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Dividends From Wood Research

Recent Publications From July - December 2003

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Explanation and Instructions

"Dividends From Wood Research" is a semiannual listing of recent publications resulting from wood utilization research at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). These publications are produced to encourage and facilitate application of Forest Service research. This issue lists publications received between July 1 and December 31, 2005.

Each publication listed in this brochure is available through at least one of the following sources.

Available from FPL (indicated by an order number before the title of the publication): Quantities limited. Order by sending the item number and your complete mailing address.

Available through Internet: Listed publications are available as PDF documents for viewing or printing through links provided in this document.

Available through sales outlets: Major sales outlets are the Superintendent of Documents, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and various private publishers. Order directly from the outlet.

Available through libraries: Research publications are available through many public and university libraries in the United States and elsewhere. U.S. Government publications are also available through many Government Depository Libraries. Check with a major library near you to determine availability.

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Biodiversity and Biosystematics of Fungi

Decay Processes and Bioprocessing

Durability

General

  • Developing and Commercializing Sustainable New Wood Products--A Process for Identifying Viable Products (PDF 1.2 MB) Enk, Gordon A.; Hart, Stuart I., eds. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-136. 46 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr136.pdf

    • A process was designed to evaluate the sustainability and potential marketability of US Forest Service patented technologies. The process was designed and tested jointly by the University of North Carolina, the University of Michigan, Partners for Strategic Change, and the US Forest Service. Two technologies were evaluated: a fiber-based product and a wood fiber/fiberglass composite technology. The results indicate several different ways in which the technologies might be exploited to produce new commercial products for both domestic and international markets, through licensing of the patents and other agency/industry partnerships. The report represents the initial effort by the Forest Service to work in partnership with business schools to evaluate the commercial potential of patented agency technologies and locate potential licensees and cooperators interested in utilizing the technologies. The Forest Service will seek additional cooperative ventures with university business schools to develop business plans for other patented, but as yet unlicensed, technologies as the next step in the process of commercializing these technologies.

  • Pest Risk Assessment of the Importation Into the United States of Unprocessed Logs and Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species From Australia (PDF 1.7 MB) Kliejunas, John T.; Burdsall, Harold H., Jr.; DeNitto, Gregg A.; Eglitis, Andris; Haugen, Dennis A.; Harverty, Michael I.; Micales, Jessie A.; Tkacz, Borys M.; Powell, Mark R. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-137. 206 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr137.pdf

    • The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unprocessed logs and chips of 18 species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. cloeziana, E. delegatensis, E. diversicolor, E. dunnii, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. obliqua, E. ovata, E. pilularis, E. regnans, E. saligna, E. sieberi, E. viminalis, Corymbia calophylla, C. citriodora, and C. maculata) from Australia into the United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and consequences of introduction of representative insects and pathogens of concern. Twenty-two individual pest risk assessments were prepared, fifteen dealing with insects and seven with pathogens. The selected organisms were representative examples of insects and pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the wood of eucalypts.

Papermaking and Paper Recycling

Properties and Use of Wood, Composites, and Fiber Products

  • 3D Engineered Fiberboard: Engineering Analysis of a New Building Product (PDF 222 KB) Hunt, John F.; Winandy, Jerrold E. 2003. In: Proceedings, EcoComp 2003; 2003 September 1-2; London, England: Queen Mary, University of London. Proc. Pap. 8.02: 8 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/hunt03a.pdf
  • Lam I-Joists: A New Structural Building Product From Small-Daimeter, Fire-Prone Timber (PDF 1.5 MB) Hunt, John F.; Winandy, Jerrold E. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note . Rep. FPL-RN-0291. 5 p. The goal of our research is to promote healthy and sustainable forests by developing value-added uses for curved and small-diameter trees. In typical North American logging or thinning operations, much of this low-value timber is felled and left on the ground, chipped, or burned because most mills are not equipped to handle it. By understanding the fundamental processing requirements for and the mechanical properties of curved and small-diameter material, we can gain insight into possible options for using this resource. Through cooperative efforts with industry, universities, and government institutions, we are working to use innovative technologies to investigate the potential for using an additional 8.5 to 17 million board feet per year of fire-prone "woody" fuel per forest unit for value-added products. In the study reported here, research was focused on processing small-diameter curved and cull timber into dimensional 2 by 4 studs and then converting that material into a value-added laminated I-beam, called LamLumber. This report describes research to date on processing needs and basic research being conducted on small-diameter timber. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn291.pdf
  • Confidence Intervals for Predicting Lumber Strength Properties Based on Ratios of Percentiles From Two Weibull Populations (PDF 750 KB) Johnson, Richard A.; Evans, James W.; Green, David W. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-606. 8 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp606.pdf

    • Ratios of strength properties of lumber are commonly used to calculate property values for standards. Although originally proposed in terms of means, ratios are being applied without regard to position in the distribution. It is now known that lumber strength properties are generally not normally distributed. Therefore, nonparametric methods are often used to derive property values. In some situations, estimating properties based on a parametric estimate is required. For these situations, the three-parameter Weibull distribution looks promising. To use this approach, procedures for estimating confidence intervals for ratios of percentiles from two Weibull populations are needed. In this study, we employed the large sample properties of maximum likelihood estimators to obtain a confidence interval for the ratio of 100th percentiles from two different three-parameter Weibull distributions. The coverage probabilities were investigated by a computer simulation study. We concluded that the procedure has considerable promise, but many questions remain to be answered.

  • Field Performance Testing of Improved Engineered Wood Fiber Surfaces for Accessible Playground Areas (PDF 2.7 MB) Laufenberg, Theodore L.; Winandy, Jerrold E. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-138. 10 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr138.pdf

    • Some engineered wood fiber (EWF) surfaces on playgrounds are soft and uneven, which creates difficulties for those who use mobility aids, such as wheelchairs and walkers. The outdoor field testing reported in this study is part of an effort to stabilize EWF to improve accessibility. The concept is to mix a binder with the upper surface of EWF to create a stiff (firm) and scuff-resistant (stable) composite overlayer. Latex, silicone, and polyurethane binders were evaluated on small plots during a 6-month outdoor trial in Wisconsin. Tests were performed at regular intervals to provide a quantitative measure of accessibility. After 6 months of exposure, all the surfaces passed the existing specifications for impact attenuation of playground surfaces. Exposure changed impact performance of all systems except the unsurfaced (without an additive) EWF. The latex and polyurethane stabilizers consistently met accessibility requirements. One polyurethane formulation produced a hard brittle shell that became even harder with exposure and age, which might increase the injury rate for falls on that surface. The silicone system failed to maintain integrity adequately during the rain/dry cycles of the test. Moisture measurements indicate that the bonded surfaces retard drying of the underlying EWF, which may have long-term implications for the rate of decay for these systems.

  • Moisture Diffusion Through a Corrugated Fiberboard Under Compressive Loading: Its Deformation and Stiffness Response (PDF 95 KB) Rahman, Adeeb A.; Urbanik, Thomas J.; Mahamid, Mustafa. 2002. In: Proceedings, 2002 Progress in paper physics seminar; 2002 September 8-13; Syracuse, NY. Rochester, NY: Rochester Institute of Technology: 85-88. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/rahma02a.pdf
  • Comparison of Postbuckling Model and Finite Element Model With Compression Strength of Corrugated Boxes (PDF 110 KB) Urbanik, Thomas J.; Saliklis, Edmond P. 2002. In: Proceedings, 2002 Progress in paper physics seminar; 2002 September 8-13; Syracuse, NY. Rochester, NY: Rochester Institute of Technology: 4 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/urban02b.pdf
  • Finite Element Corroboration of Buckling Phenomena Observed in Corrugated Boxes (PDF 237 KB) Urbanik, Thomas J.; Saliklis, Edmond P. 2003. Wood Fiber Sci. 35(3): 322-333. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/urban03a.pdf
  • Creosote Retention Levels of Timber Highway Bridge Superstructures in Michigan's Lower Peninsula (PDF 2.0 MB) Wacker, James P.; Crawford, Douglas M.; Eriksson, Merv O. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note. FPL-RN-0289. 17 p. Environmental concerns about preservative bleeding (or migrating) from timber bridges have increased in recent years. This preliminary study examined the creosote retention levels at six timber highway bridges in Michigan's lower peninsula during the summer of 2000. Several test core samples were removed from the bridge superstructures (four bleeders and two controls) and were evaluated for creosote content in the laboratory. Results from three of the four bleeder bridges indicated high creosote retention levels between 36 and 52 lb/ft3 (576.7 and 833 kg/m3) after several years in service. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn289.pdf
  • Flexural Properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber Manufactured From Ultrasonically Rated Red Maple Veneer--A Pilot Study (PDF 651 KB) Wang, Xiping; Ross, Robert J.; Brashaw, Brian K.; Verhey, Steven A.; Forsman, John W.; Erickson, John R. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0288. 5 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn288.pdf

    • The study described in this report was conducted to examine the flexural properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) manufactured from red maple veneer. Ultrasonically rated veneer, which was peeled from low value red maple sawlogs, was fabricated into 1/2-in.- (1.3-cm-) and 2-in.- (5-cm-) thick LVL billets. The flexural properties of the billets and of corresponding small specimens cut from the billets were determined through flatwise and edgewise static bending tests. Ultrasonic wave propagation time and corresponding dynamic modulus of elasticity of red maple veneer were found to be well correlated to strength and stiffness of LVL billets. The edgewise bending modulus of elasticity of the 2-in.- (5-cm-) thick LVL showed a positive relationship to the veneer layup pattern in terms of ultrasonic rating of veneer. The results of this preliminary study demonstrate that veneer peeled from low value red maple sawlogs may be used to manufacture high quality LVL products. The structural performance of red maple LVL billets might be improved through ultrasonic rating of individual veneer sheets.

  • Potential of Chicken Feather Fibre in Wood MDF Composites (PDF 141 KB) Winandy, Jerrold E.; Muehl, James H.; Micales, Jessie A.; Raina Ashok; Schmidt, Walter 2003. In: Proceedings, EcoComp 2003; 2003 September 1-2; London, England: Queen Mary, University of London. Proc. Pap. P.20: 6 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/winan03d.pdf

Surface Chemistry

Timber and Fiber Demand and Technology Assessment

  • FPL-PELPS: A Price Endogenous Linear Programming System for Economic Modeling, Supplement to PELPS III, Version 1.1 (PDF 811 KB) Lebow, Patricia K.; Spelter, Henry; Ince, Peter J. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-614. 32 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp614.pdf

    • This report provides documentation and user information for FPL-PELPS, a personal computer price endogenous linear programming system for economic modeling. Originally developed to model the North American pulp and paper industry, FPL-PELPS follows its predecessors in allowing the modeling of any appropriate sector to predict consumption, production and capacity by technology, and trade within or among several regions or countries. The theoretical structure is that of spatial equilibrium modeling under competitive market assumptions. This report contains a mathematical description of the system, including its extensions from previous versions, and a detailed user's guide with an application of FPL-PELPS.

  • Structural Wood Products in Onshore Buildings at Naval Station Norfolk, 2000 (PDF 2.8 MB) McKeever, David B. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-140. 30 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr140.pdf

    • As of December 31, 2000, there were 603 buildings at Naval Station (NAVSTA) Norfolk with a combined floor area of nearly 17.3 million ft2. In one-third of these buildings, structural wood products were used in one or more major structural building applications, utilizing an estimated 11.6 million board feet of lumber, 0.4 million ft2 (3/8-in. basis) of structural panels, and 0.1 million ft2 (3/8-in. basis) of fiberboard. Wood buildings, on average, were about 40% smaller than their nonwood counterparts. They were also older. Half of all the buildings and three-fourths of all wood buildings pre-date 1950. The role of wood has greatly diminished at NAVSTA Norfolk over the past 50 years.

  • Urban Tree and Woody Yard Residues-Another Wood Resource (PDF 2.0 MB) McKeever, David B.; Skog, Kenneth E. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note. FPL-RN-0290. 4 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn290.pdf

    • Urban tree and woody yard residues are an important component of the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream in the United States. In 2000, approximately 14.5 million tons of urban tree and woody yard residues was generated, nearly 7% of total MSW. Some woody residues are being recovered for recycling, composting, or other uses, but a large proportion is simply discarded. In total, urban tree and woody yard residues form a resource about as large or larger than the current timber harvest from National Forests. Materials from each of these two sources have distinctly different properties and, in general, are not interchangeable. Urban tree and woody yard residues are typically suited for low value products such as mulch, while National Forest timber is suited for high value solid wood and pulp products. In 2000, just over 12 million tons of timber was harvested from National Forests, compared to 14.5 million tons of urban tree and woody yard residues generated.

  • Pulp Capacity in the United States, 2000 (PDF 3.1 MB) Smith, Brett R.; Rice Robert W.; Ince, Peter J. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-139. 23 p. Production capacities of all woodpulp mills in the United States are identified by location, ownership, and process type. For each mill, production capacity is reported for the year 2000 by process type; total mill capacities are also reported for 1961, 1965, 1979, 1974, and 1983. In addition, the report summarizes the recent history and current status of woodpulp production capacity in the United States. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr139.pdf

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