© Housing Assistance Council, June 1996

Permission is granted ONLY to nonprofit community-based organizations to reproduce and/or adapt this document, and only for their own use.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Introduction

1. Case Studies
   Lac du Flambeau Tribe -- Firstar Bank-Minocqua (Wisconsin)
   Washington Mutual Savings Bank - Northwest
   Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin -- Associated Bank (Wisconsin)

2. Other Approaches

3. Barriers

4. Conclusions

5. Glossary

6. Footnotes

This paper was prepared by Susan Peck at HAC. Many people contributed considerable interview time either in person or by telephone, including the following: Lac du Flambeau Tribe/Firstar Bank - Minocqua case study - Roxanne Poupart, Fern St. Germaine, Irene Messinger; Washington Mutual case study - Barb Scott Hancock, Jill Jones; Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin/Associated Bank (Green Bay) - Chris Doxtator, Phyllis Johnson, Bernice Elm, Loretta Skyler, Linda Hosking, John Kroner. Craig Dougall and Kathleen Britton, Sound Development Association (WA), Judy Chaney Daley, Federal Home Loan Bank, Seattle, Tom Lattimore, LISC, Terry Snyder, Centennial Bank, Ken Goosens and Robert Cheadle, Fannie Mae, Jerry Leslie, HUD ONAP, Seattle, Mark Ramsey, 184 Processing Center, James Berg of the Navajo Nation, and Alan Stoddard, Zions Mortgage Co., all provided important information and insights. I'd also like to thank Cheryl Red Bear, Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, Tonya White Mountain, Standing Rock Housing Authority, Jolene Spang and Reginald Killsnight Sr., Northern Cheyenne Tribe, and Dani Not Help Him, The Lakota Fund (Oglala Sioux Tribe) for the extraordinary work they have performed in helping to make the Rural Housing Service (RHS) programs a reality in Indian Country.

The Housing Assistance Council (HAC), founded in 1971, is a nonprofit corporation that supports the development of housing for rural, low-income people nationwide. HAC provides technical housing services, seed money loans, housing program and policy analysis, research and demonstration projects, and training and information services to public, nonprofit and private organizations. HAC wrote this document during fiscal year 1995. The Department of Housing and Urban Development funded the work performed under Cooperative Agreement H-5971 CA. Ms. Ndeye Jackson served as the Government Technical Representative (GTR) for this Cooperative Agreement. The accuracy of the statements contained in this report is the responsibility of HAC. These statements do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

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