NDV Strain	Strain Type	Formulation	Suggested Mechanism(s) of Action	Reference Citation(s)
73-T	Lytic	Infectious virus	Cancer cells killed by virus; stimulation of immune system	[21]
73-T	Lytic	Oncolysate vaccineb	Stimulation of immune system	[12,36,39,54,57,59,61-64]
Ulster	Nonlytic	Infected tumor-cell vaccine	Stimulation of immune system	[43,44,46-52,65-67]
MTH-68	Lytic	Infectious virus	Cancer cells killed by virus; stimulation of immune system	[1,7,55,60]
Italien	Lytic	Oncolysate vaccine/infectious virus	Stimulation of immune system; cancer cells killed by virus	[56,58]
Hickman	Lytic	Infectious virus	Cancer cells killed by virus; stimulation of immune system	[73]
PV701	Lytic	Infectious virus	Cancer cells killed by virus; stimulation of immune system	[53]

aSee text for more details.

bOncolysates are prepared from virus-infected cancer cells; they consist primarily of cell membrane fragments and contain virus proteins and cancer cell proteins.

References

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7. Csatary LK, Eckhardt S, Bukosza I, et al.: Attenuated veterinary virus vaccine for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 17 (6): 619-27, 1993.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
12. Batliwalla FM, Bateman BA, Serrano D, et al.: A 15-year follow-up of AJCC stage III malignant melanoma patients treated postsurgically with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) oncolysate and determination of alterations in the CD8 T cell repertoire. Mol Med 4 (12): 783-94, 1998.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
21. Cassel WA, Garrett RE: Newcastle disease virus as an antineoplastic agent. Cancer 18: 863-8, 1965. 
    
    
36. Cassel WA, Murray DR: A ten-year follow-up on stage II malignant melanoma patients treated postsurgically with Newcastle disease virus oncolysate. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 9 (4): 169-71, 1992.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
39. Zorn U, Duensing S, Langkopf F, et al.: Active specific immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma: cellular and humoral immune responses. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 12 (3): 157-65, 1997.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
43. Liebrich W, Schlag P, Manasterski M, et al.: In vitro and clinical characterisation of a Newcastle disease virus-modified autologous tumour cell vaccine for treatment of colorectal cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 27 (6): 703-10, 1991.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
44. Ockert D, Schirrmacher V, Beck N, et al.: Newcastle disease virus-infected intact autologous tumor cell vaccine for adjuvant active specific immunotherapy of resected colorectal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2 (1): 21-8, 1996.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
46. Ahlert T, Sauerbrei W, Bastert G, et al.: Tumor-cell number and viability as quality and efficacy parameters of autologous virus-modified cancer vaccines in patients with breast or ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 15 (4): 1354-66, 1997.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
52. Möbus V, Horn S, Stöck M, et al.: Tumor cell vaccination for gynecological tumors. Hybridoma 12 (5): 543-7, 1993.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
53. Pecora AL, Rizvi N, Cohen GI, et al.: Phase I trial of intravenous administration of PV701, an oncolytic virus, in patients with advanced solid cancers. J Clin Oncol 20 (9): 2251-66, 2002.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
54. Cassel WA, Murray DR, Phillips HS: A phase II study on the postsurgical management of Stage II malignant melanoma with a Newcastle disease virus oncolysate. Cancer 52 (5): 856-60, 1983.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
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58. Mallmann P, Eis-Hubinger AM, Krebs D: Lymphokine-activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and autologous tumor vaccine in breast and ovarian cancer. Onkologie 15: 490-6, 1992. 
    
    
59. Anton P, Kirchner H, Jonas U, et al.: Cytokines and tumor vaccination. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 11 (5): 315-8, 1996.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
60. Csatary LK, Bakács T: Use of Newcastle disease virus vaccine (MTH-68/H) in a patient with high-grade glioblastoma. JAMA 281 (17): 1588-9, 1999.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
61. Cassel WA, Murras DR, Torbin AH, et al.: Viral oncolysate in the management of malignant melanoma. I. Preparation of the oncolysate and measurement of immunologic responses. Cancer 40 (2): 672-9, 1977.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
64. Kirchner HH, Anton P, Atzpodien J: Adjuvant treatment of locally advanced renal cancer with autologous virus-modified tumor vaccines. World J Urol 13 (3): 171-3, 1995.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
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