References
Aaron SD, Fergusson D, Dent R, Chen Y, Vandemheen KL, Dales RE. 2004. Effect of weight reduction on respiratory function and airway reactivity in obese women. Chest 125:2046-2052.
Allmers H, Schmengler J, Skudlik C. 2002. Primary prevention of natural rubber latex allergy in the German health care system through education and intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110:318-323.
American Thoracic Society. 2004. Guidelines for assessing and managing asthma risk at work, school, and recreation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:873-881.
Arif AA, Delclos GL, Lee ES, Tortolero SR, Whitehead LW. 2003a. Prevalence and risk factors of asthma and wheezing among US adults: an analysis of the NHANES III data. Eur Respir J 21:827-833.
Arif AA, Delclos GL, Whitehead LW, Tortolero SR, Lee ES. 2003b. Occupational exposures associated with work-related asthma and work-related wheezing among U.S. workers. Am J Ind Med 44:368-376.
Ball TM, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Griffith KA, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Wright AL. 2000. Siblings, day-care attendance, and the risk of asthma and wheezing during childhood. N Engl J Med 343:538-543.
Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P, Henneberger P, Kreiss K, Mapp C, et al. 2003. American Thoracic Society statement: occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:787-797.
Basta PV, Basham KB, Ross WP, Brust ME, Navarro HA. 2000. Gestational nicotine exposure alone or in combination with ethanol down-modulates offspring immune function. Int J Immunopharmacol 22:159-169.
Bellia V, Battaglia S, Catalano F, Scichilone N, Incalzi RA, Imperiale C, et al. 2003. Aging and disability affect misdiagnosis of COPD in elderly asthmatics: the SARA study. Chest 123:1066-1072.
Blanc PD, Burney P, Janson C, Toren K. 2003. The prevalence and predictors of respiratory-related work limitation and occupational disability in an international study. Chest 124:1153-1159.
Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Bonini S, Custovic A, Malmberg P, Skerfving S, et al. 2004. Dampness in buildings as a risk factor for health effects, EUROEXPO: a multidisciplinary review of the literature (1998-2000) on dampness and mite exposure in buildings and health effects. Indoor Air 14:243-257.
Braunfahrlander C, Riedler J, Herz U, Eder W, Waser M, Grize L, et al. Endotoxin Study Team. 2002. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. N Engl J Med 347:869-877.
Britton J, Pavord I, Richards K, Knox A, Wisniewski A, Wahedna I, et al. 1994. Factors influencing the occurrence of airway hyperreactivity in the general population: the importance of atopy and airway caliber. Eur Respir J 7:881-887.
Bullo M, Garcia-Lorda P, Megias I, Salas-Salvado J. 2003. Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor, and leptin expression. Obes Res 11:525-531.
Camargo CA Jr, Weiss ST, Zhang S, Willett WC, Speizer FE. 1999. Prospective study of body mass index, weight change, and risk of adult-onset asthma in women [see Comments]. Arch Intern Med 159:2582-2588.
Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD. 2001. Increased incidence of asthmalike symptoms in girls who become overweight or obese during the school years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:1344-1349.
Cathcart M, Nicholson P, Roberts D, Bazley M, Juniper C, Murray P, et al. 1997. Enzyme exposure, smoking and lung function in employees in the detergent industry over 20 years. Occup Med 47:473-478.
Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL, Tarlo SM, Bernstein L, Gautrin D, Mapp C, et al. 2003. Proceedings of the first Jack Pepys Occupational Asthma Symposium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:450-471.
Chinn S. 2003. Obesity and asthma: evidence for and against a causal relation. J Asthma 40:1-16. [CrossRef].
Colhoun HM, McKeigue PM, Davey Smith G. 2003. Problems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes. Lancet 361(9360):865-872.
Cookson W. 2004. The immunogenetics of asthma and eczema: a new focus on the epithelium. Nat Rev Immunol 4:978-988. [CrossRef].
Cookson W, Moffatt M. 2004. Making sense of asthma genes. N Engl J Med 21:1794-1796.
Cox-Ganser JM, White SK, Jones R, Hilsbos K, Storey E, Enright PL, et al. 2005. Respiratory morbidity in office workers in a water-damaged building. Environ Health Perspect 113:485-490.
Cullinan P, Tarlo S, Nemery B. 2003. The prevention of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 22:853-860.
Douwes J, Gibson P, Pekkanen J, Pearce N. 2002. Noneosinophilic asthma: importance and possible mechanisms. Thorax 57:643-648.
Douwes J, Le Gros G, Gibson P, Pearce N. 2004. Can bacterial endotoxin exposure reverse atopy and atopic disease? J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:1051-1054.
Dow L, Fowler L, Phelps L, Waters K, Coggon D, Kinmonth AL, et al. 2001. Prevalence of untreated asthma in a population sample of 6000 older adults in Bristol, U.K. Thorax 56:472-476.
Dunstan J. 2003. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:1178-1184. [CrossRef].
Eder W, Klimecki W, Yu L, von Mutius E, Riedler J, Braun-Fahrlander C, et al. 2004. Toll-like receptor 2 as a major gene for asthma in children of European farmers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113(3):482-488.
Eder W, Klimecki W, Yu L, von Mutius E, Riedler J, Braun-Fahrlander C, et al. 2005. Opposite effects of CD14/-260 on serum IgE levels in children raised in different environments. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116(3):601-607.
Elliott L, Heederik D, Marshall S, Peden D, Loomis D. 2005. Progression of self-reported symptoms in laboratory animal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:127-132.
Enright PL, Kronmal RA, Higgins MW, Schenker MB, Haponik EF. 1994. Prevalence and correlates of respiratory symptoms and disease in the elderly. Chest 106:827-834.
Enright PL, McClelland RL, Newman AB, Gottlieb DJ, Lebowitz MD. for the Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. 1999. Under-diagnosis and under-treatment of asthma in the elderly. Chest 116:603-613.
Forastiere F, Balmes J, Scarinci M, Tager IB. 1998. Occupation, asthma, and chronic respiratory symptoms in a community sample of older women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1864-1870.
Gilmour MI, Jaakkola MS, London SJ, Nel AE, Rogers CA. 2006. How exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, outdoor air pollutants, and increased pollen burdens influences the incidence of asthma. Environ Health Perspect 114:627-633. [CrossRef].
Gold DR, Acevedo-Garcia D. 2005. Immigration to the United States and acculturation as risk factors for asthma and allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:38-41.
Gold DR, Damokosh AI, Dockery DW, Berkey CS. 2003. Body-mass index as a predictor of incident asthma in a prospective cohort of children. Pediatr Pulmonol 36:514-521.
Gold DR, Wright R. 2005. Population disparities in asthma. Annu Rev Public Health 26:89-113.
Guerra S, Wright AL, Morgan WJ, Sherrill DL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD. 2004. Persistence of asthma symptoms during adolescence: role of obesity and age at onset of puberty. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:78-85.
Guler N, Kirerleri E, Ones U, Tamay Z, Salmayenli N, Darendeliler F. 2004. Leptin: does it have any role in childhood asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:254-259.
Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R, Taylor DR, Greene JM, McLachlan CR, et al. 2004. Sex differences in the relation between body mass index and asthma and atopy in a birth cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171:440-445.
Hibbert ME, Hudson IL, Lanigan A, Landau LI, Phelan PD. 1990. Tracking of lung function in healthy children and adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol 8:172-177.
Hoffjan S, Nicolae D, Ober C. 2003. Association studies for asthma and atopic diseases: a comprehensive review of the literature. Respir Res 4:14.
Holt PG, Macaubas C, Stumbles PA, Sly PD. 1999. The role of allergy in the development of asthma. Nature 402(suppl):12-17.
Holt PG, Upham JW, Sly PD. 2005. Contemporaneous maturation of immunologic and respiratory functions during early childhood: implications for development of asthma prevention strategies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:16-24.
Hoppin JA, Umbach DM, London SJ, Alavanja MC, Sandler DP. 2003. Animal production and wheeze in the Agricultural Health Study: interactions with atopy, asthma, and smoking. Occup Environ Med 60:e3.
Huang SL, Shiao G, Chou P. 1999. Association between body mass index and allergy in teenage girls in Taiwan. Clin Exp Allergy 29:323-329.
Huss K, Naumann PL, Mason PJ, Nanda JP, Huss RW, Smith CM, et al. 2001. Asthma severity, atopic status, allergen exposure, and quality of life in elderly persons. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 86:524-530.
Institute of Medicine. 2000. Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures. Washington, DC:National Academies Press.
Institute of Medicine. 2004. Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. Washington, DC:National Academies Press.
ISAAC Steering Committee. 1998. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Eur Respir J 12:315-335.
Jaakkola JJK, Gissler M. 2004. Maternal smoking in pregnancy, fetal development, and childhood asthma. Am J Public Health 94:134-140.
Jaakkola MS, Nordman H, Piipari R, Uitti J, Laitinen J, Karjalainen A, et al. 2002. Indoor dampness and molds and development of adult-onset asthma: a population-based incident case-control study. Environ Health Perspect 110:543-547.
Jackson RJ. 2003. The impact of the built environment on health: an emerging field. Am J Public Health 93:1382-1384.
Kalache A, Keller I. 2000. The graying world: a challenge for the twenty-first century. Sci Prog 83:33-54.
Karjalainen A, Kruppa K, Martikainen R, Klaukka T, Karjalainen J. 2001. Work is related to a substantial portion of adult-onset asthma incidence in the Finnish population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:565-568.
Katz KA, Pocock SJ, Strachan DP. 2003. Neonatal head circumference, neonatal weight, and risk of hayfever, asthma and eczema in a large cohort of adolescents from Sheffield, England. Clin Exp Allergy 33:737-745.
King ME, Mannino DM, Holguin F. 2004. Risk factors for asthma incidence. A review of recent prospective evidence. Panminerva Med 46:97-110.
Kramer MS, Kakuma R. 2003. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy and/or lactation for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1(4)doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000133.
Lien E, Sellati TJ, Yoshimura A, Flo T, Rawadi G, Finberg R, et al. 1999. Toll-like receptor 2 functions as a pattern recognition receptor for diverse bacterial products. J Biol Chem 274:33419-33425.
Liss GM, Tarlo SM. 2001. Natural rubber latex-related occupational asthma: association with interventions and glove changes over time. Am J Ind Med 40:347-353.
Litonjua AA, Sparrow D, Weiss ST, O’Connor GT, Long AA, Ohman JL. 1997. Sensitization to cat allergen is associated with asthma in older men and predicts new-onset airway hyperresponsiveness: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:23-27.
Longo LD. 1977. The biological effects of carbon monoxide on the pregnant woman, fetus and newborn infnat. Am J Obstet Gynecol 129:69-103.
Luder E, Ehrlich RI, Lou WY, Melnik TA, Kattan M. 2004. Body mass index and the risk of asthma in adults. Respir Med 98:29-37.
Luder E, Melnik TA, DiMaio M. 1998. Association of being overweight with greater asthma symptoms in inner city black and Hispanic children. J Pediatr 132:699-703.
Macaubas C, de Klerk NH, Holt BJ, Wee C, Kendall G, Firth M, et al. 2003. Association between antenatal cytokine production and the development of atopy and asthma at age 6 years. Lancet 362:1192-1197.
Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Gwynn C, Redd SC. 2002. Surveillance for asthma--United States, 1980-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51:1-13.
Martinez FD. 2002. What have we learned from the Tucson Children’s Respiratory Study? Paediatr Respir Rev 3:193-197. [CrossRef].
Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen, Morgan WJ. 1995. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N Engl J Med 332:133-138.
McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliland F, London SJ, Islam T, Gauderman WJ, et al. 2002. Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: a cohort study. Lancet 359:386-391.
McKeevar TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, Hubbard R. 2002. The importance of prenatal exposures on the development of allergic disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:827-832.
Meijer E, Grobbee DE, Heederik D. 2004. A strategy for health surveillance in laboratory animal workers exposed to high molecular weight allergens. Occup Environ Med 61:831-837.
Mishra V. 2003. Effect of indoor air pollution from biomass combustion on prevalence of asthma in the elderly. Environ Health Perspect 111:71-77.
Mitsunobu F, Ashida K, Hosaki Y, Tsugeno H, Okamoto M, Nishida N, et al. 2004. Influence of long-term cigarette smoking on IgE mediated allergy, pulmonary function, and HRCT lung densitometry in elderly persons with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 34:59-64.
Negele K, Heinrich J, Borte M, von Berg A, Schaaf B, Lehmann I, et al. sLISA. 2004. Mode of delivery and development of atopic disease during the first 2 years of life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 15:48-54.
Nguyen B, Ghezzo H, Malo JL, Gautrin D. 2003. Time course of onset of sensitization to common and occupational inhalants in apprentices. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(4):807-912.
Oddy WH, Holt PG, Sly PD, Read AW, Landau LI, Stanley FJ, et al. 1999. The association between breastfeeding and asthma in six year old children: findings from a prospective birth cohort study. BMJ 319:815-819.
Parameswaran K, Hildreth AJ, Chadha D, Keaney NP, Taylor IK, Bansal SK. 1998. Asthma in the elderly: underperceived, underdiagnosed, and undertreated: a community survey. Respir Med 92:573-577.
Park JH, Schleiff PL, Attfield MD, Cox-Ganser JM, Kreiss K. 2004. Building-related respiratory symptoms can be predicted with semi-quantitative indices of exposure to dampness and mold. Indoor Air 14:425-433.
Patino CM, Martinez FD. 2001. Interactions between genes and environment in the development of asthma. Allergy 56:279-286.
Peat JK, Salome CM, Woolcock AJ. 1992. Factors associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness in Australian adults and children. Eur Respir J 5:910-912.
Portengen L, Preller L, Tielen M, Doekes G, Heederik D. 2005. Endotoxin exposure and atopic sensitization in adult pig farmers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:797-802.
Prescott SL, Macaubas C, Smallacombe T, Holt BJ, Sly PD, Holt PG. 1999. Development of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children. Lancet 353:196-200.
Prescott SL, Macaubas C, Smallacombe T, Holt BJ, Sly PD, Loh R, et al. 1998. Reciprocal age-related patterns of allergen-specific T-cell immunity in normal vs. atopic infants. Clin Exp Allergy 28:39-44.
Rivera-Sanchez YM, Johnston RA, Schwartzman IN, Valone J, Silverman ES, Fredberg JJ, et al. 2003. Differential effects of ozone on airway and tissue mechanics in obese mice. J Appl Physiol 96:2200-2206.
Rothman K, Greenland S. . 1998. Approaches to statistical analysis. In: Modern Epidemiology (Rothman K, Greenland S, eds). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 186-187, 669-670.
Schachter LM, Peat JK, Salome CM. 2003. Asthma and atopy in overweight children. Thorax 58:1031-1035.
Schweigert MK, Mackenzie DP, Sarlo K. 2000. Occupational asthma and allergy associated with the use of enzymes in the detergent industry--a review of the epidemiology, toxicology, and methods of prevention. Clin Exp Allergy 30:1511-1518.
Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, Wiecek EM, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, et al. 2003. A longitudinal, population-based cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med 349:1414-1422.
Sekhon HS, Keller JA, Benowitz NL, Spindel ER. 2001. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters pulmonary function in newborn Rhesus monkeys. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:989-994.
Sekhon HS, Keller JA, Proskocil BJ, Martin EL, Spindel ER. 2002. Maternal nicotine exposure upregulates collagen gene expression in fetal monkey lung. Association with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26(1):10-13.
Selgrade M, Lemanske RF Jr, Gilmour MI, Neas LM, Ward MDW, Henneberger PK, et al. 2006. Induction of asthma and the environment: what we know and need to know. Environ Health Perspect 114:615-619.
Shaheen SO, Newson RB, Henderson AJ, Headley JE, Stratton FD, Jones RW. ALSPAC Study Team. 2005. Prenatal paracetamol exposure and risk of asthma and elevated immunoglobulin E in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 35:18-25.
Shore SA, Rivera-Sanchez YM, Schwartzman IN, Johnston RA. 2003. Responses to ozone are increased in obese mice. J Appl Physiol 95:938-945.
Shore SA, Schwartzman IM, Mellema MS, Flynt L, Imrich A, Johnston RA. 2005. Effect of leptin on allergic airway responses in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:103-109.
Sibbald B, Horn ME, Brain EA, Gregg I. 1980. Genetic factors in childhood asthma. Thorax 35:671-674.
Stazi MA, Sampogna F, Montagano G, Grandolfo ME, Couilliot MF, Annesi-Maesano I. 2002. Early life factors related to clinical manifestations of atopic disease but not to skin-prick test positivity in young children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 13:105-112.
Stenius-Aarniala B, Poussa T, Kvarnstrom J, Gronlund EL, Ylikahri M, Mustajoki P. 2000. Immediate and long term effects of weight reduction in obese people with asthma: randomised controlled study. BMJ 320:827-832.
Stick SM, Burton PR, Gurrin L, Sly PD, Le Souef PN. 1996. Respiratory function in newborn infants: effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and a family history of asthma. Lancet 348:1060-1064.
Strachan DP. 1989. Hayfever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 299:1259-1260.
Strachan DP. 2000. Family size, infection, and atopy: the first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis. Thorax 55:S2-S10. [CrossRef].
Takahashi K, Mizuarai S, Araki H, Mashiko S, Ishihara A, Kanatani A, et al. 2003. Adiposity elevates plasma MCP-1 levels leading to the increased CD11b-positive monocytes in mice. J Biol Chem 278:46654-46660.
Thomson CC, Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. 2003. Body mass index and asthma severity among adults presenting to the emergency department. Chest 124:795-802.
Thorn J, Brisman J, Toren K. 2001. Adult-onset asthma is associated with self-reported mold or environmental tobacco smoke exposures in the home. Allergy 56:287-292.
Thornton CA, Upham JW, Wikstrom ME, Holt BJ, White GP, Sharp MJ, et al. 2004. Functional maturation of CD4+ CD25+ CTLA4+ T-regulatory cells in human neonatal T-cell responses to environmental antigens/allergens. J Immunol 173:3084-3092.
Ueda Y, Stick SM, Hall G, Sly PD. 1999. Control of breathing in infants born to smoking mothers. J Pediatr 135:226-232.
U.S. EPA. 2002. Asthma Research Strategy. EPA 600/R-01/061. Washington, DC U.S. EPA. Available: http://www.epa.gov/ORD/htm/researchstrategies.htm#rs02 [accessed 2 March 2006].
von Mutius E, Braun-Fahrlander C, Schierl R, Riedler J, Ehlermann S, Maisch S, et al. 2000. Exposure to endotoxin or other bacterial components might protect against the development of atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 30:1230-1234.
von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritsch C, Nicolai T, Roell G, Thiemann HH, et al. 1994. Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:358-364.
Wang X, Mensinga TT, Schouten JP, Rijcken B, Weiss ST. 2004. Determinants of maximally attained level of pulmonary function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:941-949.
Weiss ST, O’Connor GT, DeMolles D, Platts-Mills T, Sparrow D. 1998. Indoor allergens and longitudinal FEV1 decline in older adults: the Normative Aging Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:720-725.
Weissman DN, Lewis DM. 2000. Is specific antibody determination diagnostic for asthma attributable to low-molecular-weight agents? Occup Med State Art Rev 15:385-397.
Weissman DN, Lewis DM. 2002. Allergic and latex-specific sensitization: route, frequency, and amount of exposure that are required to initiate IgE production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110:S57-S63.
Wickens K, Crane J, Pearce N, Beasley R. 1999. The magnitude of the effect of smaller family sizes on the increase in the prevalence of asthma and hay fever in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104:554-558.
Yabuhara A, Macaubas C, Prescott SL, Venaille T, Holt BJ, Habre W, et al. 1997. Th-2-polarised immunological memory to inhalant allergens in atopics is established during infancy and early childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 27:1261-1269.
Yazdanbakhsh M, Wahyuni S. 2005. The role of helmith infections in protection from atopic disorders. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 5:386-391.
Yunginger JW, Reed CE, O’Connell EJ, Melton LJ III, O’Fallon WM, Silverstein MD. 1992. A community based study of the epidemiology of asthma. Incidence rates, 1964-1983. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:888-894.
Zeldin DC, Eggleston P, Chapman M, Piedimonte G, Renz H, Peden D. 2006. How exposures to biologics influence the induction and incidence of asthma. Environ Health Perspect 114:620-626.
Last Updated: April 20, 2006