The Proposed National Air and Space Museum (NASM)
Dulles Center

October 1997

• Introduction (Chapter 1) includes descriptions of the client undertaking and project location, and this document summary.

• Historic Preservation Compliance (Chapter 2) describes applicable preservation responsibilities and processes.

• Project Area Description (Chapter 3) describes the location, environment, land use, paleoenvironment, soils and geology of the project area.

• Background Research (Chapter 4) identifies patterns in the prehistoric and historic development of the surrounding region.

• Field Investigations (Chapter 5) describes methodology and field data collection for this study.

• Laboratory Investigations (Chapter 6) describes archeological laboratory procedures followed.

• Archeological Findings of Phase I Survey (Chapter 7) presents the results of the identification phase of fieldwork.

• Archeological Findings of Phase II Survey (Chapter 8) presents the results of the evaluation fieldwork of the pump site.

• Summary and Recommendations (Chapter 9) summarizes the report and presents requirements for further work.

• Bibliography (Chapter 10) lists the sources referred for the current study;

Figure 1-1	Location of Proposed NASM Dulles Center in Northern Virginia
Figure 1-2	Proposed Facilities of the NASM Dulles Center
Figure 1-3	Location of NASM Project Area on Herndon USGS Quad
Figure 3-1	NASM Center Area of Potential Effect
Figure 4-1	Map of Fairfax County, Virginia, 1745-1748, From Stephenson (1981)
Figure 4-2	Map of Northern Virginia, 1807, From Stephenson (1981)
Figure 4-3	Map of Northern Virginia, 1826, From Stephenson (1981)
Figure 4-4	Map of the Dranesville District, Fairfax County, 1879, From Stephenson (1981)
Figure 4-5	Previously Identified Archeological Sites in the Vicinity of the Proposed NASM Center
Figure 5-1	Excavating and Screening a Shovel Test Pit, West Cloverleaf, View from the East
Figure 5-2	Recording a Shovel Test Pit, West Cloverleaf, View from the South
Figure 5-3	Gravel Service Road, Central Parcel, View from the East
Figure 5-4	Planted Pines, Central Parcel, in the Vicinity of Site 44FX693, View from the West
Figure 5-5	Deciduous Woods, Central Parcel, View from the East
Figure 5-6	Grass Field, North Taxiway, View from the Southwest
Figure 7-1	Central Parcel Finds
Figure 7-2	Representative Soil Profiles from the Central Parcel
Figure 7-3	Leeton Site, View from the North
Figure 7-4	Leeton Site, View from the South
Figure 7-5	Historic Site A, Cultivated Flowers, View from the Northeast
Figure 7-6	Historic Site A, Well, View from the Southwest
Figure 7-7	Barnsfield/Route 28 Interchange
Figure 7-8	Representative Soil Profiles from the Barnsfield Road/Route 28 Interchange
Figure 7-9	Pump Site, Water Pump, View from the Northwest
Figure 7-10	Pump Site, View from the Southwest
Figure 7-11	East Parcel Road
Figure 7-12	Central Parcel Road, Jeep Road, and Utility Corridor
Figure 7-13	North Taxiway
Figure 7-14	Representative Soil Profiles from the Access Routes
Figure 7-15	Historic Site B, Square Depression, View from the West
Figure 7-16	Historic Site B, Well, View from the Northwest
Figure 8-1	Location of Phase II Test Units, Pump Site (44FX2257)
Figure 8-2	Representative Soil Profiles From Phase II Excavation of the Pump Site

Fall 2000 Blasting rock to clear the site. Photo by George Golden, Smithsonian Office of Physical Plant

March 2002

April 2002

May 2002

Table 4-1	Historic and Prehistoric Archeological Resources in the Vicinity of the Proposed NASM Project Area
Table 7-1	Summary of Artifact Recovered from Phase I Survey
Table 8-1	Summary of Artifacts Recovered from Eight Phase II Units, Pump Site
Table 9-1	Summary and Recommendations for Sites Investigated by Phase I and Phase II Fieldwork for NASM Dulles Center

TABLE 1: Archeological Sites Investigated for the NASM Dulles Center Project
Site Name	Site Number	Parcel and Location	Site Date and Type	Representative Artifacts	Recommendation
Prehistoric Site 691	44FX691	SE Central Parcel, along Cain Branch	Prehistoric lithic scatter	1 Quartz flake	Not significant, disturbed, limited resources
Prehistoric Site 692	44FX692	S Central Parcel, along Cain Branch	Prehistoric lithic scatter	1 Quartz flake 1 Chert flake 1 Quartz scraper	Not significant, disturbed, limited resources
Prehistoric Site 693	44FX693	SW Central Parcel, along Cain Branch	Prehistoric lithic scatter	2 Quartz flakes 1 Chalcedony flake 1 Quartzite scraper shell	Not significant, limited resources
Prehistoric Site 694	44FX694	S Central Parcel, along Cain Branch	Prehistoric lithic scatter	2 Quartz flakes	Not significant, disturbed, limited resources
Leeton	44FX2256	Center of the eastern boundary of the Central Parcel	Early 19th century through 1960, domestic and farm complex, remains of 11 structures	Brick, cut and wire nails, whiteware, redware, pearlware, glass, plastic	Not significant, recorded in written doc. and lacks integrity
Historic Site A	44FX2258	NE corner of the Central Parcel	Early to mid-20th century, domestic, field-stone well, surface artifacts, garden	Brick, porcelain, bottle and window glass, wire and cut nails, hard white earthenware	Not significant, recent date
Pump Site	44FX2257	SW corner of the West Cloverleaf in the East Parcel	Late 18th to mid-19th century, with early 20th century and prehistoric components, domestic, possible tenant farm, Late 19th century pump	Whiteware, pearlware, creamware, stoneware, kaolin pipe fragment, bottle and window glass, iron fragments, wrought, cut and wire nails, quartz flakes	Phase II investigations indicate site has been heavily disturbed by plowing and associated erosion. Not significant
Historic Site B	44FX2259	Southern terminus of the North Taxiway, Alternative A in the North Parcel	Primarily late 19th to mid- 20th century, possible 18th or early 19th century, domestic, field-stone well, square depression	Blown, molded and machine-made bottles, whiteware, glasses, mason jars, metal tub, bed spring	Potentially significant, Avoided as a result of project design changes

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 THE PROJECT

The Smithsonian Institution (the Smithsonian) proposes to construct the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) Dulles Center at Washington Dulles International Airport, in the extreme western portion of Fairfax County, Virginia (Figure 1-1). The NASM facility will house, restore and exhibit artifacts representing air and space travel. NASM Dulles Center (the Center) will include an aircraft storage and exhibit building, a spacecraft storage and exhibit building, a collection storage and archival storage building, a restoration facility, educational facilities, a large-format theater, food service, and gift shops. The Center will serve an estimated 3.2 million visitors each year, many of them from the Washington-Baltimore region. The main features of the proposed facility are shown in Figure 1-2.

The Smithsonian has retained the services of Helmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum (HOK) to design the proposed facility; HOK had previously designed the NASM main facility in Washington, D.C. Dames & Moore (D&M) is sub-contractor to HOK in the areas of natural and cultural resources, supporting the Smithsonian's studies and documentation consistent with the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). Cultural resources documentation for the project, or undertaking, includes this report of Phase I archeological identification and Phase II archeological evaluation in the area of the proposed site of the Center, which addresses the requirements of NHPA Section 106.

Figure 1-1. Location of NASM Dulles Center in Virginia

Figure 1-2. Proposed Construction Map

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA

The project is located on an approximately 200-acre tract of land lying within and adjacent to the Washington Dulles International Airport in Fairfax County, Virginia. Figure 1-3 shows the location of the project area on the Herndon, Virginia, USGS Quadrangle map. It is south of the airport's main terminal building and adjacent facilities. The area is mainly wooded with a less than 30-year-old growth of deciduous and coniferous trees. Parts of the project adjacent to Runway 36 Right include grassy fields. The project area is traversed by gravel access roads and an asphalt and concrete curbed roadway.

1.3 REPORT ORGANIZATION

This report of Phase I and Phase II archeological investigations conforms to the Commonwealth of Virginia's guidelines for archeological reporting (1987, 1991).

Figure 1-3. Location of NASM Project Area on Herndon USGS Quad