Anonymous (2006). Ruimers beschermen tegen vogelgriep. [Mass euthanasia protects against avian influenza]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 131(10): 370. ISSN: 0040-7453.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, hygiene, influenza in birds, zoonoses, birds, animal euthanasia.
Language of Text: Dutch.

Bennett, R.A. (2001). Association disagrees with euthanasia method for avian species. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218(8): 1262.
Abstract: 0003-1488
Descriptors: animal welfare, birds, euthanasia, veterinary.
Notes: Comment On: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 Mar 1;218(5):669-96.

Coenen, A., A. Smit, Z. Li, and G.v. Luijtelaar (2000). Gas mixtures for anaesthesia and euthanasia in broiler chickens. World's Poultry Science Journal 56(3): 225-234. ISSN: 0043-9339.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 W89
Descriptors: broilers, turkeys, anesthesia, euthanasia, consciousness, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, animal behavior, death, animal welfare, heart rate, animal use, refinement, electroencephalograms, controlled atmospheres, stunning, animal distress.

Farrell, T.T. (2006). Slaughter of poultry. The Veterinary Record 158(3): 108. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: chickens, euthanasia, animal ethics, influenza in birds, animal welfare.
Notes: Comment In: Vet Rec. 2006 Feb 11;158(6):210.

Gerdes, U. (2004). Tierschutzrelevante Sachverhalte bei der Totung von Geflugel im Seuchenfall. [Animal welfare relevant issues during the killing of poultry during epidemics]. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 111(3): 113-114. ISSN: 0341-6593.
Abstract: In this article firstly the standards of the killing methods of poultry because of animal diseases and the parameter for the choice of a method are described. The following part deals with the effects of the different killing methods. Finally the most important control points during the killing of poultry are discussed.
Descriptors: animal welfare, disease outbreaks, euthanasia, poultry diseases, disease outbreaks prevention and control, poultry.
Language of Text: German.

Gerritzen, M.A. (2007). Methoden voor het grootschalig doden van pluimvee voor dierziekte bestrijding: aanvaardbaar wat betreft ongeriefen efficientie. [Methods for large scale euthanasia of poultry to control disease: Acceptable in terms of grief and efficiency]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 132(4): 129-131. ISSN: 0040-7453.
Descriptors: chickens, mass euthanasia, animal ethics, infection control methods, carbon dioxide.
Language of Text: Dutch.

Gerritzen, M.A., B. Lambooij, H. Reimert, A. Stegeman, and B. Spruijt (2004). On-farm euthanasia of broiler chickens: Effects of different gas mixtures on behavior and brain activity. Poultry Science 83(8): 1294-1301. ISSN: 0032-5791.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of gas mixtures for euthanasia of groups of broilers in their housing by increasing the percentage of CO2. The suitability was assessed by the level of discomfort before loss of consciousness, and the killing rate. The gas mixtures injected into the housing were 1) 100% CO2, 2) 50% N2 + 50% CO2, and 3) 30% O2 + 40% CO2 + 30% N2, followed by 100% CO2. At 2 and 6 wk of age, groups of 20 broiler chickens per trial were exposed to increasing CO2 percentages due to the injection of these gas mixtures. Behavior and killing rate were examined. At the same time, 2 broilers per trial equipped with brain electrodes were observed for behavior and brain activity. Ten percent of the 2-wk-old broilers survived the increasing CO2 percentage due to the injection of 30% O2 + 40% CO2 + 30% N2 mixture, therefore this mixture was excluded for further testing at 6 wk of age. At 6 wk of age, 30% of the broilers survived in the 50% N2 + 50% CO2 group. The highest level of CO2 in the breathing air (42%) was reached by the injection of the 100% CO2 mixture, vs. 25% for the other 2 mixtures. In all 3 gas mixtures, head shaking, gasping, and convulsions were observed before loss of posture. Loss of posture and suppression of electrical activity of the brain (n = 7) occurred almost simultaneously. The results of this experiment indicate that euthanasia of groups of 2- and 6-wk-old broilers by gradually increasing the percentage of CO2 in the breathing air up to 40% is possible.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, death, consciousness, animal behavior, poultry, housing, distress, gas mixtures, euthanasia.

Gerritzen, M.A., B. Lambooij, H. Reimert, A. Stegeman, and B. Spruijt (2004). On-farm euthanasia of broiler chickens: Effects of different gas mixtures on behaviour and brain activity. Poultry Science 83(8): 1294-1301. ISSN: 0032-5791.
Descriptors: gas mixtures, euthanasia of broilers, poultry housing, CO2, loss of consciousness, animal behavior, killing rate, euthanizing groups of animals.

Gerritzen, M.A., E. Lambooij, H.G.M. Reimert, B.M. Spruijt, and J.A. Stegeman (2006). Susceptibility of duck and turkey to severe hypercapnic hypoxia. Poultry Science 85(6): 1055-1061. ISSN: 0032-5791.
Abstract: Large groups of poultry, including ducks and turkeys, are killed for disease control purposes with CO2. In this study, we examined the physiological reaction of White Pekin ducks and turkeys to increasing CO2 concentrations. Additionally, we examined the suitability of killing both species with increasing CO2 concentrations. Blood gas values showed similar reaction patterns for both species: a strong increase in pCO2 from approximately 40 to 200 mmHg, decreasing pO2 and O2 saturation, a decrease in pH from 7.4 to 6.7, and a strong shift in acid-base equilibrium (averaging 0 to -23). On the electroencephalogram, theta and delta waves occurred at 21 to 23% CO2, and suppression to a near isoelectric electroencephalogram occurred between 41.8 and 43.4% CO2 in inhaled air. Heartbeat declined from approximately 300 beats per min (bpm) at the start to 225 bpm at loss of posture to 150 bpm at 1 min before the heartbeat ceased. During the last phase of heart activity, an irregular rhythm and fibrillation were observed in addition to a decline in bpm. Blood gas values and electrophysiological data confirmed that ducks and turkeys lose consciousness before a level of 25% CO2 in inhaled air is reached and that both ducks and turkeys die within 13 min in an environment of 45% CO2 in inhaled air.
Descriptors: ducks, turkeys, euthanasia, mortality, carbon dioxide, hypercapnia, hypoxia, blood gases, consciousness, posture, electroencephalography, electrocardiography, Netherlands.

Hess, L. (2005). Euthanasia techniques in birds. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 19(3): 242-245. ISSN: 1082-6742.
Online: http://www.bioone.org
Descriptors: animal welfare, euthanasia techniques, surgery, birds.

Kingston, S.K., C.A. Dussault, R.S. Zaidlicz, N.H. Faltas, M.E. Geib, S. Taylor, T. Holt, and B.A. Porter Spalding (2005). Evaluation of two methods for mass euthanasia of poultry in disease outbreaks. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 227(5): 730-738. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: poultry, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, disease outbreaks, euthanasia, animal welfare, mortality, anesthesia, carbon dioxide, poultry housing, mass euthanasia.

Kummerfeld, N. (2003). Tierschutzgerechte und tierarztlich kompetente Euthanasie von Zier- und Wildvogeln. [Animal welfare legislation and responsible veterinary euthanasia of ornamental and wild birds]. Praktische Tierarzt 84(4): 284-288. ISSN: 0032-681X.
Descriptors: animal welfare, birds, euthanasia, legislation, ornamental birds, wild birds, veterinary medicine.
Language of Text: German.

Kummerfeld, N., R. Korbel, and M. Lierz (2005). Therapie oder Euthanasie von Wildvoegeln - tieraerztliche und biologische Aspekte. [Therapy or euthanasia of free ranging birds - aspects with importance for veterinary medicine and birds biology]. Tieraerztliche Praxis Ausgabe K Kleintiere Heimtiere 33(6): 431-439. ISSN: 1434-1239.
Descriptors: injured wild birds, treatment techniques, euthanasia, animal welfare, veterinary intervention, goals and options.
Language of Text: German, Summary in English and German.

Ludders, J.W. (2001). Another reader opposing thoracic compression for avian euthanasia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218(11): 1721. ISSN: 0003-1488.
Descriptors: animal welfare, asphyxia veterinary, birds, euthanasia veterinary, thorax.
Notes: Comment On: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 Apr 15;218(8):1262.

McKeegan, D.E.F., J. McIntyre, T.G.M. Demmers, C.M. Wathes, and R.B. Jones (2006). Behavioural responses of broiler chickens during acute exposure to gaseous stimulation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 99(3-4): 271-286. ISSN: 0168-1591.
Descriptors: chickens, broilers, gases, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, inhalation exposure, acute effects, chemical concentration, animal behavior, feeding behavior, animal welfare, euthanasia, controlled atmosphere stunning, gas stunning, aversion.

Orosz, S. (2006). Birds. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 46-49. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: animal welfare, birds, euthanasia, methodology, wild birds, birds.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Raj, A.B., V. Sandilands, and N.H. Sparks (2006). Review of gaseous methods of killing poultry on-farm for disease control purposes. The Veterinary Record 159(8): 229-235. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Abstract: Poultry may need to be culled in the event of an outbreak of disease. Gassing has advantages over mechanical and electrical methods or overdoses of anaesthetics because large numbers can be killed simultaneously and little or no handling of the birds is required. However, gaseous killing methods may have welfare implications for the birds, which may find various gases more or less aversive, may undergo respiratory distress and/or experience convulsions, and may remain conscious for a considerable time before they die. In addition, the gases used may present health and safety risks to human operators, and be difficult to supply and deliver.
Descriptors: agriculture methods, disease outbreaks, euthanasia, methods, poultry, poultry diseases.

Raj, A.B.M. (2004). Stunning and slaughter. In: Welfare of the laying hen Papers from the 27th Poultry Science Symposium of the World' s Poultry Science Association, UK Branch, July, 2003, Bristol, UK, CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK, p. 375-389. ISBN: 0851998135.
Descriptors: animal welfare, argon, carbon dioxide, euthanasia of animals, method of slaughter, poultry, stunning.

Reynolds, D. (2006). Humane slaughter of birds. The Veterinary Record 158(6): 210. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: animal welfare standards, euthanasia, methods, influenza in birds, birds.
Notes: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2006 Jan 21;158(3):108.

Rollin, B.E. (2004). An ethicist's commentary on using wood chippers to kill chickens. Canadian Veterinary Journal 45(1): 9. ISSN: 0008-5286.
Descriptors: animal welfare, ethics, euthanasia, chickens, veterinary medicine.
Notes: Comment In: Can Vet J. 2004 Apr;45(4):285; author reply 285.

Shane, S.M. (2006). Emergency depletion and disposal of poultry flocks. World Poultry 22(5): 42-44. ISSN: 1388-3119.
Online: www.agriworld.nl
Descriptors: mass culling, birds, disease outbreaks, animal welfare, carbon dioxide, composting, carcass disposal, euthanasia, poultry.

Smith, G.D. (2007). Requests information on euthanasia method in a budgerigar. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230(3): 338-339; Author Reply 339. ISSN: 0003-1488.
Descriptors: anesthesia, animal euthanasia, bird diseases, budgerigar.
Notes: Comment On: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 Nov 15;229(10):1567-8.

van Luijtelaar, G., Li ZhongHua, and A. Coenen (1999). Inhalation euthanasia in broiler chickens. World Poultry 15(11): 40-43. ISSN: 1388-3119.
Descriptors: chickens, broilers, poultry, inhalation euthanasia, stress, animal welfare, carbon dioxide, nitrogen.