Reference Citation(s)	Type of Study	Type of Cancer	No. of Patients: Enrolled; Treated; Controlc	Strongest Benefit Reportedd	Concurrent Therapye	Level of Evidence Scoref
[9,10]	Phase I trial	Advanced melanoma	13; 13; None	Complete tumor response, 1 patient	Yes	3iiiDii
[1,2,4,11]	Phase II trial	Advanced melanoma	32; 32; Historical controls	Improved overall survival	No	3iiA
[1,2,11]	Phase II trial	Advanced melanoma	51; 51; Historical controls	Improved overall survival	No	3iiA
[6]	Phase II trial	Advanced melanoma	24; 24; Historical controls	None	No	3iiDi
[8,12]	Phase II trial	Advanced renal cell	208; 203; Historical controls	Improved disease-free survival	Yes	3iiiDi
[5,7]	Phase II trial	Metastatic breast or ovarian	22; 22; None	Complete/partial tumor response, 9 patients	Yes	3iiDiii

No. = number.

aSee text for more details.

bOncolysates are prepared from virus-infected cancer cells; they consist primarily of cell membrane fragments and contain virus proteins and cancer cell proteins.

cNumber of patients treated plus number of patients control may not equal number of patients enrolled; number of patients enrolled = number of patients initially recruited/considered by the researchers who conducted a study; number of patients treated = number of enrolled patients who were given the treatment being studied AND for whom results were reported; historical control subjects are not included in number of patients enrolled.

dThe strongest evidence reported that the treatment under study has anticancer activity or otherwise improves the well-being of cancer patients. See text and glossary for definition of terms.

eChemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, or cytokine therapy given/allowed at the same time as oncolysate treatment.

fFor information about levels of evidence analysis and an explanation of the level of evidence scores, see Levels of Evidence for Human Studies of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

References

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2. Cassel WA, Murray DR: A ten-year follow-up on stage II malignant melanoma patients treated postsurgically with Newcastle disease virus oncolysate. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 9 (4): 169-71, 1992.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
4. Cassel WA, Murray DR, Phillips HS: A phase II study on the postsurgical management of Stage II malignant melanoma with a Newcastle disease virus oncolysate. Cancer 52 (5): 856-60, 1983.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
5. Mallmann P: Autologous tumor-cell vaccination and lymphokine-activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (LAK-TIL). Hybridoma 12 (5): 559-66, 1993.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
6. Plager C, Bowen JM, Fenoglio C, et al.: Adjuvant immunotherapy of M.D. Anderson Hospital (MDAH) stage III-B malignant melanoma with Newcastle disease virus oncolysate. [Abstract] Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 9: A-1091, 281, 1990. 
   
   
7. Mallmann P, Eis-Hubinger AM, Krebs D: Lymphokine-activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and autologous tumor vaccine in breast and ovarian cancer. Onkologie 15: 490-6, 1992. 
   
   
8. Anton P, Kirchner H, Jonas U, et al.: Cytokines and tumor vaccination. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 11 (5): 315-8, 1996.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
9. Cassel WA, Murras DR, Torbin AH, et al.: Viral oncolysate in the management of malignant melanoma. I. Preparation of the oncolysate and measurement of immunologic responses. Cancer 40 (2): 672-9, 1977.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
10. Murray DR, Cassel WA, Torbin AH, et al.: Viral oncolysate in the management of malignant melanoma. II. Clinical studies. Cancer 40 (2): 680-6, 1977.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
11. Cassel WA, Murray DR: Treatment of stage II malignant melanoma patients with a Newcastle disease virus oncolysate. Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul 7 (5-6): 351-2, 1988.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
12. Kirchner HH, Anton P, Atzpodien J: Adjuvant treatment of locally advanced renal cancer with autologous virus-modified tumor vaccines. World J Urol 13 (3): 171-3, 1995.  [PUBMED Abstract]