MUT

The MUT gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) mutase. This enzyme is active in mitochondria, which are specialized structures inside cells that serve as energy-producing centers.

Methylmalonyl CoA mutase is responsible for a particular step in the breakdown of several protein building blocks (amino acids), specifically isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and valine. The enzyme also helps break down certain types of fats (lipids) and cholesterol. First, several chemical reactions convert the amino acids, lipids, or cholesterol to a molecule called methylmalonyl CoA. Then, working with another compound (a derivative of vitamin B12 called adenosylcobalamin or AdoCbl), methylmalonyl CoA mutase converts methylmalonyl CoA to a compound called succinyl CoA. Other enzymes break down succinyl CoA into molecules that are later used for energy.

methylmalonic acidemia - caused by mutations in the MUT gene

More than 150 mutations in the MUT gene have been identified in people with methylmalonic acidemia. These genetic changes prevent the production of functional methylmalonyl CoA mutase or reduce the activity of the enzyme. As a result, certain proteins and lipids are not broken down properly. This defect allows methylmalonyl CoA and other potentially toxic compounds to build up in the body's organs and tissues, causing the signs and symptoms of methylmalonic acidemia.

Mutations that prevent the production of any functional methylmalonyl CoA mutase lead to a form of methylmalonic acidemia designated mut⁰. Mut⁰ is the most severe form of this disorder and has the poorest outcome. Mutations that alter the structure of the enzyme but do not completely eliminate its activity lead to a form of the condition designated mut^-. The mut^- form is typically less severe, with more variable symptoms than the mut⁰ form.