Acknowledgements

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

Executive Summary

Part One:
What Is Oral Health?

Part Two:
What Is the Status of Oral Health in America?

Part Three:
What Is the Relationship Between Oral Health and General Health and Well-being?

Part Four:
How Is Oral Health Promoted and Maintained and How Are Oral Diseases Prevented?

Part Five:
What Are the Needs and Opportunities to Enhance Oral Health?

This report was prepared by the Department of Health and Human Services under the direction of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research.

Ruth L. Kirschstein MD
Acting Director, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Harold C. Slavkin DDS
Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

David Satcher MD, PhD
Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of the Secretary, Washington, DC

Nicole Lurie MD, MSPH
Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of the Secretary, Washington, DC

Beverly L. Malone PhD, RN, FAAN
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of the Secretary, Washington, DC

Arthur Lawrence PhD
Assistant Surgeon General, USPHS, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health (Operations), Office of Public Health and Science, Office of the Secretary, Washington, DC

Kenneth Moritsugu MD, MPH
Deputy Surgeon General, USPHS, Office of the Surgeon General, Office of the Secretary, Washington, DC

Allan S. Noonan MD, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Office of the Surgeon General, Office of the Secretary, Washington, DC

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PROJECT TEAM

Caswell A. Evans DDS, MPH
Project Director and Executive Editor
Assistant Director, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA

Dushanka V. Kleinman DDS, MScD
Co-Executive Editor Assistant Surgeon General, USPHS
Deputy Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

William R. Maas DDS, MPH, MS
Assistant Surgeon General, Chief Dental Officer, USPHS
Director, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Joan S. Wilentz MA
Science Writer and Editor, Bethesda, MD

Roseanne Price ELS
Editor, Silver Spring, MD

Marla Fogelman
Editor, Silver Spring, MD

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CONTRIBUTORS

Margo Adesanya DDS
Staff Scientist, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Alfredo Aguirre DDS, MS
Director and Associate Professor, Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY

*Ronald Andersen PhD, MA
Wasserman Professor of Health Services and Professor of Sociology, University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA

Jay R. Anderson DMD, MHSA
Chief Dental Officer, Division of Community and Migrant Health, Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS, Rockville, MD

Kenneth J. Anusavice PhD, DMD
Associate Dean for Research, Chair, Department of Dental Biomaterials, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL

*Kathryn A. Atchison DDS, MPH
Professor and Associate Dean for Research, University of California Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA

James Bader DDS, MPH
Professor, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC

Charles Bertolami DDS, D.Med.Sc.
Dean, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA

Aljernon Bolden DMD, MPH
Director, Community Health Programs and Co-Director, Division of Dental Public Health, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

L. Jackson Brown DDS, PhD
Associate Executive Director, American Dental Association, Chicago, IL

Janet A. Brunelle MS
Statistician (retired), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Brian A. Burt BDS, MPH, PhD
Professor of Dental Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI

Nita Chainani-Wu DMD, MPH
University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA

David W. Chen MD, MPH
Commander, USPHS, Deputy Director, Division of Associated, Dental, and Public Health Professions, Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS, Rockville, MD

Joseph Ciardi PhD
Consultant, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Betty DeBerry-Summer DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Chief Dental Officer, Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Teresa A. Dolan DDS, MPH
Professor and Associate Dean, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL

*Chester W. Douglass DMD, PhD
Professor and Chair, Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

M. Ann Drum DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Acting Director, Division of Research, Education and Training, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS, Rockville, MD

Thomas F. Drury PhD
Senior Scientist, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Burton L. Edelstein DDS, MPH
Director, Children’s Dental Health Project, American Academy of Pediatrics, Washington, DC

Frederick C. Eichmiller DDS
Director, Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Health Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

Mary P. Faine MS, RD, CD
Associate Professor and Director of Nutrition Education, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA

Denise J. Fedele DMD, MS
Chief Professional Development and Research in Dental Care Clinical Research, Veterans Administration Medical Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Perrypoint, MD

Christopher H. Fox DMD, DMSc
Director of Professional Relations, Europe, Colgate-Palmolive Co., New Jersey

Philip C. Fox DDS
Director, Research and Development Affiliation, Amarillo Biosciences, Inc., Amarillo, TX

Lawrence J. Furman DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Head, Department of Health Services, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, NY

Isabel Garcia DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Special Assistant for Science Transfer, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

*Robert J. Genco DDS, PhD
Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY

Gretchen Gibson DDS, MPH
Director, Special Care Dental Clinics, Veterans Administration North Texas Healthcare Systems, Department of Veterans Affairs, Dallas, TX

Sharon M. Gordon DDS, MPH
Director, Office of Education, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Catherine Hayes DMD, DMSc
Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

Alice M. Horowitz PhD
Senior Scientist, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Herschel Horowitz DDS, MPH
Consultant, Dental Research and Public Health, Bethesda, MD

Jeffrey Hyman DDS, PhD
Epidemiologist, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Amid I. Ismail BDS, MPH, DrPH
Professor, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI

*Marjorie Jeffcoat DMD
Rosen Professor and Chair, Department of Periodontics, University of Alabama School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL

Candace Jones RDH, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Director, Dental Diseases Prevention Program, Indian Health Service, DHHS, Rockville, MD

David Jones DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS (retired), Rockville, MD

Judith A. Jones DDS, MPH
Senior Research Associate, Veterans Administration Center for Health Quality, Outcomes and Economic Research, Department of Veterans Affairs and, Associate Professor, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Bedford, MA

Kaumudi J. Joshipura BDS, DSc
Assistant Professor, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

Linda M. Kaste DDS, PhD
Associate Professor and Division Director, Division of Dental Public Health and Oral Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, SC

William Kohn DDS, MS
Captain, USPHS, Associate Director for Science, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Mary Sue Lancaster RN, MA
Health Education Specialist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Linda LeResche ScD
Research Professor, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA

James Lipton DDS, PhD
Captain, USPHS, Assistant Director for Training and Career Development, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Reginald Louie DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Regional Dental Consultant, Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS, San Francisco, CA

*Irwin D. Mandel DDS
Professor Emeritus, Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery, New York, NY

Stephen E. Marcus PhD
Epidemiologist, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Frank Martin DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Assistant Chief, Dental Services Branch (retired), Indian Health Service, DHHS, Rockville, MD

Wendy E. Mouradian MD
Director, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Departments of Pediatrics, Pediatric Dentistry, Medical History and Ethics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

*Linda Niessen DMD, MPH, MPP
Professor, Baylor University College of Dentistry and Vice President, DENTSPLY International, York, PA

Ruth E. Nowjack-Raymer RDH, MPH
Public Health Researcher, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Steven Offenbacher DDS, PhD, MMSc
Professor and Director, Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC

H. Whitney Payne, Jr. DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Chief of Dental Services, Federal Correctional Institution, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Department of Justice, Seogoville, TX

Edward Peters DMD
Instructor in Oral Health and Epidemiology, Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

Douglas E. Peterson DMD, PhD
Professor and Head, Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT

Maryann Redford DDS, MPH
Health Scientist Administrator, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

*Susan Reisine PhD
Professor, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Hartford, CT

John Rossetti DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Chief Dental Officer, Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS, Rockville, MD

*R. Gary Rozier DDS, MPH
Professor, Department of Health Policy Administration, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC

Susan Runner DDS, MA
Captain, USPHS, Branch Chief Dental Devices, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD

John S. Rutkauskas DDS, MS
Executive Director, American Association of Pediatric Dentistry, Chicago, IL

Margaret Scarlett DMD
Captain, USPHS, Office of the Secretary, Office of Public Health and Science, DHHS, Washington, DC

Don Schneider DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Chief Dental Officer, Health Care Financing Administration, Center for Medicaid and State Operations, DHHS, Baltimore, MD

Stephen T. Schultz DDS, MS, MPH
Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Robert H. Selwitz DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Senior Dental Epidemiologist, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Gerald Shklar DDS, MS
Charles A. Brackett Professor of Oral Pathology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

Charles Shuler DMD, PhD
Director, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, George and Mary Lou Boone Professor of Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA

Gary Slade BDSc, DDPH, PhD
Assistant Professor, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC

Ronald P. Strauss DMD, PhD
Professor, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC

Lawrence Tabak DDS, PhD
Senior Associate Dean for Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY

George W. Taylor DMD, DrPH
Assistant Professor of Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI

Amardeep Singh Thind MD, PhD
Assistant Professor, University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA

Scott L. Tomar DMD, DrPH
Epidemiologist/Dental Officer, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Benedict I. Truman MD, MPH
Senior Scientist and Epidemiology Program Officer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

William Wathen DMD
Associate Dean, Center for Professional Development, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX

*Jane A. Weintraub DDS, MPH
Lee Hysan Professor and Chair, Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA

*B. Alex White DDS, DrPH
Assistant Program Director, Economic, Social, and Health Services Research, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR

Deborah Winn PhD
Senior Investigator, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Athanasios I. Zavras DMD, MS, DMSc
Assistant Professor, Department of Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

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SENIOR REVIEWERS 

Clifton Dummett Sr. DDS
Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA

Helen C. Rodriguez-Trias MD, FAAP
Past-President, American Public Health Association, Brookdale, CA

John Stamm DDS, DDPH, MScD
Dean, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC

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REVIEWERS 

Michael C. Alfano DMD, PhD
Dean, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY

Myron Allukian Jr. DDS, MPH
Director, Oral Health, Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA

Alexia Antczak-Bouckoms DMD, ScD, MPH, MS
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Medford, MA

Howard L. Bailit DMD, PhD
Health Policy and Primary Care Research Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT

David Barmes BDSc, DDSc, MPH
Special Expert for International Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Bruce J. Baum DMD, PhD
Chief of Gene Therapy and Therapeutic Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Stephen C. Bayne MS, PhD
Professor, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC

James D. Beck PhD
Kenan Professor, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC

Eugenio Beltran DMD, MPH, MS, BrPH
Senior Research Fellow, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Henning Birkedal-Hansen DDS, PhD
Scientific Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Karina Boehm MPH
Chief, Health Promotion Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

William H. Bowen BDS, PhD
Welscher Professor of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY

Norman S. Braveman PhD
Associate Director for Clinical, Behavioral and Health Promotion Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Bruce B. Brehm DMD, MPH
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army, Tri-Service Center for Oral Health Studies, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Defense, Bethesda, MD

Patricia S. Bryant PhD
Director, Behavioral and Health Promotion Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Maria Teresa Canto MS, DDS, MPH
Public Health Research Specialist, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Eli Capilouto DMD, MPH, ScD
Dean, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL

Victoria A. Cargill MD, MSCE
Medical Officer, Office of AIDS Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

D. Walter Cohen DDS
Chancellor Emeritus, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Hahneman University, Philadelphia, PA

Lois K. Cohen PhD
Director, Office of International Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Robert J. Collins DMD, MPH
Deputy Executive Director, International and American Associations for Dental Research, Alexandria, VA

Stephen B. Corbin DDS, MPH
Director of Health and Research Initiatives, Special Olympics, Inc., Washington, DC

James G. Corrigan PhD
Evaluation Officer, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

James J. Crall DDS, ScD
Chairman, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT

Ananda P. Dasanayake BDS, MPH, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Oral Biology University of Alabama School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL

Dominick P. DePaola DDS, PhD
President and CEO, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA

Richard D’Eustachio DDS
Private Practice, Cherry Hill, NJ

Ray Dionne DDS, PhD
Captain, USPHS, Clinical Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Marylin Dodd RN, PhD
Professor, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, CA

Scott Dubowsky DMD, FAGD
Private Practice, Bayonne, NJ

Robert Dumbaugh DDS, MPH
Dental Executive Director, Palm Beach County Health Department, Palm Beach, FL

Joel Epstein DMD, MSD
Research Associate Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA

Ronald Ettinger BDS, MDS, DDSc
Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA

Raymond Fonseca DMD
Dean, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

Allan J. Formicola DDS
Dean, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY

Jane L. Forrest Ed.D., RDH
Assistant Dean, Dental Hygiene Research and Instructional Technology, Director, National Center for Dental Hygiene Research, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA

Robert T. Frame DMD, MS, CHE
Assistant Under Secretary for Health for Dentistry, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC

Raul I. Garcia DMD
Professor and Chair, Department of Health Policy, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

Jay Alan Gershen DDS, PhD
Executive Vice Chancellor, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO

Michael Glick DMD
Professor of Oral Medicine, Director, Programs for Medically Complex Patients, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

Barbara F. Gooch DMD, MPH
Dental Officer, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

John Greene DMD, MPH
Dean Emeritus, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Rafael, CA

Deborah Greenspan BDS, DSc, ScD (hc), FDSRCS Ed (hon)
Professor of Clinical Oral Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA

John S. Greenspan BSc, BDS, PhD, FRCPath
Professor and Chair, Department of Stomatology, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA

Robert O. Greer DDS, ScD
Professor of Pathology and Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Denver, CO

David Grembowski PhD
Professor of Health Services and Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Ellen R. Gritz PhD
Professor and Chair, Department of Behavioral Science, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX

Kenneth A. Gruber PhD
Chief, Chronic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Kevin Hardwick DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, International Health Officer, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Hazel J. Harper DDS, MPH
Private Practice, Washington, DC

John Hauth MD
Professor, Interim Chairman and Director, Center for Research in Women’s Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL

Maxine Hayes MD, MPH
Assistant Secretary, Community and Family Health, Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA

Marc W. Heft DMD, PhD
Professor and Director of the Claude Pepper Center, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL

Joseph Henry DDS, PhD, ScD
Dean Emeritus, Howard University College of Dentistry and Professor, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

Mark C. Herzberg DDS, PhD
Professor, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN

Alan R. Hinman MD, MPH
Senior Consultant for Public Health Programs, Taskforce for Child Survival and Development, Decatur, GA

Cynthia Hodge DMD, MPH
Private Practice, Nashville, TN

Dorthe Holst DDS, MPH
Professor, Department of Community Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

John P. Howe III MD
President, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX

David Johnsen DDS, MS
Dean and Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA

Ralph Katz DMD, PhD
Professor, Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT

H. Asuman Kiyak MA, PhD
Director, Institute on Aging, and Professor, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA

Kenneth S. Kornman DDS, PhD
Chief Scientific Officer, Interleukin Genetics, Inc., San Antonio, TX

Eleni Kousvelari DDS, DSc
Health Scientist Administrator, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Jayanth V. Kumar DDS, MPH
Assistant Director, Bureau of Dental Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY

Raymond Kuthy DDS, MPH
Professor and Chair, Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA

Ira Lamster DDS, MMSc
Professor and Vice Dean, Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery, New York, NY

Philip R. Lee MA, MD
Professor Emeritus of Social Medicine and Senior Advisor, Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA

Racquel Z. LeGeros BS, MS, PhD
Professor, Department of Dental Materials Science and Director, Research Center for Minority Oral Health, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY

David Locker BDS, PhD
Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Stuart Lockwood DDS, MPH
Dental Officer/Epidemiologist, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Harold Löe DDS
Director Emeritus, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Florida and Norway

G.M. Nana Lopez DDS, MPH
Dental Program Manager, City of Austin, Austin, TX

Mark D. Macek DDS, PhD, MPH
Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Health Care and Delivery, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD

Dolores M. Malvitz DrPH
Chief, Surveillance Investigations and Research Branch, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Dennis F. Mangan PhD
Chief, Infectious Disease and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Kathleen Mangskau RDH, MPA
Director, North Dakota Oral Health Program, North Dakota Department of Health, Bismarck, ND

Georgetta Manning-Cox DDS, MPH
Chairman, Community Dentistry and Associate Professor, Howard University College of Dentistry, Washington, DC

Don Marianos DDS, MPH
Consultant in Public Health, Pinetop, AZ

Gary C. Martin DDS, MPH
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force, Tri-Service Center for Oral Health Studies, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Defense, Bethesda, MD

Ricardo J. Martinez MD, MPH
Director, Division of Extramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Richard Mascola DDS
Private Practice, Jericho, NY

Carolyn Beth Mazzella RN
Assistant Surgeon General, USPHS, Office of the PHS Chief Nurse, Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS, Rockville, MD

Kim McFarland DDS, MS
Dental Health Director, State of Nebraska, Nebraska Department of Health, Lincoln, NE

J. Michael McGinnis MD
Senior Vice President and Director, Health Group, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ

Robert Mecklenburg DDS, MPH
Coordinator, Tobacco and Oral Health Initiatives for the Tobacco Control Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Roseann Mulligan DDS, MS
Professor and Chairman, Department of Dental Medicine and Public Health, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA

Juan M. Navia PhD
Professor Emeritus, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL

Edward O’Neil PhD, MPA
Professor, Dental Public Health and Hygiene, Director, Center for Health Professions, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

Roy C. Page DDS, PhD
Professor, Departments of Periodontics and Pathology, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

No-Hee Park DMD, PhD
Dean, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA

Steven Perlman DDS, MScD
Associate Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA

Poul Erik Petersen DDS, Dr Odont Sci, BA, MSc
Professor, University of Copenhagen, School of Dentistry, Copenhagen N, Denmark

Kathy Phipps RDH, DrPH
Associate Professor, Oregon Health Sciences University, Newport, OR

Scott Presson DDS, MPH
Captain, USPHS, Chief, Program Services Branch, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Francisco Ramos-Gomez DDS, MS, MPH
Associate Professor, Department of Growth and Development, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

E. Diane Rekow DDS, PhD
Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ

Michael Rethman DDS, MS
Colonel, U.S. Army, Chief of Periodontics, Tripler Dental Clinic, Honolulu, HI

S. Timothy Rose DDS, MS
Private Practice, Appleton, WI

Bruce Rothwell DMD, MSD
Associate Professor and Chairman, University of Washington, Restorative/Hospital Dentistry, Seattle, WA

Shirley B. Russell PhD
Professor and Chairperson, Department of Microbiology, Associate Dean for Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN

Ann L Sandberg PhD
Chief, Neoplastic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Charles Sanders DDS
Dean, Howard University College of Dentistry, Washington, DC

Michèle J. Saunders DMD, MS, MPH
Endowed Professor of Clinical Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX

Crispian Scully MD, PhD, MDS
Dean, Director of Studies and Research, International Centers for Excellence in Dentistry and Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College of London, London, England

Leslie W. Seldin DDS, PC
Private Practice, New York, NY

Aubrey Sheiham BDS, PhD, DHC
Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London Medical School, London, England

Cynthia Sherwood DDS
Private Practice, Independence, KS

Mark D. Siegal DDS, MPH
Chief, Bureau of Oral Health Services, Ohio Department of Health, Columbus, OH

Sol Silverman Jr. MA, DDS
Professor of Oral Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA

Susan F. Silverton MD, PhD
Assistant Professor and Enid Neidle Scholar, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

Jeanne Sinkford DDS, MS, PhD
Associate Executive Director, American Dental Education Association, Washington, DC

Judy A. Small PhD
Chief, Craniofacial Anomalies and Injuries Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Christian Stohler DMD, Dr.Med.Dent
William R. Mann Professor and Chair, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI

George Stookey PhD
Executive Associate Dean, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN

Michael Till DDS, PhD
Dean, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN

Richard Valachovic DMD, MPH
Executive Director, American Dental Education Association, Washington, DC

Clemencia M. Vargas DDS, MPH, PhD
Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD

Rueben Warren DDS, MPH, DrPH
Associate Administrator for Urban Affairs, The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Reginald Wells PhD
Deputy Commissioner, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Developmental Disabilities, DHHS, Washington, DC

Terrie Wetle PhD
Deputy Director, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

David A. Whiston DDS
Private Practice, Falls Church, VA

Ardell Wilson DDS, MPH
Bureau Chief, State of Connecticut Department of Public Health, Avon, CT

Kenneth M. Yamada MD, PhD
Branch Chief, Craniofacial Development Biology and Regeneration, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

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EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS

From The KEVRIC Company, Inc., Silver Spring, MD

Stephen Cheyney
Nichole Dulin
Veronica Johnson
Nerrolyn May
Tim Smith
Catherine Stone

Nita Congress, Consultant, Alexandria, VA

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GRAPHIC DESIGN

Pamela Reznick, Reznick Design, Washington, DC

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WEB DEVELOPMENT

Sean Enright, Web Developer and Programmer
Teresa Duberry, Graphic Designer
David Hefter, Information Technology

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PROJECT ASSISTANTS 

Anne Breitenbach
Maurice Champagne MA
Stephanie A. Dopson MSW, MPH
Katherine E. Krizek
Marco P. Maertens
Edith McAllister JD
Georgia A. McIntyre
Catherine McNish RDH, MHS

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FEDERAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE 

Lois Albarelli
Aging Services Program Specialist, Administration on Aging, DHHS, Washington, DC

Cheryl Austein-Casnoff MPH
Director, Public Health Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, DHHS, Washington, DC

William F. Benson
Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Aging (retired), Administration on Aging, DHHS, Washington, DC

Mohandas Bhat BDS, MDS, DrPH
Senior Science Advisor, Office of International Health Programs, U.S. Department of Energy, Germantown, MD

Donna Blum MS, RD
Nutritionist, Department of Agriculture, Alexandria, VA

Eric Bothwell DDS, MPH, PhD
Captain, USPHS, Assistant Chief, Dental Services Branch (retired), Indian Health Service, DHHS, Rockville, MD

C. Richard Buchanan DMD
Deputy Director for Dentistry, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC

Claude Earl Fox MD, MPH
Administrator, Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS, Rockville, MD

Patricia A. Grady PhD, RN, FAAN
Director, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD

Elizabeth Jacobson PhD
Deputy Director for Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, DHHS, Rockville, MD

Wanda K. Jones Dr. P.H.
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of Women’s Health, DHHS, Washington, DC

Lireka P. Joseph Dr. P.H.
Captain, USPHS, Director, Office of Health and Industry Programs, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, DHHS, Rockville, MD

Douglas B. Kamerow MD, MPH
Assistant Surgeon General, USPHS, Director, Center for Practice and Technology Assessment, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, DHHS, Rockville, MD

Mireille B. Kanda MD, MPH
Director of Health and Disability Services, Head Start Bureau, Agency for Children, Youth, and Families, DHHS, Washington, DC

Rod F. Kirk DDS
Captain, USPHS, Chief, Dental Program, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Department of Justice, Washington, DC

Kenneth W. Kizer MD, MPH
Under Secretary for Health (retired), Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC

William Kohn DDS
Captain, USPHS, Associate Director for Science, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Atlanta, GA

Thomas M. Leiendecker DDS, MPH
Commander, U.S. Navy, Assistant Professor, Tri-Service Center for Oral Health Studies, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Defense, Bethesda, MD

Lawrence McKinley DDS
Captain, U.S. Navy, Senior Consultant for Dentistry, Tricare Management Activity, Department of Defense, Falls Church, VA

Edward Sondik PhD
Director, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, Hyattsville, MD

Sue Swenson
Commissioner, Administration on Developmental Disabilities, Administration for Children and Families, DHHS, Washington, DC

Jeanette Takamura
Assistant Secretary for Aging, Administration on Aging, DHHS, Washington, DC

Ron J. Vogel
Acting Deputy Administrator of the Food and Nutrition Programs, Food and Nutrition Service, Department of Agriculture, Alexandria, VA

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* Indicates Coordinating Author