1082, 1247,
1737
growth promoting
substances 446
growth rate 1002, 1344, 1444,
1624
guidelines 376, 518, 638, 961, 1163, 1263,
1367, 1564, 1620, 1771
Guilds 148
Gulf of Mexico 817, 1301
gullied land 629, 1276
gymnosperms 234, 429, 463, 573,
641
gypsum 6, 142
habit 1458
Habitat 37, 234, 565, 576, 689, 804, 1223,
1411, 1597, 1676, 1726, 1814
habitat alteration
1636
habitat availability
1110
Habitat changes 37, 598
Habitat community
studies 62, 184,
438, 565, 649, 658, 770, 900, 1030, 1223, 1233, 1346, 1493,
1634
habitat coupling 630
habitat creation 395
habitat degradation
814, 1352,
1453
habitat destruction
140, 377, 395, 500,
1456, 1625
habitat disturbance
1625
Habitat---Ecology---Modification---United
States---Case studies 288
habitat flow
relationships 1223
habitat fragmentation
795, 1319
habitat improvement
1435, 1814
Habitat improvement
(fertilization) 1184
habitat modification
630
Habitat preferences
477
habitat protection
1781
habitat quality 165, 1296, 1352,
1781
habitat restoration
395
habitat selection 174, 598, 1357,
1814
habitat structure 701
habitat type 1110
habitat types 603, 1250
Habitat utilization
37
habitats 50, 102, 118, 140, 153, 155, 174,
175, 207, 210, 212, 365, 398, 399, 400, 484, 565, 711, 717, 796,
815, 821, 824, 976, 1045, 1232, 1243, 1396, 1411, 1456, 1457, 1494,
1515, 1597, 1647, 1708, 1716, 1718, 1785, 1812
habits 749
half life 640, 908
Haliaeetus
leucocephalus 424, 1373
halogenated compound:
pollutant 93
halophytes 1205, 1490, 1510
HAPS 457
hardwoods 436, 641
Harlequin duck 424
harmful algal blooms
800
harvesting 426, 1268, 1394, 1467,
1624
harvesting date 36, 1247, 1812
hay 6
Hazard 685
hazard assessment 322, 636, 1445
hazardous waste 185
Hazardous wastes 635
hazards 1390, 1445
headcuts 805
headwater streams 389
health 1163, 1255
health concerns 172
health foods 224
health hazards 123, 448, 638, 1195
health protection 961
Health risk assessment
251
health risks 1107, 1679
heat 443, 1009
heat sums 1060
heat tolerance 1488
heathland 395
Heaths 689
heavy metals 148, 164, 256, 428, 435, 483,
602, 721, 783, 827, 919, 1169, 1172, 1187, 1202, 1297, 1403, 1419,
1457, 1530, 1555, 1652, 1690, 1720
heavy metals: binding,
degradation, pollutant, toxin 187
heavy metals: pollutant
1170
hedges 717, 936
helianthus 407, 995
Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera):
agricultural pest 1673
Helminths 766, 814, 1107
helminths
(Aschelminthes) 1107
hemilenca oliviae 89
Hemiptera (Hemiptera)
1635
Henry's law constant
135
hens 418, 1415
Hepatitis D virus 452
herbaceous plants 1720
herbaceous understories
823
herbicide 327, 1619
herbicide: compost chemistry,
degradation, pesticide 1047
herbicide: discovery, fate,
resistance 643
herbicide dissipation
1397
herbicide: endocrine
disruptor, enzyme inhibitor, toxicity, usage, resistance
1130
herbicide: herbicide
755
herbicide residues
168, 671, 1083, 1132,
1136, 1290, 1555
herbicide resistance
593, 606, 1112,
1689
herbicide resistant
weeds 221, 365,
593, 1112, 1458, 1511, 1689
Herbicides 3, 4, 6, 168, 177, 231, 358, 377,
593, 642, 671, 683, 758, 833, 852, 1083, 1093, 1123, 1131, 1132,
1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1169, 1173, 1245, 1290, 1304, 1395, 1448,
1458, 1637, 1650, 1689, 1720, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770
Herbicides---Environmental
aspects---United States 373
herbicides: pollutant,
toxin 641
herbivores 118, 579, 757, 770, 1073,
1521
heterogeneous sediment
1509
heterosis 361
hexachlorobenzene 1658
hexazinone 542, 640
Hibiscus esculenta [Chinese
whitebage] (Malvaceae): vegetable crop 254
hierarchical structures
794
high density planting
1345
high performance liquid
chromatography 1289, 1593
high performance thin layer
chromatography 1291, 1593
high water tables 1141, 1288
high yielding varieties
612, 744
higher plants
(Tracheophyta) 55
highly digestible raw feed
materials 446
Himantopus mexicanus
1469
Histopathology 1469
historical account
649, 1411,
1695
historical perspective
1158
history 530, 602, 653, 679, 740, 745, 768,
776, 1058, 1175, 1712, 1800
Histrionicus
histrionicus 424
home gardens 552, 1667
Hominidae 321, 376, 969, 1097, 1103,
1736
Hominidae (Hominidae)
468, 783, 789,
1123
hordeum vulgare 1488
horizons 1549
hormones 545, 651, 1732
horticultural crops
937, 1063
horticultural systems
1374
horticulture 255, 1216, 1236,
1483
Horticulture
(Agriculture) 513
host pathogen
interaction 240
host plants 117, 758
host specificity 1361
hosts of plant pests
1557
Howard A. Schneiderman
731
HPLC 1258, 1289, 1593
human activities 166, 487, 674
human activity 58, 88, 500, 602, 603, 1427,
1639, 1690
human consumption 783
human diseases 321, 322, 376, 636, 969, 1097,
1249, 1736
human drugs: detection,
environmental fate, extraction, pharmaceutical, pollutant, sediment
content, sludge content, soil content, soil pollutant 471
human exposure 468, 789
human factors 1401
human health 458
human health assessment
597
human (Hominidae) 504, 764, 914, 948, 1109,
1270, 1487, 1772, 1808
Human impact 424, 1123, 1352
Human pathogens 635
Human Population 799, 1249
Human Population Atmosphere
Interactions 493
Human Population Biosphere
Interactions 1726
human pressure 1487
human sources 1675
human toxicity 123
human wastes 372
humans 372, 468, 504, 764, 783, 789, 914,
948, 1109, 1123, 1270, 1487, 1772, 1808
humic acids 3, 1067
Humic matter 3
humic production 1340
humid temperate zone
803
humidity 118, 1129
Humpty Dumpty model
1431
humus 7
hunting 862
Hyalella azteca 1648
Hybridization 770
hydraulic conductivity
558, 659, 677, 719, 930,
1096, 1304, 1385, 1483, 1714
hydraulic loading rate
532
hydraulic structures
939, 1380,
1446
Hydraulics 569, 617, 939, 1310, 1312
Hydric soils 1792
Hydrilla verticillata
1073, 1735
Hydrocarbons 1078, 1167, 1362
hydrocarbons: pollutant
967
Hydrodynamics 378, 927, 1724
hydroecology 1267
hydroelectric plants
569, 1076
hydrogen 1303
hydrogen ion
concentration 263, 1634
hydrogen ions 1490
hydrogen peroxide 581, 674
hydrogen sulfide 1359
hydrogeology 246
hydrogeomorphic indexes
752
hydrogeomorphic units
246
Hydrologic Aspects
1363
hydrologic cycle 320, 936
Hydrologic Data 503, 1363
hydrologic factors
1720
Hydrologic models 415, 1012, 1377,
1495
hydrologic system 1126
Hydrologic Systems
1150
hydrologic unit area
projects 1164
hydrological factors
1276
hydrological pathways
736
hydrological processes
659
Hydrological Regime
1638
hydrological systems
1348
Hydrology 20, 79, 246, 275, 340, 400, 415,
441, 543, 569, 598, 602, 611, 616, 629, 656, 658, 682, 685, 688,
694, 770, 799, 806, 814, 833, 933, 964, 982, 997, 1039, 1150, 1227,
1233, 1239, 1310, 1347, 1363, 1392
Hydrology (contd.)
1427, 1491, 1495, 1615,
1616, 1630, 1634, 1657, 1719, 1724, 1764, 1765
hydrology: global,
regional 1307
Hydrology, Rangeland---United
States---States 760
Hydrology---White River---Ark
and Mo 323
hydrolysis 4, 100, 439, 1125, 1255
hydroperiod 520
Hydrosphere 1150
hydroxide radicals
1658
hydroxyl radicals 674
hydroxylamine 581
hygiene 750
hypereutrophic lake
1468
hyporheic zones 801
hypoxia 817, 1301
Hypoxia---Water---Mexico, Gulf
of 420
ice effects 498
Idaho 537, 1349
identification 457, 592, 993, 1118, 1413,
1457
Identification of
pollutants 75,
108, 137, 162, 347, 349, 351, 666, 833, 1379, 1646
Illinois 319, 1566, 1764
imazapyr 640
immobilization 720, 869, 987, 991, 1202,
1376, 1652
immunity 432, 1121
immunoassay 351, 666, 1289
immunoassays 666
immunocompetency 1475
immunology 432, 666
immunoproteins:
synthesis 1475
immunotoxicity 1121
impact 676, 710, 1078
impacts 860
impoverishment 1352
improved exclosure
placement 1431
improved technologies
704
improvement 521
improvement proposals
915
in vitro assay: analytical
method 675
inbreeding depression
512
Incineration 1528
income 1270
incorporation 1156, 1219, 1304,
1318
incubation time 915
index 1758
index of biotic
integrity 752
indexes 124, 170, 1156, 1561, 1647, 1693,
1719
indicator organism
348
indicator organisms
1072
indicator species 139, 162, 168, 181, 341, 347,
349, 592, 907, 919, 976, 1169, 1457, 1467, 1516
indicators 94, 105, 139, 356, 518, 592, 627,
792, 1201, 1365, 1584, 1620, 1693, 1728
Indicators---Biology---United
States 161, 489,
1704, 1705, 1713
indigenous communities
1476
indoor air quality
1109
Induce: pesticide,
surfactant 396
industrial effluents
1115, 1536
Industrial management
32
Industrial pollution
1403
industrial sites 1457
industrial waste
management 764
Industrial Wastes 32, 112, 162, 920,
1090
Industrial Wastes
Treatment 32,
501
Industrial Wastewater
1735
industry 1629
industry trends 80
infectious diseases
149
infestation 821
infiltration 36, 94, 301, 303, 507, 542,
558, 611, 722, 788, 935, 972, 973, 1194, 1240, 1298, 1304, 1392,
1483, 1513, 1519
infiltration
(hydrology) 1720
infiltrometers 558
information 365, 382, 1612
information needs 691, 1112, 1332, 1576,
1612
information sources
1720
information systems
492, 944, 1334,
1377
information technology
1203
Ingestion 130
inherited features
802
inhibition 310, 834, 899, 1002
inland aquatic ecosystems
study 1068
inland water
environment 685,
1580, 1581, 1634, 1638
innovation adoption
106, 606, 750, 841,
1028, 1263, 1671
inorganic fertilizers:
excessive use 1552
inorganic phosphate
1468
input output analysis
409
insect chemical
communication 727
insect communities
399
insect control 212, 282, 700, 741, 774, 839,
1175, 1387, 1671
insect herbivore
interactions 238
insect (Insecta): food,
prey 823
insect (Insecta): herbivore,
pest 1552
insect (Insecta): pest
220, 727
insect (Insecta
Unspecified) 1463, 1619
insect pest resistance
1673
insect pests 49, 89, 196, 197, 212, 238,
282, 333, 391, 479, 563, 700, 741, 747, 821, 839, 970, 975, 1175,
1671
Insect Science 731
Insecta 148, 387, 506, 651, 738, 1074, 1193,
1342, 1473, 1577, 1659
Insecta (Insecta
Unspecified) 234,
728, 1463, 1619
insecticidal action
479
insecticidal properties
730
insecticide: compost
chemistry, degradation, pesticide 1047
insecticide residues
479, 671,
1290
insecticide resistance
479, 675, 700, 729,
1341
Insecticide Resistance
Management 731
insecticides 186, 247, 265, 477, 671, 675,
700, 747, 758, 776, 1135, 1290, 1343, 1512, 1681
Insects 49, 177, 197, 216, 220, 235, 387,
399, 438, 466, 667, 691, 727, 728, 729, 732, 814, 823, 968, 1073,
1193, 1406, 1463, 1552, 1619, 1635, 1649, 1671, 1673, 1693,
1807
insects (Insecta) 667, 814, 1649
insects (Insecta): pest
968
insects (Insecta
Unspecified) 234
instream flow 569, 685
Instrumentation and process
engineering 666
Instruments 1128, 1516
integrated control
173, 358, 387, 738, 740,
744, 747, 749, 754, 758, 1074, 1313, 1577, 1590, 1689, 1767,
1770
integrated horizontal
flux 916
integrated management
736
integrated management
systems 1619
integrated pest
management 12,
14, 163, 196, 221, 235, 265, 309, 310, 325, 365, 391, 397, 398,
458, 595, 606, 615, 691, 693, 700, 731, 734, 735, 740, 741, 742,
743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 750, 758, 769, 774, 776, 786, 811, 839,
975, 976, 1058, 1075, 1175, 1206, 1263, 1285, 1308, 1313, 1321,
1341, 1387, 1444, 1447, 1458, 1463, 1465, 1590, 1637, 1689, 1771,
1773
integrated pest management:
crop rotation 31
integrated pest management:
pest control method 31
integrated pollution
prevention 597
Integrated solid waste
management 733
integrated systems
414, 530
integrated weed
management 163,
365, 1458, 1771
integration 203
intensification 474
Intensity 1271
Intensity of
precipitation 1271
intensive agriculture
456, 704
intensive cropping
846, 995, 1060, 1336,
1417
intensive farming 105, 325, 474
intensive husbandry
363, 869
intensive livestock
farming 647,
1037, 1203, 1206
intensive production
12, 377, 756, 1174,
1308
intensive silviculture
488, 1624
interactions 60, 117, 309, 399, 642, 658,
759, 1089, 1183, 1318, 1365, 1378, 1389
Interagency Cooperation
1073
intercropping 54, 118, 212, 530, 668, 762,
841, 1496
interdisciplinary
research 277,
811, 1263, 1465
Interdisciplinary
Studies 1435
Interfaces 1418
international
collaboration 128
international
cooperation 455,
493
international programs
1307
international trade
773
Internet 1334
interrill erosion 318, 715, 1542
interrill soil erosion
902
Interspecific
relationships 598
introduced species
197, 333, 500, 747, 770,
1073, 1276, 1638
inundation forest 1267
invasion 94, 333, 769
Invasive
plants---West---United States 178, 713
invasive species 485, 1250, 1259, 1276,
1808
invasive taxa 770
inventories 154
Invertebrata 130, 433, 565, 1101
Invertebrata (Invertebrata
Unspecified) 165,
348
invertebrate
(Invertebrata) 801
invertebrate (Invertebrata
Unspecified) 165,
348
invertebrates 49, 113, 118, 130, 166, 168,
177, 202, 216, 220, 234, 235, 321, 348, 350, 354, 370, 433, 466,
541, 553, 558, 667, 691, 727, 728, 729, 755, 758, 766, 801, 814,
823, 851, 910, 968, 969, 1088, 1097, 1103, 1107, 1201, 1285, 1303,
1304, 1406, 1461, 1463, 1494, 1552, 1587, 1590, 1619, 1635, 1648,
1649, 1671, 1673, 1693, 1807
investment 773, 1702
INW, Japan, Seto Naikai
Sea 222
ion activity 719
ion transport 1490
ion uptake 1225
ions 1618
Iowa 138, 319, 516, 852, 1156,
1357
IPM 238
iron 1368, 1468, 1479, 1785
iron hydrous oxides
581
iron: oxidation 1170
irrigability surveys
1380
irrigated conditions
993
irrigated farming 44, 409, 782, 1380,
1739
Irrigated farming---Economic
aspects---West---United States 1754
irrigated sites 782
irrigated soils 450, 782
irrigation 36, 44, 48, 92, 167, 215, 295, 320,
428, 465, 474, 508, 523, 543, 594, 612, 681, 782, 846, 849, 870,
937, 941, 1002, 1060, 1087, 1174, 1205, 1225, 1236, 1247, 1288,
1336, 1345, 1380, 1482, 1487, 1488, 1490, 1579, 1591, 1627, 1642,
1682, 1710, 1714, 1739, 1749
Irrigation---Australia---New
South Wales---Management 664
Irrigation---Australia---New
South Wales---Planning 664
Irrigation---Australia---Victoria---Handbooks,
manuals, etc 778
Irrigation---Bibliography 1393
irrigation channels
782, 1310
Irrigation---Congresses
779
Irrigation effects
1049
Irrigation efficiency
460, 1393
Irrigation---Environmental
aspects 687
Irrigation---Environmental
aspects---United States 1284
Irrigation---Environmental
aspects---West (United States) 780
Irrigation farming
777, 996
Irrigation
farming---Environmental aspects 777
Irrigation
farming---Environmental aspects---Developing countries 482
Irrigation
farming---Environmental aspects---United States 777
Irrigation farming---United
States 777
Irrigation
farming---West---United States 461
Irrigation---Handbooks,
manuals, etc 379
irrigation management
22, 380, 528, 838, 844,
1621
irrigation performances
781
irrigation requirements
279, 1380
irrigation scheduling
462, 1234, 1288,
1326
irrigation systems
36, 92, 462, 465, 1286,
1380, 1756
irrigation water 36, 369, 428, 462, 705, 782,
1063, 1182, 1205, 1288, 1469, 1488, 1621, 1653, 1734, 1739, 1747,
1748, 1749, 1750, 1751
Irrigation
water---Pollution---United States 1284
Irrigation
water---Pollution---West---United States 1709
Irrigation water---United
States 1284
isoprenes: pollutant
967
isoproturon 3
Israel 369
issues and policy 192
Italy 369, 1046, 1255
Japan 369, 1046, 1089, 1343
journals 1335
juvenile hormones 651
Kaolinite 234
Kaolinite dissolution
234
Kentucky 6
keratinase 1293
ketones 1677
KINEROS model 1764
Kinetic Energy 1271
Kinetics 544, 1115, 1162, 1271
kiwifruit
(Actinidiaceae) 1483
knowledge 1531
Kraft Mills 1403
kresoxim methyl: environmental
safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin,
synthesis 1603
kriging 246
Kuwaiti oil fires 457
labor 1247, 1444
laboratories 925
laboratory studies
553
laboratory toxicity
1507
lactuca sativa 705, 1715
lacustrine
sedimentation 109, 1383
lagomorpha 1727
Lagomorphs 1725
lagoon effluent 714
lagoons 1052, 1513
lake 585
lake catchments 1296
Lake deposits 696
Lake dynamics 649
lake ecosystem 1356
lake ecosystems 630, 1110
lake limnology: suspended clay
impacts 1618
lake minnetonka 1397
lake morphometry 1110
lake restoration 696, 1212, 1340
Lake Sediments 696, 1383
lake types 1347
lake water quality
1296
lakes 41, 112, 486, 649, 696, 813, 961,
1068, 1100, 1383, 1386, 1580, 1645
lakeshore restoration
128
land 809, 817, 1600
land application 32, 192, 1071, 1409
land application of animal
manure 69
land banks 1234
land clearance 551
land degradation 40
land development 415
Land Disposal 191, 1442, 1528
land diversion 40
land management 94, 176, 200, 273, 340, 371,
485, 487, 530, 573, 579, 582, 607, 768, 792, 815, 816, 938, 971,
1241, 1338, 1452, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1536, 1539, 1571, 1599,
1620, 1630
land mass cover 1761
land policy 54
Land pollution 38, 160, 186, 331, 337, 575,
1167, 1362
land prices 769
land productivity 1545
Land Reclamation 1630
land resources 88
Land restoration 1630
land spreading 1324
land stewardship 43, 65
land tenure 65, 1600
land topography 812
Land treatment of
wastewater 1663,
1760
land types 1548
land use 7, 25, 38, 50, 52, 54, 88, 99, 107,
225, 342, 371, 390, 414, 415, 421, 464, 475, 481, 526, 530, 573,
629, 736, 768, 792, 799, 899, 950, 971, 1011, 1172, 1196, 1227,
1233, 1314, 1365, 1386, 1401, 1404, 1423, 1452, 1493, 1554, 1571,
1633, 1645, 1656, 1667, 1691, 1721, 1726, 1789, 1814
land use change 389, 1189
land use planning 50, 1350
Land use surveys---United
States 793
Land use---United States
Planning 1213
landfill fires 457
Landfills 191
landform change 307
landowners 65, 1600
landscape 25, 52, 88, 105, 212, 520, 530, 629,
717, 769, 798, 1196, 1243, 1331, 1616, 1716
Landscape architecture
291
landscape cohesion
795
landscape conservation
732, 1243
Landscape ecology 98, 107, 155, 272, 665, 796,
800, 801, 815, 943, 1196, 1430, 1450
landscape indicators
799
landscape indices 795
landscape mosaics 802
landscape planning
795, 1729
landscape properties
1110
landscape science 794
landscape sensitivity
24, 307, 802
landscape setting 1250
landscape stability
943
landscape variables
803
large rivers 605
large scale seasonal species
shifts 122
Law 1442
Law, policy, economics and
social sciences 227
lawns and turf 1478
laws and regulations
86, 458, 503, 625, 1423,
1504, 1505, 1506
leachates 445, 922, 947
leaching 47, 63, 105, 123, 147, 160, 224,
276, 375, 418, 440, 486, 494, 534, 540, 542, 587, 618, 642, 652,
653, 671, 677, 681, 683, 722, 726, 855, 861, 864, 869, 892, 947,
948, 990, 991, 993, 995, 997, 998, 1000, 1005, 1011, 1018, 1065,
1116, 1120, 1135, 1136, 1200, 1234, 1241, 1268, 1269, 1339, 1375,
1376, 1405, 1490, 1532, 1585, 1643, 1652, 1710
lead 148, 1688
leaf area 523, 1344
leaf area index [LAI]
812
leaf conductance 523
Leaf litter 1461
leaf temperature 523
leaf water potential
1288
leakage 1236
least bittern
(Ciconiiformes) 667
leaves 523, 937, 1030, 1172, 1225, 1345,
1490, 1699, 1717
lectins: insecticide
1177
legal aspects 1215
legal review 1215
Legislation 222, 223, 271, 272, 407, 414,
939, 983, 1034, 1255, 1258, 1781
Legislation (on industry and
trade) 939
Legislation (on water
resources) 222
legislative guidance
1808
legumes 6, 591, 652, 784, 810, 1020, 1234,
1245
Length 1635
Lepidoptera 89, 207, 216, 533, 1193,
1726
Lepus spp. [hare] (Leporidae):
bioindicator 1725
lethal effects 721
Lethal limits 1469
lethality 1476
Leucosticte atrata
424
levees 227
ley farming 311
leys: application timing, soil
incorporation 785
lichen (Lichenes):
bioindicator 169
life cycle 175, 1458
life history 1172, 1516, 1693
Life history
modification 1635
life history stages
166
lifestyle 1693
light 478, 693, 1492, 1770
light attenuation 1618
light availability
1110
light intensity 735
Light Penetration 1670
light quality 701
light quantity 701
lime 719, 1159, 1448
lime: soil amendment
55
limestone dissolution
1479
liming 371, 579, 719, 869, 1642
liming materials 1653
limitations of modeling
389
Limiting factors 1418
limnological system
properties 1618
limnology 605
Lindane 542
lindane: insecticide,
pollutant, toxin 133
Linum usitatissimum
(Linaceae) 716
Lipolexis scutellaris
(Hymenoptera): biological control agent 235
liquid chromatography
75, 905, 1056,
1654
liquid-liquid
extraction 1593
liquid manure 820, 1660
liquid manures 1572
liriodendron tulipifera
1045
literature data 785
literature databases
128
literature review 34, 108, 109, 110, 111, 205,
247, 263, 339, 347, 349, 351, 413, 426, 431, 434, 435, 492, 542,
544, 565, 635, 636, 721, 770, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 924, 925,
972, 973, 988, 1012, 1013, 1017, 1030, 1057, 1116, 1117, 1121,
1133, 1135, 1147, 1150, 1226, 1271, 1442, 1528, 1580, 1597, 1607,
1609, 1634, 1645, 1782
literature reviews
5, 8, 12, 14, 15, 19,
30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 50, 60, 62, 66, 89, 92, 94, 99, 105,
109, 112, 117, 123, 124, 140, 142, 149, 151, 154, 155, 163, 174,
175, 186, 196, 197, 200, 208, 210, 212, 215, 221, 224, 226, 231,
244, 247, 250, 265, 271, 272, 298, 302, 309, 310, 324, 325, 333,
339, 340, 341, 349, 356, 361, 363, 365, 372, 375, 377, 391, 393,
395, 398, 408, 411, 412, 413, 415, 418, 425, 426, 431, 432, 433,
436, 440, 441, 443, 445, 448, 450, 454, 464, 465, 474, 475, 478,
479, 484, 488, 511, 522, 523, 526, 544, 551, 563, 579, 584, 587,
588, 599, 602, 606, 612, 615, 618, 640, 642, 647, 649, 653, 678,
679, 681, 691
literature reviews
(contd.) 692,
693, 705, 711, 715, 717, 719, 726, 730, 732, 735, 741, 742, 743,
744, 745, 746, 747, 750, 757, 759, 768, 769, 773, 774, 776, 782,
784, 792, 798, 805, 811, 821, 827, 834, 839, 846, 867, 869, 870,
874, 885, 899, 932, 933, 934, 935, 937, 941, 944, 961, 970, 971,
975, 976, 993, 995, 997, 998, 1002, 1007, 1009, 1018, 1020, 1030,
1033, 1045, 1058, 1060, 1063, 1067, 1081, 1098, 1101, 1112, 1113,
1117, 1118, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1131, 1132, 1136, 1150, 1154, 1157,
1166, 1169, 1174, 1175, 1180, 1185, 1198, 1199, 1201, 1202, 1205,
1206, 1209, 1225, 1232, 1236, 1247, 1263, 1269, 1276, 1281, 1286,
1288, 1291, 1293, 1308, 1310, 1313, 1317, 1321, 1335, 1336, 1341,
1345, 1349, 1350, 1365, 1376, 1387, 1391, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1416,
1424, 1433, 1441, 1444, 1448, 1452, 1457, 1458, 1460, 1465, 1470,
1478, 1480, 1481, 1488, 1490, 1493, 1510, 1515, 1518, 1521, 1522,
1533, 1542, 1549, 1553, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1564, 1567, 1570, 1572,
1576, 1578, 1580, 1591, 1608, 1620, 1627, 1629, 1637, 1647, 1653,
1666, 1667, 1675, 1677, 1698, 1708, 1710, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1727,
1735, 1737, 1739, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1768, 1771, 1782, 1789,
1790, 1793, 1800, 1809, 1812, 1813
litter 204, 545, 1030, 1399
litter plant 371, 384, 686, 1169,
1276
Liver 1469
livestock 6, 26, 197, 340, 363, 756, 769, 971,
1011, 1038, 1071, 1203, 1409, 1412, 1486, 1595, 1616, 1666,
1808
livestock buildings
69, 1359
livestock farming 66, 486, 673, 825, 1229,
1759
livestock feeding 82, 1038, 1759
livestock grazing 429
Livestock Housing 828
Livestock---Housing---Odor
control---North Carolina 360
livestock impacts 803, 823
livestock (Mammalia)
55, 823, 863,
1052
livestock (Mammalia):
grazer 1006
livestock (Mammalia
Unspecified) 850,
948
Livestock Manure
Handling---United States 268
Livestock---New
Mexico---Management 1498
livestock numbers 827
livestock production
86, 807, 1730
livestock system
sustainability 328
Loading 1314
loamy sand soils 993
local government 577
local planning 711
lodging 443, 612
logging 121, 333, 425, 426, 441, 1360, 1467,
1624
logging effects 592, 1360
logging roads 1317
logs 425
Lolium perenne (Gramineae):
forage crop 716
Long term changes 1493
long term ecological vitality
maintenance 809
long term experiments
14, 1355, 1422,
1642
long term exposure
423
long term research programs:
development 1431
long term
sustainability 1374
longevity 533, 1387
losses 72, 534, 786, 1060, 1161, 1255,
1304, 1416, 1545, 1564, 1643, 1657
losses from soil 30, 47, 226, 436, 453, 509,
540, 671, 726, 865, 868, 929, 950, 987, 990, 991, 993, 1000, 1031,
1120, 1156, 1160, 1164, 1194, 1234, 1268, 1269, 1298, 1376, 1386,
1549, 1563, 1710, 1715, 1719
lotic environment 165
Louisiana rice 897
low energy precision
application 444
low input agriculture
325, 762, 1065, 1234,
1773
low temperature 1384
low temperatures 553
lowland areas 717, 846
Lumbriculus variegatus
1648
lycopersicon esculentum
705, 735, 1063,
1288
Lycopersicon esculentum
[tomato] (Solanaceae): vegetable crop 254
Lysimeters 42, 1375, 1414
Lysiphlebia japonica
(Hymenoptera): biological control agent 235
Lythrum salicaria 770
Lythrum salicaria [purple
loosestrife] (Lythraceae): biology, weed, management 179
Lythrum salicaria [purple
loosestrife] (Lythraceae): weed 667
macro fauna 851
Macrofauna 148, 1461
Macroinvertebrates
148
macronutrients 483, 917
macrophyte (Plantae):
production 1618
macrophytes 1159, 1201, 1695
macropore factors 276
macropore flow 933
macropores 558, 677, 1194, 1266, 1304, 1385,
1483, 1519
MADM 1443
magnesium 418, 1258
Maine 903
maintenance 292
maize 275, 319, 407, 589, 786, 852, 855,
1192, 1219, 1355, 1482, 1602, 1640
maize (Gramineae): grain
crop 473
maize silage 409
Malathion 542
male animals 692
Mallard 1469
Malus pumila 741, 849, 1345
mammal (Mammalia): pest
1808
mammals 55, 104, 219, 252, 303, 321, 376,
446, 468, 504, 598, 764, 783, 789, 803, 823, 834, 850, 863, 876,
881, 914, 948, 969, 983, 984, 1006, 1052, 1097, 1103, 1109, 1123,
1191, 1255, 1270, 1297, 1303, 1422, 1429, 1475, 1484, 1485, 1487,
1520, 1604, 1725, 1736, 1772, 1808
mammeins: antifeedant, natural
product 968
man 321, 376, 969, 1097, 1103, 1121,
1653, 1736
Man induced effects
62, 390, 799, 1346,
1401, 1411
management 37, 38, 48, 62, 68, 72, 147, 203,
225, 227, 228, 252, 342, 345, 389, 424, 499, 575, 619, 682, 689,
796, 804, 811, 816, 829, 835, 845, 864, 876, 878, 881, 882, 1014,
1024, 1221, 1223, 1278, 1282, 1337, 1339, 1411, 1429, 1443, 1444,
1561, 1568, 1572, 1633, 1726, 1743, 1748, 1752, 1758,
1769
management approach
overview 659
management implications
1094
management model: REMM
327
Management of biological
nitrogen fixation 591
management planning
918, 1215
management practices
104, 1052
management strategies
476, 675, 860,
989
management system
diversity 1374
Management Systems
684
manganese 1479, 1785
manganese hydrous
oxides 581
manganese: pollutant
674
mangrove leaf
decomposition 354
Manitoba 1793
Manure 34, 70, 104, 499, 502, 860, 1161,
1184, 1248, 1409, 1412, 1660
Manure Application
684
manure dry matter weight
[manure DM weight] 446
manure environmental
pollution 983,
1594
Manure gases 248
Manure handling 258, 260, 703, 819,
1632
Manure
handling---Congresses 572
Manure
handling---Environmental aspects---Congresses 879
Manure handling---Equipment
and supplies 1596
Manure
handling---Saskatchewan 889
manure management 1281
manure management
systems 1572
manure pollution 984
manure production 850
manure storage 548, 820, 884
manure storage
structures 1402
manure storage systems
1052
manures 26, 66, 73, 83, 147, 195, 198, 212,
215, 252, 259, 294, 359, 363, 383, 414, 417, 451, 467, 534, 549,
550, 676, 682, 703, 719, 756, 784, 819, 829, 843, 864, 873, 876,
878, 881, 882, 893, 953, 985, 994, 1000, 1003, 1011, 1024, 1025,
1029, 1037, 1157, 1163, 1190, 1194, 1198, 1204, 1237, 1241, 1258,
1355, 1367, 1376, 1381, 1485, 1529, 1563, 1595, 1617, 1626, 1628,
1642, 1657, 1668, 1683, 1702, 1731, 1737, 1741, 1806
Manures---Environmental
aspects---Congresses 879
Manures---Management
1632
Mapping 246, 450, 539, 665, 816, 1445,
1491
maps 246, 330
Marginal seas 222
marginal vegetation
909
Marine 1015
marine environment
339, 1396
marine environments
1094
Marine fisheries 435
marine fishes 1396
Marine life 435
Marine organisms 1516
Marine pollution 339, 435, 934, 1401,
1581
Marine sciences 222
marine sediments 986, 1152
marine water 1287
markers 1809
market competition
36
marketing 143
markets 451, 825
Marsh plants---United
States---Identification 1178
marsh wren
(Passeriformes) 667
marshes 431, 1615
Maryland 577, 903, 1405, 1566
mass balance model
800, 1369
mass spectrometry 905, 1056, 1115,
1574
mass transfer 886
Massachusetts 903
Mathematical analysis
1271
Mathematical Equations
1226, 1271
mathematical modelling
1712
Mathematical models
9, 63, 92, 138, 160,
266, 440, 443, 450, 454, 523, 587, 691, 693, 811, 926, 928, 929,
930, 932, 934, 935, 940, 1096, 1196, 1235, 1266, 1294, 1367, 1495,
1549, 1647, 1774
mathematics 928
mating disruption 727, 1075
maturity stage 1460
maximum storage in root
zone 1096
maximum yield 12, 612, 1058, 1166, 1174,
1490
Mayflies 148
meanders 890
measurement 42, 353, 450, 558, 1118, 1268,
1269, 1281, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1400, 1484, 1533, 1563, 1631,
1697
measurement bias
sources 1374
measurement methods
100
Measuring Instruments
1383, 1414
Measuring methods 1235
Measuring techniques
339
Mechanical and natural
changes 62, 324,
339, 390, 415, 426, 438, 493, 565, 685, 770, 799, 1337, 1418, 1615,
1735
mechanical weed control
1009
MED, Adriatic Sea 222
MED, Black Sea 222
Medicago sativa 6, 742, 1200
Medicago sativa (Leguminosae):
forage crop 716
Medical & veterinary
entomology 431
medicines 322, 349, 636, 833, 1121
meiobenthos 1607
Melaleuca quinquenervia
1073
mercury 1782
meso fauna 851
mesocosm replicability
1127
meta analyses 1431
meta analysis 376
metabolic activation
834
metabolic rate 701
metabolism 148, 600, 798, 834, 1118, 1125,
1168, 1187, 1255, 1290, 1469, 1607, 1814
metabolite 1397
metabolites 834, 1198
metal damaged lakes
1296
metal ions 759, 1168
metaldehyde 662
Metals 108, 113, 130, 167, 434, 544, 649,
922, 1090, 1167
metals: accumulation,
bioavailability 1095
metals: solid phase
forms 581
metamorphosis 442
metapopulation dynamics
520
metapopulation
persistence 795
metapopulations 795
meteorological factors
1474
methane 56, 294, 414, 464, 481, 604, 867,
898, 899, 900, 1085, 1191, 1402, 1484, 1790
methane: control,
emission 1303
methane: greenhouse gas
614
methane production
180, 659, 1191, 1484,
1790
Methane---Recycling---United
States---Case studies 901
methanogen (Methanogenic
Archaeobacteria) 1303
methanogenesis 898, 900
methanotrophic bacteria
899
methanotrophy 1790
methodological
limitations 1536
methodology 11, 42, 120, 123, 170, 182,
367, 450, 455, 645, 662, 696, 704, 712, 848, 892, 907, 977, 1001,
1003, 1005, 1066, 1068, 1289, 1305, 1381, 1484, 1492, 1539, 1543,
1593, 1600, 1630, 1669, 1711, 1723, 1766, 1769
Methodology general
339, 342, 367, 696, 848,
1600
Methods 1128, 1516
Methods and instruments
75, 137, 347, 372, 511,
666, 1128, 1362, 1383, 1516, 1607, 1648
methyl bromide 45, 704, 1658
methyl bromide emission
327
methyl bromide: pollutant,
soil fumigant 1254
methyl isothiocyanate
1658
methyl mercury 1580
methylisoborneol:
production 909
methylmercury 1580
metolachlor 833
metolachlor: biodegradation,
herbicide 152
metolachlor
conformations 327
metolachlor: herbicide
908
metolachlor: herbicide, toxin,
pollutant 134
metominostrobin: environmental
safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin,
synthesis 1603
Mexico 428, 768
Mexico, Gulf of 420
Mexico, Gulf
of---Channels 420
Mexico, Gulf
of---Nutrients 284
Michigan 903
Micro organisms 1650
microbe
(Microorganisms) 410, 909
microbe (Microorganisms):
diversity 187
microbes
(Microorganisms) 1048
microbes (Microorganisms):
diversity 531
microbes (Microorganisms
Unspecified) 851
microbial activities
188, 910, 1522, 1543,
1785
microbial based feed
additives 8
microbial biomass 311, 829, 987, 1536
microbial contamination
322, 349, 350, 372, 376,
541, 1038, 1097, 1297, 1736
microbial degradation
73, 151, 185, 186, 1078,
1395, 1522, 1578
microbial DNA: extraction,
purification, sediment, soil 531
microbial dynamics
1364
microbial ecology 910, 1636
microbial effects 814
microbial flora 60, 226, 784, 947,
1578
microbial insecticides
196, 1681
microbial pathogen
detection 1107
microbial pesticides
196, 223, 495, 1629,
1681
microbial residues
986
microbial transformation:
aerobic, anaerobic 100
microbiological
analysis 347,
1607
Microbiological Studies
1249, 1442, 1607,
1646
Microbiology 945, 1072
microclimate 212, 216, 443, 712, 1245,
1812
microclimate management
659
microcosm replicability
1127
Microcrustacean 1635
microencapsulation
1091
Microhabitats 216, 1223, 1317
microirrigation 462, 1166, 1345
micrometeorological
measurements 916
micrometeorological
method 1563
micrometeorology 70, 1563
microorganism
(Microorganisms) 613
microorganism (Microorganisms
Unspecified) 348
microorganisms 55, 85, 90, 114, 115, 116,
146, 152, 157, 181, 185, 186, 187, 200, 332, 336, 348, 349, 350,
354, 368, 370, 410, 433, 504, 531, 553, 613, 670, 681, 686, 691,
729, 814, 847, 851, 900, 909, 911, 968, 1048, 1107, 1110, 1125,
1177
microorganisms (contd.)
1303, 1384, 1389, 1479,
1618, 1619, 1649, 1650, 1662, 1694, 1732, 1807
microorganisms
(Microorganisms) 504
microorganisms (Microorganisms
Unspecified) 185
Microsporidia 452
Midwestern United
States 525
Migration 1597, 1635
Migrations 1597
migratory birds 44
Migratory species 1676
Milk composition, production
and biotechnology 195
milk production 104, 481, 1255
milk yield 417, 1191, 1416
milking 625
mine drainage 918, 919, 920, 921, 922,
1419
mine spoil 1391
mine tailings 919, 920, 1419
Mine Wastes 918, 919, 921, 922
mineral industry 918, 919, 1419
mineral nutrition 600
mineral transfer 806
mineralization 5, 214, 695, 720, 850, 910,
917, 987, 995, 1002, 1020, 1030, 1118, 1209, 1376, 1522, 1540,
1556, 1559, 1587, 1643
minerals 661, 784, 920, 921, 922, 1044,
1153
minimum tillage 279, 282, 407, 671, 677, 749,
995, 1304, 1511, 1768
minimum viable population
size 512
mining 176, 1368
Minnesota 88, 138, 852, 903, 1411
miridae 89
miscellaneous method
257
Mississippi 204, 788, 1306
Mississippi River 605, 817
Missouri 138, 788, 852
mite control 741
mites 563
mites (Acarina) 814, 1635
mitigation 227, 520
mixed conifer forests
429
mixed forests 436, 1427
Mixing 685
mixing depth 1618
mixture toxicity 1179
mode of action 231, 1341
mode of application
915
Model 525, 1729
model confirmation
927
model evaluation 1523
model studies 108, 160, 378, 492, 542, 649,
685, 920, 924, 928, 934, 936, 1012, 1013, 1030, 1128, 1314, 1377,
1395
Model Testing 649, 1314
Modeling 928, 1061, 1764
Modeling, mathematics,
computer applications 1443
modelling 1525
Modelling
(Multivariate) 1314
Modelling (Pollution)
934
models 58, 91, 95, 106, 182, 236, 353, 417,
507, 519, 539, 582, 611, 618, 649, 928, 938, 944, 950, 1003, 1014,
1367, 1385, 1395, 1424, 1443, 1465, 1482, 1548, 1657, 1674, 1765,
1766
Models And Simulations
141
modified storage proteins:
insecticide 1177
moisture source 498
molecular biology 504
Molecular Structure
942
molecular tracers 457
Molecules 942
Mollusca (Mollusca
Unspecified) 113
molluscs (Mollusca)
1649
Mollusks 113, 438, 814, 1635, 1649
mollusks (Mollusca
Unspecified) 113
monitoring 63, 94, 120, 154, 162, 168, 170,
171, 173, 181, 182, 216, 236, 321, 325, 326, 341, 343, 349, 356,
435, 438, 466, 505, 592, 599, 616, 618, 619, 620, 627, 638, 645,
700, 767, 792, 903, 907, 919, 938, 944, 945, 969, 977, 997, 1012,
1013, 1014, 1017, 1076, 1093, 1102, 1134, 1135, 1164, 1169, 1201,
1203, 1255, 1278, 1305, 1308, 1326, 1328, 1345, 1371, 1372, 1379,
1457, 1467, 1482, 1484, 1491, 1492, 1515, 1539, 1566, 1584, 1590,
1600, 1612, 1651, 1665, 1674, 1681, 1690, 1691, 1693, 1700, 1711,
1757, 1809
Monitoring and Analysis of
Water and Wastes 75, 1363, 1413
Monitoring,
Biological---United States 1705
Monitoring methods
1600
monocots 115, 128, 257, 473, 641, 701, 716,
724, 823, 850, 1692, 1768
monoculture 484
monogastric animal
production 1475
monoterpenes: pollutant
967
Montana 607, 903, 1349, 1566
Monte Carlo method
1096
Monterey pine 225
moorland 1800
moral values 250
morbidity 1772
morphodynamics 1509
mortality 166, 333, 442, 533, 694, 1166, 1185,
1228, 1276, 1373, 1387, 1458, 1469, 1772
mortality rate 701
mosquito control 431
Moths 1193
motion 345
mountainous areas 133
mountainous regions
665
movement 558, 619, 691, 1304, 1315
movement in soil 123, 440, 558, 587, 618, 798,
867, 947, 1131, 1241, 1471
Movements 804
mowing 395, 788
mulches 36, 509, 788, 888, 1245, 1304, 1366,
1470
mulching 15, 118, 509, 1009
multi component reactive
transport 1525
Multidisciplinary 897
multidisciplinary
knowledge 809
multidisciplinary
models 809
multiple interactive
pathways 1451
Multiple use management
areas---United States 960
multiple use of
resources 1215
multispecies testing
1128
Multivariate Analysis
171, 1314
murchison meteorite
986
Mussels 1638
mutagenicity 1476
Mycobacterium 351
Mycobacterium avium
(Mycobacteriaceae): disinfection resistance, pathogen 370
mycoherbicides 163
mycorrhizal fungi 117, 589, 894, 1216
mycorrhizal fungi (Fungi):
symbiont 55
Myriophyllum spicatum
770, 1073
N methylcarbamate
pesticides 1289
N Methylcarbonate 1056
N2O emissions 897
naphthalene: pollutant
93
national parks 921, 1656
national programs 1307
National Water Quality
Assessment Program 1388
National Water Quality
Assessment Program---United States 1069
Native plants for
cultivation---Northeastern States 1783
natural aquatic habitat
protection 1361
natural channel design
1599
Natural disturbance
1726
natural enemies 238, 325, 615, 730, 741, 747,
758, 776, 949
natural flow regime
809
Natural
landscaping---Northeastern States 1783
natural products 220
natural rainstorms
902
natural regeneration
1045, 1317
natural resource
management 53,
65
natural resources 341, 768, 1335, 1427,
1600
Natural resources---Chesapeake
Bay Watershed---Md and Va 564, 1428
Natural resources
surveys---United States 960
natural salt lakes
1487
natural selection 971
natural waters 413
nature conservation
41, 94, 98, 99, 120,
128, 154, 184, 271, 388, 395, 399, 466, 565, 579, 584, 592, 598,
599, 690, 796, 804, 815, 816, 856, 1045, 1098, 1233, 1243, 1317,
1332, 1346, 1351, 1433, 1452, 1456, 1467, 1486, 1493, 1510, 1584,
1597, 1600, 1638, 1752, 1802
nature reserves 395, 815, 1232,
1716
navigation dredging
166
NAWQA 1445
Nebraska 138, 852, 1082, 1135
negative attitudes
1270
neglected field study
813
nematicides: pesticide
31
nematoda 1557, 1693
nematode control 1557
nematode (Nematoda)
766
Nephelometers 438
Nesting 1597, 1711
Nesting behavior 1319
Nests 1597
net energy 1416
net primary
productivity 954
Netherlands 369, 455, 510, 950, 1046,
1255, 1416
network cohesion 795
Network design 337, 1076, 1607
Neuroendocrinology
651
nEuropeptide hormones
651
neuroptera 976
Neuse River estuary
800
neutralization 585
Nevada 1349, 1429, 1752
Nevada mountain range
327
New England 520
New Jersey 1590
New Mexico 340, 602, 768, 1205, 1566
New South Wales 246, 1298
new zealand 331, 372, 829, 1386,
1484
nicandra steroids:
antifeedant, natural product 968
niche partitioning
175
nickel 1296
nitrate 104, 105, 478, 540, 571, 652, 684,
798, 800, 817, 850, 861, 982, 990, 995, 1002, 1065, 1200, 1235,
1269, 1314, 1439, 1482, 1643, 1764
nitrate fertilizers
1301
nitrate: leaching 1027
nitrate: leaching,
pollutant 736,
989
nitrate: loading, pollutant,
removal, uptake 421
nitrate nitrogen 295, 375, 855, 861, 917, 998,
1301
nitrate: nutrient, pollutant,
sap concentrations, shallow underground water table removal
1692
nitrate: pollutant
532, 1746
Nitrates 147, 486, 542, 635, 988, 1049, 1202,
1235, 1314, 1358, 1445, 1720
Nitrates---Environmental
aspects---Middle Atlantic States 979
nitric oxide 132, 990, 1400,
1402
nitric oxide: emission,
greenhouse gas 456
nitric oxide: natural
emissions, pollutant 967
nitric oxides: pollutant,
toxin 1636
nitrification 32, 453, 847, 868, 915, 993,
1000, 1002, 1003, 1400, 1720
nitrification
inhibitors 897,
997, 1790
nitrite 326, 571
nitrites 1720
nitrogen 26, 34, 48, 68, 82, 104, 105, 160,
195, 204, 218, 226, 279, 339, 383, 389, 414, 417, 418, 420, 425,
440, 453, 467, 483, 486, 493, 534, 540, 543, 547, 549, 582, 605,
676, 677, 684, 720, 726, 756, 817, 843, 847, 850, 860, 863, 867,
870, 915, 917, 953, 965, 982, 990, 991, 993, 994, 995, 997, 998,
1000, 1001, 1005, 1011, 1020, 1029, 1031, 1039, 1060, 1082, 1190,
1191, 1209, 1229, 1234, 1264, 1269, 1298, 1314, 1327, 1400, 1405,
1416, 1417, 1475, 1479, 1482, 1485, 1518, 1522, 1540, 1556, 1563,
1564, 1581, 1595, 1642, 1668, 1686, 1710, 1720, 1743,
1804
nitrogen: atmospheric
deposition, cycling, limitation 989
nitrogen: availability
dynamics, available supply, mineralization, nutrient 785
nitrogen balance method
1563
nitrogen: budgets, fixation,
nutrient, use efficiency 1374
Nitrogen Compounds
1004
nitrogen: consumption, feces,
urine 984
nitrogen: consumption, loss,
utilization 983
nitrogen content 302, 375, 436, 1002, 1060,
1281, 1327, 1488, 1710
nitrogen: crop use efficiency,
leaching, nutrient, pollutant 1692
nitrogen cycle 10, 160, 213, 226, 425, 436,
486, 493, 540, 720, 798, 818, 987, 995, 998, 1000, 1004, 1039,
1060, 1066, 1209, 1563, 1564
nitrogen cycling 421
nitrogen deposition
423
nitrogen dioxide 132
nitrogen: environmental
contaminant, nutrient 446
nitrogen: environmental
impact, export, nutrient, pollutant, water pollutant 1761
nitrogen fertilization
311
nitrogen: fertilizer
119, 456,
1746
nitrogen fertilizer
management 995
nitrogen fertilizers
212, 302, 371, 375, 402,
453, 486, 540, 549, 652, 726, 849, 855, 990, 991, 992, 993, 995,
998, 1002, 1060, 1234, 1269, 1327, 1344, 1345, 1400, 1416, 1460,
1549, 1563, 1804
Nitrogen
fertilizers---Environmental aspects 402, 992
nitrogen fixation 10, 156, 157, 425, 591, 652,
850, 894, 1003, 1020
nitrogen fixing
bacteria 453,
894
Nitrogen flow in pig
production and environmental consequences 985
Nitrogen in
agriculture---Management 996
Nitrogen in
agriculture---Middle West 1299
nitrogen loss 436
nitrogen management
720
nitrogen: nutrient
328, 952, 954, 1027,
1552
nitrogen oxides: natural
emissions, pollutant 967
nitrogen:phosphorus balance:
biogeochemical continuum, productivity 954
nitrogen pool 436
nitrogen removal 988
nitrogen supply 720
nitrogen transformation
mineralization 915
nitrogenous compounds
1677
Nitrosomonas europaea
897
nitrous oxide 56, 338, 440, 453, 481, 540,
604, 652, 798, 867, 868, 892, 990, 998, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1229,
1359, 1400, 1402
nitrous oxide: emission,
greenhouse gas 456, 1006
nitrous oxide: greenhouse
gas 614
nitrous oxide:
pollutant 119
nitrous oxides: pollutant,
toxin 1636
NLEAP model 160
no-tillage 36, 275, 277, 279, 301, 309, 407,
464, 537, 573, 642, 678, 686, 788, 987, 991, 995, 1007, 1008, 1088,
1200, 1219, 1304, 1366, 1569, 1602, 1627, 1640, 1669, 1671,
1768
no-tillage corn 311
No tillage---United
States 580
non equilibrium systems
1723
non methane volatile organic
compounds: natural emissions, pollutant 967
Non patents 697, 1078, 1442
non point pollution
1401, 1532
non point pollution
sources 1013
non point source water
pollution 1164
noncontaminated organic
matter 187
Nonhuman Mammals 55, 104, 446, 803, 823, 850,
863, 948, 983, 984, 1006, 1052, 1270, 1303, 1475, 1725,
1808
nonhuman vertebrates
55, 102, 104, 113, 146,
165, 166, 446, 463, 560, 630, 667, 701, 803, 814, 823, 850, 863,
948, 983, 984, 1006, 1052, 1094, 1197, 1207, 1251, 1270, 1303,
1352, 1475, 1618, 1635, 1639, 1725, 1808
nonpoint pollution
413, 923, 1401,
1645
Nonpoint pollution
sources 29, 344,
413, 923, 1012, 1013, 1017, 1049, 1159, 1581, 1645
nonpoint source
assessment 1453
nonpoint source
pollution 1, 43,
80, 81, 107, 136, 295, 364, 421, 958, 1018, 1061, 1158, 1301, 1388,
1439, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1740, 1758,
1764
Nonpoint source pollution
California 1330
Nonpoint source
pollution---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va 1745
nonpoint source pollution
potential 499
Nonpoint source
pollution---United States 1010, 1420, 1582
Nonpoint source
pollution---United States---Computer programs 1080
nonpoint sources 1016
nontarget effects 168, 202, 533, 671, 730, 758,
1387
nontarget organism
662
nontarget organisms
479, 730, 1387,
1809
Nonvascular Plants
55, 114, 115, 116, 146,
152, 169, 354, 368, 553, 659, 670, 814, 851, 909, 968, 1110, 1479,
1618, 1619, 1649
North America 6, 20, 26, 51, 52, 54, 79, 88,
91, 120, 125, 127, 176, 197, 204, 216, 222, 275, 282, 319, 321,
382, 388, 407, 530, 537, 539, 565, 573, 588, 589, 593, 607, 616,
668, 679, 682, 685, 690, 770, 788, 796, 825, 830, 849, 852, 862,
878, 982, 986, 991, 1038, 1046, 1076, 1077, 1087, 1103, 1192, 1194,
1200, 1219, 1223, 1264, 1312, 1317, 1351, 1394, 1396, 1422, 1427,
1429, 1436, 1520, 1566, 1590, 1616, 1630, 1640, 1671, 1674, 1681,
1682, 1689, 1691, 1700, 1732, 1743, 1752, 1768
North America America
96
North America Carolina
788
North America Central States
of USA 88, 319,
788, 852, 1566
North America Dakota
1566
North America, Great
Lakes 1121, 1373,
1630
North American Research
Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone [NARSTO] 896, 967
North Carolina 436, 441, 1062
north central states of
USA 140, 861,
1793
North Dakota 903, 1082
Northeast 517
Northeast North America
1635
northeastern states of
USA 999,
1590
Northern goshawk 424
Northern Plains States of
USA 852,
1566
northern wetlands 898
Northwest Australia
1635
Norwalk virus 452
Norway 344, 677
novel ecosystems 1437
Noxious weeds---West---United
States 713
nuisance 921
Numerical Analysis
1128, 1377
Numerical Methods 266
numerical simulation
1525
nurse trees 579
nurseries 953, 1405
Nurseries---Horticulture---Environmental
aspects 871
Nurseries---Horticulture---Management
871
nursery soil management
1025
Nursery
stock---Irrigation 871
nutrient 605
nutrient availability
218, 226, 418, 425, 445,
478, 547, 867, 917, 947, 1020, 1174, 1336, 1365, 1448, 1488, 1511,
1568
nutrient balance 440, 1189, 1416, 1485, 1642,
1657
Nutrient concentrations
1464, 1581
nutrient content 142, 203, 363, 418, 428, 573,
1281, 1345, 1699
Nutrient cycles 1030, 1034, 1162,
1724
nutrient cycling 278, 552, 630, 801, 1027,
1110, 1352, 1636
nutrient deficiencies
846
nutrient dynamics 794
nutrient emissions
328
nutrient enrichment
236, 295, 903, 1030,
1259, 1721
nutrient excesses 363
nutrient excretion
1475
nutrient imbalances
1552
nutrient inputs 1347
Nutrient loading 339, 685
nutrient loadings 521
nutrient loss 657, 1412
nutrient losses 1027
nutrient management
104, 218, 281, 364, 995,
1197, 1269, 1322, 1561, 1740
nutrient management
guidelines 863
nutrient management
plan 1234
nutrient-nutrient
interactions 244,
692, 846
nutrient: plant tissue
levels 1552
Nutrient pollution of
water---Chesapeake Bay Region---Md and Va 232
Nutrient pollution of
water---United States 1042, 1043, 1265, 1320
nutrient pools: control,
regulation 1352
nutrient ratios 605
nutrient removal 723
nutrient requirements
219, 705, 846, 1002,
1190, 1710, 1737
nutrient retention
1340
nutrient sink 1556
nutrient sources 720, 995, 1033,
1400
nutrient transformation
954
nutrient transport
521, 1002,
1166
nutrient uptake 114, 213, 254, 363, 375, 600,
784, 1002, 1060, 1344, 1376, 1710
nutrient use efficiency:
animal conversion, soil uptake 328
nutrients 13, 46, 49, 82, 91, 108, 146, 164,
202, 203, 204, 205, 213, 222, 302, 390, 451, 500, 507, 544, 602,
630, 676, 677, 701, 714, 736, 864, 876, 881, 917, 950, 1011, 1012,
1029, 1030, 1031, 1034, 1037, 1038, 1044, 1110, 1128, 1162, 1298,
1304, 1324, 1336, 1401, 1409, 1418, 1454, 1464, 1485, 1536, 1572,
1581, 1587, 1668, 1702, 1715, 1718, 1724
nutrients: erosion leaching,
pollutants 1692
nutrients: input output
balance 1374
nutrients: marine
derived 1094
nutrients (mineral)
222, 390, 426, 1030,
1034, 1128, 1401, 1581, 1615
nutrients: surface
retention 421
Nutrition 38, 414, 676, 860, 1255, 1485, 1540,
1595
nutrition physiology
445, 1564
nutritional disorders
705
nutritional management
1594
nutritional state 1060, 1737
nutritive value 89, 203, 769, 1297,
1741
NWQAP 1388
Nyssa biflora
(Nyssaceae) 234
O-glycoside hydrolases
244
objectives 99, 862
Observation methods
1413
ocean 605
Ocean circulation and
currents 1670
Ocean dumping 1528
Oceania 222, 627, 856, 1298, 1386, 1456,
1484, 1519
octanol air partition
coefficient 134
odocoileus hemionus
1727
Odocoileus spp. (Cervidae):
bioindicator, deer 1725
odocoileus virginianus
1727
Odonata (Odonata) 1635
Odonates 1635
odonta 1232
odor 446
odor abatement 16, 353, 647, 1415, 1572,
1626, 1687, 1728
odor control 624, 820, 1062, 1071,
1497
odor control strategies
1052
odor control technology
1062
odor emission 298, 353, 1402, 1626, 1677,
1687
odor emissions 1062, 1071
odor intensity 1677
odor problems 854
odorous compounds 1359
odorous emissions:
treatment 2
odors 8, 16, 56, 635, 1024, 1054, 1399,
1677, 1687, 1728
Ohio 138, 852, 903, 1566
Ohio watersheds 710
Oil pollution 435, 934
oil seed rape (Cruciferae):
oil crop 473
oil spills 934, 1470
oilseeds 692
Oncorhynchus mykiss
1223
Oncorhynchus spp.
(Osteichthyes) 102
Oncorhynchus spp. [Pacific
salmon] (Osteichthyes): anadromous 1094
onion: vegetable 1655
Ontario 275, 1076, 1365
open burning 457
open water 522
operation 1572
Optimization 344, 1115, 1575
orange (Rutaceae): fruit
crop 254
orb spiders 512
orchards 325, 741, 747, 754, 976, 1457,
1707
Oregon 79, 537, 650, 903, 1349, 1422,
1566
ores 1419
organic 432, 829
organic acids 363, 1677
organic amendments
256, 847, 1557,
1653
organic by product
composting 143
organic carbon 3, 7, 20, 108, 695, 927, 942,
988, 1479, 1507, 1519
organic carbon: agricultural
management, soil 716
organic compounds 108, 112, 432, 435, 439, 544,
602, 634, 635, 942, 1067, 1078, 1093, 1169, 1294, 1404, 1588,
1735
organic compounds:
degradation, pollutant, soil, toxin 670
organic contaminants
1660
organic farming 105, 153, 224, 238, 375, 481,
950, 975, 1009, 1029, 1065, 1200, 1447
organic farms 1374
organic farms: productivity
limitations 785
organic fertilizer
552
organic fertilizers
13, 203, 819, 1552,
1642
organic matter 3, 4, 186, 205, 390, 425, 517,
585, 677, 697, 801, 829, 847, 910, 942, 1002, 1254, 1304, 1318,
1324, 1461, 1552, 1634, 1642, 1720, 1732, 1785
organic matter
decomposition 851
organic matter: erosion
leaching 1692
organic matter turnover
311
organic nitrogen
compounds 5,
998
organic pollution 783
organic sediment
transfer 806
organic soil amendment
1064
organic sulfur
compounds 1677
organic toxicants: binding,
degradation, pollutant, toxin 187
organic waste recycling
1364
organic wastes 164, 483, 648, 1367
Organic wastes as
fertilizer---United States 268
Organic
wastes---Recycling 260
organics 1686
organism (Organisms)
794
organism (Organisms): alien
species, benthivorous consumer, carnivore 630
organism (Organisms):
bioindicator 1507
organism (Organisms):
disinfection resistance, waterborne pathogen 370
organism (Organisms): Red List
species, protected species 1348
Organisms 370, 928, 1618
organization of
research 455
organizations 170, 1515
organizing paradigms
1068
Organochlorine
compounds 1121,
1167
Organochlorine
compounds---Environmental aspects---United States 1069, 1142, 1143
organochlorine pesticide:
pollutant 93
organochlorine
pesticides 634,
1706
organochlorine pesticides:
determination, pollutant, extraction 1613
organochlorine:
pollutant 1253
organochlorines 1121
organolepsis 1677
organophosphate insecticides:
insecticide, pollutant, toxin 133
organophosphate:
pollutant 1253
organophosphates 511, 1121
Organophosphorus
compounds 4, 335,
1114, 1121
organophosphorus
insecticides 1809
organophosphorus
pesticides 4,
335, 721, 834
organophosphorus pesticides:
determination, pollutant, extraction 1613
organotin compounds
435, 1732
organotin pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant 1613
orius laevigatus 238
ornamental plants 530, 774, 953
ornamental woody plants
530, 1699
orthoptera 89, 477
Oryza sativa 612, 744, 846, 1060, 1174,
1247, 1336, 1421, 1488, 1790
osmoregulation 1448
osmosis 1490
Osteichthyes
(Osteichthyes) 113, 146
Other water systems
139, 452, 1249,
1646
overabundant
populations 1808
overbank deposition
1267
overexploitation 449
overfertilization 1158
overgrazing 340, 449, 690, 869,
1422
overland flow 205, 929, 933, 972, 973, 1194,
1276, 1278, 1376
Overwintering 1597
oviposition choice
755
ovis canadensis 1727
oxalate 581
oxalic acid buffered
solution 581
oxidants 1448
oxidation 439, 899, 900, 1115, 1125, 1368,
1419, 1790
Oxidative stress 1469
oxidized nitrogen: atmospheric
budget 132
Oxisol 55
oxygen 674, 867, 941, 1511
Oxygen demand 108
Oxygen depletion 1581
Oxygen Transfer 1398
Ozonation 1115, 1575
ozone 45, 49, 493, 551, 999
ozone depletor 45
ozone: deposition,
formation 132
ozone hole 45
Pacific Northwest States of
USA 79, 174, 537,
849, 1396, 1422, 1566
Pacific States of USA
79, 537, 539, 849, 1396,
1422, 1566, 1682, 1811
Packaging 501
paddy fields 897
paddy soils 1790
Palaeolimnology 696
Paleoecology 696, 1172
Paleolimnology 108, 696
paper mill sludge 142
paper summaries 1787
Papilionoidea 6, 275, 319, 852, 855, 1200,
1264, 1640, 1726
paradigm shifts 1723
paradox of brackish
water 122
parameters 1532
parametric hydrology
1495
paraquat 662
paraquat: adsorption,
biodegradation, deactivation, herbicide, long term environmental
fate 332
parasites 321, 322, 697, 969, 1098, 1102,
1617
parasites of insect
pests 747,
1387
parasitic diseases
322
parasitism 755, 766, 894
parasitoid production
1463
parasitoids 730, 1387
parathion 1658
particle 457
particle composition
122
particle partitioning
134
particle phase 134, 1658
particles 1811
particulate matter
1116
Particulate organic
matter 942
partitioning behavior
480
partners (people) 1259
Passeriformes 1319
passive-vs-active control
methods 839
pasture 470, 829
pasture fertility 803
pasture plants 6, 89
pastures 6, 409, 769, 1386, 1486, 1587,
1666
patch shape 801
patch size 801
path length 1315
path of pollutants
3, 108, 542, 934, 1004,
1012, 1093, 1116, 1117, 1124, 1150, 1585
pathogen 691
pathogen populations
590
pathogen reduction
143
Pathogenic bacteria
351
Pathogenic
microorganisms---Environmental aspects---United States 1261
Pathogenic organism
1249, 1412,
1442
pathogens 90, 139, 149, 192, 322, 347, 349,
350, 351, 452, 483, 541, 544, 636, 697, 714, 873, 947, 1038, 1073,
1102, 1103, 1104, 1173, 1195, 1249, 1259, 1402, 1412, 1442, 1617,
1646, 1743, 1757
Pathology 1512
PCB 112, 1373
PCB compounds 112, 1373
PCBs [polychlorinated
biphenyls]: pollutant, toxin 134
peanuts 786
peat 900, 1346, 1702
pelagic habitats 630
Pennsylvania 577, 903, 1665,
1719
Perching birds 1319
percolation 1247
Peregrine falcon 424
perennials 14, 970, 1171, 1276, 1768
performance 203, 462, 782, 1380, 1529,
1572, 1666
Performance Evaluation
1159, 1271,
1695
performance liquid
chromatography 1152
performance testing
1185
periphytic assemblages
368
periphyton (Organisms):
abundance, growth, productivity 1110
permanent grasslands
1194
permeability 20, 443, 677, 867,
1247
permeability
coefficient 1116
permeable reactive
barrier 1662
persistence 9, 394, 545, 587, 634, 640,
947, 1195, 1523, 1677, 1706, 1716
persistent organic pollutants
[POPs]: pollutant, toxin 134
pest 397, 595, 1619
pest assessment control and
management 31,
90, 240, 669, 675, 1123
Pest control 12, 60, 89, 223, 238, 302,
327, 387, 422, 431, 458, 474, 477, 506, 700, 738, 742, 750, 754,
761, 853, 949, 1075, 1193, 1245, 1494, 1532, 1576, 1629, 1644,
1659, 1671, 1735
pest control method
1463
pest management 60, 89, 124, 231, 250, 309,
393, 397, 479, 563, 595, 730, 731, 762, 786, 839, 970, 1112, 1326,
1463, 1576, 1619, 1717
pest movement 691
pest potential 197
pest resistance 265, 479, 612, 730, 744, 776,
1512, 1659
Pest species 766
pesticide 45, 189, 327, 473, 560,
1540
pesticide: analysis
1601
pesticide application
281, 458
Pesticide applications
1343
pesticide biological
substitutes 172
pesticide chemical oxidation
processes 1114
pesticide classes 200
pesticide contamination
133
pesticide degradation
1556
pesticide deposition
135
pesticide disposal: state
programs 1679
pesticide: environmental
contamination, misuse, pesticide, use 1070
pesticide environmental
impact 366
Pesticide environmental
pollution 1150
pesticide fate 1532
pesticide: leaching, soil
sorption parameters 1126
pesticide metabolites:
analysis, detection 211
pesticide: pesticide
1127
pesticide poisoning
662
pesticide: pollutant
93
pesticide productivity
786
pesticide registration
100, 1127
Pesticide regulations
546
pesticide residues
9, 35, 38, 46, 47, 77,
138, 200, 202, 331, 454, 587, 671, 932, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1132,
1136, 1141, 1248, 1291, 1324, 1379, 1555, 1578, 1593,
1715
pesticide residues: analysis,
extraction, food contaminant 1614
pesticide resistance
741, 745,
1342
pesticide: toxicity,
usage 1130
pesticide
transformation 1658
pesticide transformation
product 1655
pesticide transport
1532
pesticide use 116, 851
pesticide: water
pollutant 1655
pesticides 3, 4, 9, 20, 33, 45, 47, 48, 75, 91,
105, 113, 123, 124, 151, 162, 164, 168, 172, 183, 185, 186, 202,
223, 224, 230, 238, 247, 295, 325, 335, 337, 377, 390, 394, 397,
411, 432, 433, 434, 435, 442, 448, 454, 458, 481, 494, 511, 533,
542, 563, 587, 593, 618, 649, 657, 662, 666, 668, 671, 675, 683,
704, 721, 728, 736, 744, 758, 759, 786, 789, 899, 925, 932, 948,
961, 1012, 1057, 1065, 1067, 1090, 1091, 1113, 1115, 1116, 1117,
1118, 1119, 1121, 1122, 1124, 1125, 1128, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134,
1135, 1136, 1145, 1147, 1150, 1167, 1169, 1199, 1245, 1289, 1291,
1339, 1343, 1373, 1375, 1379, 1387, 1395, 1403, 1412, 1457, 1473,
1474, 1523, 1532, 1578, 1585, 1593, 1627, 1650, 1681, 1718, 1790,
1813
pesticides:
agrichemical 1679
pesticides: agrichemical,
environmental pollutant, extraction, pesticide, quantitative
analysis, river water level, separation, toxin 1455
pesticides: analysis
570, 1292
pesticides: analysis,
detection 832
pesticides: analysis,
detection, uses 211
Pesticides
Application---United States 1256
pesticides: aquatic
toxicity 646
pesticides: atmospheric fate,
deposition, toxin, pesticide, pollutant 135
pesticides:
biotransformations, degradation 336
Pesticides (carbamates)
511
pesticides: degradation,
fate 1048
Pesticides
degradation---United States 489
pesticides: determination,
pollutant, extraction 1613
Pesticides---Economic
aspects---United States 699
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects 858,
1137
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---Measurement 27
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---Middle Atlantic States 979, 1146
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---North Dakota 1260
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---Research---United States 1562
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---South Atlantic States 1146
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States 129, 373, 561, 905, 1138, 1139,
1140, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1148, 1149, 1256, 1265, 1611
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States---Congresses 1151
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States---Measurement 489, 1256
Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---West Virginia 1146
Pesticides---Government
policy---United States 251, 546, 1611
Pesticides Health
aspects 251
Pesticides in surface
waters 1150
Pesticides---Law and
legislation---United States 1611
pesticides
(organochlorine) 1373
Pesticides
(Organonitrogen) 4, 75
Pesticides
(Organophosphorus) 4, 335, 511
pesticides: pesticide,
pollutant, toxin, transport 1129
pesticides: physico chemical
characteristics, pollutant 1051
pesticides: physico chemical
characteristics, volatilization 886
pesticides: pollutant
187, 951
pesticides: pollutant,
toxin 100,
916
Pesticides---Risk
assessment---United States 489
Pesticides Risk
mitigation---North Dakota 1260
Pesticides Safety
measures 251
Pesticides Toxicology
251, 1137
Pesticides---Toxicology---United
States 1256
pesticides: toxin 1406
Pesticides---United
States 28, 596,
698
Pesticides---United
States---Congresses 1151
pests 197, 458
Pests---Control 698
Pests Control---United
States---Handbooks, manuals, etc 775
Pests---Integrated
control---Congresses 1309
Pests Integrated control
Periodicals 748
Pests Integrated control
Research Periodicals 748
Pests---Integrated
control---United States 28, 737, 959
petroleum 970, 1169, 1324
petroleum hydrocarbons
934, 1169
petroleum pollution
764
pH 100, 847, 899, 947, 1302, 1368,
1479, 1591
pH effect 661
pH effects 186, 1418
phages 139
Phalaris arundinacea
770
Phanerochaete
chrysosporium 1362
Phasianidae 204, 1208, 1399, 1706,
1741
Phasianus colchicus
1221
phenology 212, 776, 1172, 1540,
1698
phenols 1677
phenotypes 1458
phenoxyacetic acid pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant 1613
phenoxyacids 1114
pheromone 1075
pheromone olfaction
727
pheromone olfaction
inhibitors: insecticide 727
pheromones: analogs,
degradation, recognition, transport 727
philosophy 665
phorate 1658
phosphate 605, 719, 1153, 1258, 1642,
1643
phosphate: fertilizer,
fixation, nutrient 55
phosphate release 1468
phosphates 263, 1163, 1464, 1643
phosphine 1658
phosphogypsum 1154
phosphoric acid 719
phosphorus 29, 30, 34, 82, 104, 105, 195, 204,
213, 219, 226, 263, 363, 364, 418, 445, 467, 483, 486, 499, 502,
547, 589, 676, 684, 692, 726, 756, 800, 829, 843, 846, 863, 870,
917, 929, 965, 1011, 1029, 1031, 1064, 1084, 1153, 1156, 1157,
1160, 1162, 1163, 1190, 1194, 1209, 1241, 1255, 1258, 1268, 1281,
1287, 1298, 1302, 1340, 1376, 1386, 1388, 1405, 1416, 1439, 1464,
1485, 1488, 1518, 1556, 1561, 1581, 1595, 1642, 1657, 1668, 1686,
1719, 1720, 1743, 1758
phosphorus: availability,
fertilizer, nutrient, pollution potential 1560
phosphorus: budgets,
nutrient 1374
phosphorus: consumption,
urine, feces 984
phosphorus: consumption,
utilization, loss 983
phosphorus cycle 263
phosphorus detergents
1388
Phosphorus---Environmental
aspects---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va 39
Phosphorus---Environmental
aspects---New York NY 1763
phosphorus: environmental
contaminant, nutrient 446
phosphorus: environmental
impact, export, nutrient, pollutant, water pollutant 1761
phosphorus: export, leaching,
loss 1158
phosphorus: fertilizer
1746
phosphorus fertilizers
445, 486, 589, 726, 929,
1156, 1157, 1211, 1345, 1376, 1386
Phosphorus in
agriculture---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va 39
phosphorus: nutrient
115, 328, 954
phosphorus: pollutant
532, 1212
Phosphorus Removal
1159, 1695
phosphorus sorption
capacity 1561
photochemical
reactivity 570
Photochemistry 4
photochemistry:
applications 832
Photodegradation 4
photodegradation
pathway 570
Photolysis 1115
photosynthesis 1033, 1172, 1225, 1369, 1418,
1650
Phototrophy 1418
Phragmites australis
770, 1785
Phragmites australis
(Gramineae) 128
phthalate esters 480
Phycomycetes
(Phycomycetes) 116
physical
characteristics 806
physical chemical
methods 31
physical control 686, 749, 830, 839,
1511
physical interactions
814
physical modification
1352
physical processes
630, 809
physical properties
184, 311, 558, 1165,
1318, 1482, 1559
physical reactions
1658
physicochemical
conditions 1476
physicochemical
indicators 1201
physicochemical
properties 47,
135, 192, 480, 1124, 1154, 1634, 1699
physiochemical
properties 134
physiological change
240
Physiological tolerance
1635
Physiology 162, 1285
Physiology, biochemistry,
biophysics 130,
186, 900, 1418
phytase 244, 418, 547, 1044, 1246
phytase: feed
supplement 446
phytic acid 418, 692
phytopathology 45
phytoplankton 170, 605, 1201,
1418
phytoplankton (Algae)
1110
phytoplankton biomass
1468
phytoremediation 64, 1167, 1168,
1735
phytotechnologies 1352
phytotoxicity 231, 256, 309, 789, 1172,
1517
phytotoxins 231, 309
picloram 177, 542, 640
picoxystrobin: environmental
safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin,
synthesis 1603
pied billed grebe
(Podicipediformes) 667
pig manure 68, 74, 262, 298, 447, 467, 547,
647, 985, 1062, 1103, 1163, 1626, 1728, 1731
pig production 983, 984
pig (Suidae) 983, 984
pig (Suidae): commercial
species, finishing, livestock, piglet 446
piglets 1163, 1737
pigs 1737
pilot projects 1164
pine 423
pine (Coniferopsida)
429
pine plantations 641
pinus 436, 573
Pinus palustris [longleaf
pine] (Coniferopsida) 641
Pinus ponderosa 424, 1708
Pinus radiata 225
Pinus sylvestris 423
Pinus taeda 573
pioneer species 1698
Pisces 432, 565, 1101, 1403,
1676
Pisces (Pisces
Unspecified) 165,
463
Pistia stratiotes 1073
Pisum sativum 1264
pka values 545
placement 579, 995, 997, 1002
plain riparian system
327
plains 407
planktivorous fish
1468
Plankton 1128
plankton (Organisms)
630
plankton (Organisms):
production 1618
plankton (Organisms
Unspecified) 146
planning 25, 92, 120, 492, 816, 1435, 1492,
1748
plant analysis 356
plant breeding 310, 361, 363, 730, 1175,
1336, 1591
plant communities 117, 125, 140, 221, 340, 645,
1169, 1172, 1267, 1331, 1349, 1378, 1427, 1637, 1690, 1708, 1789,
1802
plant competition 398, 579, 749, 1045, 1361,
1666
plant composition 363, 953, 1225,
1517
Plant control 1575, 1735
plant cover 1352
plant density 212, 391, 522, 849, 888,
1771
plant development 309, 1444
plant disease control
12, 302, 448, 615, 678,
847, 1058, 1173, 1308, 1671, 1717
plant diseases 12, 49, 279, 333, 653, 705,
830, 1058, 1173, 1308, 1389, 1465, 1576, 1671
plant ecology 117, 309, 388, 588, 665, 1232,
1427, 1436, 1458, 1802
plant growth 1536
plant growth regulators
621, 1488
plant height 484, 522, 937, 1344, 1604,
1666
Plant indicators---United
States 1713,
1779
plant introduction
197
plant materials 1573
Plant metabolism 1418
plant morphology 363, 645, 1172,
1698
plant nematode
interactions 31
plant nutrients 1254
Plant
nutrients---Environmental aspects---California 1330
plant nutrition 600, 750, 849, 950, 953, 1264,
1326, 1344
Plant
parasites---Control 495
plant parasitic
nematodes 975,
1173, 1557
Plant pathogen 766
plant pathogenic fungi
163, 784,
1173
plant pathogens 163, 173, 256, 678, 847, 970,
1173, 1308, 1321, 1389
plant pathology 282, 589, 830, 1058, 1173,
1389, 1465
plant pests 12, 49, 279, 325, 653, 700,
705, 1576, 1671
plant physiology 11, 758, 811, 870, 1166, 1488,
1517
plant (Plantae) 410, 553, 665, 1253, 1437,
1536, 1540, 1672
plant (Plantae):
bioindicator 1725
plant (Plantae): crop
886, 1177
plant (Plantae): crop,
weed 1130
plant (Plantae): pest
755
plant (Plantae): rooted
aquatic vascular 1095
plant (Plantae
Unspecified) 257,
502, 552, 576, 724, 783, 1153, 1439, 1619, 1714
Plant populations 770, 1510
plant productivity
764, 1540
plant protection 12, 223, 479, 615, 830, 839,
1199, 1304, 1671
plant protection
products 915
plant proteins 941
plant residues 213, 677, 911, 1064,
1339
Plant Sciences 311
plant succession 340, 384, 398, 484, 971, 1045,
1169, 1172, 1176, 1232, 1317, 1427, 1521, 1698
plant tissues 1613
plant toxic proteins:
insecticide 1177
plant viruses 691, 1173
plant water relations
600, 811, 849, 937,
1264, 1266, 1288, 1378, 1591, 1752
plant water uptake
1483
Plantae 1413, 1418
Plantae (Plantae
Unspecified) 552,
576, 724, 731, 764, 766, 783, 789, 931, 948, 1176, 1439, 1619,
1781
Plantations 530, 1282
planting 579, 1671
planting date 1247, 1812
Planting Management
1735
planting stock 12, 953
plants 6, 10, 53, 55, 114, 115, 116, 128,
132, 146, 152, 160, 169, 176, 177, 179, 182, 234, 235, 253, 254,
257, 275, 282, 319, 334, 354, 363, 368, 407, 410, 429, 452, 463,
473, 502, 523, 530, 537, 552, 553, 573, 576, 587, 589, 613, 627,
641, 643, 645, 652, 659, 665, 667, 669, 670, 677, 694, 700, 701,
716, 724, 731, 755, 764, 766, 783, 785, 788, 789, 814, 823, 849,
850, 851, 852, 855, 869, 886, 908, 909, 931, 948, 952, 968, 1025,
1058, 1077, 1089, 1095, 1110, 1125, 1130, 1153, 1166, 1167, 1168,
1172, 1176, 1177, 1192, 1200, 1219, 1251, 1253, 1264, 1298, 1312,
1321, 1347, 1361, 1367, 1389, 1414, 1427, 1437, 1439, 1447, 1479,
1482, 1483, 1496, 1512, 1536, 1540, 1564, 1591, 1602, 1604, 1618,
1619, 1640, 1649, 1652, 1672, 1673, 1690, 1692, 1714, 1725, 1752,
1768, 1781, 1785
Plants general 1510
plants (Plantae) 132, 334, 814
plants (Plantae
Unspecified) 1176
Plants,
Potted---Irrigation 871
Plastics Products 501
playa wetlands 1100
plowing 153, 212, 1008, 1230, 1231, 1304,
1602, 1640, 1642, 1671
plows 885, 1008
Plutella xylostella
[diamondback moth] (Lepidoptera): agricultural pest 729
pogonomyrmex 89
Point source
identification 1010
point source pollution
1759
point sources 107, 1016
polar organic molecules
1618
Policies 816, 1034
policy 1014, 1016
Policy and planning
1443
policy assessment 53
policy options 853
pollen 309
pollination 377
pollinators 730
pollutant 45
pollutant
bioavailability 670
pollutant
biotransformation 670
pollutant deposition
1580
Pollutant
Identification 137, 167, 347, 349, 351, 372, 833,
1133
pollutant input 532
pollutant load 657
pollutant persistence
110, 331, 335, 833,
1395, 1445
pollutant reduction
446
Pollutant removal 287, 532, 1167
pollutant transport
736
pollutants 17, 42, 109, 112, 137, 168, 202,
208, 326, 412, 432, 439, 484, 551, 602, 618, 666, 681, 831, 928,
1014, 1016, 1018, 1067, 1084, 1090, 1123, 1181, 1187, 1198, 1201,
1296, 1305, 1371, 1471, 1522, 1579, 1651, 1658, 1693, 1706, 1732,
1791
Polluted environments
167
polluted soils 326, 439, 454, 627, 645, 932,
1046, 1168, 1291, 1324, 1457, 1517, 1522, 1578, 1653,
1690
polluted water 47, 326, 831, 947, 977, 1005,
1046, 1104, 1291, 1305, 1700, 1732, 1785
pollution 45, 48, 68, 107, 113, 130, 147, 164,
181, 189, 198, 202, 206, 219, 228, 340, 467, 480, 481, 497, 547,
587, 616, 619, 640, 662, 676, 756, 787, 843, 928, 948, 953, 982,
1003, 1014, 1016, 1037, 1044, 1056, 1072, 1131, 1154, 1190, 1191,
1202, 1237, 1305, 1339, 1364, 1381, 1405, 1424, 1454, 1549, 1593,
1595, 1668, 1675, 1693, 1718, 1741, 1743
pollution abatement
1758
Pollution (Air) 1004, 1581
Pollution Assessment Control
and Management 1123, 1364
pollution control 8, 40, 42, 56, 83, 119, 139,
188, 222, 228, 292, 329, 348, 378, 493, 673, 676, 726, 827, 831,
861, 865, 874, 923, 999, 1005, 1013, 1014, 1018, 1031, 1037, 1076,
1160, 1164, 1167, 1168, 1181, 1211, 1234, 1246, 1269, 1300, 1301,
1324, 1358, 1362, 1379, 1381, 1391, 1419, 1435, 1453, 1497, 1500,
1503, 1513, 1516, 1561, 1578, 1581, 1592, 1630, 1645, 1684, 1700,
1715, 1729, 1759, 1790
Pollution Control and
Prevention 222
Pollution control
(Environmental) 964
Pollution detection
75, 347, 349, 372,
666
pollution dispersion
494, 544, 924, 928, 934,
1124, 1147, 1379, 1395, 1580
Pollution effects 110, 167, 222, 247, 339, 390,
433, 442, 493, 494, 511, 649, 683, 721, 1057, 1090, 1128, 1150,
1343, 1373, 1401, 1403, 1462, 1469, 1581, 1638, 1648, 1650,
1782
Pollution Environment
339, 412, 494, 1401,
1581
Pollution (Groundwater)
1235, 1314
pollution indicators
139, 347, 349, 511,
1469, 1516
Pollution legislation
222, 923
pollution load 1301, 1314, 1388
Pollution
(Microbiological) 1249
pollution monitoring
34, 148, 162, 222, 349,
1013, 1034, 1076, 1093, 1379, 1516, 1645
Pollution monitoring and
detection 1516
Pollution (Nonpoint
sources) 344,
1159, 1581
Pollution Organisms
130, 1469
pollution prevention
1164
Pollution (Soil) 3, 4
Pollution sources 1581
Pollution studies
general 1581
Pollution surveys 833, 1147
Pollution tolerance
167, 1648
Pollution---United
States---Measurement 1605
Pollution (Water) 3, 4, 1249, 1412, 1469,
1581
polyacrylamide 1031, 1182, 1183
polybrominated biphenyl:
pollutant 93
polybrominated diphenylether:
pollutant 93
polychlorinated
biphenyls 112,
230, 435, 789, 1373
polychlorinated biphenyls
[PCBs]: pollutant 187
polychlorinated biphenyls:
pollutant 93
polychlorinated dibenzo p
dioxin: pollutant 93
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons 442,
457, 1362
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons [PAHs]: pollutant 187
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons: pollutant 93
polymerase chain
reaction 1118
polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons 789
pond 396
Pond culture 1184
Pond cypress 234
Ponderosa Pine 424
ponds 865, 973, 1031, 1185, 1343, 1448,
1513
poplars 1427
population decline
367, 442,
1638
population density
422, 516, 724,
1543
population
deterioration 701
Population dynamics
14, 221, 265, 365, 391,
397, 422, 438, 442, 595, 630, 693, 750, 766, 830, 862, 1057, 1221,
1233, 1343, 1458, 1510, 1516, 1752
Population ecology
12, 175, 693,
804
population growth 14, 475, 612, 773,
1307
Population number 566, 1462
population stability
560
population structure
173, 1516
population variability
512
population viability
analysis 512
populations 210, 325, 520, 668, 795, 1088,
1716
Populations & general
ecology 689,
1726
Populus 1202, 1427, 1752
populus fremontii 584
pore water:
contamination 1186
pore water [interstitial
water] 1476
pore water pressure
659
porosity 47, 275, 301, 677, 1165, 1266, 1385,
1519, 1643
Porous Media 617, 1660 plows 885, 1008
Plutella xylostella
[diamondback moth] (Lepidoptera): agricultural pest 729
pogonomyrmex 89
Point source
identification 1010
point source pollution
1759
point sources 107, 1016
polar organic molecules
1618
Policies 816, 1034
policy 1014, 1016
Policy and planning
1443
policy assessment 53
policy options 853
pollen 309
pollination 377
pollinators 730
pollutant 45
pollutant
bioavailability 670
pollutant
biotransformation 670
pollutant deposition
1580
Pollutant
Identification 137, 167, 347, 349, 351, 372, 833,
1133
pollutant input 532
pollutant load 657
pollutant persistence
110, 331, 335, 833,
1395, 1445
pollutant reduction
446
Pollutant removal 287, 532, 1167
pollutant transport
736
pollutants 17, 42, 109, 112, 137, 168, 202,
208, 326, 412, 432, 439, 484, 551, 602, 618, 666, 681, 831, 928,
1014, 1016, 1018, 1067, 1084, 1090, 1123, 1181, 1187, 1198, 1201,
1296, 1305, 1371, 1471, 1522, 1579, 1651, 1658, 1693, 1706, 1732,
1791
Polluted environments
167
polluted soils 326, 439, 454, 627, 645, 932,
1046, 1168, 1291, 1324, 1457, 1517, 1522, 1578, 1653,
1690
polluted water 47, 326, 831, 947, 977, 1005,
1046, 1104, 1291, 1305, 1700, 1732, 1785
pollution 45, 48, 68, 107, 113, 130, 147, 164,
181, 189, 198, 202, 206, 219, 228, 340, 467, 480, 481, 497, 547,
587, 616, 619, 640, 662, 676, 756, 787, 843, 928, 948, 953, 982,
1003, 1014, 1016, 1037, 1044, 1056, 1072, 1131, 1154, 1190, 1191,
1202, 1237, 1305, 1339, 1364, 1381, 1405, 1424, 1454, 1549, 1593,
1595, 1668, 1675, 1693, 1718, 1741, 1743
pollution abatement
1758
Pollution (Air) 1004, 1581
Pollution Assessment Control
and Management 1123, 1364
pollution control 8, 40, 42, 56, 83, 119, 139,
188, 222, 228, 292, 329, 348, 378, 493, 673, 676, 726, 827, 831,
861, 865, 874, 923, 999, 1005, 1013, 1014, 1018, 1031, 1037, 1076,
1160, 1164, 1167, 1168, 1181, 1211, 1234, 1246, 1269, 1300, 1301,
1324, 1358, 1362, 1379, 1381, 1391, 1419, 1435, 1453, 1497, 1500,
1503, 1513, 1516, 1561, 1578, 1581, 1592, 1630, 1645, 1684, 1700,
1715, 1729, 1759, 1790
Pollution Control and
Prevention 222
Pollution control
(Environmental) 964
Pollution detection
75, 347, 349, 372,
666
pollution dispersion
494, 544, 924, 928, 934,
1124, 1147, 1379, 1395, 1580
Pollution effects 110, 167, 222, 247, 339, 390,
433, 442, 493, 494, 511, 649, 683, 721, 1057, 1090, 1128, 1150,
1343, 1373, 1401, 1403, 1462, 1469, 1581, 1638, 1648, 1650,
1782
Pollution Environment
339, 412, 494, 1401,
1581
Pollution (Groundwater)
1235, 1314
pollution indicators
139, 347, 349, 511,
1469, 1516
Pollution legislation
222, 923
pollution load 1301, 1314, 1388
Pollution
(Microbiological) 1249
pollution monitoring
34, 148, 162, 222, 349,
1013, 1034, 1076, 1093, 1379, 1516, 1645
Pollution monitoring and
detection 1516
Pollution (Nonpoint
sources) 344,
1159, 1581
Pollution Organisms
130, 1469
pollution prevention
1164
Pollution (Soil) 3, 4
Pollution sources 1581
Pollution studies
general 1581
Pollution surveys 833, 1147
Pollution tolerance
167, 1648
Pollution---United
States---Measurement 1605
Pollution (Water) 3, 4, 1249, 1412, 1469,
1581
polyacrylamide 1031, 1182, 1183
polybrominated biphenyl:
pollutant 93
polybrominated diphenylether:
pollutant 93
polychlorinated
biphenyls 112,
230, 435, 789, 1373
polychlorinated biphenyls
[PCBs]: pollutant 187
polychlorinated biphenyls:
pollutant 93
polychlorinated dibenzo p
dioxin: pollutant 93
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons 442,
457, 1362
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons [PAHs]: pollutant 187
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons: pollutant 93
polymerase chain
reaction 1118
polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons 789
pond 396
Pond culture 1184
Pond cypress 234
Ponderosa Pine 424
ponds 865, 973, 1031, 1185, 1343, 1448,
1513
poplars 1427
population decline
367, 442,
1638
population density
422, 516, 724,
1543
population
deterioration 701
Population dynamics
14, 221, 265, 365, 391,
397, 422, 438, 442, 595, 630, 693, 750, 766, 830, 862, 1057, 1221,
1233, 1343, 1458, 1510, 1516, 1752
Population ecology
12, 175, 693,
804
population growth 14, 475, 612, 773,
1307
Population number 566, 1462
population stability
560
population structure
173, 1516
population variability
512
population viability
analysis 512
populations 210, 325, 520, 668, 795, 1088,
1716
Populations & general
ecology 689,
1726
Populus 1202, 1427, 1752
populus fremontii 584
pore water:
contamination 1186
pore water [interstitial
water] 1476
pore water pressure
659
porosity 47, 275, 301, 677, 1165, 1266, 1385,
1519, 1643
Porous Media 617, 1660
Portugal 369
positive attitudes
1270
Positive Sense Single Stranded
RNA Viruses 370
post exclusion dynamics
1431
post volatilization
flux 916
postharvest quarantine
treatments 704
pot experimentation
588
potable water taint
909
potassium 195, 846, 1029, 1281, 1416,
1642
potassium: budgets,
nutrient 1374
potassium fertilizers
1345, 1642
potatoes 677, 1344
potential mate
discrimination 701
Potted plant
industry---Environmental aspects 871
poultry 198, 204, 714, 835, 843, 1044, 1190,
1206, 1208, 1237, 1399, 1415, 1706, 1741
poultry (Aves) 1475
poultry droppings 204, 835, 1204, 1209,
1399
poultry industry 30
Poultry industry---Waste
disposal---Handbooks, manuals, etc 1210
poultry litter 829, 1197
poultry manure 13, 30, 147, 203, 244, 338,
418, 673, 692, 835, 847, 1024, 1046, 1190, 1208, 1209, 1237, 1293,
1297, 1302, 1415, 1741
poultry manure: environmental
contaminant 446
Poultry Manure
Handling---United States 268
Prairie ecology---Great
Plains---Handbooks, manuals, etc 836
Prairie ecology---United
States 161
prairie soils 1793
prairies 690, 830, 1218, 1793
pre treatment data:
collection 1431
precipitation 49, 295, 320, 523, 525, 526,
997, 1066, 1219, 1264, 1301, 1392
Precipitation
(Atmospheric) 1271
precipitation
measurements 1307
Precipitation---Meteorology---United
States 269
precision farming 311, 1531
Precision
farming---Environmental aspects 1220
Precision
farming---Research 1220
predation 148, 701, 755, 895, 976, 1094, 1098,
1221, 1494, 1587, 1635, 1711
predator prey
interactions 354,
630, 1473
predator prey
relationships 118, 1708
predator production
1463
predators 730, 1587, 1727
predators of insect
pests 212, 741,
747, 976
predatory mites 747
prediction 12, 91, 224, 341, 475, 478, 510,
523, 1226, 1271, 1294, 1308, 1314, 1369, 1774, 1775
preferential flow 47, 276, 558, 1194, 1643,
1660
Preparation of reviews
108, 635
prescribed burning
395, 408, 425, 436, 453,
478, 650, 1045, 1085, 1228, 1317, 1349, 1459, 1698
prevalence 1072
Prevention and control
139, 222, 378, 923,
1013, 1034, 1419
prices 106
Primary production
1418, 1464
primary productivity
1110, 1418,
1464
primates 321, 376, 468, 504, 764, 783, 789,
914, 948, 969, 1097, 1103, 1109, 1123, 1270, 1487, 1736, 1772,
1808
prioritization 1672
private forestry 1667
private lands 65
PRMS model 1764
probiotics 1044, 1448
product development
448, 451,
1091
product function 1364
product use 1364
production 68, 73, 869, 953, 985, 1154, 1245,
1741
production costs 244, 407, 1302
production levels 1197
production
possibilities 52,
127, 841
productivity 6, 49, 91, 102, 118, 210, 214,
266, 275, 507, 560, 786, 810, 829, 1163, 1366, 1515, 1541, 1587,
1624, 1753
profit 264
profitability 407, 744, 1174, 1460, 1496,
1667, 1689
proglacial 498
program evaluation
80, 81, 514,
1259
program planning 514, 1259
project 345
projections 1800
prometon:
volatilization 886
promoters 941
propachlor: biodegradation,
herbicide 152
prosopis 1427, 1433
protected species 207
protection 127, 205, 414, 938, 1684
Protective measures and
control 186, 227,
696, 1030, 1346, 1435, 1600, 1630, 1645, 1676
protein: dietary 1475
protein digestibility
692
protein intake 68
protein: reduced feed
content 446
proteinase inhibitors
479
proteinases 244, 418, 1293
Protozoa 321, 347, 351, 452, 541, 910, 969,
1097, 1103, 1650
Protozoa: human 452
protozoa (Protozoa)
814, 1303
protozoa (Protozoa): pollution
indicator 350
protozoa (Protozoa
Unspecified) 348,
851
protozoal elimination
1303
Protozoans 348, 350, 370, 814, 851, 1107,
1303
protozoans (Protozoa):
pathogen 1107
provenance 163
PRZM Model 542
Pseudomonadaceae 90
Pseudomonas spp.
(Pseudomonadaceae) 90
psychrophilic
temperature 180
public agencies 961
public economics 43
public finance 80, 81, 577
Public health 38, 83, 86, 139, 321, 322,
335, 349, 351, 473, 487, 635, 636, 697, 734, 833, 873, 921, 1102,
1103, 1119, 1121, 1147, 1195, 1249, 1442, 1617, 1646,
1732
public lands 807
public water supply
807
public works 1263
Puerto Rico 562
Pulp and paper industry waste
waters (Sulphate) 1403
Pulp Wastes 1403
Pulping 1403
purchased manure 1374
Purification 1180, 1646
purification efficiency:
environmental sample dependent 531
purification method
1593
pyraclostrobin: environmental
safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin,
synthesis 1603
pyrethrins: insecticide,
natural product 968
Pyrethroids 4
pyrite 1419
pyrophosphatases 1490
qualitative analysis
1281, 1789
quality 89, 94, 620, 792, 829, 867, 945,
1553, 1565, 1571, 1729, 1741
quality assurance 1601
quality controls 969, 1515, 1612
quality standards 961
quantification
difficulty 1107
quantitative analysis
798, 1281, 1533,
1789
quantitative data 641
quantitative structure
activity relationships 1179
quantitative techniques
1268, 1515
quaternary ammonium
herbicides 1573
Quebec 1561
quercus 1045
racemization 986
Radiata pine 225
Radioisotopes 108
radionuclides 602, 1688, 1697
rain 15, 92, 465, 587, 611, 715, 933,
941, 1066, 1172, 1264, 1491, 1542, 1719
Rain and rainfall---United
States---States 760
Rainbow trout 1223
rainfall 1129
Rainfall erosion 1271
Rainfall Intensity
902, 1271
rainfall simulators
715, 1392
rainwater 764, 1051
ranching 1270
range condition 690, 1276, 1723
Range ecology 1273, 1274, 1277
Range ecology---British
Columbia 1275
Range ecology---United
States 765, 1272,
1277
Range ecology---United
States---States 760
range land 931
range management 388, 485, 607, 650, 690, 769,
807, 1274, 1276, 1277, 1429, 1521
Range management---British
Columbia 1275
Range management---New
Mexico 237
Range management---New
Mexico---Planning 1498
Range
management---Research---Arizona 1333
Range
management---Research---New Mexico 1333
Range
management---Saskatchewan 866
Range
management---Southwest 237
Range management---United
States 610, 765,
960, 1272, 1277, 1279
Range
management---West---United States 178, 713
Range
plants---Control---West---United States 178
Range plants---United
States 1272
Range plants---West---United
States 713
rangeland ecology 1723
rangeland soils 715
rangeland types 665
rangelands 43, 89, 94, 125, 177, 340, 388, 449,
607, 690, 769, 807, 1028, 1273, 1277, 1424, 1429, 1520, 1612, 1678,
1743
Rangelands---New
Mexico---Water supply 237
Rangelands---Southwest---Water
supply 237
Rangelands---United
States 765, 1272,
1277, 1279
Rangelands---Weed
control---West---United States 178
Rangelands---West---United
States 713,
1280
rapid methods 1201, 1276
Rare fishes---Columbia
River---Watershed 1489
Rare species 424, 1332
rate parameter 1369
rates 1369
ratios 1416
reaction rates 1658
Receiving Waters 1464
Recharge 1235, 1378
Recharge Lake 1135
Reclaimed land 10
reclaimed water 1750
reclamation 6, 63, 176, 273, 319, 696,
710, 841, 919, 1154, 1216, 1306, 1346, 1349, 1435, 1436, 1488,
1630, 1676, 1748, 1750, 1789
Reclamation of land
631
recombinant DNA 197
recovery 573, 1468
recreation 638, 1656
recreational water
350
recruitment 757, 1221
Recurvirostra americana
1469
Recycling 6, 32, 85, 451, 501, 697, 1037,
1038, 1102, 1258, 1528, 1730
redox 1468
redox potential 100
redox reactions 1652
reduced water levels
246
reduction 439, 600, 676, 1125
reed bed systems 1696
reed beds 1398
reed progression 128
reed stands: aquatic,
terrestrial 128
reference compounds
915
reference wetlands
520
reflectance 6, 1326, 1327, 1413,
1492
Reforestation 225, 1306, 1665
refuse 509
Refuse and refuse
disposal---Biodegradation 1214
Regional Analysis 1445
regional emissions
454
regional planning 650, 816, 1215,
1443
regional scale 134
regional variation
1625
regression analysis
79, 246, 1226,
1314
Regulated Rivers 1437, 1638, 1676
regulation 825, 961, 1310
regulations 638, 673, 786, 918, 919, 920,
921, 955, 1100, 1442, 1513, 1579, 1629, 1732
rehabilitation 176, 918, 1243, 1312, 1331,
1351, 1435, 1477
relationships 300, 301, 1545,
1561
relative humidity 92, 443, 735
relaxed eddy
accumulation 916
release 720
release mechanisms
1468
relict habitats 1437
remediation 619, 620, 789, 918, 921, 1117,
1170, 1323, 1700
Remote geosensing 1413
remote lakes 133
remote sensing 782, 1227, 1234, 1326, 1327,
1328, 1331, 1363, 1413, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1691
Remote sensing of water
resources 1413
removal 521, 1192
renewable resources
1394
Renovate 3 1397
reporting guidance
209
reproduction 701, 1373
reproductive success
560
reptiles 1228, 1597, 1706, 1727
Reptilia 1101, 1597
requirements 549, 693, 1255,
1367
research 19, 26, 41, 61, 95, 170, 222, 303,
318, 329, 509, 526, 558, 563, 589, 743, 811, 813, 835, 852, 864,
882, 894, 950, 1089, 1160, 1199, 1304, 1331, 1332, 1378, 1546,
1547, 1548, 1612, 1681, 1697, 1711, 1770, 1811
research need 1525
research needs 1495
research needs
assessment 1808
research objectives
794
research priorities
942, 964, 1004, 1073,
1150, 1239, 1249, 1334, 1358, 1597, 1609, 1645, 1734
Research programs 273, 575, 804, 1073,
1403
research projects 455, 1756, 1773
research support 81, 1756
reserves 795
reservoir limnology: suspended
clay impacts 1618
reservoir management
854
reservoir operation
528, 1337
Reservoir sedimentation
1023
reservoir shorelines
1437
reservoirs 654, 807, 1226, 1337,
1446
reservoirs (water)
1337
Residence time 1162
residual activity 908
residual effects 394
residue analysis 1289
residue management
311
residues 318, 671, 677, 1131, 1304
resistance 322, 612, 1304, 1442
resistance management
1341
resistance mechanisms
1341
resource competition
1110
resource conservation
88, 650, 816, 1196,
1443, 1566
resource evaluation
38, 342
resource management
88, 96, 166, 264, 341,
342, 415, 426, 451, 576, 654, 768, 816, 848, 853, 931, 1076, 1094,
1158, 1243, 1248, 1334, 1443, 1487, 1553, 1559
resource utilization
1258
resources management
227, 431, 816, 1248,
1443, 1633
respiration 1369, 1522
restoration 345, 696, 1270, 1346, 1630,
1676
restoration cost
estimation 334
Restoration ecology
217, 305, 718, 1354,
1431, 1788
Restoration
ecology---Congresses 1353
Restoration
ecology---Mexico 1426
Restoration
ecology---Mexico---Case studies 1426
Restoration
ecology---Northeastern States 1783
Restoration ecology---Prairie
Pothole Region 1354
Restoration
ecology---Southwest, New 1426
Restoration
ecology---Southwest, New---Case studies 1426
Restoration ecology---United
States Evaluation 103
restoration management
1348
restoration peatland
659
restoration potential
421
resuspended sediment
1468
Resuspended sediments
1383, 1670
resuspension 1383
Retention 1084, 1116, 1162, 1468
return flow 1031
returns 407
Revegetation 193, 215, 436, 1429, 1665,
1752
Revegetation---United
States 633
Revegetation---West---United
States 1701
review 1419
reviews 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 26, 32, 37, 38,
40, 47, 49, 51, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72, 73, 74, 79, 85, 95,
106, 108, 112, 118, 120, 130, 139, 147, 148, 153, 157, 160, 162,
167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 176, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191,
195, 198, 202, 203, 204, 207, 216, 219, 252, 256, 259, 274, 275,
279, 282, 287, 294, 300, 301, 303, 318, 319, 321, 326, 329, 335,
339, 343, 344, 349, 351, 358, 359, 371, 376, 383, 384, 387, 388,
399, 400, 407, 414, 417, 424, 431, 432, 433, 435, 439, 442, 447,
452, 453, 466, 467, 481, 486, 493, 494, 505, 507, 508, 511, 533,
534, 537, 538, 541, 547, 549, 558, 573, 589, 591, 592, 593, 598,
609, 611, 616, 619, 620, 621, 627, 629, 635, 638, 645, 651, 652,
666, 668, 671, 676, 677, 682, 685, 686, 688, 690, 696, 697, 700,
706, 712, 721, 722, 740, 749, 754, 756, 758, 787, 788, 804, 810,
815, 824, 830, 835, 841, 843, 845, 847, 849, 855, 862,
864
reviews (contd.) 873, 876, 881, 888, 891, 893, 894,
907, 910, 911, 918, 926, 928, 930, 934, 936, 942, 945, 947, 950,
964, 969, 977, 985, 987, 991, 994, 1001, 1003, 1004, 1008, 1011,
1012, 1014, 1016, 1024, 1028, 1029, 1034, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1044,
1046, 1066, 1073, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1097, 1098, 1102, 1103,
1104, 1115, 1121, 1125, 1128, 1134, 1162, 1163, 1165, 1167, 1168,
1172, 1173, 1183, 1187, 1190, 1191, 1203, 1204, 1208, 1216, 1219,
1226, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1237, 1240, 1243, 1249, 1255, 1264, 1266,
1282, 1290, 1294, 1297, 1304, 1305, 1318, 1324, 1326, 1328, 1331,
1337, 1343, 1344, 1355, 1358, 1362, 1366, 1367, 1371, 1372, 1377,
1378, 1379, 1385, 1389, 1390, 1392, 1396, 1398, 1399, 1403, 1410,
1415, 1418, 1435, 1442, 1443, 1446, 1447, 1450, 1454, 1456, 1467,
1469, 1482, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1491, 1492, 1494, 1495, 1510, 1511,
1512, 1516, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1528, 1539, 1541, 1543, 1546, 1548,
1563, 1566, 1568, 1569, 1575, 1579, 1581, 1584, 1587, 1590, 1595,
1604, 1616, 1617, 1622, 1624, 1628, 1640, 1641, 1643, 1644, 1646,
1648, 1650, 1651, 1657, 1659, 1665, 1668, 1669, 1671, 1674, 1681,
1682, 1683, 1684, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1693, 1695, 1696,
1700, 1702, 1706, 1711, 1718, 1731, 1732, 1735, 1736, 1741, 1767,
1770, 1785, 1791
revised universal soil loss
equation 715
rhizobacteria (Bacteria
General Unspecified) 1619
rhizobium 894, 1488
rhizosphere 652, 1169, 1216,
1640
Rhodamine WT dye 1397
Rhodococcus coprophilus
372
ribosomal DNA 1118
ribosome inactivating
proteins: insecticide 1177
Rice 433, 543, 786, 810, 1421
rice fields 37, 433
rice soils 1790
ridging 855
rill erosion 41, 318, 437, 715, 1156, 1276,
1542
Ring necked pheasant
1221
riparian 1451
Riparian animals---United
States 1440
riparian aquatic ecosystem
linkages 701
riparian areas 485, 577, 1171, 1307, 1423,
1720
Riparian areas---East---United
States---Management 1432
Riparian
areas---Idaho---Management 626
Riparian
areas---Management 574, 1425
Riparian areas---United
States 639,
1440
Riparian areas---United
States---Management 1703
riparian buffer 1532
riparian buffers 577, 860, 1301
riparian communities
809
riparian ecology 194, 712
Riparian
ecology---California---Sierra Nevada---Handbooks, manuals,
etc 386
Riparian ecology---Chesapeake
Bay---Md and Va---Handbooks, manuals, etc 233
Riparian ecology---Handbooks,
manuals, etc 1434
Riparian
ecology---Mathematical models 1425
Riparian
ecology---Mexico 1426
Riparian
ecology---Mexico---Case studies 1426
Riparian
ecology---Nevada---Sierra Nevada---Handbooks, manuals, etc
386
Riparian ecology---Southwest,
New 1426
Riparian ecology---Southwest,
New---Case studies 1426
Riparian ecology---United
States 610, 633,
639, 1238
Riparian ecology---United
States---Management 946
Riparian
ecology---West---United States 1701
riparian ecosystem
803
riparian ecosystem ecology:
livestock impact susceptibility 1431
riparian ecosystems
794
riparian ecotones 421, 1352
Riparian environments
62, 193, 205, 227, 566,
598, 658, 1358, 1435, 1462, 1597, 1600
riparian forest 860
riparian forests 88, 96, 174, 384, 398, 400,
577, 584, 712, 1081, 1089, 1312, 1317, 1340, 1350, 1351, 1424,
1427, 1430, 1433, 1436, 1441, 1604, 1720, 1752
Riparian forests---Chesapeake
Bay---Md and Va 564, 1428
Riparian forests---Chesapeake
Bay---Md and Va---Handbooks, manuals, etc 233
Riparian forests---Chesapeake
Bay Watershed---Md and Va 1745
Riparian
forests---East---United States---Management 1432
Riparian forests, Effect of
water pollution on 121
riparian grasslands
76, 210, 384, 388, 712,
824, 845, 1227, 1422, 1429, 1436, 1520, 1604
riparian habitat 463, 1242
riparian habitats 630
riparian habitats
protection 1361
riparian land 205, 988, 1117, 1358, 1597,
1600
riparian livestock exclosure
research: critique, recommendations 1431
riparian meadows:
habitat 823
riparian plant
communities 334
Riparian plants 1438
Riparian
plants---Monitoring---United States 946
Riparian plants---United
States---Nutrition 1320
riparian restoration:
community scale, stream reach scale 1672
riparian rights 1215
riparian vegetation
52, 54, 88, 96, 125,
127, 184, 205, 227, 333, 398, 400, 530, 658, 673, 688, 711, 796,
798, 824, 1039, 1202, 1227, 1234, 1242, 1312, 1323, 1349, 1351,
1424, 1427, 1430, 1435, 1437, 1461, 1616, 1665, 1672,
1752
riparian wetlands 1267
Riparian zone 799
riparian zone integrity
701
riparian zones 389, 800, 806, 1278
Risk 197, 349, 479, 685, 1046, 1230,
1231, 1235, 1443, 1445, 1446
Risk analysis 1235, 1249, 1442
Risk assessment 149, 173, 192, 349, 394, 411,
439, 479, 599, 620, 646, 730, 1112, 1113, 1156, 1179, 1196, 1201,
1235, 1249, 1294, 1402, 1442, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1532,
1576, 1690, 1706, 1791
risk assessment
implications 135
risk factors 408
risk management 368, 408, 1179
RISK N model 160
risk reduction 638, 653, 1444
risks 1121, 1791
river 1315, 1487
river banks 890
River basin management
62, 227, 1215, 1443,
1597
river basins 1306, 1352, 1495,
1581
river biotic community
809
river channels 654
river channels: form,
processes 603
river channels:
geometry 806
River channels---Southwestern
States 554
river continuum concept
1068
river corridors 801
River discharge 1581
river engineering 569, 1638, 1676
River fisheries 804
River Flow 1724
river flow regime 809
river management 806, 1600
river margins 1267
river mechanics 890
river organization
603
river pollution 1179
river regulation 569, 1350, 1752
river regulations 1337
river restoration 694
River Rhine 654
river sedimentation
165
River sediments---United
States---Analysis 1069
river valleys 602
river water 1046, 1404
riverbank protection
1092, 1312,
1599
riverine inputs 133
riverine landscapes
603, 1451
rivers 62, 170, 184, 210, 227, 343, 389,
398, 602, 768, 799, 813, 890, 892, 1011, 1092, 1162, 1223, 1239,
1287, 1312, 1323, 1368, 1395, 1435, 1450, 1454, 1462, 1600, 1645,
1676, 1724, 1814
Rivers---Environmental
aspects---Mexico, Gulf of 420
Roads 424, 1317
Rock Mechanics 617
rocks 437
rodents 1206
rogram nawqa 1041
root hydraulic
conductivity 937,
1166
root maggots 563
root pathogens 114
root penetration 1025
root systems 621, 1002, 1166, 1378,
1488
Root Zone 1634
root zone acidity 423
rooting 6, 1033, 1482
rooting depth 6, 302
roots 12, 138, 319, 363, 445, 621, 1266,
1345, 1385, 1481, 1482, 1488, 1549, 1790
rotary cultivation
788
rotations 12, 91, 105, 153, 277, 302, 365,
375, 407, 445, 464, 593, 668, 672, 677, 678, 693, 749, 855, 869,
894, 997, 1008, 1009, 1063, 1112, 1200, 1219, 1234, 1264, 1304,
1355, 1389, 1394, 1472, 1557, 1640, 1642, 1767, 1770
rotenoids: insecticide,
natural product 968
Roundup: pesticide,
surfactant 396
rubber band model 1431
rubus 1773
rumen fluid 1470
rumen microorganisms
1470
ruminant (Artiodactyla):
host 1303
ruminant feeding 1416
runoff 15, 19, 46, 123, 147, 162, 301, 303,
415, 418, 441, 444, 445, 502, 509, 510, 525, 545, 611, 642, 657,
671, 683, 684, 685, 688, 722, 726, 768, 821, 829, 865, 874, 884,
892, 947, 1005, 1011, 1018, 1037, 1039, 1065, 1120, 1136, 1156,
1157, 1161, 1194, 1211, 1241, 1259, 1268, 1298, 1376, 1386, 1392,
1401, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1532, 1549, 1643, 1645, 1719, 1759,
1764
Runoff (Agricultural)
344, 1159,
1581
runoff generation 1729
runoff pathway 498
Runoff---United States
269, 489
runoff water 30, 1072, 1302, 1684,
1719
rural areas 65, 530, 1141
rural residence 1270
Russia 1462
S metolachlor:
herbicide 908
Safety 448, 939, 1364, 1379
safety considerations
220
safety engineering
939
safety regulations
939
salicornia 1490
salicornia bigelovii
1490
saline soils 63, 1328, 1488
saline water 1063, 1205, 1288, 1490, 1682,
1739
saline water usage
781
salinity 64, 653, 657, 721, 770, 1063, 1205,
1225, 1287, 1288, 1488, 1699, 1739
salinity: contaminant
partitioning controlling factor, interstitial, lateral variation,
overlying, temporal variation, vertical variation 122
Salinity effects 721, 770, 1510
Salinity tolerance
1510
salinization 44, 63, 1225, 1328,
1682
salinization: secondary
1487
salix 361, 584, 1089, 1312, 1427, 1604,
1752
salix gooddingii 584
Salmo trutta 1411
Salmon 1403
Salmon fisheries---Columbia
River---Watershed 1489
Salmonella 351, 1072, 1103
salmonid (Osteichthyes):
anadromous 166
Salmonidae 598, 1223, 1814
Salmonids 598, 1223
salt 1225
salt marsh 1267
Salt Marshes 1510
salt tolerance 63, 1063, 1205, 1490, 1510,
1682
salt wedge estuaries
122
salts 1482, 1720
salvage felling and
logging 821
Salvelinus fontinalis
1411
sample preparation
method 1593
sample processing 1533
sample recovery 78
Sample storage 511
Samples 1646
sampling 34, 109, 112, 175, 342, 516, 666,
995, 1118, 1511, 1533, 1612, 1647, 1693
sampling effects 665
Sampling methods 34
sand deposition 1267
sandbars 794
sandy coarse soils: nutrient
leaching susceptibility 1692
sandy loam soils 993
sandy soil cropping systems:
nitrogen status, nutrient balancing 1692
sandy soils 986, 993, 1161, 1519,
1642
sanitation 31, 1102
sap 1002, 1490, 1591
Saskatchewan 1793
Satellite imagery 1363, 1491, 1492
satellite methods 1307
Satellite sensing 1493
satellite surveys 782
Satellite Technology
1363
Satellites 1493
saturated flow 246
saturated hydraulic
conductivity 246,
1304
scale 1532, 1758
scale issues 1495
scale models 1774
Scaling 804
schizophora 175
scientist perceptions
1808
sea water 1490
seas 133
seasonal dynamics 421
seasonal estuarine
variability 122
seasonal variation
5, 212, 474, 1000, 1082,
1169, 1194, 1429, 1698
seasonality 823, 1051, 1635
secale cereale 1715
secondary carbonates
7
Secondary publication and
distribution 1015, 1133
Section 319 National
Monitoring Program 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503
sediment 41, 91, 134, 164, 170, 202, 326,
345, 389, 394, 396, 480, 525, 539, 602, 722, 865, 909, 961, 1031,
1092, 1095, 1278, 1305, 1360, 1369, 1427, 1454, 1522, 1530, 1588,
1670, 1718, 1764, 1766
Sediment analysis 108, 109, 112, 1607
sediment caliber 603
Sediment chemistry
108, 167, 263, 339,
942
sediment concentration
109, 110
sediment contamination
108, 130, 167, 1453,
1476, 1507
sediment contamination:
estuarine, historic, ongoing 122
sediment delivery 1061
sediment deposition
654, 1278,
1720
sediment diagenesis
927
Sediment dynamics 1724
sediment inputs 694
Sediment Load 109, 438, 1638,
1676
sediment loss 657
sediment permeability
801
Sediment pollution
93, 109, 110, 112, 130,
137, 148, 167, 934, 1362, 1379, 1466, 1516, 1630, 1648
sediment: quality 603, 1179, 1186,
1508
sediment quality guidelines
[SQGs]: criteria 1507
sediment reactions
1287
sediment release 1212
sediment removal 1212
sediment resuspension
1356, 1618
sediment sampler 109
Sediment sampling 112
sediment tracers 1315
sediment transport
1, 108, 110, 603, 654,
924, 928, 1012, 1226, 1239, 1315, 1509, 1676
Sediment
transport---Measurement 559
Sediment
transport---Southwestern States 554
Sediment transport---United
States 1283,
1284
sediment trapping ponds
865, 1031
sediment traps 1267
sediment water
interface 263
sediment water
interfaces 263
sediment yield 295, 437, 507, 542, 629, 1031,
1268
Sedimentary Basins
109, 111
sedimentation 24, 109, 111, 146, 295, 344,
438, 598, 1267, 1312, 1383, 1437, 1518, 1550, 1575, 1630,
1638
Sedimentation and
deposition---Environmental aspects---United States 709
Sedimentation and
deposition---Southwestern States 554
Sedimentation and
deposition---United States 1262
sedimentation sites
694
sediments 3, 109, 110, 111, 112, 122, 130,
137, 263, 339, 426, 504, 802, 1110, 1259, 1296, 1383, 1418, 1613,
1648, 1670, 1724
Sediments---Geology
1023
Sediments---Geology---Analysis 904
Sediments---Geology---Toxicology---United
States 586
seed banks 391, 478, 693, 1250, 1267, 1331,
1348, 1510, 1511, 1698, 1770
seed dispersal
mechanisms 1348
seed dormancy 478
seed germination 384, 478, 750
seed output 391, 523, 970
seedbed preparation
1410
seedling emergence
478, 642, 1410,
1444
seedlings 325, 810, 1665
seeds 1490, 1510, 1511, 1770
seepage 541, 1513
selection 116
selection pressure
265, 1637
selection program 1033
selenium 44, 188, 857, 1469, 1517,
1682
Selenium---Environmental
aspects---West (United States) 780, 1709
selenium: environmental
standards, national water quality criterion, pollutant 1755
selenium laden soil
613
selenium: pollutant,
toxin 613
selenium: trace metals
487
selenoprotein 613
self design 520
semi arid regions 1487
Semi enclosed seas
222
semiarid climate 36
semiarid regions 1307
semiarid zones 15, 63, 888, 1227, 1288, 1378,
1427, 1631
semiochemicals 458, 743
sensitivity 915
sensors 450, 505, 1054, 1328,
1687
sensory evaluation
1677
separation 1518, 1572
Separation processes
75
separators 1572
septic tanks 972
sequestration 278
sesquioxides 867
sewage 180, 287, 372, 697, 1004, 1258,
1442, 1581
Sewage disposal in the
ground 1760
Sewage disposal---United
States 496
sewage effluent 142, 1046
sewage effluents 1536
Sewage lagoons---North
Carolina---Hydrodynamics 1222
Sewage---Purification---Biological
treatment 286,
289, 1664
Sewage---Purification---Biological
treatment---United States---Case studies 288
Sewage---Purification---Cold
weather conditions 289
Sewage
Purification---Handbooks, manuals, etc 632
sewage sludge 142, 149, 464, 483, 697, 955,
1102, 1161, 1617, 1653
Sewage sludge as
fertilizer 1760
Sewage
sludge---Disinfection---United States 496
Sewage treatment plants
1581
sewage & wastewater
treatment 287,
292, 697, 973, 1078, 1115
sewer overflow 1453
sex differences 692
Sexual Reproduction
442, 1469
shade 443
shaded perennial 552
shading effects 814
shallow depths 1110
shallow groundwater
1141, 1288
SHE model 1764
sheep 609, 1460, 1485, 1520,
1521
sheep feeding 1470
sheep manure 878, 1470
sheet erosion 41, 1156
shellfish 435, 635, 961
shellfish
(Invertebrata) 166
shelterbelts 52, 54, 443, 530, 841, 1394,
1477, 1666, 1812
shelterwood 1045
shifting cultivation
1667
shipworm (Oligochaeta)
354
shock absorption
capacity 307
shoots 1266, 1591
short rotation forest
systems 1027
Short term changes
1493
short term productivity
1374
shrub cover 665
shrubland declines
1625
shrubs 340, 1812
sidedressing 1710
Sierra Nevada 521
sieving 1518
significance 915
silicate 605
silt 1304, 1549
silt loam soil 275, 327, 930
silvicultural systems
436, 711
silviculture 573, 1698
simazine 833
simazine: aerial fallout rain
concentrations, application rate, bioaccumulation, disappearance
time, dissipation, fate, field effects, fresh water concentrations,
herbicide, lower trophic level effects, phytotoxicity, pollutant,
sediment decomposition, to 553
simulated rainfall
1278
simulation 160, 378, 525, 587, 1294, 1518,
1532, 1570, 1712
simulation model 766, 1532
simulation models 66, 106, 123, 124, 138, 330,
341, 394, 441, 454, 510, 540, 587, 691, 695, 715, 798, 805, 893,
926, 929, 932, 933, 937, 940, 998, 999, 1096, 1336, 1376, 1458,
1523, 1564, 1576, 1775
site factors 94, 450, 526, 1169
site index 1161
site preparation 441, 474, 579, 1624,
1698
Site Selection 1435
site specific crop
management 224,
1327
size 965
slash 821
slaughter weight 1302
slope 507, 715, 1766
sloping land 226, 1548
slow release
fertilizers 1002
Sludge 191, 697, 948
Sludge Disposal 191, 1442, 1528
Sludge drying 1528
sludge pollution 1466
Sludge stabilization
1528
Sludge thickening 1528
Sludge treatment 1528
Sludge utilization
1528
sludges 1324
slurries 16, 34, 66, 383, 417, 483, 534, 881,
893, 899, 994, 1001, 1240, 1281, 1376, 1381, 1382, 1529,
1702
small farms 127, 1295
small fruits 1773
snails (Gastropoda)
1635
snowmelt erosion 1524
social changes 1639
social costs 41
social forestry 1667
social impact 734, 1487
social indicators 792
social values 768, 1515
Societies and
institutions 266
socioeconomics 530, 551
sociological analysis
1531
Sociological aspects
1076
sodium 64, 1490
sodium chloride 1490, 1737
sodium dithionite 581
sodium hydroxide 581
sodium hypochlorite
581
sodium pyrophosphate
581
soft sediment habitat
354
soft water wetlands
1347
soil 66, 91, 94, 160, 186, 205, 215, 300,
340, 383, 394, 396, 474, 475, 480, 517, 534, 537, 558, 573, 587,
642, 671, 677, 684, 759, 817, 821, 847, 863, 867, 886, 909, 945,
994, 1001, 1011, 1103, 1134, 1153, 1183, 1195, 1298, 1304, 1318,
1338, 1378, 1409, 1413, 1472, 1511, 1523, 1538, 1547, 1553, 1565,
1567, 1569, 1571, 1573, 1588, 1642, 1643, 1657, 1660, 1674,
1729
Soil absorption and
adsorption---Research---North Carolina 1222
Soil Absorption
Capacity 1753
soil acidification
989
soil aeration 1064
soil aggregates 114
soil aging 200
soil air 440, 867, 941, 1266
soil air exchange 134
Soil amendment 697
soil amendments 64, 228, 319, 847, 1000, 1025,
1037, 1154, 1488, 1533
soil analysis 356, 1322
soil arthropods 105
soil bacteria 105, 868, 899, 1118, 1585,
1790
soil biological
properties 1552
soil biology 5, 60, 105, 117, 213, 224,
226, 229, 540, 784, 867, 868, 899, 917, 990, 998, 1003, 1020, 1060,
1537, 1566
soil carbon 7
soil chemical
properties 319,
627, 1543, 1552, 1566
soil chemistry 204, 213, 226, 229, 279, 719,
867, 1029, 1084, 1202, 1533, 1561, 1568
soil columns 1660
soil community
composition 1540
soil compaction 224, 281, 303, 319, 330, 621,
930, 1025, 1230, 1231, 1248, 1266, 1276, 1385, 1570,
1624
soil conservation 15, 41, 63, 106, 194, 273,
279, 437, 507, 509, 536, 537, 611, 672, 803, 841, 1008, 1065, 1182,
1189, 1230, 1231, 1248, 1298, 1366, 1454, 1460, 1592, 1641
Soil conservation---United
States 269, 1283,
1544
Soil conservation---Washington
State---Columbia Plateau 1810
Soil
conservation---West---United States 1701
Soil Contamination
3, 4, 331, 337, 390,
670, 918, 922, 1119, 1362
soil crustability 18
soil degradation 7, 224, 226, 341, 551, 591,
629, 679, 869, 1338, 1535, 1539, 1541, 1545, 1616, 1622, 1631,
1688
soil depth 41, 275, 1060, 1549
soil disposal fields
973
soil emissions 132, 1636
Soil environment 332, 1585
soil enzymes 1522, 1543
soil erodibility 18
soil erosion 281, 364, 390, 419, 429, 437,
449, 525, 536, 736, 1188, 1248, 1271, 1287, 1535, 1550, 1656,
1740
Soil erosion---Mathematical
models 797
Soil erosion
prediction---United States 1224
Soil erosion---United
States 269, 1224,
1283, 1544
Soil erosion---United
States---Mathematical models 797
soil exhaustion 1355, 1622
soil fauna 410, 411, 686, 722, 784, 1555, 1556,
1693
soil fertility 63, 213, 218, 224, 226, 228,
229, 275, 311, 319, 375, 414, 425, 428, 445, 507, 551, 627, 652,
653, 726, 784, 810, 846, 869, 870, 911, 917, 929, 945, 971, 997,
998, 1002, 1008, 1020, 1028, 1060, 1082, 1118, 1156, 1157, 1174,
1234, 1269, 1304, 1327, 1336, 1355, 1488, 1519, 1549, 1551, 1552,
1564, 1566, 1622, 1624, 1710, 1715, 1719
Soil fertility---Great
Britain---Management 751
soil fertility
management 1552
soil flora 5, 47, 213, 226, 483, 540, 678, 784,
894, 917, 945, 990, 998, 1000, 1020, 1202, 1304, 1376, 1522, 1543,
1556
soil formation 1533, 1549
soil fumigant 704
soil fumigation 12
soil fungi 105, 1216
soil health 1554, 1556
soil heaths 1536
soil injection 66
soil invertebrates
1555, 1693
Soil Loss 525, 902
soil management 29, 91, 364, 382, 453, 558,
614, 679, 684, 867, 870, 899, 991, 997, 1028, 1236, 1338, 1410,
1472, 1535, 1549, 1557, 1560, 1565
Soil
management---Illinois 837
soil mechanics 617, 1230, 1231
Soil microbiology 904
soil microorganism
(Microorganisms) 332
soil microorganism risk
potential 915
soil microorganisms
900, 1538
soil morphology 1276
soil movement 1542, 1570
soil nitrogen:
availability 1636
soil nutrient dynamics
218
soil nutrients 225, 364, 517, 1322,
1568
soil organic carbon
213, 517
soil organic matter
5, 47, 105, 213, 215,
226, 275, 371, 507, 573, 695, 719, 720, 989, 997, 998, 1000, 1025,
1060, 1067, 1082, 1158, 1192, 1198, 1318, 1327, 1338, 1472, 1519,
1539, 1549, 1556, 1557, 1624, 1627, 1641, 1642, 1669
soil organic nitrogen
986
soil organism
(Organisms) 1540
soil pH 55, 226, 719, 1027, 1198, 1240,
1652
soil phosphorus
sorption 1064
soil physical 95, 319, 627, 722, 1266, 1472,
1519, 1543, 1566, 1624, 1669, 1682
soil physical
properties 94,
226, 302, 450, 600, 719, 867, 1318, 1552
soil plant health
harmonization 1552
soil pollution 33, 35, 93, 187, 188, 200,
326, 363, 439, 483, 627, 645, 728, 970, 1037, 1046, 1067, 1120,
1132, 1168, 1169, 1324, 1362, 1457, 1466, 1471, 1517, 1555, 1578,
1653, 1690
Soil Pollution: Monitoring,
Control & Remediation 186, 1442
soil pore system 868, 1247
soil productivity 459
soil profiles 558
soil properties 200, 205, 437, 1126, 1250,
1269, 1715, 1753, 1793
soil properties: chemical,
physical 1348
soil properties: water
content 1524
soil quality 114, 277, 485, 945, 1192,
1200, 1471, 1519, 1538, 1554, 1556, 1566, 1571, 1740
soil quality protection
1692
soil remediation 186, 1362
soil residue data 134
soil resources 1553, 1567
soil restoration 7
soil salinity 63, 428, 450, 1063, 1328,
1682, 1690, 1714
soil science 18, 165, 257, 278, 459, 528,
558, 704, 723, 1025, 1064, 1364, 1619
soil sequences 1793
soil sickness 60
soil solution 440, 1241, 1345,
1643
soil spiking procedures
1588
soil stabilization
695, 1183,
1478
Soil stabilization---United
States 765
soil structure 47, 105, 277, 301, 652, 695,
851, 930, 1266, 1276, 1318, 1519, 1533
soil surface 1276
soil surface runoff
1129
soil surveys 330
soil temperature 226, 279, 440, 478, 677, 678,
695, 1082, 1266, 1770
soil testing 30, 995
soil texture 275, 695, 715, 719, 1194,
1519
soil thermal properties
1326
Soil tillage for crop
production and protection of the environment 621, 1669
soil types 64, 275, 277, 326, 371, 439, 627,
645, 677, 695, 947, 1046, 1049, 1168, 1328, 1392, 1482, 1517, 1519,
1531, 1539, 1690, 1693, 1753
soil variability 855, 1126
soil water 49, 138, 301, 302, 611, 677, 695,
719, 868, 935, 1096, 1219, 1327, 1413, 1482, 1570, 1669
soil water balance
684, 1039
soil water content
47, 63, 94, 226, 300,
440, 478, 642, 678, 870, 1033, 1230, 1385, 1549
soil water filled pore
space 868
soil water movement
1083, 1266, 1385,
1720
Soil water plant
Relationships 160
soil water retention
36, 947, 1385
soil wetness 659
soils 186, 504, 661, 829, 900, 915, 1613,
1614
Soils---Analysis 904
Soils, Irrigated 1621
Soils---Nitrate
content---Illinois---Measurement 837
Soils---Nitrogen
content 338
Soils---Nitrogen
content---Sweden 296
Soils---Pesticide
content---Illinois---Measurement 837
Soils---Quality 1537
Soils, Salts in 1621
Soils, Salts
in---Research---United States 1562
solanum melongena 705
solanum tuberosum 677, 1715
solar energy 1460
solar energy
transmission 701
solar radiation 92, 1240
solid phase extraction
75, 1152,
1593
solid phase
microextraction 1593
solid wastes 1004, 1518, 1572
Solids 191
solubility 440, 867, 1302, 1448,
1561
Solute transport 276, 378, 924, 928,
1012
solutes 558, 722, 1482, 1490,
1643
Solvents 789, 1167
sorghum 319, 407, 786, 1219
Sorghum bicolor 319, 407
sorption 3, 9, 123, 263, 327, 439, 618, 620,
642, 789, 1039, 1046, 1120, 1134, 1395, 1470, 1643
sorption isotherms
1561
source area hydrology
1729
source reduction 1158
source water quality
854
sources 453, 1675
Sources and fate of
pollution 3, 4,
20, 29, 108, 109, 112, 139, 322, 331, 335, 337, 339, 351, 372, 390,
412, 413, 542, 543, 544, 919, 920, 924, 925, 928, 934, 1004, 1012,
1013, 1015, 1017, 1049, 1093, 1116, 1117, 1119, 1133, 1135, 1147,
1150, 1162, 1235, 1314, 1375, 1395, 1412, 1442, 1445, 1464, 1575,
1579, 1580, 1581, 1585, 1782
South African highveld
986
South America 1768
South Carolina 436, 441
southeastern states of
USA 203, 640,
982, 1045, 1802
Southern High Plains
1100
southern pinelands
641
Southwestern states of United
States 1708
sow lactation 1737
sow pregnancy 1737
sowing 153
sown grasslands 549
soyabean (Leguminosae): oil
crop 473
soybean mosaic
potyvirus 691
soybean mosaic potyvirus
(Potyvirus) 691
soybeans 786
spatial change 307
spatial cohesion 795
Spatial Distribution
510, 833, 935, 1133,
1306, 1345, 1379, 1510, 1515, 1581, 1666
spatial estuarine
variability 122
spatial heterogeneity
1437
spatial models 928
spatial optimization
1061
spatial patterns 794
spatial patterns:
quantification 665
spatial pva models
512
spatial scale processes
694
spatial scales 1250, 1723
spatial sensitivity
802
spatial variability
1051
spatial variation 36, 94, 341, 365, 371, 441,
510, 599, 611, 627, 629, 798, 855, 910, 1118, 1266, 1385, 1530,
1584, 1585, 1612, 1789
spatial variations
801
spatially explicit data
665
spawning habitat 654
species 1332
species abundance 1317, 1357
species composition
162, 238, 368, 429, 724,
1672
species differences
425, 579, 757, 1458,
1666
species diversity 154, 155, 175, 212, 271, 384,
398, 436, 484, 566, 653, 690, 732, 749, 769, 814, 891, 971, 1101,
1118, 1172, 1233, 1306, 1317, 1357, 1365, 1427, 1437, 1457, 1467,
1481, 1634, 1667, 1789
Species interactions:
general 598
Species interactions:
parasites and diseases 1098
Species interactions: pests
and control 431,
1073, 1575
species richness 641, 722, 891, 1172,
1725
species selective pest control
agents: pesticide 727
specific biochemical
work 1361
specific gravity 1281
specific molecular work
1361
specific pH 368
Spectral analysis 1413
Spectral composition
1413
Spectral reflectance
measurements 1413
spectral signatures
1413
Spectrometry (Mass)
1115
spectrophotometry 1289
Spermatophyta
(Spermatophyta) 53
spermatophytes 53, 115, 116, 128, 177, 179,
234, 235, 254, 257, 429, 463, 473, 502, 552, 613, 641, 643, 667,
669, 694, 701, 716, 724, 785, 823, 850, 908, 952, 1025, 1153, 1251,
1483, 1496, 1619, 1673, 1692, 1714, 1768
Sphagnum (Sphagnobrya)
659
Spiders 689
spillways 111, 805, 1765
spinacia oleracea 1715
split dressings 1002, 1710, 1717
Sport fishing 1411
spray dispersal
modeling 366
spraying 1671, 1681, 1813
spring fed 498
spring snowmelt 659
springs 823, 969
springtails
(Collembola) 1635
sprinkler irrigation
444, 462,
1359
Spurgia esulae [spurge gall
midge] (Diptera): biological control agent 177
stability 94, 345, 1533
stabilizing 1527
stable isotopes 1563
stage plane beds 1509
stakeholder perceptions
1808
stakeholders 1804
stand density 436
stand dynamics 429
stand establishment
579
stand structure 484, 1045, 1349
standards 99
state government 1759
State Jurisdiction
816
Statistical analysis
79, 246, 372, 1147,
1235, 1294, 1314, 1372, 1585
statistics 171
steady state conditions
916
steam 1009
steppes 690, 1349
Stock assessment and
management 566,
804, 1462
stock rehabilitation
1352
Stocking (organisms)
1223
stoichiometry 605
stomata 937
stomatal movement 1591
stomatal resistance
523, 621,
1225
stomatal uptake 132
storage 163, 301, 534, 1402, 1731
Storm sewers---Handbooks,
manuals, etc 632
storm water sampling
136
storms 441
stormwater
contamination 1476
stormwater runoff 532
stormwater treatment
wetlands 532
strategies 136
stratification 112, 1618
stratification types
1509
stratigraphy 802
stream 396, 585
Stream Biota 1411
stream channels 1599
Stream
conservation---Handbooks, manuals, etc 1434
Stream
conservation---Idaho 626
Stream conservation---United
States 1238
stream ecology 794
stream erosion 361, 1312
Stream flow 526, 1092, 1223, 1312, 1351,
1424
Stream flow---Environmental
aspects---Mexico, Gulf of 420
stream flow rate 569, 1676
stream improvement
345
Stream
measurements---Illinois---Cache River 323
stream reaches 334
stream restoration
1599
stream shade 701
stream vegetation 421
stream visual assessment
protocol 1600
Streambank planting
1438
Streambank planting---United
States 1320
streamflow 569, 1676
Streamflow and runoff
184, 658, 1226, 1239,
1377, 1435, 1600
Streamflow forecasting
1377
streams 41, 79, 107, 184, 193, 205, 227,
343, 361, 389, 436, 438, 598, 640, 711, 798, 801, 804, 813, 823,
824, 1089, 1162, 1223, 1369, 1396, 1441, 1452, 1461, 1495, 1597,
1600, 1616
Streams (in natural
channels) 1226,
1600
streamwater quality
1746
streptomycin: antibacterial
drug 90
streptomycin: antiinfective
drug 90
stress 333, 971, 1172, 1185, 1457, 1469,
1735
stress factors 1481
stress response 1172, 1481
stresses 930, 1230, 1231, 1812
strip cropping 54, 507, 865
Strip mining---Environmental
aspects 631
strix occidentalis
1708
structural effects
814
Structural engineering
939
structure 174, 184, 1304, 1318, 1378,
1775
structure activity
relationships 231, 727, 1294
structures 227, 939, 1402
strychnine 662
stubble height 1278
study methodology 902
study popularization
1431
subaqueous dunes 1509
subarctic nival 498
subcellular responses
1476
Subirrigation---Congresses 1606
Subirrigation---Sweden
296
sublethal effects 533, 1122, 1387, 1406,
1469
Submerged Plants 1073, 1159
subsidies 1587
subsistence 1667
subsoil 330, 337, 1230, 1231,
1385
subsoils 100
substituted urea pesticides:
determination, pollutant, extraction 1613
substrate induced
respiration 915
substrates 110, 1607
subsurface drainage
44, 378, 947, 1116,
1288, 1386
Subsurface
drainage---Materials 887
subsurface flow 421
subsurface flow constructed
wetlands 1525
subsurface irrigation
1608, 1609
subsurface layers 301
subsurface runoff 929, 1039, 1158
succession 669
sugar beet (Chenopodiaceae):
sugar crop 473
sulfate 1368, 1479
sulfate reducing bacteria
(Bacteria): biological control agent 1662
sulfate reduction 1479
Sulfide 167
Sulfides 167
sulfometuron methyl
542, 640
sulfonylurea herbicides
640
sulfonylureas: herbicide,
hydrolysis, pyridinic ring, pyrimidine ring, triazinic ring
661
sulfur 20, 213, 846, 1154, 1419, 1555,
1556
sulfur: pollutant 674
Sulphides 167
sun 579
sunflowers 407, 1355
supercritical fluid
chromatography 1289
supercritical fluid
extraction 1593
superoxide radicals
674
superphosphate
fertilizer 829
supplements 1255, 1324
supply balance 475
support measures 1295
Supporting science
840, 1217
Surface 684
surface area 445, 1643
surface chemistry 1660
surface exchange 135
surface films 1607
surface irrigation
462, 1031
surface properties
1660
surface roughness 1643
Surface Runoff 24, 390, 521, 542, 684,
1615
surface seawater 134
surface-subsurface
hydrological exchanges 801
surface water 19, 47, 164, 202, 340, 351,
434, 465, 484, 541, 544, 582, 640, 671, 682, 855, 924, 951, 995,
997, 1011, 1013, 1014, 1017, 1018, 1116, 1117, 1124, 1145, 1147,
1157, 1301, 1339, 1378, 1386, 1464, 1491, 1514, 1645, 1684,
1752
surface water
contamination 421
Surface Water Hydrology
1150
surface water modeling
927
surface waters 480, 499
surfaces 246, 587
Surfactants 494
surficial
characteristics 916
Surveying and remote
sensing 1493
surveys 127, 154, 170, 514, 544, 816, 955,
1141, 1414, 1422, 1549, 1647
survival 221, 442, 560, 795, 941, 947, 1103,
1195, 1494, 1617, 1716, 1735
susceptibility 1063, 1304, 1643,
1717
suspended clay 1618
Suspended particulate
matter 1670
suspended sediments
108, 166, 438,
1383
Suspended sediments---United
States 245
Suspended solids 1670
suspended solids: pollutant,
toxin 1476
sustainability 52, 60, 92, 105, 153, 212,
224, 266, 272, 277, 309, 333, 340, 356, 359, 365, 382, 393, 409,
414, 445, 451, 465, 484, 530, 551, 573, 579, 592, 593, 599, 612,
642, 653, 719, 730, 762, 785, 817, 830, 846, 856, 869, 882, 970,
975, 995, 1029, 1037, 1044, 1175, 1196, 1219, 1258, 1263, 1338,
1366, 1446, 1452, 1457, 1460, 1467, 1472, 1477, 1496, 1515, 1533,
1549, 1553, 1554, 1565, 1567, 1571, 1584, 1619, 1620, 1622, 1624,
1641, 1667, 1669, 1708, 1773, 1804, 1812
sustainable agriculture
295, 459, 1623,
1697
Sustainable
agriculture---Congresses 572
sustainable agriculture
research and education 1773
sustainable development
25, 53, 295, 320, 964,
1443, 1571, 1659
sustainable land
management 1189
sustainable management
723
sustainable management
system 1554
sustainable use 1443
sustainable weed
management 908
Swamp plants---United
States---Identification 1178
Swamp tupelo 234
Swamps and Marshes
1413
Sweden 369, 677
Swimming pools 635
swine 714, 1062
Swine---Carcasses---Environmental
aspects 261
Swine---Feeding and
feeds 362
swine feeding
operations 1359
swine housing 1062
Swine---Housing---Waste
disposal---North Carolina 360
swine manure 684, 714
Swine---Manure---Environmental
aspects 362,
883
swine manure: environmental
contaminant 446
Swine---Manure---Handling 883
swine manure: odor
control 1384
Swine---Manure---Saskatchewan 889
swine (Suidae): piglet
1475
symbionts 784, 894
symbiosis 10, 589, 652, 894, 1303
symptoms 705, 1308, 1469
synergism 137
synthetic amino acids: dietary
supplementation 1475
system 1764
system scales 794
systems 124, 619, 1367, 1369, 1532,
1628
Tamarixia radiata
(Hymenoptera): biological control agent 235
tandem mass
spectrometry 1152
tap water 321, 1514
taruma mirim 1267
Tasmania 1456
taxes 41
Taxodium ascendens
(Coniferopsida) 234
taxonomy 166, 247, 1457, 1693
Taylor Grazing Act
807
TCDD 1373
teaching 813
technical progress
40, 188, 1199
techniques 168, 181, 326, 518, 558, 679, 938,
969, 977, 1266, 1281, 1382, 1492, 1511, 1533, 1543, 1556, 1572,
1631, 1681, 1693, 1711
Techniques of planning
492, 569, 1215, 1334,
1443
technology 13, 200, 287, 505, 679, 835, 882,
964, 1028, 1115, 1575
technology transfer
41, 551, 1463
temperate climate 134, 1002, 1666,
1725
Temperate environments
1633
Temperate forests 371, 517, 1306,
1492
temperate grasslands
11, 517
temperate lakes 1468
temperate wetlands
898
temperate zone 433, 1358, 1634
temperate zones 51, 72, 770, 796, 1366, 1389,
1492
temperature 49, 134, 180, 523, 947, 1172,
1240, 1264, 1476, 1591
temperature dependency
135
temperature effect
661
temperature effects
186
temperature gradients
916
temporal 1250
temporal change 307
Temporal Distribution
1379, 1510,
1581
temporal heterogeneity
1437
temporal scales 1723
temporal sensitivity
802
temporal variability
1507
temporal variation
36, 371, 441, 510, 599,
611, 627, 629, 867, 910, 1066, 1118, 1169, 1385, 1530, 1612,
1789
temporal variations
342
Temporary ponds 1635
temporary wetlands
520
Teratogenesis 1469
teratogenicity 1476
Teratogens 1469
terbufos: insecticide, toxin,
pollutant 134
terminal electron
acceptors 801
terminology 1567
terphenyl: pollutant
93
terraces 865
terracing 865
terrain 715
Terrain analysis 1377
Terrapins 1597
terrestrial aquatic
interactions 1068
terrestrial ecology
669
terrestrial ecosystem
1725
terrestrial ecosystems
814
terrestrial foodchain
480
terrestrial invertebrate
(Invertebrata) 553
terrestrial sediments
701
terrestrial systems
421
terrestrial vegetation
423
test design parameters
915
Test organisms 1516
testing 1497, 1626
testosterone 545
tests 1522
Testudines 1597, 1706
tetracycline: antibacterial
drug 90
tetracycline
antibiotics 1152
tetracycline: antiinfective
drug 90
Texas 441, 768, 776, 1100, 1205,
1759
Texas Institute for Applied
Environmental Research 1759
TGA 807
theoretical profile
shape 916
therapeutic and prophylactic
techniques 90
thermal energy transfer
701
thermal pollution 1259
thermal regimes 1618
thermal weed control
1009
thermophilic
campylobacters 1072
thin layer
chromatography 1289, 1290, 1291
thinning 1349
thiolcarbamate pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant 1613
three dimensional plant canopy
distribution 812
threonine 1475
thysanoptera 774
tidal flushing 166
tile drainage 947, 997, 1049
tillage 12, 24, 30, 31, 36, 42, 47, 64, 95,
116, 118, 212, 274, 279, 301, 318, 319, 341, 358, 371, 478, 558,
589, 642, 668, 671, 677, 686, 693, 695, 715, 758, 830, 851, 852,
855, 870, 885, 888, 894, 899, 911, 930, 987, 991, 997, 1088, 1192,
1194
tillage (contd.) 1219, 1245, 1264, 1304, 1318,
1366, 1389, 1410, 1494, 1519, 1569, 1570, 1587, 1624, 1627, 1641,
1642, 1643, 1770
tilth 642
timber 1808
time 365
Time dependent 1581
time management 1444
Tin (Organic compounds)
1403
tissues 961
titanium dioxide 1115
TLC 1289
TMDL 710
Tn5393: antibacterial
drug 90
Tn5393: antiinfective
drug 90
tolerance 391, 941, 1202, 1488,
1771
Tomato industry---United
States 699
Tomatoes---Diseases and
pests---Control---United States 699
tonoplast 1490
topmodel 1729
Topographic mapping
1377
topography 91, 246, 602, 603, 629, 715, 1250,
1492, 1766
Topography and
morphology 184,
890
topsoil 1231, 1385, 1549
topsoil removal 1348
Toronto 1685
Tortoises 1597
total organic settling
material 1356
total phosphorus 368
total suspended solids
1720
toxic materials: food chain
entry, sedimentation, suspended clay adsorption 1618
toxic pfiesteria 714
toxicity 44, 108, 110, 123, 130, 137, 167,
168, 181, 188, 230, 394, 434, 435, 442, 481, 511, 533, 634, 662,
721, 730, 834, 919, 922, 961, 1090, 1091, 1113, 1121, 1128, 1132,
1169, 1183, 1201, 1371, 1387, 1397, 1403, 1469, 1482, 1522, 1579,
1648, 1650, 1653, 1700
Toxicity testing 137, 928, 1128, 1648, 1650,
1791
Toxicity
testing---Methodology 586
Toxicity tests 137, 666, 1128, 1469,
1648
Toxicity tolerance
1343
toxicology 130, 167, 208, 411, 435, 448, 480,
662, 834, 928, 1122, 1123, 1187, 1397, 1469, 1575, 1650, 1651,
1732
Toxicology and health
130, 167, 511, 721,
1093, 1121, 1128, 1373, 1469, 1648, 1650
Toxicology &
resistance 1648
toxins 6, 412, 452, 638, 730, 1296, 1512,
1658, 1732
Toxoplasma gondii 452
trace elements 44, 581, 917, 1488, 1653,
1720
tracers 558, 1688
trails 1656
trajectory simulations
916
trans 1,3 chloropropane
1658
transcription factors
941
transfer functions
696
transformation 188, 1578
Transgenic animals
1659
Transgenic Crop Plants
731
transgenic crops 479, 1673
transgenic plants 197, 377, 479, 599, 606, 730,
1168, 1175, 1341, 1447, 1512, 1576, 1659
transgenics 479
translocation 1591
transmission 1195
Transparency 1670
transpiration 782, 937, 1225, 1375, 1378,
1385, 1752
transplanters 1007
transplanting 1007, 1247
transport 165, 928, 965, 1226, 1532,
1764
transport processes
558, 618, 620, 726, 818,
924, 929, 1067, 1083, 1131, 1156, 1287, 1376, 1385, 1404, 1517,
1563, 1719, 1774
trapping 212, 700
travel 1315
treatment lagoons 1359
treatment
sustainability 1536
tree fruits 563
tree harvesting methods
723
tree regeneration 694
tree (Spermatophyta)
552, 1251
Trees 10, 60, 157, 811, 1306, 1414, 1604,
1665, 1666, 1812
Trees---Diseases and
pests---Control---Southern States 1111
Trees---Diseases and
pests---Southern States 1111
trees (Spermatophyta)
1025
trees (Spermatophyta):
seedling 694
Trees---West---United
States---Identification 1701
trends 221, 224, 448, 465, 1199,
1668
triacylglycerol lipase
244
triazine 3, 4
triazine degradation products:
pollutant 951
triazine pesticides:
determination, extraction, pollutant 1613
triazines 1114
triazines: herbicide,
pollutant 951
triazole pesticides:
determination, pollutant, extraction 1613
trickle irrigation
888, 935, 1166, 1482,
1608
Triclopyr 542
triethylamine salt
1397
trifloxystrobin: environmental
safety, fungicide, mode of action, risk, strobilurin,
synthesis 1603
trifluralin 1658
trifluralin: herbicide, toxin,
pollutant 134
Trifolium pratense
(Leguminosae): forage crop 716
Triticum 275, 319, 407, 537, 677, 995,
1219
triticum aestivum 275, 407, 537, 612, 677, 1112,
1308, 1460, 1715, 1768
Triticum aestivum [wheat]
(Gramineae): grain crop 716
Triticum spp.
(Gramineae) 1768
trophic conditions
854, 1110
Trophic interactions
766
trophic level 1093
trophic level
bioaccumulation 560
trophic levels 130, 438, 730
Trophic relationships
148
trophic state 1618
Trophic structure 222
Tropical environments
287
Tropical regions 287
tropical wetlands 898
tropics 1020
Trout 1403, 1411
Trout (Freshwater)
1403
TSS 1720
turbidity 438, 1360, 1383, 1670
turbulence 443, 1509
turbulent boundary
layers 1509
turkeys 244, 692
turtles 1597, 1706
Type II error 1127
Typha glauca 770
typhlodromus pyri 741
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) 1747, 1759
UK 170, 202, 206, 369, 717, 882, 1194,
1195, 1243, 1255, 1350, 1359, 1367, 1368, 1548, 1635, 1675,
1756
Ultimate disposal of
wastes 34, 191,
542, 635, 1409, 1442, 1528
Ultisols 1519
Ultraviolet radiation
442
uncertainty 510, 597, 1446
uncomposted manure:
application timing, soil incorporation 785
uncontrolled combustion
457
Underground Services and Water
Use 939, 1226,
1734
uniformity coefficient
444
unifying conceptual
framework 1431
United States 6, 25, 41, 43, 52, 54, 79, 80,
81, 86, 88, 91, 127, 176, 204, 273, 282, 319, 321, 322, 324, 333,
335, 342, 361, 369, 388, 407, 426, 514, 517, 537
United States (contd.)
539, 573, 575, 593, 607,
616, 673, 685, 690, 700, 740, 786, 788, 796, 800, 807, 816, 817,
825, 833, 849, 852, 878, 955, 961, 982, 997, 1038, 1041, 1046,
1049, 1073, 1074, 1077, 1087, 1112, 1135, 1141, 1147, 1161, 1164,
1174, 1192, 1200, 1219, 1223, 1235, 1264, 1276, 1300, 1306, 1312,
1314, 1351, 1388, 1394, 1396, 1405, 1411, 1422, 1427, 1429, 1436,
1445, 1480, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1518, 1520,
1566, 1579, 1581, 1590, 1597, 1600, 1616, 1627, 1638, 1640, 1665,
1671, 1674, 1681, 1682, 1689, 1691, 1700, 1732, 1734, 1743, 1747,
1752, 1759, 1791, 1815
United States, Chesapeake
Bay 339
United States, Delaware
1034
United States Dept of the
Interior---Geological Survey 420
United States Environmental
Protection Agency---Computer programs 1080
United States, Florida
1695
United States, Florida,
Everglades 1159,
1782
United States, Great
Lakes 1373
United States, Illinois
227
United States, Mississippi
River 1581
United States, Missouri
1443
United States, New Mexico, Rio
Grande River 1215
United States, North
Carolina 415
United States, Oregon
424
United States,
Southeast 415
United States,
Washington 424
universal soil loss
equation 318,
519, 715, 1719
unpopular habitat
management 1625
unsaturated amides:
insecticide, natural product 968
upland areas 768, 1404, 1480
upland forests 429
Upland sandpiper 424
upland soils 1652
Upper St. Johns River Basin
Project 1680
upstream-downstream
linkage 1451
uptake 123, 589, 899, 953, 1482
urban activity 1439
urban air quality 597
urban areas 577, 796, 1081, 1141,
1457
urban forestry 1667
urban land use 389
urban runoff 1340
Urban Stream
Restoration 1685
urban trees 7
urbanization 333, 389, 1270
urea 4, 72, 104, 899, 1563
urease inhibitors 1400
ureases: insecticide
1177
urine 72, 417, 534, 1416, 1737
US geological survey's
national water quality assessment p 1041
USA 29, 322, 682, 685, 833, 1314, 1445,
1634, 1638
USDA 80, 81, 1164, 1808
USDA Forest Service
1681
use efficiency 30, 445, 453, 540, 950, 991,
993, 997, 1060, 1247, 1336
use value 786
user interface 528
uses 203, 1800
USGS 1445
Utah 584, 1205, 1349
utilization 123, 124, 147, 835, 1154,
1163, 1204, 1255, 1362, 1628, 1683
UV B irradiation 701
UV light 1476
vacuoles 1490
vadose zone 1660
validity 138, 587
vapor pressure 135
Variability 512, 525, 1101,
1495
variable source areas
1729
variance mean indices
665
vascular plants 53, 55, 115, 116, 128, 177,
179, 234, 235, 253, 254, 257, 429, 463, 473, 502, 552, 613, 641,
643, 667, 669, 694, 701, 716, 724, 785, 823, 850, 908, 952, 1025,
1153, 1251, 1483, 1496, 1619, 1673, 1692, 1714, 1768
vector 691
vegetables 279, 563, 746, 762, 1002, 1007,
1063, 1245, 1417, 1614, 1710
vegetated buffer zones
1684
vegetation 215, 340, 344, 394, 400, 425, 507,
522, 565, 640, 658, 690, 757, 768, 770, 782, 936, 1094, 1100, 1159,
1195, 1227, 1276, 1312, 1323, 1378, 1431, 1480, 1491, 1527, 1675,
1684, 1720, 1721, 1724, 1726
vegetation clearance
1487
Vegetation cover 658, 1724
vegetation dynamics: event
driven 1723
vegetation
establishment 1176
vegetation management
395, 579, 1698,
1725
Vegetation monitoring---United
States 639
Vegetation patterns
565, 770,
1435
vegetation restoration
1347
vegetation shifts 449
vegetation structure
estimation 812
vegetation types 400, 1039, 1089, 1172, 1357,
1427, 1430
vegetation uptake 989
vegetative filter
strips 1278
vehicles 26, 1675
vermicomposting 648
Vermont 903
vernal pool 520
Vertebrata 1101
vertebrate pests 393
vertebrates 55, 88, 102, 104, 113, 146,
165, 166, 168, 204, 216, 219, 252, 303, 321, 376, 446, 463, 468,
504, 560, 630, 667, 701, 764, 783, 789, 803, 814, 823, 850, 863,
876, 881, 914, 948, 969, 983, 984, 1006, 1052, 1094, 1097, 1103,
1109, 1123, 1187, 1191, 1197, 1201, 1207, 1208, 1251, 1255, 1270,
1297, 1303, 1352, 1396, 1399, 1422, 1429, 1475, 1484, 1485, 1487,
1520, 1604, 1618, 1635, 1639, 1700, 1706, 1711, 1725, 1736, 1741,
1772, 1808
Vertical Flow 1398
vesicular arbuscular
mycorrhizas 117,
1488
veterinary drugs: detection,
environmental fate, extraction, pharmaceutical, pollutant, sediment
content, sludge content, soil content, soil pollutant 471
veterinary products
1198
viability analysis
512
Viburnum plicatum
(Caprifoliaceae): ornamental crop 952
vicia villosa 1082
Victoria 627, 856
Virginia 441, 577
virulence 173, 1717
viruses 139, 347, 350, 351, 370, 376, 452,
635, 691, 697, 1107, 1173
Viruses, Bacteria, Protists,
Fungi and Plants 1510
viruses (Viruses
General) 348
viruses (Viruses):
pathogen 1107
viruses (Viruses): pollution
indicator 350
viscosity 66, 244
Vision: pesticide,
surfactant 396
Visual inspection 1600
visualization
techniques 665
volatile aromatic
compounds 789
volatile compounds
1302, 1399,
1677
volatile fatty acids
847, 1728
volatile organic compound:
pollutant 93
volatile organic
compounds 1384
volatile organic sulfur
compounds: abatement, pollutants 2
volatilization 72, 123, 147, 454, 534, 587,
652, 864, 869, 950, 990, 991, 993, 1000, 1011, 1120, 1229, 1240,
1400, 1563
volume 484
Vulgaris l hull 423
Washington 521, 537, 903, 1349
waste 457
waste disposal 13, 35, 83, 447, 486, 501,
827, 918, 1004, 1027, 1037, 1169, 1324, 1409, 1410, 1731
Waste disposal in the
ground---South Dakota 826
waste incineration
1675
waste lagoons 884
waste management 13, 34, 80, 81, 85, 86, 191,
228, 292, 414, 447, 496, 497, 697, 831, 955, 1004, 1104, 1207,
1258, 1409, 1730
waste management
industry 1364
waste management method
1364
Waste Management
(Sanitation) 143,
513, 1364
waste processing method
1364
Waste products as
fertilizer 790
waste treatment 1, 13, 33, 35, 83, 85, 158,
447, 697, 985, 1104, 1209, 1252, 1572, 1731
waste treatment methods
143, 513
waste utilization 32, 203, 228, 229, 252, 636,
648, 874, 955, 1020, 1208, 1297, 1572, 1699, 1736, 1815
waste water 321, 369, 428, 636, 1180,
1668, 1736, 1749, 1750, 1751
waste water bacteria
1152
waste water pollution
1466
waste water treatment
85, 1180, 1368, 1391,
1696, 1747, 1751
wastes 74, 142, 259, 534, 835, 1204, 1367,
1485, 1683, 1731
wastewater 347, 351, 625, 697, 1004, 1107,
1181
wastewater collection
636
Wastewater Disposal
435, 635, 636, 1528,
1581
wastewater recycling
783
Wastewater renovation
635
wastewater treatment
1, 2, 287, 292, 532,
635, 636, 674, 918, 920, 964, 972, 973, 1004, 1078, 1115, 1388,
1528, 1581, 1615, 1695, 1735
Wastewater treatment
processes 292,
635, 697, 918, 972, 973, 1078, 1115, 1398, 1528, 1615, 1695,
1735
wastewater usage 781
water 134, 224, 343, 394, 722, 873, 909,
961, 1097, 1103, 1114, 1195, 1236, 1336, 1490, 1532, 1540, 1573,
1593, 1613, 1657, 1736, 1748, 1789
water allocation 569, 1734
water analysis 75, 372, 666, 942, 1314, 1646,
1732
Water and plants 770, 1414, 1461, 1510,
1724
water availability
15, 333, 475, 602, 870,
971, 1166, 1225, 1247, 1365
water balance 507, 1227, 1247,
1378
water balance component
restoration 659
Water birds 1469
Water birds---East---United
States 199
Water birds---Ecology
1777
water bodies 396
Water borne diseases
452
water chemistry 1618
water clarity 701
Water column 1418
water column toxicity
1476
water column
transparency 1110
water conservation
15, 36, 300, 320, 803,
888, 1008, 1248, 1396, 1405, 1410, 1641, 1734
Water
conservation---West---United States 1754
water contamination
350
water content 558, 937
Water Control 1630
water currents 924
water cycles 1307
water deficit 937
Water Demand 1361, 1734
Water Depth 112, 344
Water disappearance
1635
water diversions 1437
water erosion 15, 281, 436, 476, 508, 510,
537, 540, 926, 929, 940, 990, 1031, 1087, 1156, 1183, 1185, 1268,
1376, 1527, 1548, 1631, 1715, 1719, 1774, 1775
water erosion prediction
project 1774
water erosion prediction
project model 715
water excretion 1737
water flow 621, 711, 782, 933, 1096, 1185,
1223, 1310, 1351, 1368, 1643
Water fluctuation 234
Water Harvesting 888, 1753
water holding capacity
719, 1025,
1559
Water Hyacinth 1735
Water in agriculture
460, 871
Water in soils 1585, 1753
water infiltration
24
water intake 1737
Water---Law and
legislation---West U.S. 1738
Water levels 1437, 1630
water management 36, 48, 79, 170, 222, 320,
431, 487, 688, 861, 897, 938, 1013, 1016, 1215, 1286, 1326, 1334,
1337, 1363, 1377, 1441, 1446, 1520, 1609, 1734, 1736, 1739, 1741,
1756, 1765
water management
options 659
water management: research
foci 1059
water metabolism 1737
water movement 276
Water---Nitrogen
content---Environmental aspects---Mexico, Gulf of 420
Water Nitrogen
content---Middle West 1299
Water---Nitrogen
content---United States 957, 980, 1010, 1040
Water Pesticide
content---Measurement 905
Water---Pesticide
content---United States 1138
Water---Phosphorus
content 718
water policy 222, 376, 807, 1307
water pollution 3, 4, 29, 30, 33, 35, 40, 42,
46, 47, 80, 82, 86, 93, 130, 137, 138, 139, 148, 188, 204, 206,
210, 219, 252, 295, 320, 321, 322, 326, 343, 347, 348, 364, 372,
376, 413, 418, 484, 486, 500, 502, 540, 541, 551, 582, 585, 602,
616, 728, 800, 827, 831, 861, 874, 914, 919, 929, 934, 947, 977,
997, 999, 1011, 1013, 1018, 1034, 1037, 1046, 1057, 1065, 1084,
1090, 1097, 1104, 1117, 1119, 1120, 1124, 1132, 1133, 1136, 1147,
1150, 1156, 1157, 1164, 1182, 1211, 1249, 1259, 1301, 1305, 1343,
1356, 1358, 1362, 1368, 1373, 1379, 1386, 1402, 1403, 1419, 1448,
1464, 1466, 1469, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1514, 1516, 1549, 1561, 1580,
1581, 1648, 1654, 1655, 1668, 1684, 1700, 1715, 1731, 1732, 1736,
1747, 1759
Water---Pollution---California 857
Water pollution control
160, 335, 344, 666, 918,
964, 1012, 1013, 1017, 1076, 1116, 1159, 1358, 1581, 1585, 1645,
1695
Water Pollution Effects
148, 247, 335, 434, 435,
442, 542, 635, 683, 799, 1090, 1133, 1150, 1249, 1403, 1418,
1469
Water
Pollution---Environmental aspects---Mexico, Gulf of 420
Water pollution
measurements 1600
Water---Pollution---Middle
Atlantic States 1146
Water Pollution: Monitoring,
Control & Remediation 344, 494, 1159, 1581, 1600,
1695
Water pollution
prevention 918
Water---Pollution---Research---North
Dakota 1260
Water Pollution Sources
337, 372, 390, 544,
1012, 1049, 1119, 1135, 1235, 1395, 1412, 1580, 1581
Water---Pollution---Total
daily maximum load 1261
Water---Pollution---Total
maximum daily load 1262
Water Pollution
Treatment 186,
287, 1362, 1735
Water---Pollution---United
States 129, 304,
373, 709, 859, 1010, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1148, 1329, 1582
Water---Pollution---United
States Point source identification---Computer programs 1080
water potential 1166
water preservation
1250
water purification
321, 322, 1747, 1750,
1751
Water---Purification---Microbial
removal---Congresses 1449
Water---Purification---Riverbank
filtration---Congresses 1449
water quality 3, 4, 22, 43, 46, 47, 80, 81,
83, 91, 136, 138, 162, 164, 171, 181, 210, 236, 252, 277, 281, 295,
321, 322, 326, 327, 335, 340, 343, 344, 347, 348, 350, 364, 368,
376, 398, 421, 426, 436, 452, 474, 476, 485, 500, 503, 514, 518,
521, 566, 587, 602, 616, 618, 619, 620, 649, 666, 673, 682, 683,
684, 685, 688, 710, 711, 714, 736, 752, 764, 787, 792, 803, 817,
833, 838, 852, 860, 861, 874, 913, 920, 923, 934, 938, 942, 961,
969, 977, 978, 995, 997, 1005, 1014, 1018, 1041, 1046, 1063, 1076,
1104, 1109, 1124, 1129, 1150, 1157, 1161, 1164, 1179, 1185, 1235,
1278, 1288, 1298, 1305, 1314, 1340, 1369, 1377, 1405, 1409, 1412,
1424, 1427, 1446, 1464, 1478, 1479, 1491, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503,
1504, 1505, 1506, 1513, 1520, 1535, 1538, 1560, 1581, 1633, 1646,
1668, 1670, 1680, 1685, 1700, 1712, 1715, 1720, 1727, 1729, 1732,
1736, 1740, 1741, 1743, 1764, 1785, 1787, 1789
water quality analysis
903, 1388,
1740
Water quality biological
assessment---United States 586, 1069
Water quality---Chesapeake Bay
Watershed---Md and Va 39
water quality control
160, 205, 287, 322, 335,
344, 378, 438, 492, 666, 696, 918, 921, 923, 936, 964, 988, 1012,
1034, 1076, 1117, 1124, 1159, 1358, 1362, 1419, 1464, 1516, 1585,
1615, 1645, 1670, 1695
water quality criteria
1720, 1740
Water quality---Idaho
626
Water quality
management 97,
378, 777, 858, 1034, 1105, 1334, 1453
Water quality management
California 1330
Water quality
management---Chesapeake Bay---Md and Va---Handbooks, manuals,
etc 233
Water quality
management---Chesapeake Bay Region---Md and Va 232
Water quality
management---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va 564, 1428, 1745
Water quality
management---Congresses 290
Water quality
management---Middle West 1299
Water quality
management---Mississippi River---Watershed 1742
Water quality management---New
York, NY 1763
Water quality
management---North Carolina 360
Water quality
management---United States 304, 628, 777, 793, 859, 956,
1605
Water quality
management---United States---Computer programs 1080
Water quality
management---United States---Methodology 905
Water quality---Middle
West 23
Water quality---Mississippi
River---Watershed 1742
Water quality (Natural
waters) 683, 934,
1090, 1412, 1670
Water Quality Standards
524, 666, 833, 903,
1670
Water
quality---Standards---United States 956
Water quality---United
States 245, 628,
980, 1265
water recycling 1749
water regime changes:
ecological consequences 809
water repellent soils
1459, 1753
water reservoirs 1549
Water Resource
Uncertainties 141
water resources 79, 92, 295, 320, 340, 389,
514, 562, 569, 602, 620, 768, 807, 852, 855, 938, 940, 1016, 1039,
1215, 1363
water resources
(contd.) 1378,
1396, 1413, 1446, 1487, 1600, 1727, 1749, 1765
Water Resources and
Supplies 222,
685, 1271, 1600, 1630
Water resources
development---Government policy---West U.S. 1738
Water resources
development---United States 962, 1408
Water resources
development---West---United States 461
water resources issues
1307
Water Resources
Management 1076,
1363, 1597, 1734
water resources
planning 569
water retention 1346
water reuse 369, 635, 636, 871, 918, 1031,
1063, 1682, 1736, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751
water rights 807, 1215
Water rights---West
U.S. 1738
water samples 1601
Water sampling 349, 666, 833, 1646
water scarcity: environmental
impact, health impact 781
water shortage 781
water stress 937
Water supplies 452, 1734
water supply 322, 503, 594, 736, 833, 1215,
1445, 1536, 1579, 1734
Water supply---Government
policy---West U.S. 1738
Water
supply---Management 966
Water supply---New York,
NY 1763
water systems 1413
water table 246, 441, 657, 1427,
1609
water tables 694
water taste 854
Water temperature 598, 801, 1735
water tension 659
water transfer 1166
Water Treatment 128, 322, 452, 964, 1159,
1398, 1575, 1695
Water treatment and
distribution 452
water treatment
facilities 636
Water---United
States---Pesticide content 1611
Water---United
States---Phosphorus content 1040
water uptake 688, 935, 937, 1166, 1266,
1288
Water Use 92, 320, 484, 503, 522, 523, 562,
1247, 1264, 1334, 1410, 1414, 1682
water use efficiency
15, 36, 92, 443, 462,
465, 523, 870, 888, 1033, 1059, 1166, 1219, 1225, 1247, 1490, 1591,
1756
water use efficiency:
integrated catchment management 707
water vapor 523
Water & Wastewater
Treatment 287,
964
Water wells 1135
water yield 711
waterbirds (Aves) 1639
waterborne disease statistics:
pathogen identification, underreporting 914
waterborne diseases
321, 351, 376, 969,
1097, 1259
Waterborne infection
1105
waterfowl 862
Waterfowl---North
America---Breeding 308
waterlogging 476, 941
waters 605, 800
watershed 863, 1532, 1764
watershed health 102
watershed hydrology
1259
watershed integrity
943
watershed management
19, 84, 125, 356, 514,
577, 650, 799, 831, 854, 938, 978, 1061, 1259, 1334, 1377, 1396,
1411, 1443, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1759,
1760
Watershed
management---Bibliography 1762
Watershed
management---California---Congresses 1803
Watershed
management---Government policy---West U.S. 1738
Watershed management---New
York, NY 1763
Watershed management---United
States 1256,
1408, 1582
Watershed management---United
States---Computer programs 1080
Watershed management---United
States---Congresses 1803
Watershed protection
273, 565, 1248, 1377,
1411, 1443, 1630
watershed related
properties 1110
watershed resilience
1340
watersheds 19, 79, 91, 107, 210, 246, 301, 321,
356, 389, 438, 510, 526, 539, 541, 565, 602, 611, 640, 768, 818,
831, 923, 929, 933, 938, 965, 978, 1076, 1096, 1097, 1358, 1363,
1396, 1404, 1427, 1443, 1452, 1491, 1549, 1684, 1719, 1759, 1766,
1774
Watersheds---Environmental
aspects---United States 1256
Watersheds---Research---United
States---Computer programs 1080
Watersheds---United
States 1408
Watersheds---United
States---Congresses 1803
waterways 1386
weak study designs
1431
weather 565, 855, 938, 941, 948,
1642
weather data 92, 1576
weather forecasting
1576
weather patterns 1129
weather related
variations 1296
weed associations 221, 1112
weed biology 358, 478, 693, 750, 1458,
1511
weed control 6, 14, 36, 60, 117, 128, 153,
163, 173, 197, 212, 221, 231, 256, 279, 281, 302, 309, 310, 358,
365, 391, 398, 593, 606, 609, 686, 693, 724, 749, 766, 769, 788,
888, 970, 1007, 1009, 1112, 1247, 1263, 1313, 1444, 1458, 1637,
1665, 1671, 1689, 1725, 1767, 1768, 1770, 1771
weed eating insects
197
weed management: benefits,
risks 667
weed management
strategies 1361
weed (Tracheophyta)
643
weeding 1349
weeds 6, 14, 49, 60, 94, 117, 153, 163,
173, 197, 231, 256, 358, 365, 391, 478, 479, 593, 606, 642, 686,
693, 749, 750, 758, 769, 810, 830, 970, 1200, 1245, 1263, 1458,
1511, 1576, 1637, 1671, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771
Weeds---Control 698
weeds (Tracheophyta)
253, 669,
1619
weeds (Tracheophyta):
pest 908
Weeds---West---United
States 178
Wellhead protection
858
Wellhead protection---United
States 859
wells 246, 969, 1135
Wells---Abandonment---Economic
aspects---Southern States 822
Wells---Abandonment---Southern
States 822
West 1046, 1223
West Virginia 577
Western 1579
western Australia 246
Western States of USA
44, 79, 388, 537, 539,
607, 849, 1092, 1396, 1422, 1429, 1566, 1616, 1682, 1752
Western United States
594
Western USA 429
wet soils 1439
wetland 396, 498, 860, 1170
Wetland agriculture---United
States 126
Wetland
animals---Ecology 1777
wetland assessment
392
Wetland conservation
97, 217, 270, 718, 956,
963, 1354, 1778, 1799
Wetland
conservation---Australia---New South Wales 702
Wetland
conservation---Congresses 1353
Wetland
conservation---Government policy---United States 1797
Wetland conservation---Great
Britain 660
Wetland
conservation---Mathematical models 249
Wetland conservation---Prairie
Pothole Region 1354
Wetland conservation---South
Dakota 404
Wetland conservation---United
States 304, 374,
610, 962, 1213, 1238, 1589, 1703, 1704, 1794
Wetland conservation---United
States---Case studies 217
Wetland conservation---United
States Decision making 103
Wetland conservation---United
States---Planning 242
Wetland
conservation---Wisconsin 374
wetland creation 392, 520
Wetland ecology 401, 656, 963, 1022, 1218,
1354, 1583, 1778, 1780, 1784, 1788, 1797, 1799
Wetland
ecology---Congresses 1353
Wetland
ecology---Environmental aspects---United States 126
Wetland
ecology---Evaluation 793
Wetland ecology Great
Plains 1801
Wetland ecology---North
America 772
Wetland ecology---Prairie
Pothole Region 1354
Wetland ecology---South
Dakota 404
Wetland ecology---United
States 161, 374,
578, 601, 628, 1213, 1779, 1794, 1795
Wetland ecology---United
States---Management 583
Wetland
ecology---Wisconsin 374
wetland ecosystem
function 392
wetland ecosystems
179
Wetland flora---United
States 1213
wetland forest 954
Wetland forestry 1022, 1583
wetland habitats:
encroachment 667
Wetland hydrology 524
Wetland landscape
design---Northeastern States 1783
Wetland management---North
America 150
Wetland management---United
States 793, 1605,
1713, 1795
wetland monitoring
520
wetland-no-net-loss
policy 392
Wetland
planting---Northeastern States 1783
Wetland planting---Southern
States 1586
Wetland plants 59, 963, 1171, 1784
Wetland plants---East---United
States---Identification 974
Wetland
plants---Ecology---East---United States 974
Wetland
plants---Ecology---North America 974
Wetland
plants---Harvesting---United States 633
Wetland plants---North
America---Identification 974
Wetland plants---Northeastern
States 1783
Wetland
plants---Planting---United States 633
Wetland
plants---Propagation---United States 633
Wetland plants Southern
states 1586
Wetland plants---Southern
States---Identification 555
Wetland plants---Southern
States---Pictorial works 555
Wetland
plants---Transplanting---United States 633
Wetland plants---United
States 633
Wetland plants---United
States---Identification 1178
wetland preservation
392
Wetland Processes 1685
Wetland restoration
392, 1171
wetland restoration
ecology 1250
Wetland restoration---North
America 568
Wetland restoration---United
States 126
wetland soils 600, 1084, 1652,
1793
wetlands 37, 44, 59, 88, 97, 101, 175, 217,
287, 292, 305, 324, 344, 399, 401, 412, 415, 426, 433, 441, 497,
522, 585, 588, 631, 649, 711, 712, 752, 767, 770, 796, 813, 816,
900, 903, 920, 928, 964, 972, 997, 1030, 1068, 1078, 1098, 1122,
1159, 1162, 1169, 1180, 1201, 1233, 1340, 1346, 1378, 1391, 1398,
1413, 1418, 1421, 1427, 1436, 1481, 1487, 1491, 1493, 1510, 1579,
1580, 1615, 1630, 1633, 1634, 1664, 1680, 1691, 1695, 1696, 1721,
1782, 1784, 1787, 1789, 1791, 1792, 1797, 1799, 1800,
1802
Wetlands---Australia---New
South Wales---Management 702
Wetlands Classification
622, 656
Wetlands climate
relationships 1413
wetlands conservation
1348
wetlands ecology 659
Wetlands---Environmental
aspects 323
Wetlands---Great
Britain 660
Wetlands Great Plains
1801
wetlands: habitat 1639
Wetlands---Hydrology---North
Carolina 1222
Wetlands---Issues and
policy 1786
Wetlands---Law and
legislation---United States 622, 1799
Wetlands Management
128, 141, 1022, 1176,
1583
Wetlands management---United
States 1705
Wetlands---North
America 772
Wetlands---Northeastern
States 708
wetlands protection
1625
Wetlands---Remote
sensing 1776,
1780
Wetlands research 1413
wetlands restoration
1176
Wetlands---South Dakota
404
Wetlands---United
States 101, 126,
355, 357, 374, 601, 633, 763, 962, 1178, 1420, 1589, 1779, 1794,
1795, 1796, 1798
Wetlands---United
States---Classification 1213, 1798
Wetlands---United
States---Management 103, 583
Wetlands---Wisconsin
374
wheat 275, 319, 407, 537, 677, 786, 810,
885, 1219, 1355
wheat fallow 7
White Clay Creek 1665
who 638, 961
wholesale prices 1197
wild animals 757, 815, 1711
wild birds 44, 174, 796, 1045, 1113, 1357,
1727
wild plants 479, 1332
wilderness 1352
wildfires 398, 408, 425
wildlife 6, 44, 50, 99, 120, 153, 188, 210,
340, 398, 484, 511, 565, 662, 711, 769, 821, 891, 964, 1379, 1403,
1469, 1515, 1597, 1708, 1711, 1809
wildlife borne diseases
1808
wildlife conservation
96, 207, 270, 395, 484,
796, 815, 862, 891, 1232, 1456, 1708
Wildlife
conservation---Columbia River---Watershed 1489
Wildlife conservation---North
America 772
Wildlife conservation---United
States---Planning 242
wildlife damage management
research 1808
Wildlife habitat 201
wildlife habitats 577, 767
wildlife human
conflicts 1808
Wildlife management
207, 796, 815, 862,
1221, 1223, 1228, 1233, 1727
Wildlife management and
recreation 1493
Wildlife
management---West---United States 1280
wildlife manager
perceptions 1808
Willet 1469
wind 579, 932, 1383, 1477,
1812
wind erosion 41, 281, 537, 926, 940, 1248,
1276, 1527, 1631, 1692, 1775, 1811, 1812
Wind erosion---Washington
State---Columbia Plateau 1810
wind speed 92, 916, 1240
wind tunnel technique
1359
wind tunnels 353
windbreaks 52, 54, 127, 841, 1813
winter 677, 1642, 1715, 1814
winter cover crops
311
winter cover crops
(Angiospermae) 1692
winter precipitation
659
winter wheat 238
Wisconsin 903
wolf reintroduction
1270
wood: accumulation, breakage,
buoyancy, delivery, mobility, morphology, retention, size,
storage 806
wood harvesting 449
wood wastes 1025
woodland 795
woodland river
ecosystems 806
woodlands 395, 464, 658, 1045, 1243
woody plant cover 641
woody plants 333, 1171, 1378,
1394
woody plants (Spermatophyta):
endangered species, threatened species 641
wool 1470
World 91, 222, 558, 604, 634,
1085
world markets 479, 1629
world population
expansion 1177
Wyoming 1349
X 77: pesticide, surfactant,
toxin 396
Xanthomonas campestris
(Pseudomonadaceae) 90
Xenobiotics 113, 442
xenobiotics:
biotransformations, degradation 336
xylem 937, 1591
Yeasts 697
yield 1714
yield increases 612
yield losses 117, 391, 679, 693, 1063,
1444, 1465, 1637, 1771
yields 484, 505, 525, 677, 769, 965,
1642
young coniferous trees
423
zea mays 275, 319, 407, 523, 589, 852, 855,
885, 995, 1174, 1192, 1219, 1482, 1602, 1640
Zea mays (Gramineae)
257, 724
Zea mays [maize] (Gramineae):
grain crop, host 115
zenaida 1727
zinc 148, 418, 692
zones 205, 492, 936, 1117, 1278,
1510
zoning 1684
Zoobenthos 339, 565, 1461
zoogeography 891
zoology 787
Zooplankton 438, 1343
zooplankton
(Animalia) 1618
Aarnink AJA 68
Aaron, J J 832
Aaron, Jean Jacques
570
Aase, J.K. 1031
Abawi, G.S. 1557
Aber, J. 999
Aber, John D 989
Abler, D. G. 40
Aboud, Abdillahi A.
1028
Abrahamson, L.P. 361
Acamovic, T. 244
Acker, R. van. 1771
Adams, B.W. 210
Adams, L.D. 1532
Adams, W M 694
Adams, William J 480
Adamus, Paul R. 161, 357
Addiscott, T. M. 1318, 1643
Addy, H. D. 589
Addy, K. 892, 1005
Adriano, D. C. 982
Agassi, M. 15, 672, 902
Agnew, J. M. 1165
Aguilar, R. 340
Agus, F. 507, 1547
Ahmad, R. A. 1097
Ahuja, L. R. 19, 1266, 1532
Aillery, Marcel P.
1489
Ainsworth, Nigel 755
Aislabie, J. 186
Al-Homidan, A. 1399
Alabama Soil and Water
Conservation Committee 284
Alakukku, L. 1230, 1231
Alberts, E. E. 852
Alcock, Ruth E 789
Alcordo, I.S. 1154
Alexander, R. B. 420, 965
Alexander, Richard B.
1582
Alexander, S.A. 575, 1515
Alexander, Susan V.
237
Aliotta, G. 231
Alkire, C. 773
Allee, G. 872
Allen, A.W. 50
Allen, H Lee 1746
Allen, J. A. 1306
Allen, James A 1176
Allen, James R F 908
Allen, L.H. Jr. 523
Allen, R. 1124
Allen, R.G. 522
Allinson, G. 683
Allison, J.R. 860
Alocilja, E. 1106
Alroe, H.F. 105
Alt D 952, 953
Altavilla, N. 541
Altier, L.S. 1745
Altier, Lee S. 1425
Altieri, Miguel A 1552
Amal, K. 888
Amatya, D.M. 441
Amelung, W. 986
Amer, M. H. 1257
American Farmland Trust,
Center for Agriculture in the Environment 43
American Society of
Agricultural Engineers 1188, 1550
American Society of
Agronomy. 21
Amezketa, E. 1533
Aminot, A. 263
Amir, J. 672
Amon, J. P. 1634
Anderson, C. S. 1411
Anderson, D. W. 214
Anderson, E.W. 650
Anderson, H. A. 1412
Anderson, I. C. 1640
Anderson, J. 369
Anderson, J. L. 852
Anderson, J. M. 722
Anderson, Lars W J
1361
Anderson, M. G. 1548
Anderson, N John 1712
Anderson, N. O. 770
Anderson, P. 395
Anderson, R. D. 721
Anderson, T. A. 1706
Anderson, Todd A 185
Andersson, Mats. 71, 297, 1108
Andersson, R. 474
Andre, J C 571
Andrews, S. S. 1565
Andrews, William J.
1742
Andrieux, F. 263
Angers, D A 716
Angier, J.T. 327
Angle, J.S. 143, 513
Angulo-Jaramillo, R.
558
Ankley, G. T. 137, 1648
Anon. 1665
Antle, J.M. 734
Anwer, Muhammad
Sarfraz. 1754
Ap Dewi, I. 1683
Applegate, T. 872
Appropriate Technology
Transfer for Rural Areas (Organization). 1079
April, T. 186
Archer, Steve. 1273
Ardales, S. 433
Armitage, Patrick D
165
Armon, R. 139
Arndt, J.L. 1793
Arnold, J. A. 1012, 1013, 1014
Arnold, J.G. 91, 1532
Arnosti, C. 942
Arogo, J. 67, 69, 1359, 1677
Aronson, Arthur I 1807
Arora, D. K. 173
Arscott, D. B. 1450
Arshad, M. A. 1304
Arthington, Angela H
701
Arumugam, N 528
Arvidsson, J. 1385
Ascher, P. D. 770
Ascough II, J. C. 106
Ascough, J. C. 940, 1631, 1775
Ascough, J.C. II. 1774
Ashbolt, N. 541
Ashmore, P.E. 1315
Ashwood, T.L. 800
Askins, Robert A 1625
Astruc, Michel 581
Atkins, L.L. 80
Atkinson, Roger 1658
Ator, Scott W. 979
Atwater, J. W. 1004
Atwill, Edward R. 1105
Atwill, R. 1743
Atwood, J D 472
Aulakh, M.S. 993
Aust, W.M. 1802
Autenrieth, R. L. 108, 109
Auverman, B. 1071
Auverman, B.W. 637
Auvermann, B. W. 1053, 1099
Avnimelech, Yoram 783
AWWA Research Division
Microbiological Contaminants Research Committee 452
Axford, R.F.E. 1683
Axtell, R.C. 1206
Ayars, J.E. 378, 1288, 1609
Ayora, C 1662
Ayoub, A.T. 551
Aziz, T. 1159
Bachmann, P. 99, 1647
Baede, A. P. M. 892
Baffaut, C. 1774
Bagdon, Joe 1256
Bagley, C.P. 203
Bagley, M. J. 1700
Bailey, L. D. 1409
Bailey, S. W. 206, 1124
Baillargeon, William S
943
Baird, A J 659
Baker, J.L. 1156
Baker, James L 1129
Baker, K. H. 347, 349
Baker, Katherine H
348, 350
Baker, Malchus B. 1762
Bakker, J P 1348
Balabane, M. 1318
Baldassarre, G. 1653
Baldock, J. A. 695
Baldwin, P. 807
Balesdent, J. 1318
Balfour, R. A. 118
Balinova, Anna 1593
Ballard, W.B. 1727
Ballou, J.D. 512
Baloda, S. B. 1102
Baltensperger, D. D.
1264
Bamka, W. J. 191
Banerjee, D. K. 1735
Banuelos, G S 613
Barbash, J.E. 373, 833, 1050, 1140,
1141
Barbour, M. T. 343
Barcelo, D 77, 1574
Barcelo, Damia 352, 471, 1056,
1601
Bardgett, R. D. 722
Bargar, T. A. 1706
Baril, A. 1113
Barinova, O. V. 168
Barker, Allen V 187
Barker JC 835
Barker, K.R. 31
Barling, R. D. 1454
Barnes, E. M. 1326
Barnett, Libby 662
Barnhisel, R. I. 319
Baron, Jill S 989
Baron, V. S. 1200
Barrett, Christopher B.
1028
Barrett, Katie L 646
Barrie Webster, G.R.
759
Barrington, M. R. 824
Barrios, A. 43
Barriuso, Enrique 886, 1051
Barry, J. W. 1681
Barsoum, N 694
Bartlett, Dave W 1603
Bartok, J.W. 548
Barton, J.E. 599
Barton, P. K. 1004
Bartram, H. 153
Bartram, J. 638, 1736
Baskaran, S. 394, 1119
Basta, N. T. 1325
Bastiaans, L. 1458
Bastiaanssen, W.G.M.
782
Batchelor, Charles
707
Batish, D.R. 60, 309
Batley, Graeme 1186
Battarbee, R. W. 696
Batzer, D.P. 399
Batzer, Darold P. 150, 772
Baudart, Julia 346
Bauer, L.S. 1341
Bauer, ME 1493
Baumecker M 1642
Bawtree, A. H. 1275
Baxter, C. V. 804
Baydan E 1237
Beard, J.B. 1478
Beauchamp, E.G. 1003
Beauchemin, S. 1194, 1561
Bechinski, Edward 1047, 1048
Beck, Angus J 789, 948
Beck, Malcolm 1499
Becker, R. 1263
Bednarek, A. T. 1676
Bedos, Carole 886, 1051
Beechie, T. J. 1396
Beegle, D. B. 364
Beelen, P. van 1522
Behan-Pelletier, V.
722
Belcher, H. W. 1606
Bell, G.P. 398
Bell, JR 689
Bell, P. R. F. 1401
Bellamy, P.E. 717
Belsky, A. J. 1616
Belsky, A Joy 429
Benckiser, G. 483
Benech Arnold, R.L.
14, 478
Bengtsson, H 1374
Benites, J. 47, 1008
Benjey, W.G. 454
Benjey, William G.
27
Bennett, A. F. 815
Bennett, A.J. 475
Benoit, D. A. 1648
Benton, T. G. 538
Bera, M. 1764
Bercaru, O. 1305
Berg, F. van den 454
Berge, H. F. M. ten
950
Berggren, K. 62
Bergh, J. C. J. M. van
den 40
Berglund, K 614
Bergstrom, L. 375
Bernard, J.K. 860
Bernard, J.M. 1312
Berry, Charles R. 1801
Berry, James F. 1799
Berry, P M 785
Bersillon, J.L. 369
Best, D. A. 1373
Best, L.B. 840, 1357
Betts, R.A. 474
Beulke, S. 1523
Beulke, Sabine 209
Bhandari, A. 1136
Bible, K. 1081
Bicudo, J. 1071
Bicudo, J. R. 57, 1104, 1526
Bicudo JR 83
Bidleman, Terry F 134, 135
Biggar, K. 186
Biggelaar, C. den.
679
Bijay Singh. 993
Bilby, R. E. 1396
Bilby, Robert E 1094
Bilgen, H. 277
Billett, M.F. 1404
Bingner, R. 1532
Binkley, Dan 1746
Birch, G.F. 1530
Bird, P.R. 1666
Biro, Peter 814
Biswas, M. R. 38
Bittman, R.L. 1332
Bjorkland, R. 1600
Bjorneberg, D.L. 1031
Black, A. L. 314
Black, E. K. 351
Black, Kyrsten E 116
Blackshaw, R E 1619, 1768
Blair, A. M. 1124
Blair R 470, 1595
Blanche, M.E. 1698
Blench, R. 1678
Blevins, R. L. 274, 312
Block, D. 955
Block, W.M. 1708
Bloesch, J. 1383
Bloeschl, G. 1495
Blommers, L.H.M. 741
Blossey, Bernd 667
Blum, W.H. 926
Blumenthal, Dana M
429
Blumwald, E. 1490
Blus, Lawrence J 560
Board on Environmental Studies
and Toxicology 1423
Boardman, J. 91, 1548
Boateng, J.O. 1698
Boatman, N. 390
Boatman, N. D. 202, 1718
Bobbink, R 1347
Bockstael, N.E. 389
Bockus, W.W. 678
Bodie, J. 1597
Boer, I. J. M. de 481
Boersma, L. L. 1730
Boesch, D. F. 222
Boesten, J.J.T.I. 587
Boethling, R. S. 1294
Bogardi, J. J. 1446
Bogya, S. 1473
Bohlen, Curtis C. 249
Boinchan B 1355
Boisen, S 983
Bollag, J. M. 439, 1543
Bond, W. 1009
Bonnelye, V. 1575
Bonner, J. S. 108
Bonta, J.V. 710
Booij, R. 1417
Boosalis, M. G. 1173
Boothroyd, Ian. 574
Borah, D.K. 1764
Borin, M. 42
Borman, M. M. 1422
Bormann, Bernard T
989
Borodin VI 73
Borralho, R. 390
Borresen, T. 1410
Bos, M.G. 782
Botelho, H. S. 1390
Bottcher, R.W. 637, 1099
Bottcher RW 1626
Boucher, S C 476
Boul, H. L. 331
Bouldin, D.R. 864
Boutin, C. 588, 680
Bovard, Debrah S 348
Bowen, P. T. 1528
Bowerman, W. W. 1373
Bowyer, J.L. 488
Boxall, Alistair B A
646
Boyce, D.A. 1708
Boyce, M. S. 96
Boyd, C.E. 1185, 1448
Boyd, S. 1332
Boyden, Alan. 1596
Boyer, E. 999
Boyetchko, S M 1619
Boyle, J. R. 1624
Boyles, L. S. 191
Brabec, E. 25
Bradford, J M 419, 902
Bradley, J. F. 1077, 1671
Brady, Anne. 702
Braids, O. C. 1517
Bramwell, Alison 1212
Brandle, J.R. 1812
Brandt, S. A. 1226, 1264
Brannan KM 831
Braskerud, B. C. 344
Braun, D. P. 1638
Breeuwsma, A. 682
Breidt, F. J. 342
Brejda, J.J. 1567
Brekhovskikh, V. F.
416
Bren, L.J. 1441
Breneman, V. 679
Brenner, Fred J. 401
Bressan, M. 1555
Breure, A. M. 645, 1172, 1690,
1700
Breve, M A 657
Brezonik, Patrick L
1068
Bricker, O. P. 1766
Brien, F. 856
Briggs, Mark K. 1426
Brinkman, U A T 1514, 1654
Brinkman, U A Th 1655
Brinkman, Udo A Th
1455
Brinsfield, R.B. 1745
Brinson, M. M. 1633
Brinson, Mark M. 622, 656
Briske, D D 1723
British Columbia Cattlemen's
Association. 1275
Brock, J.H. 398
Brock, T. C. M. 1057
Brook, B.W. 512
Brookes, P.C. 1241
Brooks, Jacqui J 814
Brooks, K.N. 1452
Brooks, Robert P. 631
Brooks, S. M. 1548
Brorstrom, Lunden Eva
135
Brose, P.H. 1045
Broughton, W. J. 652
Broun, J. 246
Brouwer, E 1347
Brouwer, E R 1514
Brovkin, V. 474
Brown, A. G. 627, 1584
Brown, B. S. 1700
Brown, C.D. 1124, 1523
Brown, Colin D 209, 646
Brown, D. 1756
Brown, G.T. 80
Brown, J.J. 1490
Brown, J.R. 94
Brown, Larry C 23, 1129
Brown, Peter 662
Brown, Ronald P 230
Brown, S. 143, 513, 1065
Brown, S. L. 176
Browning, J.A. 1058
Bruce, J. 1223
Bruchem, Jaap van 328
Bruggers, Richard L
1808
Bruijnzeel, L. A. 1271
Brunner, J.F. 745
Bruns, D.A. 944
Brunsden, Denys 307
Brunson, E. L. 1648
Brussaard, L. 722
Bryant, Larry. 639
Bryant, R.B. 929
Bryson, C.T. 642
Bryson, Gretchen M
187
Buchel, H.B. 1481
Buck, L. 51, 54
Buck, L. E. 53, 530
Buck, S. 958
Buckhouse, J. C. 824
Bucklin, R.A. 1518
Bucks, D.A. 138
Budde, B. J. 1057
Budhiraja, R. 1168
Buechler, Dennis G.
1801
Bugg, R. L. 1707
Buhler, D. D. 221, 358, 693, 1339, 1444,
1637
Buhler, Douglas D 724
Builtjes, Peter JH
135
Bujang KB 259
Bull, E. L. 424
Bund, Wouter J van de
814
Bundy, D.S. 647
Bundy DS 1626
Bunn, Stuart E 809
Bunte, K. 437
Buntin, G.D. 265
Buol, S.W. 1622
Burdine, W.B. Jr. 203
Burkart, M. 344
Burkhardt, W. 1429
Burnham, Heather 1746
Burns, D.J. 195
Burt, T. P. 736, 936, 1117
Burton, C. H. 882
Burton, G. A. 1648
Burton, G Allen Jr
1476, 1507
Burton, M A 1059
Busch, D. E. 1752
Bush, P. B. 542
Bushnell, J. 1743
Bussan, A.J. 1112
Bussink DW 72
Buttenschon, R.M. 757
Buyuksonmez, Fatih
1047, 1048
C.A.B. International
904
Cabin, J. R. 706
Cabrera, C. 208
Cabrera, M.L. 5, 791
Cabridenc, R. 1395
Cacho, M. 492
Cade, T. J. 848
Cadisch, G. 591, 1020
Caesar, A. J. 173
Cahoon, L.B. 714
Cai, Y. 1517
Calatrava-Leyva, J.
106
Caldwell LW 1311
Calhoun, AJK. 520
California. State Water
Resources Control Board. 1330
Calkins, C.O. 1075
Calvet, Raoul 886, 1051
Cambardella, C.A. 997
Camel, V 1613
Cameron KJ 76
Camilleri, C. 1201
Camp, C.R. 1608
Camp, M. 1357
Campbell, C A 1189
Campbell, C. Lee 266
Campbell, C. W. 1275
Campbell, Craig S.
291
Campbell, J.B. 89
Campbell, L.C. 869
Canada. Agriculture and Agri
Food Canada. 362
Canada, British Columbia
Ministry of Forests 125
Canarache, A. 330
Cannell, M.G.R. 484
Cannell, R. Q. 1669
Canter, L. W. 616
Cantliffe, D. J. 256
Cape, J. N. 1066
Cape, J Neil 132
Capel, P. D. 1069, 1143, 1144, 1147,
1149
Capri, E. 9
Capucille, D. J. 1297
Caraco NF 1011
Cardina, J. 365
Carignan, V. 1516
Carleton, J N 532
Carlini, Celia R 1177
Carlson CW 1190
Carpenter, Q. J. 1634
Carpenter SR 1011
Carpenter, Stephen R
1340
Carr, P. M. 1200
Carr, R. 1736
Carre, M C 571
Carriere, P. P. E.
619, 620
Carter, A. D. 47
Carter, M. R. 214, 1366, 1389
Carter, P. E. 118
Cartmale, L. 634
Caru, M. 10
Carvalho, C. 390
Casini, S. 1187
Cassell, D.L. 1515
Cassman, K. G. 846, 1060, 1174,
1689
Castelle, Andrew J.
1438
Castro, Janine. 1283
Castro, M. 999
Catallo, W. J. 412
Cavers, P. B. 1511
Cecchetti, G 169
Cellier, P. 1240
Cellier, Pierre 886, 1051
Center for Environmental
Research Information (U.S.) 496
Centner, T. J. 808
Centner, Terence J
1679
Cerf, M. 1804
Cerny, J. 1766
Cezilly, F. 1098
CH2M Hill, Inc. 284
CH2MHILL (Firm) 285
Chadwick D 1258
Chaiprapat, S. 191
Chakraborty, Sukumar
240
Chamberlain, J. 434
Chamen, T. 1231
Chamen, W. C. T. 1230
Chan, A.S.K. 363
Chan, K. Y. 1088, 1519
Chan, Samuel 463
Chandler, D. P. 1646
Chandler, L. D. 1074
Chanduvi, Fernando.
380
Chaney, K. 202
Chantigny, M. H. 371
Chapman, P. M. 167
Chapman, Peter M 122, 1186, 1508
Chappelka, A. H. 58
Chapra, S C 927
Charlton, Andrew 662
Charudattan, R. 173
Chase, T.N. 474
Chaudhary LC 1204
Chaudhry, Qasim 1253
Chavez, E.R. 692
Chehbouni, A. 1227
Chen, Wilfred 1694
Cheng, Chen-Yu 111
Chenu, C. 1318
Cherney, D.J. 994
Cherney, J.H. 994
Chesapeake Bay Program,
Forestry Workgroup of the Nutrient Subcommittee 577
Chesapeake Bay Program
(U.S.) 1428
Chesapeake Biological
Laboratory. 249
Chesapeake Executive
Council. 564,
1428
Chesson, A. 198
Chiellini, E. M. O.
501
Child, R. Dennis 1274
Chimney, M. J. 1159
Chiron, S 1115, 1574
Chiron, Serge 1114
Chittaranjan, R. 1138
Chmielewski FM 1642
Choi, H. L. 451
Chong, C. 1699
Chorus, I. 638
Choudhary, M. 1409
Christensen, B. R.
671
Chung, K.H. 1131, 1134
Chung, K. Y. U. 1133
Chung, Kyuhyuck 1135
Chung MacCoubrey, A.L.
340
Chung, Y. C. 1134
Chung, Y. U. N. 1133
Chung, Yunchul 1135
Church, Michael 603
Chynoweth DP 74
Cinelli, Patrizia 501
Cirmo, C.P. 818
Citron, Pousty S 665
Claassen, R. 1300
Claret, C. 1450
Clark, E Ann 803
Clark, G.M. 1026
Clark, H. 1484
Clark, J.R. 1122
Clark, S. 856
Clark, Shirley 1476
Clark, W. T. 706
Clark, William R. 1218
Clarke, Douglas G 166
Clarke, S. J. 1724
Clarkson, W. 1661
Clary, W. P. 1604
Classen, J.J. 67, 69
Clayton, G. W. 1264
Cleland, B. 710
Clements, D. R. 749
Cleugh, H.A. 443
Cleveland, C. B. 925
Cleverly, J. R. 1752
Cline, S.P. 1515
Clothier, Brent E 1483
Clough, John M 1603
Cluzeau, D. 1693
Cobb, G. P. 1706
Coble, Harold D. 546
Coffey, S. W. 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015,
1016
Cofrancesco, A. F.
1073
Cohen, Warren B 812
Cohen, Y. 158
Colborn, Theo 1130
Colby, M. M. 1203
Cole, C. V. 604
Cole DJ 447
Cole, Elizabeth 463
Cole, Jonathan 814
Coleman, D. C. 722
Coleman, K. 464
Colford, J. M., Jr.
376
Collen, P 598
Colletti, J. P. 52, 1424
Collins, B.T. 1113
Collins, C. D. 3, 4
Collins, Eldridge 1210
Collins, M. 1394
Colorado State University.
Dept. of Sociology. Water Laboratory 1754
Colvin, C. 1378
Colvin, T. 1410
Colvin, T.S. 997
Coly, A 832
Coly, Atanasse 570
Comerford, N.B. 441
Committee on Air Emissions
from Animal Feeding Operations 56
Committee on Animal
Nutrition 56
Committee on Riparian Zone
Functioning and Strategies for Management 1423
Committee on Toxicants and
Pathogens in Biosolids Applied to Land 192
Composting Council.
556
Condron, L.M. 1241
Connelly, R. 1368
Conner, W H 954
Conner, William H.
1583
Conti, M E 169
Cook MN 831
Cook, R.J. 12
Cooke, G Dennis 854
Cooper, C.M. 164
Cooper, P. 1398
Copeland, C. 86
Copeland, R.R. 345
Copping, L. G. 183
Corbitt, R. A. 1528
Cordell, C. E. 1216
Cordes, K. B. 1735
Cordier, M.O. 1096
Cornell Controlled Environment
Agriculture Working Group. 1733
Cornell, S. E. 1066
Cornwell, J. C. 339
Corre, M. D. 517
Correll, D. 1720
Correll, D.L. 205, 1464, 1745
Correll DL 1011
Cortet, J. 1693
Cortina, J L 1662
Cottingham, Kathryn L
1340
Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology. 733
Covich, Alan P 814
Cowan, P. 1771
Cowger, C. 1321
Cox, B.A. 1369
Cox, Donald D. 974
Coyle, Mhairi 132
Craft, C. 1721
Craig, John. 1262
Cramer, T. N. 876
Creamer, N. G. 788
Crecchio, C. 439
Cresser, M.S. 1404
Crist, S 470
Crivelli, A. 1098
Croft, R. 1757
Crombie, Leslie 968
Cronan, C. 999
Cronk, J. K. 292, 421, 1784
Cronk, Julie K. 718
Crossley, D. A., Jr.
573
Crosson, P. 1674
Crosthwaite, J. 856
Crump, D. 442
Cruse, R. M. 1640
Culhane, P.J. 1335
Cullen, WR 689
Cullum, R.F. 318
Cunha, Cristina F 529
Cunjak, R. A. 1814
Cunningham, S. 1447
Curtis, Jennifer. 561
Curtis, P.S. 425
Cushman, J. 1192
Cuthbert, Mary 662
Cutler, T. L. 1711
Cuttle, S P 785, 850
Czech, H. A. 37
D'Antone, Salvatore
501
D'Itri, Frank M. 1606
Dabney, S.M. 301, 788, 1715
Dadhich, K.S. 180
Dagnall, S P 1207
Dahl, J. 1039
Dahl, Thomas E. 1589
Dahm, Cliff 814
Dakshini, K. M. M.
1640
Dalal, R.C. 1556
Dale, B.C. 427
Dale, F. 1288
Daneil, T.C. 1155
Daniel, T.C. 29, 430, 540, 682, 1268, 1302,
1325
Daniels, W. L. 319
Danielson, Stephen D.
1285
Danielson, T. J. 903
Dao, T. H. 1325, 1641
Darmody, R. G. 319
Das, S. K. 1184
Daughtry, C. S. T.
1326
Davey, C B 1025
Davidson, Eric A 1636
Davies-Colley, R. J.
1670
Davies, D. B. 206
Davies, D. H. K. 202
Davies, W.J. 1591
Davis, J. 326
Davis, J. F. 544
Davis, J.G. 5, 1033, 1327
Davis, K. R. 1609
Davis, Luise. 632
Davis, M.M. 1802
Davis, R. Michael.
699
Davis, S.R. 195
Dawson, R. W. 649
Day, J.W. 1030, 1301
Dayan, F.E. 231
Dayton, E. A. 1325
De, Ceuster Tom J J
1254
De Leeuw, J. W. 942
De Meeues, T. 1098
De Mot, Rene 336
de, Pablo J 1662
de Roubin, Marie 346
De Schrijver, Adinda
336
De, Voogt Pim 1658
DeBano, L.F. 1459, 1753
Debusk, T. A. 1159, 1695
Decamps, H. 400, 688, 694
Decau ML 534
Dedieu, G. 1227
Deen, W. 1771
Deer-Ascough, L. 1775
Deere, D. 541
Degirmencioglu, A.
277
Del Re, A. A. M. 9
Delaby L 417
Delgado, J.A. 213, 990, 1234, 1269, 1692,
1715
Dellatte, E. 1651
Delmas, R. 1085
Delorenzo, M. E. 1650
Deluca, D K 257
Deluca, T H 257
DeMaynadier, P.G. 1317
Demeyer, A. 229
Demir, V. 277
Deneer, John W 1649
Denholm, I. 675
Denison, F H 1287
Denison, R. F. 894
Dennis, E.S. 941
Dennison, M J 189
Dennison, Mark S. 1799
Dent, D. 738
Denver, J.M. 1745
Derenne, S. 942
Derksen, D. A. 830, 1619
Desjardins, R L 1189
Detenbeck, Naomi
Elizabeth. 1798
Deutsch, L. 1447
Devantier, B. A. 1377
DeVault, J.D. 196
Devetak, D. 976
Devitt, D. A. 1752
DeVos, J.C. Jr. 1727
Dgebuadze, Y. Y. 1462
Dhuyvetter, K. C. 407
Di Gregorio, Simona
529
Di Guardo, A. 634
Diamond, Miriam L 1685
Diaz Cruz, M Silvia
471
Dibble, A. C. 573
Dick, R.P. 1064
Dick, W. A. 276, 1389
Dicke, M. 730
Dierberg, F. E. 1159, 1695
Dierickx, W. 887
Dileanis, P. D. 1143
Dillon, M A 1692
Dinel, H. 1102
Dingle, J. G. 1208
Dinnes, D.L. 997
Dinsmore, J.J. 1357
Dionigi, C.P. 46
DiTomaso, J.M. 769
Ditsch, D. 1394
Dittert K 1001
Ditzler, C. A. 1566
Diver, Steve. 1079
Division on Earth and Life
Studies 1423
Dix, M.E. 1202
Dixon, K. R. 928
Dobermann, A. 846, 1060, 1174
Dobson, M. C. 1691
Doe, William W. 797
Doelman, P. 1522
Doerge, T.A. 1710
Dole, Olivier Marie
Jose 801
Dolferus, R. 941
Doll, B.A. 1599
Dollard, G.J. 1675
Dolloff, Charles Andrew
1432
Dolman, P. M. 1243
Domenico, A. di 1651
Domingo, J.W.S. 913
Domzal, H. 1338, 1472
Don, Wauchope R 1126
Donati, Loredana 1123
Doorn, Michiel R. J.
1370
Doran, J.W. 868, 1553
Doran, John W 1554
Dorrough, J. 856
Dortch, Q. 605
Dosskey, M. G. 1645
Dougherty, Mark. 557, 820
Dougherty, T. C. 482
Dourmad, J Y 984
Dourmad JY 68
Doust, Jon Lovett 1781
Doust, Lesley Lovett
1781
Downing, J.D. 1156
Doyle, M.W. 345
Dracup, M. 599
Draeger, Kathryn J.
1760
Driscoll, C.T. 999
Droege, S. 216
Drungil, C.C. 1719
Dubus, I.G. 1523
Dubus, Igor G 209
Duce, R. A. 1066
Ducnuigeen, Jan. 1320
Duffe, J. 1113
Duke, H R 1692
Duke, S.O. 223, 231
Dumanski, J. 792, 1189
Dumars, C. 1215
Dumontet, S. 697, 1102
Duncan, Larry W. 31
Dungan, J 665
Dunham, J. 243
Dunier, M. 432
Dunker, R. E. 319
Dunning, J. B. 796
Durand, P. 936, 1096
During, R. A. 1304
Dutchak, Sergey 135
Dutt, J. 326
Duxbury, J. 604
Duxbury, J M 119
Duyzer, Jan H 135
Dwyer, F. J. 1648
Dyson, Jeremy S 332
Dzantor, E.K. 1324
Dürr, C. 1410
Eastman, John 199
Ebbesvik, M 1374
Eckles, S. Diane. 126
Ecobichon, Donald J
1070
Edberg, S. C. 969
Eddleman, K. E. 193
Eden, P. 390
Edenius, L. 757
Edland, T. 747
Edmeades, D.C. 829
Edwards, A. C. 1287, 1412, 1560
Edwards, C.A. 648, 1538
Edwards, C.J. 1360
Edwards, D. R. 430, 1302
Edwards, P. J. 1450
Edwards, Thomas K.
559
Edwards, W M 276
Eerd, L. L. van 1125
Effland A 1295
Eghball, B. 5, 865, 878, 917
Eglinton, G. 942
Ehler, Lester E 766
Eigenberg, R.A. 917
Einhellig, F. A. 1640
Eisenberg, J. N. S.
376
Eisenhauer, D.E. 1513
El Ahraf, Amer. 842
El Askari, K 1059
El, Rassi Ziad 211
El Saidi, M.T. 1488
Eldridge, D. 607
Elliott, E. T. 214
Elliott, S. R. 184, 712
Ellis, M. 941
Ellmer F 1642
Elmholt, Susanne 1565
Elmore, C.L. 1313
Elmore, E. W. 1422
Ely, D.G. 1460
Emelin GV 73
Engel, B. A. 1334
Engelmann, W. H. 1371
Engle, V. D. 1700
Enright, P. 1076
Entry, J.A. 1181
Entz, M. H. 1200
Erickson, Gerald A
764
Erickson, Heather E
1636
Erickson, J. 1447
Ericsson, Goran 1270
Erisman, J. W. 26
Ernest, A. N. 110, 111, 112
Ernestova, L S 674
Ertter, B. 1332
Estrada Vazquez, C.
33, 34
Ettema, C. 722
Evangelou, V. P. B.
1419
Evans, J.O. 1112
Evans, Keith E. 1333
Evans, R.R. 203
Evcim, U. 277
Everett, H. Wayne 1586
Evers, G.W. 1086
Evershed, R. P. 942
Ewel, J.J. 971
Exner, M. E. 1049
Facey, R. M. 32
Fairweather, Peter G
354
Falconer, I. R. 638
Falconer, K E 853
Fall, Ray 967
Falloon, P. 464
Falloon, P. D. 1367
Faltonson, R. R. 52
Fan, Shou shan. 1023
Farago, M. E. 1735
Faroda, A. S. 888
Farrand, D T 1251
Fathepure, B. 1661
Faubel, Werner 906
Fausch, K. D. 804
Fausey, N.R. 138
Faust, R.J. 1075
Faust, R. M. 1074
Favis-Mortlock, D.
91
Fawcett, R. S. 671
Feber, R. 202
Feddes, R. A. 48
Federal Interagency Stream
Restoration Working Group 1598
Feldman, A. D. 1377
Felleman, F. 706
Feller, M.C. 1698
Felsot, A.S. 1324
Fenn, Mark E 989
Fennessey, N. M. 569
Fennessy, M S 421
Fennessy, M. Siobhan.
1784
Fennessy, Slobhan.
1713
Ferguson, C. 541
Ferm, M. 248
Ferm, Martin 131
Fermor, T R 670
Fernandes, P. M. 1390
Fernandez-Alba, A.
1115
Fernandez, Alba Amadeo
R 1114
Fernandez Cornejo, J.
786
Fernandez, J A 983
Ferrari, Matthew J.
979, 1146
Ferre, Juan 729
Fertiliser Society.
751
Ffolliott, P.F. 1452
Field, R. 609
Filho, J.L. 369
Finch, D.M. 768, 796
Finch, G. R. 351
Finger, S. E. 1579
Finizio, A. 634
Finlay, R. K. 372
Finlayson, B. L. 1337
Finlayson, C.M. 1201
Fiscus, Daniel A. 266
Fisher, Bernard 597
Fisher, N. S. 130
Fisher, Richard F.
1019
Fisher, Stuart G 794
Fitch, L. 210
Fitton, L 470
Fitzpatrick, R W 476
Flaig, E. 1162
Flanagan, D. C. 106, 940, 1631,
1775
Flechard, Chris 132
Fleischner, T. L. 388
Fletcher, Mark 662
Fleurat Lessard, F.
839
Flinn, D. W. 627, 1584
Florian, J. D. = Jr
928
Flowerday, A. Dale
1299
Flowerday, D. 855, 861
Flury, M. 527
Foght, J. 186
Folkerts, George W
234
Follett, R.F. 7, 213, 990, 992,
1692
Fomsgaard, I. S. 337
Font, G. 75, 1573
Fontenot, J. P. 1038
Fontes, E.M.G. 479
Food and Agriculture
Organization 1539
Food and Agriculture
Organization, Land and Water Development Division 320
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. 22, 380, 482, 838, 887,
1257
Foote, B.A. 175
Foran, Jeffery A 230
Forcella, F. 478, 693
Ford, Timothy Edgcumbe
914
Forster, A. 1116, 1117
Fortune S 1029
Fossi, M. C. 1187
Foster, G.R. 519
Foussadier, R 694
Fowler, David 132
Fox, D. G. 602, 1191
Fox, F. A. 1775
Fox, H.D. 715
Fox, P. M. 1517
Fox, Patrick. 1744
Fox, T. R. 1624
Foy, B. 1211
Foy RH 486
Frame, J. 549
Frankenberger, W.T.
188
Frankham, R. 512
Franks, Carol D. 760
Frans, R. E. 282
Franzluebber, A. K.
791
Franzluebbers, A. 275
Frarey, L.C. 1759
Freeland, J. 1793
Freemark, K. 680
Freemark, K.E. 796, 1357
Freney, J. 604
Freney, J.R. 119, 453, 868
Fretwell, J. D. 962
Freudenberger, D. 607
Freyer, B. 1196
Frick R 1529
Fritsch, E 476
Fritz, Heiko 1524
Frohlich, K. 1697
Frydenborg, Russ. 1704
Frye, W. W. 274
Fuhlendorf, S D 1723
Fuhrer, Gregory J.
1265
Fuhrer, J. 49
Fulhage, C. 880, 884, 1661
Fuller, C. B. 110, 111
Fuller, R. J. 1243
Fuller, W. A. 342
Funari, E. 1123
Funari, Enzo 1123
Funderburk, J. 265
Funk, T 880
Furlong, Edward T.
905
Fyson, A. 1418
Gabos, S. 636
Gabric, A. J. 1401
Gabrielle, Benoit 886
Gaede, G. 651
Galatowitsch, S. M.
88, 770
Galatowitsch, Susan M.
1354
Galceran, M T 93
Gale, J. A. 1012, 1013, 1015,
1016
Gale, P. M. 1084, 1162, 1787
Gallo, C. 620
Gamble, D.S. 759
Gambrell, R.P. 1652
Gamliel, A 704
Gannon, R. W. 1015
Garcia Agudo, E. 1697
Garcia-Calvo, E. 1115
García-Torres, L. 47, 1008
Gardner, T. W. 631
Garland JA 1381, 1382
Garnier, Sillam E 531
Garrett, H. E. 51, 1019
Garrett, H. E. G. 54
Garrett, K.A. 1321
Garson, G. 1030
Garten, C.T. 800
Garton, L. S. 108, 109
Gascho, G.J. 860
Gascon, Jordi 352
Gascuel Odoux, C. 1096
Gaskin, J. W. 791
Gates, R.N. 860
Gates, R. S. 57
Gaudet, J. P. 558
Gauglitz, G. 977
Gaunt, J.L. 1564
Gawlik, B. M. 1305
Gay, S. W. 57
Gburek, W. J. 364, 1155, 1719
Geerdink, R B 1655
Génermont, S. 1240
Genuchten, M.T. van
1532
Geological Survey
(U.S.). 245, 374,
524, 554, 559, 905, 962, 979, 1010, 1040, 1139, 1144, 1146, 1148,
1265, 1611, 1709, 1742
George, M. R. 824
Gerba, C. P. 1442
Gerba, Charles P 370
Gergel, S. E. 799
Gerhardson, Berndt
172
Germano, Joseph D 1186
Geron, Chris 967
Gerstl, Zev 1126
Geselbracht, J. 1750, 1751
Getsinger, K.D. 1397
Gevao, B. 200
Ghafoor, A. 63, 64
Ghanshyam Das 1392
Ghersa, C.M. 14, 478
Ghezzehei, T. A. 930
Ghosh, S. N., 567
Gianfreda, L. 439, 1543
Gibert, Janine 814
Gibert, O 1662
Gibson, RJ 598
Giesy, J. P. 1373
Gilkeson, L.A. 1698
Gill, K. S. 991
Giller, K.E. 1020
Giller KE 591
Gilley, J.E. 791, 865, 917
Gilley, J. R. 48
Gilliam, J.W. 988, 1301, 1439,
1745
Gilliamg, J W 657
Gillies, Liz 662
Gillingham, A. G. 1386
Gilliom, R.J. 833, 1050, 1141, 1144,
1150
Gilman, Kevin. 660
Gimeno, M. 1091
Ginn, T. C. 435
Girel, J 694
Gitau, M. 929
Giudice, John H. 763
Glenn, D.M. 1166
Glenn, E.P. 1490
Glenn, J. 1815
Glenn, J.S. 1470
Gleyzes, Christine
581
Glimp, H. A. 1520
Glover, T. 825
Glysson, G. Douglas.
559
Godrej, A N 532
Godwin, Jeremy R 1603
Godwin-Sadd, E. 434
Goedkoop, Willem 814
Goerges T 1001
Goggin, N. 1034
Gold, A. J. 892, 1005
Goldfarb, L.L. 80
Goldsmith, A I 1289
Goldstein, N. 955
Gollehon, Noel R. 268
Gomeau, P.G. 1698
Gomot-de Vauflery, A.
1693
Gomot, L. 1693
Gonce, N. 1528
Gonzalez-Roa, M. C.
106
Good, A.G. 941
Goodale, C.L. 999
Goodman, Iris A 943
Goodrich, D. C. 1227
Goodson, J.M. 1267
Goodwin, C. N. 1436
Goodyear, K. L. 148
Gopalakrishnan, C.
1734
Gordon, A. M. 51
Gordon, R. J. 947
Gorham, Eville 813
Gosling, P 785
Goss, M.J. 1660
Gosselink, James G.
1794, 1795
Gottesburen, B. 1523
Goulart, B.L. 1773
Gould, F 595
Goulding K 1029
Goulding, K.W. 464
Goulding, K. W. T.
936, 1117
Govers, G. 510
Goyal, S. M. 1104
Goyal, S. S. 1682
Goyal SM 83
Grabow, G. L. 1501, 1502, 1503,
1599
Graca, M. A. S. 1461
Grace, P.R. 474
Gradus, M. S. 321
Graetz, D.A. 545
Grajek, Wlodzimierz
1253
Grajko, W. 385
Grandhi, Raja R. 362
Grant, C. A. 991, 1409
Graves, R.E. 624, 625
Gray, A.J. 474
Gray, H. 1243
Gray, John R. 245
Graymore, M. 683
Grayson, F. W. 1486
Greaves J 1258
Greaves, M.P. 163
Green, D. 398
Green, Don L. 1434
Green, Margaret 662
Green, R. E. 367
Green, R.L. 1478
Green, Steven R 1483
Greene, W. 872
Greer, K. J. 214
Gregersen, H.M. 1452
Gregorich, E. G. 214, 716, 1189
Gregory, P.J. 474
Gregory, S V 806
Gresswell, R. E. 565
Grevtsov Yu I 73
Grieve, C.M. 1063
Griffin, Ronald C.
777
Griffith, M. B. 1700
Griffith, R. 539
Griggs, R.H. 1164
Grings, E.E. 409
Grinstein, A 704
Grismer, M. E. 378, 521
Grizzard, T J 532
Groffman, P. 999
Groffman, P.M. 892, 1005, 1301,
1745
Groot, A.T. 730
Groot Koerkamp PWG
1415
Grootjans, A. 1789
Grootjans, A P 1348
Grossart, H. P. 910
Grosse, W. 1481
Grossi de Sa Maria,
Fatima 1177
Grossman, M. R. 808
Grover, A. 941
Grundy, A.C. 1009
Grusenmeyer, D. C.
876
Gryning, Sven Erik
135
Gu, B. 1159
Guak, S. 849
Guan TatYee 1103
Guenther, Alex 967
Guichard, L. 1804
Guicherit, R. 892
Guicherit, Rob 1658
Guicherit, Robert 133
Guilloy, H. 688, 694
Guingand, N 984
Guitjens, J. C. 378
Gulati, A. 1488
Gulf of Mexico Program
(U.S.) 283, 284,
285
Gunsolus, J. 1263
Gunsolus, J.L. 1444
Gunther, P. 1124
Gupta BS 1204
Gupta RP 157
Gupta, V V S R 851
Gurnell, A 658
Gurnell, A.M. 806, 1267
Gurr, G. M. 949
Gusewell, Sabine 128
Gustafsson, L. 120, 592, 1467
Gustafsson, Lena. 1722
Guthrie, Elizabeth A
185
Gutierrez Ruiz, M.E.
428
Gutzwiller, K.J. 98
Guynn, D.C. Jr. 1228
Guérif, J. 1410
Haag, D. 798
Haas, C. N. 1249
Haga K 359
Hagar, Joan. 1440
Hagin, J 1153
Haig, T. 310
Hairsine, P. 1298
Hairston, Ann J. 103, 161
Halaj, J. 1587
Haley, Richard K. 586
Hall, A. W. 482
Hall, Alison A 1603
Hall, Daniel 550
Hall, F.R. 1813
Hall, Frederick C.
639
Hall, G. S. 904
Hall, J. C. 1125
Hall JE 1037
Hall, K.R. 1599
Hall, L. W. 721
Hall, S. 434
Hallberg, Kevin B 1170
Halley, J. 1599
Halling-Soerensen, B.
494
Hallman, G. 839
Halvorson, A. D. 407
Ham, J. van 892
Hamer, Mick 1603
Hamilton, D.W. 1661, 1677
Hamilton, H. 1078
Hamilton, N. 474
Hamilton, Steven J
1755
Hammer, Donald A. 305
Hammond, P.C. 207
Hampson, A 723
Han IK 547
Han, In K 1475
Hanazato, T. 1343
Haney, A. 96
Hankins, S. 872
Hannah, D. J. 372
Hanselman, T.A. 545
Hansen, B. 105
Hansen, N.C. 540
Hanson, G.J. 805
Hanson GJ 1765
Hanson, J. D. 382
Hao, O. J. 162
Hapeman, C.J. 46, 327
Hardarson, G. 652
Harding, David J 812
Hardwick, P. 539
Hardy, T.B. 474
Harley, Peter 967
Harman-Fetcho, J.A.
327
Harman, W.A. 1017, 1018, 1599
Harmel, R.D. 136
Harmon, R. S. 797
Harmsen, E.W. 562
Harper, G.J. 1698
Harper, Jayson K. 698
Harper, L.A. 1563
Harrington, C.A. 579
Harris, Christian T
908
Harris, G. 1116
Harris, G. L. 206, 1117, 1124
Harris, M.K. 776
Harris, Richard 1672
Harris, Richard R 334
Harrison, R 1153, 1400
Harriss, Robert C.
159
Harry, M 531
Hart, J. M. 881
Hartleb, H. 1717
Hartley, M. J. 1282
Hartley, MJ 895
Hartog, LA 985
Hartung J 294, 455
Hartzler, R.G. 693
Harvey, C 470
Harvey, R. Gordon.
698
Hatano, R. 1266
Hatch, D J 785
Hatcher, P. G. 942
Hatfield, J. L. 147, 682, 684, 852, 864, 870,
997, 1326, 1628
Hatfield, Jerry L.
87, 992, 1220, 1537,
1623
Hatfield, T. 1223
Hatten, L.F. 418
Hauer, F Richard 752
Haug, Roger Tim. 1214
Hauggaard-Nielsen, H.
652
Haukos, D.A. 1100
Have PJ 985
Havlin, J.L. 995
Havlin, John. 1551
Havstad, K.M. 94, 1521
Hawes, J. D. 1669
Hawkins, C. P. 1436
Hawksworth, D. L. 904
Haycock, N. E. 936, 1117
Hayes, A 694
Haygarth P 1258
Haygarth, P.M. 1194, 1241
Haygarth PM 1657
Haynes, R.J. 719
Heady, Harold F. 1274
Heath, R. 344
Heathwaite, A L 659
Heathwaite AL 1668
Heathwaite L 938
Heatwole, C.D. 1061
Heber, A.J. 67, 69, 1053, 1359,
1526
Heberlein, Thomas A
1270
Heck, W. W. 58
Heckel, David G 729
Hedges, J. I. 942
Heenan, D. P. 1519
Hegarty, J. P. 349
Hegarty, R S 1303
Heikens, A.L. 140
Heilman, Paul 1027
Heimbach, F. 247, 1057
Heimlich, R. 1300
Hein, G. L. 619
Heincke, M. 440
Heinemeyer, O. 119, 604
Heitefuss, R. 1717
Heitschmidt, R.K. 409
Hejl, S. J. 796
Helfield, J. M. 184
Helfield, James M 1094
Helfield, James Mark
1685
Helgen, Judy. 355
Helliwell, S. 1128
Helliwell, Stuart 78
Hellkamp, Anne S. 266
Helsel, D. R. 1445
Helsel, Dennis R. 957, 1043
Helyar, K.R. 445
Hendrickson, D. L.
1411
Hendrickson, J. R.
382
Henihan AM 13
Henley, W. F. 438
Hennion, M C 1574
Hennion, Marie Claire
1056, 1601
Henny, Charles J 560
Henrikson, L 585
Henry, Julia 794
Henuk, Y. L. 1208
Hera, C. 1697
Hergert, G.W. 995
Herkert, J.R. 201
Herms, C.P. 365
Hernandez, E. A. 112
Herrick, J.E. 94, 1276, 1567
Herricks, E. E. 227
Herring, Brenda J 641
Hesketh, Eric 1256
Hess, George R. 266
Hess, Thomas F 1047, 1048
Hessel, R. 510
Hesseln, H. 408
Hester, A.J. 757
Hewitt, M. 1090
Hewson, R. T. 1577
Hey, D.L. 1301
Hey, Donald L. 217
Higgitt, D. 1546
Higley, L. 265
Hill, A.R. 981
Hill, B. 872
Hill, B. H. 1700
Hill, I. R. 247, 1057
Hill, R.W. 522
Hill, V. R. 1106, 1252
Hillary, N. 341
Hindar, A 585
Hinsley, S.A. 717
Hirth, J. 856
Hites, Ronald A 1658
Hitt, K. J. 1042, 1235, 1445
Hitt, Kerie J. 957
Hoag, J. Chris. 633, 1171, 1701
Hoagland, R. E. 1125
Hobbs, Benjamin F 141
Hobbs P 1258
Hobbs, P.J. 8
Hockett, Glenn A 823
Hodges, L. 1812
Hoehne, J. 884
Hoek, K. W. van der
26
Hoeren, F.U. 941
Hof, John G. 960
Hoff, S. J. 57
Hoff SJ 1626
Hoffman, D. J. 1469
Hoffman, G.J. 462
Hoffman, Thomas 1808
Hoffmann, G.M. 1308
Hoffmann, K. H. 651
Hofwegen, Paul J. M.
van. 844
Hogenboom, Ariadne C
1455
Hogendoorn, Elbert
1292
Hogue, E. J. 849
Hogue, Terri S 1307
Hoitink, Harry A J
1254
Hoke, R. A. 1648
Hokkanen, H.M. 197, 747
Holden, M.R. 455
Holgado-Cabrera, A.
47, 1008
Holley, R. A. 1103
Holmgren, Milena 449
Holmgren, P. 1492
Holtzen, M. L. 922
Honeyman MS 467
Hong, S.Y. 1327
Hooda, P. S. 1412
Hooja, Rakesh. 779
Hook, D.D. 1800
Hooker, John E 116
Hope, D. 1404
Hopkinson, C. 999
Hoppe, H.H. 1717
Horn, H. H. van 252, 1485
Horn, R. 867
Hornbeck, J.W. 711
Hornbeck, James W.
1432
Hornsby, Arthur G.
996
Horowitz, A.R. 675
Hoskins, D.G. 903
Houlis, P. D. 1706
House, W A 1287
Hoveland, C. S. 6
Howard, A.D. 303
Howard, P. H. 1294
Howarth, R. W. 1581
Howarth RW 1011
Howell, T. A. 36, 460, 465
Hower, Arthur A. 698
Hoyt, G. D. 226, 279
Huang, P. M. 439, 1543
Huang, Wen Yuan. 402
Hubbard, R.K. 860, 982
Huerd, S. 117
Hughes, F.M.R. 694, 1350
Hughes, K.J. 196
Humenik, F. 1805
Humphrey, J. 1243
Humphries, C.J. 891
Hunsaker, Carolyn T
943
Hunt, Randall J. 374
Hunt, W. F. 58, 524
Hunter, M.L. Jr. 1317
Hunter, ML Jr 895
Hupp, C.R. 303
Husman, A. M. de R.
541
Hussein, H. 1517
Hutchings, N. J. 66, 1240
Hutmacher, R.B. 1288, 1609
Hutsch, B.W. 899
Huttl, R. F. 52, 54
Ice G 938
Ilieva, Vassilka
Ivanova 501
Illinois. Dept. of
Agriculture 837
Illinois. Environmental
Protection Agency 837
ILSI Risk Science
Institute 129
Imbeah, M. 262
Imhoff, P.T. 618
Inamdar SP 831
Inderjit 1640
Ingersoll, C. G. 1648
Ingham, E. R. 1538
Ingram, D.R. 418
Ingram, J.S.I. 474
Innes, J. L. 58, 907
Innis, S. A. 712
Insam, H. 1364
Institute for Wetland and
Waterfowl Research. 1354
Institutet for vatten och
luftvardsforskning (Sweden). 248
Interagency Riparian-Wetland
Plant Development Project 1171
Interagency Workgroup on
Constructed Wetlands (U.S.) 628
Interagency Workgroup on
Wetland Restoration 767
International Commission on
Irrigation and Drainage 838
International Food Information
Council (U.S.) 737
International Institute for
Land Reclamation and Improvement. 381
International Irrigation
Management Institute. 1393
International Union of
Biological Sciences 904
International Water
Association. IWA Specialist Group on Use of Macrophytes in Water
Pollution Control. 286
Interstate Commission on the
Potomac River Basin. 1320
Irwin, Michael E 691
Isebrands, J.G. 361
Isenhart, T.M. 1424
Ishaaya, Isaac 675
Iskandar, A. K. 982
Ismond, K.P. 941
Isom, B. G. 181
Itavaara, M 410
Iyamuremye, F. 1064
Jaarsveld, J.A. van
932
Jackson, Barbara L
943
Jackson, L J 1095
Jackson, M. K. 1528
Jackson, W. 970
Jacob J 1595
Jacobs, L. 143, 513
Jacobsen, B.J. 1465
Jacobsen, C.S. 1118
Jacobson, L. 1071
Jacobson, L. D. 57, 298, 1053, 1526
Jaffee, Bruce A 766
Jain, R. K. 1168
Jaiwal, P.K. 1488
Jakobsen, Iver 114
Jakomulska, A 665
Jakubowski, B.R. 5
James, I. D. 934
James, J.R. 448
Jamieson, R. C. 947
Jana, B. B. 1184
Jans, S. 786
Jansen, A J M 1348
Janssen, Larry. 403, 404
Janzen, H H 70
Jarecki, M.K. 311
Jarvis, S.C. 720, 994, 1006
Jarvis SC 1657
Jarvis, W.R. 735
Jaworska, J. S. 1294
Jayachandran, K. 1578
Jaynes, D.B. 997
Jeannot, Roger 951
Jelinski, D. E. 273
Jemison, R. 602
Jennings, G.D. 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017,
1018, 1503, 1599
Jensen, E. S. 652
Jensen, H. E. 1669
Jensen, J.P. 1468
Jensen, L.S. 218
Jensen, Marvin Eli
687
Jenssen, P. D. 289
Jeppesen, E. 1468
Jetten, V. 510
Jeuffroy, M. H. 1804
Jewett, T.J. 735
Jiang, J. K. 1687
Jickells, T. D. 1066, 1287
Jimenez, B. 75
Jimenez, R. 433
Jjemba, P.K. 1198
Joerman, G. 1113
Joern, B. C. 430, 1158
Johansson, M 694
Johansson, R.C. 1758
Johnes PJ 1668
Johnsen, K. 1118
Johnson, A.M. 226
Johnson, A. W. 1438
Johnson, C. E. 1766
Johnson, D Barrie 1170
Johnson, D. E. 824
Johnson, D.W. 425
Johnson, Dale W 989
Johnson, F.A. 862
Johnson, H. A. 382
Johnson, LeAnne. 1434
Johnson, O.A. 196
Johnson, W Carter 1437
Johnson, William F.
338
Johnson, Y. J. 1203
Johnston, A E Johnny
948
Johnston, A. M. 991, 1264
Johnston, C. A. 324
Johnston, D. M. 227
Johnston, H. W. 1389
Johnston, J. M. 573
Johnston, William R.
838
Jokela, W. E. 1155
Jones A 1731
Jones, Alan L 90
Jones, D. 884
Jones, D. D. 241
Jones, D.L. 1195
Jones, H.G. 937
Jones, H.H. 1759
Jones, James R. 80
Jones, K Bruce 943
Jones, K.C. 200, 1588
Jones, Kevin C 135, 789, 948
Jones, O. R. 1219, 1641
Jones, R. 330
Jongbloed, A.W. 756, 1737
Jongbloed AW 676
Jongebreur, A.A. 1229
Jordan, N. 1263, 1770
Jordan, N.R. 117
Joshi, N. L. 888
Jungwirth, M. 712
Justic, D. 605
Jutsum, A.R. 1629
Kadlec, R. H. 1159, 1162, 1615
Kadlec, Robert H. 1664
Kahn, Brian A. 255
Kaiser, J. 493
Kaiser, K. 371
Kalbitz, K. 371
Kamprath, E. J. 1322
Kana, T. M. 339
Kanwar, R. S. 48
Kapanen, A 410
Karlen, D.L. 997, 1565, 1623,
1628
Karnum, C 1197
Kashyap, D.R. 180
Kasimir, Klemedtsson A
614
Kasischke, E. S. 1691
Kaspar, T.C. 997
Kass, D C L 552
Katan, J 704
Katayama, Arata 1126
Kathju, S. 888
Kaupenjohann, M. 440, 798
Kaur R 1344
Kaur, S. 309
Kaushik, N. K. 1358
Kawanabe, L M 1692
Kay, B. D. 95, 275
Kaya, Harry K 766
Keddy, P.A. 588
Keddy, Paul A. 1778
Keiper, J.B. 175
Kelleher BP 13
Keller, Michael 1636
Kellogg, D. Q. 892, 1005
Kellogg, Robert L.
489, 1256
Kelly, M. G. 170
Kelso, J. R. 1814
Kemmers, R H 1348
Kemp, W. M. 339
Kempen, GJ 985
Kempen, T. van 872
Kennedy, G. 964
Kennedy, I.R. 394
Kennedy, Robert H 854
Kennish, M. J. 500
Kent, Donald M. 97
Kentula, Mary E. 103
Kepner, W. G. 1227
Kerje, S. 697
Kerr, J. 507, 1547
Kerr, Y. H. 1227
Kershner, J. L. 1436
Keskula, Edda. 871
Keulen, Herman van
328
Keyser, P.D. 1045
Khachatourians, G. G.
173
Khanna, P. K. 225
Khatib, L. A. 1106
Khilchevskiy, V. K.
413
Khurana AL 156
Khush, G.S. 612
Kidd, Mary A. 1043
Kidwell, M.R. 715
Kielen, Neeltje C.
22
Kiepe, P. 841
Kiers, E. T. 894
Kilgallen P 447
Killorn, R. 791
Kim, K.C. 154
Kim, M.S. 1202
Kimble, J M 7, 278
Kindzierski, W. B.
635, 636
King, A. J. 1741
King, Dennis M. 249
King, E C 1463
King, K.W. 136
King, Sammy L 1176
Kirby, K. 1243
Kirby, R. M. 1736
Kirchman, D. L. 942
Kirchmann, H. 224, 375
Kirkwood, V 1189
Kirschbaum, M. U. F.
695
Kitaeva, I. A. 168
Kitchen, N.R. 1327
Kittelson, John. 877
Kivumbi, D 1059
Kizil, U. 1054
Kladivko, Eileen J
1129
Klammer, S. 1364
Klaudt, S.A. 80
Klausner, S.D. 864
Klausner, Stu. 1032
Kleiman, G. D. 706
Kleinman, P. 726
Kleinman, P. J. A.
364, 929,
1157
Klemedtsson, L 614
Klemola E 1702
Kler DS 1344
Kling, Monica 114
Klingeman, P.C. 345
Klink, H. 1308
Kloetzli, F. 1346
Klopfenstein, N.B.
1202
Klopfenstein, T. 82
Kloskowski, Regina
1126
Klotzli, Frank 128
Knezevic, S. Z. 1689
Knight, Robert L. 1664
Knopf, F. 1217
Knox, James C 24
Koegel-Knabner, I.
942
Koelsch, R. 884
Koelsch, R. K. 241, 624
Koepf, Herbert H. 572
Koerdel, Werner 1126
Koerkamp PWGG 1415
Kofman, S 1514
Koford, R.R. 840
Kogan, M. 740, 758
Kohl, M. 99, 1647
Kohli, R.K. 60, 309
Kohn, R 872
Kohn W 1642
Kollman, J. 1450
Kolpin, D.W. 833, 1050, 1141
Koluvek, P. K. 1087
Kondolf, G. M. 492
Kondolf, G Mathias
654
Kong FanHua 1331
Kookana, R. S. 1046, 1119, 1120
Kopp, R.F. 361
Kornegay, E. T. 1035
Kort, J. 1394
Kott, Y. 139
Kovach, J. 124
Kowalenko, C.G. 1000
Kramer, V. J. 1373
Kratzer, T. W. 544
Krausman, Paul R. 1280
Kristensen, E.S. 105
Krivonosov AA 73
Krogh, K. A. 494
Krogmann, U. 191
Kromp, B. 212
Krovacek, K. 697
Krueger, W. C. 485, 824
Kruk, B.C. 478
Krull, E. S. 695
Krumbeck, H. 1418
Krupa, S.V. 423
Krupinsky, J. M. 382
Kruzic, A. P. 972, 973
Kselik, R. A. L. 380
Kubiak, R. 454
Kudsk, P 643
Kuhad, R.C. 151
Kuhr, Ronald J. 1137
Kuipers, Abele 104
Kuiters, A.T. 757
Kulakow, P. A. 273
Kumaraswamy, S. 1790
Kundzewicz, Z. W. 1446
Kunkle, W. E. 1485
Kunugi, A 1692
Kuran, P 469
Kurtz, W B 1251
Kurvits, T. 26
Kurz, D 470
Kushwaha, R.L. 1570
La Peyre, M. K. 816
Labana, S. 1168
Lachowski, H. 539
Lacorte, S 1574
Lacoursiere, J. O.
1039
Ladha, J.K. 1060
Lafitte, H.R. 1336
Lafond, G. P. 830, 1264
Laiman, J. 1661
Lake, D. 385
Lake, Sam 814
Lal, R. 7, 151, 278, 311, 459, 679, 926,
1338, 1541, 1549
Lamb, Brian 967
Lamb, J. A. 852
Lambert, K. 999
Lambs, L. 688, 694
Landers, D. H. 1435
Landrum, P. F. 1648
Lane, Michael 1126
Lane, Michael C G 332
Langdale, G. W. 316
Lange, C. R. 182
Lange, S. R. 182
Langer, E. R. 574
Langergraber, G. 1525
Langford, C.H. 759
Lanham, J.D. 1045
Larsen, R. E. 824
Larson, S. J. 1144, 1147
Lasserre, Pierre. 904
Lassoie, J. P. 530
Latham, J. 1243
Latimier, P 984
Latt, C. R. 52
Lattermann, S. 1481
Lattier, D. J. 1700
Lauren JG 810
Laurent, Patrick 346
Lawler, D. M. 890
Lawler, S. P. 1421
Laycock, W. A. 690
Lazarovits G 847
Lazo, J.K 144
Lazorchak, J. M. 1700
Le, Bissonnais Y 18
Lea Cox, J.D. 1405
Leahy JJ 13
Leahy MJ 13
Leake, C. R. 1124
Lear, D.H. van. 1228
Leather, S. R. 1193
Leca, B 190
LeClerc, H. 969
Leconte, R. 1363
LeDuc, D. L. 1517
Lee, D.S. 1675
Lee DS 1381, 1382
Lee, J. G. 1334
Lee, J H 1475
Lee JH 547
Lee, Mary Ann 1680
Leeuwangh, P. 247, 1057
Lefsky, Michael A 812
Leininger, W. C. 1604
Leistra, Minze 100
Leitch, J. A. 1786
Lemerle, D. 310
Lemieux, P.M. 457
Lemly, A.D. 44, 438, 1579
Lemly, A Dennis 487, 989, 1755
Lemunyon, J.L. 29, 540, 1268
Lenis, N.P. 1737
Lenis NP 676
Lenteren, J C van 397, 615
Lenz, R. Pykh, Y. 1196
Leonard, J. J. 1165
Leonard, S.G. 610
Leonetti, F. E. 1396
Leonova EV 73
Leonzio, C. 1187
Leopold, D. J. 1726
Leppla, N C 1463
Leroy Poff, N. 685
Lesaffre, B. 48
Lessiter, Frank. 580
Lestelle, Lawrence C
102
Lester, J. N. 3, 4
Leung, Yu-Fai 1656
Leuven, R S E W 1179
Levitan, L. 124
Lewis, D.R. 1376
Lewis, M.A. 1122
Lewis, T.E. 1515
Lewis, W. J. 1644
Li DeFa 547
Li DF 547
Li, H. W. 804
Li, Ming-Han 193
Li, X. 647
Li XiuZhen 1331
Li XiWei 1626
Li XW 1626
Li, Y. C. 256
Liang, B. C. 214
Libra, J.A. 1132, 1133
Lichatowich, James A
102
Lichko, L.E. 520
Lichtenberg, E. 808, 1316
Liebhold, A M 665
Liebig, M. A. 382, 1553
Liebman, M. 1637
Lin, Z. Q. 1517
Lin, Zhiqing. 857
Lind, Owen T 1618
Linden, A.M.A. van der.
454
Linden, J. P. van der
1230
Lindenmayer, D. B.
592
Linders, Jan B H J
1126
Lindley, J.A. 1054
Lindwall, C W 1768
Line, D.E. 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017,
1018, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503
Linkert, K.H. 455
Lipiec, J. 1385
Lisle, J. T. 322
Litke, D. W. 1388
Litt, Andrea R 641
Littke, R. 942
Liu, B.Y. 1774
Liu, Yong Biao 729
Lockaby, B G 954
Locke, M. A. 642, 1767
Lockwood, J.A. 250
Loes, A K 1374
Loftin, S.R. 340
Logan, T. J. 852
Lombardo, L.A. 1017, 1018, 1501, 1502,
1503
Long, A.J. 1667
Long, Katherine S.
323
Longland, William S
669
Longley, M. 533, 1387
Lopez de Alda, Maria J
471
Lopez, M.C. 208
Lopez Real JM 259
Lorenzen, W. E. 1411
Lorenzo, M.L. 208
Lorimor, J. 1071
Lorimor, J. C. 1053
Lorimor, Jeffery. 875
Lorimore, J. 880
Lory, J.A. 1327
Losi, M.E. 188
Lovejoy, S. B. 1334
Loveys, B. 1591
Low, N. J. 635
Lowe, Edgar F. 1680
Lown, J.B. 519
Lowrance, R. 1532, 1745
Lowrance, R.R. 860
Loyn, R. H. 1584
Lu, J. 1182
Lu, Xiao-Yan 649
Lubana, P.P.S. 935
Lucas, W. 1745
Luna, J. M. 949
Lusiana, B. 507
Lutes, C.C. 457
Luttik, R. 1113
Luzadis, V.A. 773
Lykov A 1355
Lym, Rodney G 177
Lynch, J.M. 197, 747
Lyon, D. J. 593, 1112
Lyon, J. G. 1776, 1780
Lyon, John Grimson.
1213
Lyons, J. 608
Lyons TP 447
MacDonald, James D.
1663
MacDonald, M. A. 1456
MacGregor, R.J. 341
Machet, J. M. 1410
Maciorowski, A. F.
1700
Madani, A. 947
Madramootoo, C. A.
1076
Madramootoo, Chandra
Alastair 838
Madsen, E.L. 681
Madsen, Eugene L 504
Mage, J.A. 1365
Magid, J. 218
Magleby, Richard S.
1544
Mahieuxe, B 571
Main, A.R. 653
Main, D. C. J. 1486
Maitland, Peter S.
270
Maitre, D. C. le 1378
Majewski, M. S. 454, 916, 1147,
1149
Majumdar, D. 897
Majumdar, Shyamal K.
401
Makowski, D. 1804
Malano, Hector M. 844
Malanson, G. P. 1430
Malard, Florian 801
Malaterre, P.O. 1310
Malhi, S. S. 991
Maliappis, M.T. 705
Malicki, Leszek 1534
Malik, Ashok Kumar
906
Malkki S 1702
Malkomes, H P 915
Mallarino, A.P. 1156, 1628
Mallin, M.A. 714
Mallory Smith, C.A.
1112
Malupillai, N. 110
Malvar, Thomas 729
Malvarez, A. I. 1633
Mamaril, C.P. 846
Mancuso, P.C.S. 369
Mandal, S. R. 543
Mander, U. 289
Mandersloot, Frits
104
Manes, J 1573
Maness, K. 616
Manglitz, George R.
1285
Manivannan, S. 611
Mann, Gary S 1508
Mann, L. 1192
Mannetje, L. 549
Mannetje, L. 'T. 11
ManTech Environmental Research
Services Corp. 161
Manure Management in Harmony
with the Environment and Society 879
Marai, I.F.M. 1683
Marecik, Roman 1253
Marion, J. L. 1656
Markert, B. A. 645, 1172, 1690,
1700
Marland, G. 1627
Marois, James J 766
Marr, J. B. 32
Marrs, L. F. 1216
Marsh Ecology Research
Program. 1218
Marshall, S. D. 118
Marta, T. 26
Martel, C. J. 191
Martens, D. A. 987
Martens, Koen 814
Martikainen, P 614
Martin, D.L. 462
Martin, P.A. 427
Martin, T. E. 796
Martin, T. L. 1358
Martinez Beltran, J.
887
Martinez, E 1574
Martinez Ghersa, M.A.
14
Marty, J L 190
Martyniuk, S. 867
Martínez-Vilela, A. 47, 1008
Marx, D. H. 1216
Masiunas JB 1245
Massaut, L. 1448
Massingill, C. R. 1422
Masson, Luke 729
Mast, M.A. 1026
Master, L. L. 1638
Masters, L. 1429
Mater, C.M. 773
Matson, P. A. 159
Matthai, C. 1530
Matthews, G. A. 700
Mattiessen, P. 247, 1057
Mattingly, R. L. 227
Matzke, A. 1616
Mayer, A.S. 618, 619, 620
Mayer, T. 964
Maynard, C.A. 361
Mazerolle, MJ 1101
Mazumder, R. 1509
McAlpine, C. 1584
McAtamney, C. 1696
McBride, J.F. 618
McCallie, E. L. 507
Mccarthy, E. J. 415
McCarthy, Jack 1776
McCarty, G.W. 327
McCaughey, W. P. 1200
McClelland, M. R. 282
McClellen PW 831
McComb, William. 1440
McConkey, B. G. 1264
McConnell, L.L. 46, 327
McCool, D.K. 519
McCormick, F. H. 1700
McCormick, Paul V.
1704
McCrory, D.F. 8
McCutchan, J. S. 695
McCutcheon, S. C. 1167
Mcdermott, J. 1034
McDonald, T. L. 1372
McDonnell, J.J. 818
McDowell, R. 726
McDowell, R.W. 929, 1157, 1241
McGechan, M.B. 1376
McGinn, S M 70
McGonigle, T. P. 589
McGregor, K.C. 318
McGuire, Kellie. 261, 883
McIntosh, A.W. 107
McIntosh, C S 1197
McIver, J. 1349
McIver, J.D. 821
McKay, J. M. 939
McKee, W.H. Jr. 600
McKevlin, M.R. 600
McLaughlin, A. 668
McLaughlin, R.A. 1016, 1017, 1018
Mcmahon, T. A. 1337
McManus, Patricia S
90
Mcmaster, M. E. 1403
Mcneill, S. 148
Mcnulty, S.G. 441
McNulty, Steven G 989
McPhillips, Nell. 836
McQuaid, Betty F. 266
McRae, T. 341
McSorley, R. 761, 975
McTaggart, I P 456
Mead, R. M. 1609
Meals, D.W. 1164
Mearns, A. J. 435
Medina, V. F. 1167
Meeuwissen, Pieter C.
1370
Mehra, A. 1735
Meijerink, A. M. J.
1491
Meinzer, F. C. 1414
Meisinger, J. J. 682, 1234
Melack, J. M. 799, 1691
Mellano, Valerie J.
1632
Melugin, Coakley Stella
240
Mendel, A. C. 303
Mendelson, M. A. 1638
Mendelssohn, I. A.
816
Mengel, Konrad 55
Menn, J. J. 183, 223
Mensing, D. M. 88
Mercer, D. E. 127
Merot, P. 936
Merrill, S. D. 382
Merwin, I. 124
Messina, M. G. 1583
Metcalf, J. A. 1255
Metcalfe, M. 306
Metternicht, G. I.
1328
Metz, JH 985
Meulenberg, E. P. 666
Meyer, C. R. 940
Meyer D 329, 827, 872
Meyer, D. W. 1200
Meyer, Deanne Morse.
1632
Meyer, J. L. 685
Meyer, M. 923
Meyer, William B 931
Meynard, J. M. 1804
Michael, J.L. 542, 640
Michaelis, W. 942
Michail, M. 369
Michaud, J P 235
Mickle, A.M. 1180
Mid Atlantic Integrated
Assessment Region. 1146
Middleton, Beth. 568, 1788
Midwest Plan Service
57, 67, 241, 267, 281,
306, 430, 637, 791, 808, 872, 880, 1053, 1099, 1106, 1155, 1316,
1325, 1526, 1661, 1806
Midwest Plan Service.
Livestock Wastes Subcommittee. 828
Mielke, L. N. 313
Miles, D. M. 204
Milgroom, Michael G
590
Miller, A. 1412
Miller, C.T. 618
Miller, E. Willard
401
Miller, F.P. 1571
Miller, J. B. 706
Miller, J. R. 799
Miller, M. H. 589
Miller, Murray H 115
Miller, P. R. 1264
Miller, S. D. 593
Miller, Steven J. 1680
Minami, K. 119, 604
Mineau, P. 668, 1113
Miner, J. 1634
Miner, J. R. 1053
Miner JR 1024
Miniero, R. 1651
Minnesota. Dept. of
Agriculture 877
Miriti, M 665
Mitchell, J.K. 1324
Mitchell, John E. 1279
Mitchell, R.J. 618, 619
Mitkowski, N.A. 1557
Mitsch, W.J. 1301
Mitsch, William J.
718, 1794,
1795
Miyamoto, S. 1205
Mmolawa, K. 1482
Mobrand, Lars E 102
Moffat, Mary. 836
Mogensen, B. B. 494
Moglen, G.E. 389
Mohan, S 528
Mohanty, S. 543
Moldan, B. 1766
Moldenhauer, W. C.
312, 313, 314, 315, 316,
317
Moldenke, A. 722
Moldenke, A.R. 1538
Mols, P. J. M. 1473
Molto, J. C. 75, 1573
Monaco, T. J. 279
Monks, D. W. 279
Monreal, C 1189
Monteny, G.J. 1229
Montoya, R.E. 1518
Moon, R. D. 1526
Moore, A. 1402
Moore, I. D. 1454
Moore, J. A. 881
Moore JA 83
Moore, Michael R. 461
Moore, P. A. 147, 364
Moore, P. A., Jr. 430, 1155, 1302
Moorman, T.B. 1578
Moran, M. S. 1227, 1326
Morgan, N. C. 270
Morgan, R. P. C. 1527
Morris, Gregory. 1023
Morrison, J. E., Jr.
1602
Morse, D. 673
Morse, R.D. 1007
Mortensen, D.A. 1458
Morvan, T. 534, 1240
Moshiri, Gerald A.
290
Mosier, A. 604
Mosier, A.R. 119, 868
Mosley, Jeffrey C.
626
Mossman, D. J. 924
Mostaghimi S 582, 831
Motohashi, Noboru 1614
Motoyama, Naoki. 1137
Mouchet, P. 1575
Moyer, J R 1768
Mroz Z 676, 1737
Mueller, D.K. 1026, 1040
Mueller, David K. 1043
Mugabe PH 1028
Muhar, S. 712
Mukhtar, S. 241
Mulcahy, Sue. 778
Mulchandani, Ashok
1694
Mulder, W. H. 666
Mulholland, P. J. 685
Muller, E. 688, 694
Muller Scharer, H.
163
Mullin, Barbra H 179
Mullinax, D.D. 827
Mullins, G. 364
Mulville, Aimee. 461
Mundra, S. N. 779
Mundt, C.C. 1321
Munster, Michael J.
266
Murarka, I. P. 982, 1730
Murer, E. 1385
Murkin, Henry R. 1218
Murtaza, G. 63, 64
Muschler, R. G. 52
Muscutt, A. D. 206
Mutchler, C.K. 318
Myers, J. H. 506
Myrbeck, A 1374
Nachtergaele, J. 629
Nader, G. 1743
Naftz, David L. 1709
Nagashima, Hideo 1614
Nahm, K H 446
Nahm KH 1190
Naidu, R 476, 719, 1119
Naiman, R. J. 184, 400, 712
Naiman, Robert J 809, 1094
Nair, P.K.R. 52, 1667
Nakai Y 85
Nakamura, F. 1089
Namiesnik, J 1466
Narang, S.K. 196
Narayanan, R. 1413
Narda, N.K. 935
Narumalani, S. 1413
Nascimento, W. M. 256
Nathu Singh 1344
National Agricultural
Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (U.S.). 698
National Applied Resource
Sciences Center (U.S.) 610, 1703
National Arbor Day
Foundation. 1220
National Center for Manure and
Animal Waste Management 1805
National Center for Manure
& Animal Waste Management 57, 67, 241, 306, 430, 637, 791,
808, 872, 880, 1053, 1099, 1106, 1155, 1316, 1325, 1526, 1661,
1806
National Council for Air and
Stream Improvement. 1438
National Council of the Paper
Industry for Air and Stream Improvement (U.S.). 284, 586, 1080
National Foundation for
Integrated Pest Management Education (U.S.) 737, 1309
National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.), Western Ecology
Division 161
National Institute of Water
and Atmospheric Research (N.Z.). 574
National Pork Producers
Council (U.S.). 261, 883
National Research
Council 56, 503,
1423
National Research Council,
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology (BEST) 192
National Research Council.
Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources 497
National Research Council.
Committee on Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations
1497
National Research Council.
Committee on Long-Range Soil and Water Conservation Policy
1535
National Research Council.
Committee on the Causes and Management of Eutrophication
236
National Research Council.
Committee on Watershed Management 978
National Research Council
(U.S.). Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. 596
National Research Council
(U.S.), Committee on Characterization of Wetlands 1797
National Research Council
(U.S.). Committee on Rangeland Classification. 1277
National Research Council
(U.S.). Committee on the Future Role of Pesticides in US
Agriculture 596
National Research Council
(U.S.). Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Management
Strategy. 1763
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory (U.S.). 1370
National Science and
Technology Center (U.S.), Information and Communications
Staff 765
National Water Management
Center (U.S.). 822
National Water Quality
Assessment Program (U.S.). 373, 980, 1042, 1069,
1149
National Water Quality
Laboratory (U.S.). 905
Natschke, David F.
1370
Natural Resource, Agriculture,
and Engineering Service. Cooperative Extension. 557, 1210
Natural Resources Defense
Council. 561
Ncnair, M 470
Ndlovu LR 1028
NDSU Extension Service.
1260
Nearing, M.A. 525, 1774
Neary, D.G. 333, 542, 640, 1083
Needleman, B.A. 1719
Neeteson, J.J. 950, 1417
Neher, D A 1540
Neibling, W. H. 508
Neill, K. E. 1264
Neilsen, D. 849, 1345
Neilsen, G. H. 849, 1345
Nelson, C J 863
Nelson, M. K. 1579
Nelson, R.G. 885
Nestler, John M. 323
Neves, R. J. 438
New South Wales. Dept. of Land
and Water Conservation. 702
New, T.R. 207, 466
Newbold, J.D. 1745
Newby, L.C. 448
Newman RF 76
Newman, S. M. 51
Newton, A. 1243
Newton, B. 1600
Newton, G.L. 860, 880, 1485
Newton, Michael 463
Ni JiQin 893
Ni JQ 893
Nicholls, Clara I 1552
Nicholls, P. H. 1124
Nichols, J.D. 862
Nicholson, R.J. 1402
Nicolardot, B. 1804
Niemela, J. 1716
Niessen, W M A 1655
Niessen, Wilfried M A
1455
Nilsson, C. 62, 384, 389, 694,
1323
Nilsson, Christer 809
Nimmermark, S. 1687
Nix, P. G. 1078
Nixdorf, B. 1418
Noguer, T 190
Nohlgren, Eva. 1722
Nolan, B. T. 957, 980, 1041, 1042, 1235,
1314, 1445
Noling, Joseph W. 31
Noordwijk, M. van 507
Norberg-King, T. J.
1648
Norby, Richard J 1027
Nordstedt, R. A. 252, 1518
Norman, D. M. 1706
Norris, R.F. 391, 758
Norris, R. H. 171, 343
Norris, V. 1684
North Carolina Agricultural
Research Service 524
North Carolina. Dept. of
Environment and Natural Resources 1370
North Carolina Sea
Grant 1599
North Carolina State
University Water Quality Group 958, 1500, 1501, 1502,
1503
North Carolina Stream
Restoration Institute 1599
Northcott, G.L. 1588
Norton, L. D. 419
Norwood, C. A. 407
Noss, R. F. 120
Novak, J.M. 363, 1578
Nowak P 1531
Nowell, L. H. 961, 1069, 1143
Nowell, Lisa H. 1611
Nowicki, Janusz 1534
NSW Agriculture. 664, 871
Nunes, Gilvanda Silva
77
Nusser, S. M. 342
Nutrient Enrichment
Committee 283,
284, 285
Nuttall, C. A. 1368, 1785
Nwachuku, Nena 370
O'Brien, Renee 713
O'Connell, Mark 1639
O'Connell, P.E. 933
O'Connell, Peter J
908
O'Dwyer TF 13
O'Grady, J.J. 512
O'Keefe, T. C. 184
O'Neal, M. R. 525
O'Neill, Robert V 943, 1296
O'Shea J 447
Obedzinski, R.A. 333
Oberlander, Herbert
731
Obreza, T. A. 256
Obrycki, J.J. 1637
OECD 153
Oenema O 72, 614, 1006
Offenthaler, I. 645
Oficial, R. 433
Ogden, Michael 291
Ogishi, A. 306
Ogle, Daniel G. 1701
Ohio State University.
Extension. 23
Öhlinger, R. 645
Olafur Arnalds. 1273
Olesen, J. E. 1240
Oleson, J. E. 1005
Olin, Stephen S 230
Oliva, A. 231
Olk, D.C. 1060
Ollesch, Gregor 1524
Olson, Craig 1672
Olson, Richard Arnold.
293
Olson, Richard K. 304
Omed, H.M. 1683
Ondersteijn, C. J. M.
1036
Ong, C. 61
Ongley, E. D. 295
Ontario. Ministry of Natural
Resources. 966
Opdam, P. 795
Or, D. 930, 1482
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development. 491
Ortega, E. 208
Ortiz, R. 1659
Oshida, P. S. 435
Oshima, Y. 1089
Osir, E O 595
Osmond, D.L. 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016,
1017, 1018, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503
Osterkamp, W.R. 303, 1242
Ottem, T.D. 144
Oubina, Anna 352
Overholt, W A 397
Overseas Development Institute
(London, England). 1678
Oweis, Theib 781
Owens JM 74
Owens, Richard 1808
Owoputi, L.O. 1542
Ozden, K. 277
Ozesmi, SL 1493
Ozores-Hampton, M.
256
Ozores, Hampton Monica
253
Paces, T. 1766
Pacific Northwest Research
Station 639,
960
Padovani, L. 9
Pagliai, M. 330
Pai, N. 376
Paik, I K 1594
Paik IK 843, 1044, 1595
Paine, L.K. 608
Pait, A.D. 1122
Paivinen, R. 99, 1647
Palm, C. 1020
Palm, Wolf Ulrich 1658
Palmer, C. J. 575
Palmer, M.A. 389
Palmer, Margaret A
814
Palone, Roxane S. 233
Pandey, A. 1246
Pandey, G. 1168
Pandher MS 157
Panigrahi, S. 1054
Panizzi, A.R. 479
Panneton, B. 839
Paoletti, M.G. 1457, 1555
Papadopoulos, A.P.
735
Papendick, R. I. 537
Papendick, Robert I.
315, 1810
Papineau, F. 1076
Pararajasingham, S.
735
Parchomchuk, P. 849
Park, J R 473
Park, T A 1197
Parkanyi, Cyril 1614
Parker, Amanda K. 1605
Parker, D.B. 1513
Parker, Geoffrey G
812
Parker, John T. C.
554
Parkerton, Thomas F
480
Parkin, T. B. 1585
Parnell, C. B. 1099
Parr Dobrzanski, Bob
1603
Parrella, M.P. 774
Parsons, A. 539
Parsons, K. C. 37
Paschke, M. W. 176
Pascoe, G. A. 1791
Passam, H.C. 705
Paterson, J. 219
Pathak DV 156
Patrick, William H.
898
Patten, D. T. 1427
Patterson, M. A. 438
Paul BN 1204
Paul, K. I. 225
Paulin, R. 1244
Paustian, K. 214, 604
Pautou, G 694
Pavelis, George A.
1754
Payne Engineering 284
Payne Engineering
(Firm) 285
Payne, N. F. 96
Payne, Nicholas J 366
Payne, R. A. 1558
Peacock, W.J. 941
Peck, Steven L. 266
Pedersen, C. L. 1039
Pedersen, John H. 267
Pederson, G.A. 31
Pedigo, L.P. 516
Peeper, T.F. 1112
Peet Schwering CMC van
der 68
Peever, Tobin L 590
Pehkonen, S. O. 335
Peirce, J. J. 160
Peiry, J L 694
Pell AN 873
Pellant, M. 1276
Pellant, Michael L.
765
Peng, S. 1060
Penn State Cooperative
Wetlands Center 631
Pennell, K. D. 620
Penning de Vries, F. W.
T. 507,
1547
Pennsylvania. Dept. of
Environmental Resources. 632
Pennsylvania State University,
Environmental Resources Research Institute 631
Pepper, C. B. 1706
Pepper, I. L. 1442
Pera, Antonio 529
Pereira, L. S. 48
Pereira, Luis S 644
Pereira, Luis Santos
781
Perfect, E. 95
Perkins, A. 153
Perrone, J. 1076
Perrow, M 694
Perrow, Martin 1212
Perry, J N 665
Perschke, S. 385
Peryea, F. 1345
Peschke H 1642
Pess, G. R. 1396
Petchey, A. M. 1399
Peterken, G.F. 1350
Peters, M. 1300
Peters NE 1668
Peterson, C. G. 1607
Peterson, Dennis R
480
Peterson, G. 1447
Peterson, G. A. 1219
Peterson, Hans G 1686
Peterson, J.T. 243
Peterson, S. O. 1005
Petit, J. 518
Petit, V. 1395
Petroff, J. K. 178
Petts, Geoff E 809
Petty, D.G. 1397
Peveling, R. 477
Peyraud JL 417
Pfadenhauer, J. 1346, 1789
Phatak, S. C. 1644
Phene, C. J. 1609
Philippi, Nancy S.
217
Philipps, L 785
Phillips, Geoff 1212
Phillips, V.R. 455
Phillips VR 294, 1381, 1382
Phipps, R H 473
Piao XS 547
Pico, Y 1573
Piegay, H 806
Pieper, R.D. 690
Pierce FJ 1531
Pierce, R A 1251
Pierce, Tom 967
Pieri, C. 792
Pietro, K. C. 1159
Pietroniro, A. 1363
Pillai, S. 1106
Pillai, S.D. 149
Pillai, Suresh D. 912
Pimentel, D. 197, 458
Pimentel, David 470, 728
Pinay, G. 936, 1117
Pinay, Gilles 809
Pinter, P. J., Jr.
1326
Pires, C.S.S. 479
Pires, S. 1230, 1231
Pisaniello, J. D. 939
Pitt, Jo 1212
Pitt, Robert 1476
Pittman, S.T. 418
Pizzigallo, M. D. R.
439
Pizzuto, J.E. 389
Place, Frank 1028
Plant Materials Center
633, 1171
Planty-Tabacchi, A. M.
688
Plettner, Erika 727
Plimmer, J.R. 223
Plotkin, Steve 1256
Ploug, H. 910
Poesen, J. 629
Poesen, J. W. 437
Poggi Varaldo, H.M.
33, 34, 35
Poinsot-Balaguer, N.
1693
Polglase, P. J. 225
Polhemus, D.A. 271
Polk, D. 1590
Pollock, M. M. 1396
Polunin, N. V. C. 500
Ponzi, D. 1545
Poore, M. H. 1297
Popay, A.I. 195
Popay, I. 609
Porter, Douglas R.
242
Porter, S. 607
Post, H E 532
Poth, Mark A 989
Potter, D.U. 602
Poulsen, H D 983
Poulsen HD 1163
Poulsom, E. 1243
Pouwels, R. 795
Powell, D.S. 1612
Powell GW 76
Powell, K.A. 1629
Power, J.F. 790, 855, 861, 878, 1082,
1299
Powers, R. F. 1624
Powers, W. J. 252, 787, 872, 1052,
1518
Powlson, D.S. 464, 720, 751
Poziomek, E. J. 1371
Prairie Agricultural Machinery
Institute (Canada) 655, 703, 1596
Praska, K E 1287
Pratley, J. 310
Prato, T. 1443
Price, J S 659
Prichard, Don. 1238
Prichard, Donald E.
1703
Pringle, C. M. 1600
Prinsley, R.T. 1477
Pritchard, John B 113
Probst, J. R. 796
Prokopy, R. J. 754
Proll, G. 977
Prosser, C.G. 195
Prosser, I. 1298
Provencher, Louis 641
Prowse, T D 498
Prueger, J.H. 684, 870
Pruski, F. F. 525
Puckett, L. J. 663, 1010
Pul, W.A.J. van. 932
Purkey, D.R. 1380
Pusey, Bradley J 701
Puzankov AG 73
Pyke, D.A. 1276
Pyle, R.M. 207
Pyrce, R.S. 1315
Pysek, P. 398
Qadir, M. 63, 64
Qiu, Z.Y. 1729
Quadranti, M. 750
Queda, A 529
Quick, J.S. 1033
Quine, C. 1243
Quinlan, A. 1447
Quinney, M. J. 110
Quinton, J.N. 1072, 1471
Rab, M. A. 627
Rabalais, N.N. 605, 817
Rabideau, A.J. 618, 619
Radcliffe, D. E. 791
Rader, Russell Ben.
150, 772
Radina, B. 1653
Radke, J. D. 492
Raez-Luna, E. 1447
Raghubanshi, A. S.
911
Ragsdale, Nancy N.
1151
Rahman, M. 941
Rains, D. W. 1682
Raison, R. J. 627, 1584
Rajasthan Agricultural
Drainage Research Project, National Seminar on Subsurface
Drainage 779
Ram, Sewa. 779
Ramakrishnan, B. 1790
Raman, S. S. 611
Ramanarayanan, T. S.
91
Ramanjit Kaur 1344
Randall, G.W. 1301
Randall, J. 1758
Randen, E. van 506
Randhir, T. O. 1334
Rankin, Edward T 1453
Rankins, D. L., Jr.
1297
Rantala, P. 369
Rao, M. R. 841
Rao, P. S. 1393
Rashid N 647, 1626
Rasmussen, K. J. 677
Rath, A.K. 1790
Ratti, John T. 763
Raun, W.R. 995
Rauschkolb, Roy S.
996
Ray, Chittaranjan 1449
Rayns, F W 785
Reading, P. R. 706
Reams, M. A. 816
Reasoner, D.J. 913
Rechcigl, J.E. 1154
Reckendorf, Frank.
1283, 1284
Reckhow, K H 927
Recous, S. 1410, 1804
Reddy, K. N. 606, 1767
Reddy, K. R. 1084, 1159, 1162, 1695,
1787
Redente, E. F. 176
Reder, S. 977
Redington, Charles B.
1178
Redman, Phillip J.
962
Reece, Patrick E. 753
Reed, D.H. 512
Reed, Sherwood C. 1610
Reed, W.B. 1570
Reeves, D.W. 302, 1472, 1715
Reeves, G.L. 454
Reeves, J.B. 1281
Regional Biomass Energy
Program. 901
Regnier, E.E. 365
Reichardt, W. 1060
Reichhardt, Tony 1772
Reid, B J 670
Reid, W. 325
Reinhardt, C. F. 1769
Reish, D. J. 435
Reisner, Y. 1196
Rejman, J. 1338, 1472
Renard, K.G. 519
Renard, Kenneth G.
1224
Renaud, F. 1098
Renault, D. 1286
Renzoni, A. 1187
Resek, E. A. 961, 1140
Resek, Elizabeth A.
1611
Resh, V. H. 343
Resosudarmo, P 470
Reuter, D.J. 356
Reutergaardh, L. 1093
Reynolds, R.T. 1708
Rhoades, J. D. 450, 1621
Ribaudo, M. 1300
Rice, C.P. 327
Rice, M. 1805
Rice, M.E. 516
Rice, P.J. 327
Richard, G. 1410
Richard, T. L. 451
Richards, A.J. 377
Richards, K S 694
Richardson, C. J. 415
Richardson, J. J. 808
Richardson, J. L. 1792, 1793
Richardson, S. D. 1732
Richter, B. D. 1638
Richter, D. D. 160
Ricke, S.C. 149
Rickson, R. J. 1471, 1527
Riddech, N. 1364
Riding, Tim. 702
Riebsame, William E
931
Riekerk, H. 441
Ries, R. E. 382
Rietveld, W. J. 1019
Riggenbach, R R 1692
Riitters, Kurt H 943
Rijn, J.P. van 411
Riley, Kelley R 370
Riley, TZ 1221
Rimando, A.M. 231
Rinderknecht-Seijas, N.
34
Rinker, D.L. 1699
Riparian Forest Buffer
Panel 1428
Riparian Forest Buffer Panel.
Chesapeake Bay Program (U.S.) 564
Riskowski, G.L. 1728
Risse, L.M. 791, 865
Ristaino, Jean Beagle
45
Ristau, R J 1692
Ritter, W. F. 1362
Ritzema, H. P. 380
Ro, K.S. 1131, 1132, 1134
Ro, Kyoung S. 1133, 1135
Robards, K. 1128
Robards, Kevin 78
Robarge, W.P. 67, 69
Robbie, W.A. 340
Roberts, Terry R 332
Roberts, Thomas H 576
Robertson, J. 969
Robertson, J. F. 1399
Robertson, P.A. 140
Robinson, J. 706
Robinson, J.L. 1745
Robinson, K.M. 805
Robinson, M. 526
Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station 1333
Rocky Mountain Research
Station 713,
1279, 1762
Rocky Mountain Research
Station, USDA 946
Rodgers, P.B. 1199
Rodrigues, J.M.C. 369
Rodriguez, A. 1115
Rodriguez, Antonio
1114
Rodriguez Leon, J.A.
1246
Rodvang, S. 20
Roe, N. E. 256
Roe, Nancy E 254
Roelofs, J G M 1347
Roger-Estrade, J. 1410
Roger, P. A. 433
Rogers, B. F. 1543
Rogers, G. M. 1297
Rogers, K. R. 1371
Rogers, R. E. 635
Roig, L. C. 924
Rolfe, Chris 871
Rom, H B 983
Rom HB 68
Romagni, J.G. 231
Roman, E S 1768
Romm, J. 773
Rompre, Annie 346
Rondeau, Bernard 951
Roni, P. 1396
Rood, B. E. 1782
Roode, M. van 507
Roose, Amsaleg C L
531
Roper, M M 851
Rose, C.W. 926
Rose, J. B. 322
Rose, S. C. 47
Rosen, B.H. 1757
Rosenberg, M S 665
Rosenberg, N. 604
Rosenberg, Norman J.
1592
Rosenheim, Jay A 766
Rosenstock, S.S. 1727
Rosewell, C. J. 1271
Rosgen, D.L. 1092
Ross, C. 1181
Ross, D.S. 1405
Ross, Leigh 662
Ross, P. E. 1650
Ross, T.S. 1332
Roulier, S. 558
Roush, R T 1673
Rowland, A. P. 1066
Rozanski, K. 1697
Ru YingJun 1046
Rubin, Baruch 1126
Rudd, J. W. M. 1580
Ruddy, B. C. 980, 1235, 1445
Ruddy, Barbara C. 957
Ruggiero, P. 439
Rullkoetter, J. 942
Rundquist, D. C. 1413
Runestad, Jay A. 267
Russel, J.R. 1628
Russell, K.R. 1228
Ryan, Douglas F 989
Ryan, M. 784
Rybczyk, J. M. 1030
Rycroft, David W. 1257
Rynk, Robert 1047, 1048
Rypstra, A. L. 118
Sabadie, Jean 661
Sabik, Hassan 951
Sadeghi, A.M. 327
Sadler EJ 1531
Saffouri, R 470
Sagenmueller, A. 1577
Sailus, Martin. 1733
Sakio, H. 1089
Sala, A. 1752
Salama, R.B. 246
Salas, H. J. 638
Salau, J S 1574
Sale, M. J. 685
Salinity Laboratory
(U.S.). 1621
Salomon, E 1374
Salvesen, David. 242
Sampson, N. 604
Samson, F. 1217
Samu, F. 422, 1494
Samways, M.J. 732
Sanabria, J 472
Sanchez-Bayo, F. 394
Sanchez, C.A. 1710
Sanchez Hernandez, J.C.
1809
Sanchez, P A 1496
Sanchez, R.A. 478
Sanders, A.C. 1332
Sanderson, Hans 1127
Sanderson, M.A. 485
Sandroni, Donatello
1123
Sangodoyin, A. Y. 1379
Santen, E. van 1671
Santoianni, D.A. 457
Santos, F J 93
Sarmah, Ajit K 661
Sarr, Daniel A 1431
Sarrantonio, M. 1553
Sarrantonio, Marianne
1021
Saskatchewan. Agriculture and
Food. 866
Saskatchewan. Agriculture
Development Fund 362, 655, 703, 1596
Satorre, E.H. 14
Satpal Singh 156
Sattar MA 810
Sattelmacher B 1001
Sattin, M. 1458
Sauer, T.J. 870
Sauerbeck, D. 604
Savoie, A. 506
Sawyer, J.E. 1156
Sawyer, J.W.D. 99
Saxton, K.E. 1811
Scarborough, R. W.
1362
Schade, John 794
Schaller, Neill 264
Scharf, P.C. 1327
Schatz, B. G. 1264
Scheepens, P.C. 163
Scheffer, Marten 449
Schenk, M.K. 1002
Schenne, J. 385
Schepers, J. S. 682, 1326
Scherer HW 383
Scherm, Harald 240
Scheuerell, Mark D
630
Schiemer, F. 566
Schiere, Hans 328
Schiffman, S. S. 637
Schimel, J. P. 722
Schindler, Daniel E
630, 1094
Schlegel, A. J. 1219
Schlesinger, W.H. 215
Schmidt, D. 1071
Schmidt, D.R. 57, 1053, 1526
Schmidt, J.P. 1327
Schmidt, K. A. 1319
Schmidt, W.F. 327
Schmutz, S. 712
Schnabel, R.R. 517, 1745
Schneider, A.D. 444
Scholefield, D 850
Scholtens R 1381, 1382
Schomberg, H. H. 1641
Schoneman, R.A. 1288, 1609
Schrader, K.K. 231
Schroder, J 1374
Schroder, M. 455
Schroeder, Peter 1253
Schroen, James. 778
Schr, J. J. 950
Schubauer-Berigan, M.
K. 137
Schubert, S. 64
Schulte, D.D. 1513
Schultz, R. C. 52, 1424
Schulz, JH 1221
Schumann, Gail L. 775
Schuster, S. 521
Schwartz, Paul M 943
Schwarz, G. E. 420, 965
Schweitzer, B. 910
Schwencke, J. 10
Scianna, Joseph D.
1701
Scopa, A. 697
Scott, D. F. 1378
Scott Fordsmand, Janeck
J 553
Scott, G. I. 1650
Scott, M. J. 706
Seaman, Nelson L 896
Sebastian, S. 692
Sediment Protocol Development
Team (U.S.) 1262
Seed, Jennifer 230
Seedorf, J. 455
Seelig, Bruce Duane.
1260
Segers, R. 900
Seiber, James N 468, 1151, 1658
Seiler, R. L. 780
Semazzi, F. 58
Semlitsch, R. D. 1233
Semple, K.T. 200, 670
Senesi, G.S. 1653
Senesi, N. 1067, 1653
Servais, Pierre 346
Servos, M. 1090
Sethunathan, N. 1790
Seve, B 984
Seybold, C.A. 1183, 1567
Shafer, Steven R. 266
Shaffer, J. A. 517
Shaffer, M.J. 998, 1692
Shai, Yechiel 1807
Shainberg, I. 419
Shalhevet, Joseph 1714
Shannon, M.C. 1063
Sharifat, K. 1570
Sharma, H. C. 1659
Sharma, S. K. 180, 1682
Sharpe, F. 174
Sharpe, R.R. 1563
Sharples, K. E. 947
Sharpley, A. 30, 682, 923, 1160, 1211,
1581
Sharpley, A.N. 19, 29, 364, 540, 726, 929,
1155, 1157, 1241, 1386
Sharpley AN 1011
Sharpley, Andrew N
39, 502
Shaver, P. 1276
Shaver, P.L. 94
Shaw, B. 1099
Shaw, C.G. 333
Shaw, D.C. 1081
Shaw, Kathryn 662
Shearer, S. 505
Sheehy, J.E. 846
Sheffield, R. 880
Sheffield, R. E. 241
Sheffield, Ronald Erle
1055
Sheley, Roger L. 178
Shepard, J.P. 426, 441
Shepard, R. 514
Shepherd, M.A. 720
Sheppard, D. C. 880
Sheridan, J. M. 982
Sherma, J. 1290, 1291
Shevock, J.R. 1332
Shields, F.D. 345, 1312
Shiflet, Thomas N.
1272
Shih, J.C.H. 1293
Shipitalo, M J 276
Shipp, J.L. 735
Shober, A.L. 1161
Short, J.L. 455
Short, Polly 1130
Short, R.E. 409
Shortle, J. S. 40, 777
Shpritz, L 470
Shreshta, A. 1771
Shrestha R 810
Shrivastava, P. K.
1392
Shroyer, J.P. 678
Shukla S 582
Shulman, Roberta F.
237
Shuttleworth, W. J.
1227
Sickle, J. van 79
Sideridis, A.B. 705
Siebe, C. 428
Sikora, Lawrence J.
143
Silvola, J 614
Simard, R.R. 1158, 1194, 1561
Simarmata, T. 483
Simberloff, D. 1467
Simmons, C.L. 516
Simon, A. 345
Simon, D. 1128
Simon, David 78
Simon JC 534
Simon, M. 910
Simota, C. 330
Simpkins, W. 20
Simpson, B.W. 1120
Simpson, I. 433
Simpson, J.M. 913
Sims, G. K. 1339
Sims, J.T. 228, 499, 682, 1034, 1158, 1161,
1209
Sims JT 835
Sinclair, K 470
Singh, A. 151
Singh, B.K. 151
Singh, H. 911
Singh, H.P. 60, 309
Singh N 1344
Singh, O. V. 1168
Singh, R.P. 1488
Singh, U. 1060
Singh, Y. V. 888
Sinton, L. W. 372
Sistani, K. R. 204
Sivapalan, M. 1495
Siwicki, A. K. 432
Skaggs, R. W. 21, 657
Skaggs, W. 441
Skiba, Ute 132
Skinner, Luke C 667
Skinner, M.W. 1332
Skinner, Q. 1278
Skipper, H.D. 1578
Skjemstad, J. O. 695
Skurlatov, Yu I 674
Slade, R.M. 136
Slobodnik, J 1654
Smallidge, P. J. 1726
Smallwood, K.S. 393
Smart, L.B. 361
Smeins, F E 1723
Smelt, J.H. 454
Smelt, Johan H 100
Smet, E 2
Smetena, I 1289
Smethurst, P. J. 1568
Smeulders, S. 26
Smith, A. M. 550
Smith, C. 25
Smith, C.A. 341
Smith, D. G. 1670
Smith, D. P. 922
Smith, D. W. 1379
Smith, David W. 1262
Smith, Graham W. 308
Smith, H. A. 761
Smith, H. V. 1097
Smith, J.U. 464, 1367
Smith, K.A. 456, 464
Smith, L.M. 1100
Smith, Lawson M. 583
Smith, M. 92, 786
Smith, P. 464, 1367
Smith, R. A. 420, 965
Smith, R. Daniel. 101
Smith, R.G. 1747, 1748, 1749
Smith, R.J. 353
Smith, Richard A. 1582
Smith, S. D. 1752
Smith, S.J. 19
Smith, S. R., Jr. 1200
Smith VH 1011
Smith, W.D. 1515
Sneath, R.W. 455
Sneath RW 1381, 1382
Snider, Joseph A. 194
Snoo, G. 390
Snoo, G. R. de 202
Snyder, W. E. 1587
So, H. B. 1519
Sobolewski, A. 1078, 1391
Sobsey, M. D. 1106
Soccol, C.R. 1246
Soccol, V.T. 1246
Society for Range
Management. 1272
Soil and Water Conservation
Society 239
Soil and Water Conservation
Society (U.S.). 269, 536, 879
Sojak, L 469
Sojka, R.E. 1181
Sokhi, R. S. 1395
Solomon, Keith R 396
Sommarstrom, Sari 1803
Sommer, C. 1230, 1231
Sommer, Florian. 1678
Sommer, I. 428
Sommer, S. G. 66, 1240
Sondergaard, M. 1468
Soppe, R.W.O. 1288
Sorensen, A. Ann. 1309
Sorenson, AJ. 1118
Soriano, J. M. 75
Sorooshian, S. 1227
Sorooshian, Soroosh
1307
Sotherton, N.W. 533
South Dakota State University.
Cooperative Extension Service 1801
South Dakota State University.
Economics Dept. 404, 826
South National Technical
Center (U.S.). 1586
Spalding, R. F. 1049
Sparks, R T 1692
Sparks, T. H. 202
Sparling, Donald W.
1705
Speir, T W 1536
Spellerberg, I.F. 99
Spooner, J. 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017,
1018, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503
Spoor, G. 1230, 1231
Spring, J. H. 651
Srikanth, V. 522
Srinivasan, M.S. 1719
Srinivasan, R. 91
Srivastava A 1204
Stabenfeldt, L. 577
Stacey, D.A. 238
Stagnitti, F. 683
Stamper, David M 152
Stangroom, S. J. 3, 4
Stanley, E. H. 389, 799
Stansfield, Julia 1212
Staples, Charles A
480
Staricka, J. A. 1264
Stark, Lloyd R 1479
Starr, J.L. 327
Starr, L. 821, 1349
Starrett, S. 1135, 1136
Staub, T. 1342
Staver, K.W. 1745
Steele, Kenneth F.
84
Steen, Jozef J. M. van
der 1406
Steiger, J. 1267
Steinberg, S. M. 1371
Steiner, Roland C.
1320
Steinman, Alan D 1110
Stelzl, M. 976
Stenberg, B. 945
Stepniewski, W. 867
Sterk, G. 1631
Stevenson, Jan R 368
Stevenson, R. Jan.
752, 1704
Stewart, B.A. 87, 147, 317, 460, 682, 864,
926, 1537, 1628
Stewart, B.M. 1156
Stewart, W. 773
Stirzaker, R.J. 1236
Stoate, C. 390
Stock, Wayne F. 655
Stockdale E 1029
Stockdale, E.A. 720, 1374, 1564
Stockwell, Virginia O
90
Stoffella, P. J. 256
Stoffella, Peter J.
255
Stoks, P. G. 666
Stolte, K.W. 1515
Stolte, W.J. 1542
Stombaugh, T. S. 505
Stone, Amanda J.
Lindley 1796
Stone, Andrew W. 1796
Stonehouse, D. P. 1248
Stoner, J.D. 1041
Stoner, K.A. 1175
Stottlemyer, Robert
989
Straalen, N.M. van.
411
Strand, J.F. 1576
Strandberg, Morten T
553
Stratton, G. W. 947
Straub, T. M. 1646
Strauch D 1617
Streibig, J C 643
Stromberg, J. C. 584, 1351, 1433
Stuebe, A 1692
Sturny, W. G. 1569
Sturz, A. V. 1389
Stuthman J. 1812
Stuyt, L. C. P. M.
887
Sudduth, K.A. 1327
Sujii, E.R. 479
Sullivan, D. 385
Sullivan, Druscllia S
1725
Sullivan, Preston G.
1079
Sullivan, Thomas P
1725
Sultatos, L.G. 834
Summers, C.G. 742
Sumner, M.E. 142
Sumner, P. L. 111
Sun, G. 441
Sundaravadivel, M.
287
Sundaresan, A. 110
Sunderland, K. 422
Sunderland, K. D. 1494
Sundin, George W 90
Surber, G. 607
Susarla, S. 1167
Sutherland, R.A. 1480
Sutton, A. 872
Sutton D 13
Sutton, J.D. 1164, 1740
Sverdrup, H. 1766
Svoboda IF 1731
Swann, D. E. 1711
Swannell, R. P. J.
1395
Swanson, F J 806
Swanson, S. 1429
Swanson, S. R. 1520
Swanton, C.J. 749, 1771
Swaroop, S. 110
Sweeten, J.M. 874, 1053
Swift, L. Jr. 441
Swine Odor Task Force.
1062
Sylvester, B. A. 108, 109
Sylvester, Bradley R
785
Szakacs, G. 1246
Szinetár, C. 1494
Szmidt, R.A. 1364
Szmidt RAK 1702
Szmidt, Robin 513
Szott, L T 552
Szwejkowski, Zbigniew
1534
Tabacchi, E. 688
Tabachow, R. M. 160
Tabashnik, B. E. 1512
Tabashnik, Bruce E
729
Tainter, J.A. 768
Tamminga. S. 195, 1416
Tanaka, D. L. 382, 1219
Tanaka, Keiji 1126
Tanji, K. K. 1087
Tanji, Kenneth K. 22
Tao, S. H. 649
Taratoot, Mark. 121
Tardieu, F. 621, 937
Target 10 Water On Water Off
Working Group. 778
Tarnocai, C 1189
Tate, K. W. 1743
Tate, R. L., III 1543
Taylor, D.W. 1332
Taylor, Donald C. 826
Taylor, Janith 667
Taylor, P.S. 427
Taylor, S.E. 1530
Taylor, T. P. 620
Tebrugge, F. 277, 1304
Tebrügge, F. 1008
Tedeschi, L. O. 1191
Teels, Billy M. 357
Tegeler, Tony 211
Tellier, Sylvaine 581
Temple DM 1765
Temple, S. A. 848
Teng, P.S. 744
Tennessee. Dept. of
Environment and Conservation. 1434
Terrene Institute 237
Terry, N. 1517
Terry, Norman. 857
Tester, J. R. 88
Tetra Tech, Inc. 958
Texier, C. 1693
Thelin, G. P. 833
Theunissen, J. 762
Thiele-Bruhn, S. 1152
Thistle, H.W. 1474
Thomas, C.D. 207
Thomas, D. 1643
Thomas, F. 1098
Thomas, J.A. 207
Thomas, M. B. 387
Thomas, Michael F 802
Thomas, P. T. 1121
Thomas, William 45
Thompson, A 1692
Thompson, C. A. 1634
Thompson, C. R. 407
Thompson, Dean G 396
Thompson, F.R. 840
Thompson, H. M. 511
Thompson, Jennifer N.
1434
Thompson, K 1692
Thompson, L.C. 389
Thompson, Lisa C 809
Thompson, R.B. 1281
Thomson, B. M. 918, 919, 920, 921
Thony, J. L. 558
Thorn, W. C. 1411
Thornelof, E 585
Thorpe, J. 566
Thorrold, B. S. 1386
Thorup Kristensen, K.
218
Thorvaldsson, G. 224
Threlkeld, Stephen T
146
Thunhorst, Gwendolyn A.
1783
Thuresson, T. 1492
Tibor, D.P. 1332
Tierney, D. P. 671
Tijink, F. 1231
Tijink, F. G. J. 1230
Tillapaugh, B. 385
Tinch, R. 1447
Tiner, Ralph W. 555, 601, 708, 1779
Tockner, K. 1450
Tockner, Klement 801
Todd, A.H. 1745
Todd, Albert H. 233
Todini, E. 933
Tolbert, V. 1192
Tollner, W. E. 791
Tooth, S. 1239
Torgersen, C. E. 804
Torremorell, M. 1728
Torri, D. 437
Torsvik, V. 1118
Toscano, Ilda Antonieta
77
Toth, G. P. 1700
Toth, J. 617
Touchburn, S.P. 692
Townsend, G. 958
Toze, Simon 1107
Trettin, C.C. 1802
Trettin, Carl C. 1022
Trevisan, M. 9
Trevors, J. T. 1358
Trimble, S.W. 303, 608, 1674
Tripathi, K.K. 151
Troell, M. 1447
Trout, T. J. 508, 1087
Trumble, John T 220
Tsai, F. J. 1134
Tsuruta, H 456
Tuchman, N. C. 1607
Tugel, A.J. 94, 1566
Tullberg, J. 1410
Tumanov, A. A. 168
Tumlinson, J. H. 1644
Tunney, H. 1160
Tuntibunpakul, P. 1587
Tuong, T.P. 1247
Tuovinen, Olli H 152
Turco, R. F. 1339, 1578
Turner, A P F 189
Turner, B L Ii 931
Turner, M. G. 799
Turner, R.E. 605, 817
Turner, V. 856
Turney, W. R. 918, 919, 920, 921
Tuskan, G.A. 361
Tweedy, B.G. 448
Tweedy, K.L. 1018, 1501
Twery, M.J. 711
Tylutki, T. P. 1191
Tyrrel, S.F. 1072
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station 583, 656, 763, 963
U.S. Department of
Agriculture 57,
67, 241, 306, 430, 637, 791, 808, 872, 880, 1053, 1099, 1106, 1155,
1316, 1325, 1526, 1661
U.S. Department of
Agriculture, George E. Brown, Jr. Salinity Laboratory, Soil Physics
and Pesticide Research Unit 1562
U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 65, 1740
U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
U.S. Geological Survey 1142
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency 1500,
1501, 1502, 1503
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Science and Technology 145
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water 859, 1506
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
Watersheds 1259
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Region III 1428
U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. 1589
U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. Ecological Services. South Dakota State Office.
836
U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. Region 5. 601
U. S. General Accounting
Office 80,
81
U.S. Prairie Pothole Joint
Venture. 1801
Ucar, T. 1813
Ulberth, F. 1305
Unc, A. 1660
UNESCO 904
Ungar, I. A. 1510
Unger, P. W. 36, 300, 1173, 1339,
1641
United States. Agricultural
Research Service. 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 1220,
1224, 1425
United States. Agricultural
Research Service. Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
(U.S.). 765
United States. Army. Corps of
Engineers 583,
656, 763, 963
United States. Army. Corps of
Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.
Wetlands Research Program (U.S.). 101, 622, 718
United States. Army. Corps of
Engineers. Wetlands Research Program (U.S.). 323
United States. Bureau of
Indian Affairs 554
United States. Bureau of Land
Management 765
United States. Bureau of Land
Management. Denver Service Center 1238
United States. Bureau of Land
Management. Lentic Riparian Wetland Area. Proper Functioning
Condition Work Group. 1238
United States. Bureau of Land
Management. New Mexico State Office. 1498
United States. Bureau of Land
Management. PFC Aerial Photo Interpretation Team 1703
United States. Bureau of
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1754
United States. Congress.
House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Environment,
Credit, and Rural Development. 1408, 1420
United States. Congress.
Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.
Subcommittee on Research, Nutrition, and General
Legislation. 28
United States. Cooperative
State Research, Education, and Extension Service. 233
United States. Dept. of
Agriculture 1806
United States. Dept. of
Agriculture. Economic Research Service. 268, 406, 461, 1489, 1544
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. 288, 979, 1146, 1309, 1611,
1810
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Chesapeake Bay Program. Nutrient Subcommittee.
Nutrient Management Workgroup. 232
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria Division
793, 1605, 1705, 1713,
1721
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Nonpoint Source Control Branch. 958
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation 1370
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Pesticide Programs. 129
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Policy, Planning, and
Evaluation. 771
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development 304, 496, 1370
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology 355, 357, 709, 1798
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Water. 793, 858, 958, 1261, 1262, 1605,
1704, 1705, 1713, 1721
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Water Regulations and Standards
956
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and
Watersheds. 304,
355, 357, 628, 1704, 1798
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands Protection. 956
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office Science and Technology 1704
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic
Substances. 495
United States. Environmental
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United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Region VI. Water Quality Management
Branch. 237
United States. Environmental
Protection Agency. Wetlands Division 793, 1605, 1705, 1713,
1721
United States. EPA/State
Feedlot Workgroup. 1329
United States. Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission. 1023
United States. Forest
Service. 610
United States. Forest Service.
Southern Region. 1111
United States. General
Accounting Office 28
United States-Israel
Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund. 419, 1663
United States. National
Biological Service. 308
United States. National Park
Service. 959
United States. National
Resources Conservation Service 1220
United States. Natural
Resources Conservation Service. 126, 233, 299, 406, 489, 632, 760,
765, 1283, 1284
United States. Natural
Resources Conservation Service. Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials
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United States. Natural
Resources Conservation Service. Plant Materials Program
(U.S.). 1701
United States. Natural
Resources Conservation Service. Resource Economics and Social
Sciences Division. 1754
United States. Office of
Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 631
United States. Soil
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United States. State and
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United States. Western Water
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University of California,
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of Water Conservation. 857
University of California,
Davis. Agricultural Issues Center. 1632
University of California,
Davis. Animal Agricultural Research Center 1632
University of California,
Davis. Animal Agricultural Research Center. University of
California, Davis. Agricultural Issues Center. 1105
University of California
Integrated Pest Management Program. 739
University of Georgia.
Institute of Ecology. Office of Public Service &
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University of Saskatchewan.
Agriculture and Bioresource Engineering. Saskatchewan. Agriculture
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University of Saskatchewan.
Canada Saskatchewan Agri Food Innovation Fund. 889
Unsworth, John B 1126
Unsworth, M. 58
Unterschultz, James R.
405
Unwin RJ 549
Upchurch, D. R. 1326
Urech, P. A. 1342
Uri, N.D. 41, 472
Uri, Noel D. 280, 402
Uselman, S. 1616
Usher, M.B. 155, 1232
Vaagen, D.R. 773
Vadeboncoeur, Yvonne
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Vail, S.S. 1288, 1609
Valco, T. D. 282
Valentin, C. 629
Valentine, C. 926
Valett, H.M. 602
Valk, Arnoud van der
793, 1218,
1354
Valk, H. 756, 1255
Vallini, Giovanni 529
Van Dam, R.A. 1201
Van Dijk, Aijm 1271
Van Dijk, Harrie FG
133, 135
Van Emden, H.F. 743
Van Hook, T. 272
Van Horn, H.H. 1518
Van Jaarsveld, JA 135
Van Kessel, J.S. 1281
Van Langenhove, H 2
Van Lear, D.H. 1045
Van Lenteren, J. C.
1644
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Van Riper, C. 1750, 1751
Van Schilfgaarde, J.
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Van Sickle, L.D. 80
Van Vuren, D. 393
Vanclay, J.K. 1647
Vandecasteele, C. 1305
VandenBygaart, A. J.
275, 716
Vandervaere, J. P.
558
Vane Wright, R.I. 891
Vauclin, M. 558
Vautier, F 694
Vaux, H. 594
Vavra, M. 690
Veith, T.L. 1061
Vejrup, K. V. 494
Velde, G. van der 1179
Veldkamp, Edzo 1636
Vellidis, G. 860
Vellinga TH 549
Velthof, G L 1006
Vepraskas, Michael J.
1222, 1792
Verboom, J. 795
Verchot, Louis V 1636
Verhoeven, Jos 814
Verite R 417
Verkerk, R. H. J. 1193
Verloo, M.G. 229
Vermillion, S.B. 80
Vernon, R.S. 563
Verreet, J.A. 1308
Verry, Elon S. 1432
Verstegen, MW 985
Verstraete, W. 198
Verstraeten, G. 629
Vertessy, R. A. 1414
Veseth, Roger 1810
Vickery, J. A. 538
Vighi, M. 1123
Vighi, Marco 1123
Vigil, M. F. 5, 300
Vigneswaran, S. 287
Villard, M. A. 1516
Villard, MA 1101
Vincent, C. 839
Violante, A. 439, 1543
Virginia. Dept. of
Environmental Quality 1320
Viriot, M L 571
Vishnevskaya, G. N.
416
Visser, S. M. 1631
Vogel, R. M. 569
Vogel, Thomas S 102
Vondraskova S 414
Voorhees, W. B. 1410
Vos, J. 1564
Vose, J.M. 436
Voss, G. 1342
Vought, L. B. M. 1039
Voundi Nkana, J.C.
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Vreman, K. 1737
Vreuls, J J 1654
Vukina, T. 1316
Vymazal, Jan. 59
Waddington, C. 1707
Wade, M. 398
Wade, T. J. 376
Wade, Timothy G 1761
Wagner, J. W. 1411
Wagner, L. E. 885, 940, 1775
Waldman, D.M. 144
Wales, B. C. 424
Wali, M.K. 1571
Walker, A. 9, 1124
Walker, D. 1581
Walker, J C 1109
Walker, M.R. 1748
Wall, D. H. 722
Wallace, Arthur 1559
Wallace, L. R. 706
Wallace, R.J. 198
Wallace, Susan 1256
Wallender, W.W. 1380
Walsh, Jennifer 463
Walton, Barbara T 185
Walton, W.E. 175
Wang, F. 167
Wang, Feiyue 122, 1186
Wang, N. 1301
Wang, Wen-Xiong 130
Wang, Zhengping 898
Warbington, R. 539
Ward, A. D. 852
Ward, J. V. 801, 1450, 1451
Wardle, D. A. 686
Waring, R.H. 811
Warne, Andrew G. 583
Washington State University.
College of Agriculture and Home Economics 1810
Water Resources Research
Institute of the University of North Carolina. 524, 1222
Water Science and Technolgy
Board 1423
Wathes, C.M. 455
Watkins, J. 1097
Watkins, J. E. 1173
Watson C 1029
Watson, C A 1374
Watson CJ 486
Watts, C. J. 1227
Watts, D.G. 138
Watts, P.J. 353
Watts, R. 602
Watwood, M. 1181
Watzin, M.C. 107
Wauchope, R.D. 1145, 1532
Way, M.J. 743
Weakley, A.S. 1802
Weaver, S. 1771
Webb, J. 1400, 1402
Weber, J.B. 1375, 1578
Webster, A. J. F. 1486
Webster, T.M. 365
Weeks, Stanley A. 623
Weesies, G.A. 519
Weigert, Astrid 1524
Weiler, Thomas C. 1733
Weinberg, Marca. 461
Weise, S. F. 749
Weiss, P. 645
Weisskopf, P. 1230, 1231
Weixelman, Dave. 386
Welch, R.A. 195
Welcomme, Robin 1352
Weld, J. L. 364
Weller, Milton Webster.
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Welsch, David J. 578
Welsh, H. H., Jr. 216
Welter, Jill 794
Weltz, M.A. 715
Wenger, Seth. 1407
Wenk, Gerald 1524
Wenning, Richard J
764
Wensing, T 756
Wentz, W. Alan. 1801
Werck, Reichhart
Daniele 1253
Werf, H.M.G. van der
123, 518
Weslien, J. O. 120, 592, 1467
Wesstrom, Ingrid. 296
West, S. A. 894
West, T.O. 1627
Westerhoff, G.P. 369
Westerman, P.W. 67, 69, 1053, 1359,
1572
Westerman PW 16
Westermann, D.T. 1031
Western Regional IPM Project
(U.S.) 739
Westfall, D.G. 995
Wetlands Research Program
(U.S.). 583, 656,
763, 963
Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A
1356
Wheater, CP 689
Wheeler, Bryan D. 1353
Wheeler, W.J. 144
Whelan, C. J. 1319
Whigham, Dennis F 392
Whillans, T. H. 1630
Whitaker, Martha P L
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Whitall, D. 999
White, K. D. 972
White, R.P. 455
White, S. 1263
White, W R 909
Whitehead, L. F. 1442
Whitehead, P.G. 526
Whiteley, H. R. 1358
Whitford, Fred. 251
Whitmore, A.P. 1417
Whittemore R 938
Whittemore, Raymond C.
1080
Whitton, B. A. 170
Whyte, R. T. 17
Wickham, James D 943, 1761
Wicks, G. A. 593
Widmer, T.L. 1557
Wiebe, K. 679
Wienhold, B.J. 917
Wiersma, G.B. 944
Wiese, R. 855, 861
Wiese, Richard A. 1299
Wigley, T Bently 576
Wilber, Dara H 166
Wilcox, D. A. 1630
Wilkie, A. C. 252, 545
Wilkie AC 74
Wilkins, D. 1410
Wilkinson, S. 1591
Willard, D. 977
Willardson, L. S. 378
Willardson, Lyman S.
838
Williams, B.K. 862
Williams, C. M. 360, 1053
Williams, Christopher K
1270
Williams CM 835
Williams, D Dudley
1635
Williams, Frederick M
1479
Williams, G. A. 620
Williams, J.B. 1169
Williams, J. R. 91
Williams-Jacobse, J. G.
892
Williams, John S. 962
Williams, P. A. 51
Williams, P.H. 891
Williams, S T 909
Williams, W D 1487
Williard, Karl. 1320
Willis, Ruth 463
Willis, William V.
842
Wills, L. 773
Wilson, J. D. 538
Wilson, Susan C 789
Wimmer, J. 645
Windham, G.L. 31
Winfield, M 694
Winger, P. V. 1648
Winton, K. 1375
Winward, A. H. 845
Winward, Alma H. 946
Wiren Lehr, S. von.
1620
Wise, D.E. 1599
Wise, D. H. 1587
Wisniewski, J. 26, 1802
Wisniewski, J. R. 26
Wissinger, S.A. 399
Wissinger, Scott A.
150, 772
Withers, P. 1211
Withers, P. J. A. 1255, 1560
Withers, Paul J A 502
Woestyne, M.V. 198
Wohl, Ellen E. 725
Wojick, C. L. 619
Wolf, D.C. 1209
Wolfe, M.L. 1061
Wolfe, Martha F 468
Wolfe, R. J. 431
Wong, C. S. 1069
Wood, B. 1696
Wood, C. W. 430
Wood, Paul J 165
Wood, S 909
Wood, S.L. 1526
Woodburn, K.B. 1397
Woodbury, P. 1447
Woodward Clyde
Consultants 877
Woodward, D.E. 1719
Workman, S.W. 1202
Worley, J. 1099
Worley, J. W. 241
Worrell, R 723
Wratten, S. D. 949
Wright, D. J. 1193
Wright, P. 385, 625
Wright, P.E. 624
Wu, H. 310
Wu, L. 1182
Wu, Y. 941
Wullschleger, S. D.
1414
Xia, K. 1136
Xiong ShaoJun 384
Xu, Fu-Liu 649
Xu, W. 1365
Yadav RL 810
Yalcin, H. 277
Yamulki, S 1006
Yang, S S 1289
Yates, S.R. 454
Ye, L. 246
Yeh, Simon 1126
Yen, A. 856
Yeo, A. 1225
Yialouris, C.P. 705
Yiasoumi, William.
871
Yildiz G 1237
Yin HaiWei 1331
Ying GuangGuo 1046
Yoder, Chris O 1453
Yoder, D. C. 519, 940
Yoder, J. 1316
Young E 1295
Young, James A 669
Young, L. G. 922
Zablotowicz, R. M.
1125, 1767
Zachariou, M. 369
Zairi, Abdelaziz 781
Zalewski, M. 566
Zalewski, Maciej 1352
Zamudio, Desiderio C.
386
Zamudio, Karen A. 386
Zanarek, A. 369
Zapata, F. 1688, 1697
Zechmeister, H. G.
645, 1172, 1690,
1700
Zedler, Joy B 1250
Zehnder, G. 746
Zeiss, Michael R 1554
Zeng, Dong 898
Zens, S. 1447
Zhang, H 791, 1325
Zhang, J. 117
Zhang, J.W. 1202
Zhang, Q. 335
Zhang, R.H. 880, 1053, 1572
Zhang RH 16
Zhang, Y. L. 1419
Zhao, Q. 604
Zhao ShanLun 1331
Zhong, L. 620
Zhu, J. 83, 298, 647, 1626, 1728
Zhu Jun 1384, 1626
Zilberman, D. 306
Zimba, P.V. 46
Zinck, J. A. 1328
Zinkhan, F. C. 127
Zinn, J. 86
Zom, Ronald LG 104
Zoonen, Piet van 1292
Zoschke, A. 750
Zuberb D. 1196
Zucker, Leslie A. 23
Zygmunt, B 1466