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 Reconnaissance surveys are preliminary archaeological investigations that are sometimes requested by local, state, or federal agencies in lieu of an intensive level investigation. The goal of this type of survey is to determine whether an intensive level survey -should be implemented, and if so, to isolate areas where further testing may be needed. This level of survey has proven beneficial for minimizing overall field time and reducing project costs.
If the reconnaissance level survey reveals that the property is highly unlikely to yield significant cultural deposits, a report is written that requests that the property be granted clearance without further concern for impacts to cultural resources.
If significant historic resources (or areas likely to reveal such resources) are encountered during this inexpensive and preliminary investigation, then the property owner is afforded an opportunity to evaluate their prospective developmental needs and avoid such resources as cemeteries or significant archaeological sites or historic structures that might cost more to deal with than the value of the laid. ESI has extensive experience with this level of cultural resource study.
Phase I Level Surveys
 Phase I level surveys are the most commonly requested type of cultural resource management project, and are typically requested when federal permitting or federal funding is involved. These studies are tied to the National Historic Preservation Act and the National Environmental Policy Act, as well as other local, state, and federal regulations. ESI has a proven track record for completing such projects in a timely manner, and as a result, we continuously help our clients obtain their permits while keeping them informed and maintaining an open line of communication.
The specific goals of this level of investigation are to locate all historic properties within the project area, and to assess their significance and potential eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as mandated by federal laws and guidelines (Code of Federal Regulations [CFR], Title 36, Chapter VIII, Part 800 [36 CFR 800]).
The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended requires that the head GL any Federal agency lake into account the effects of his or her actions on historic properties, and that the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation be provided the opportunity to comment on such effects.
ESI has performed over 700 Phase I level surveys for a variety of public and private clients. We have managed many areas of variable size with considerable complexity, and in each instance have worked to achieve the most practical results for our clients.
Phase II & III Level investigations
 If a potentially significant archaeological site is identified during a cultural resource assessment survey, a second phase of testing is recommended to evaluate its significance, and the term "significance" is based on criteria established in the National Register of Historic Places bulletins.
Phase II level investigations are frequently referred to as "site evaluations," and they often include performing limited excavation in order to make a determination on eligibility. During this phase of testing, ESI archaeologists evaluate whether an archaeological site contains information that would significantly contribute to a better understanding of the past.
If the Phase II site evaluation reveals that an archaeological site is not significant, then a report is prepared that recommends that the site area be cleared from any further archaeological concern.
ESI has performed Phase II level investigation at hundreds of sites. We are proficient with the methodological approach and in interpreting the results necessary to make a competent evaluation of the site's National Register of Historic Places eligibility status.
If the Phase II site evaluation reveals that an archaeological site is significant, then ESI works closely with the land developer to determine whether there is any flexibility with the proposed construction plans. If not, a plan is devised that will allow the proposed damages of the site to be mitigated through further excavation, and this excavation plan is prepared through consultation with the regulatory agencies.
ESI has performed many Phase III level excavations, in each case developing a practical approach that permits maximizing the collection of significant archaeological data while minimizing the overall cost to the client.
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