Relation between Renal Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Myocardial Infarction
Nagesh S. Anavekar, M.D., John J.V. McMurray, M.D., Eric J. Velazquez, M.D., Scott D. Solomon, M.D., Lars Kober, M.D., D.Sc., Jean-Lucien Rouleau, M.D., Harvey D. White, D.Sc., Rolf Nordlander, M.D., Aldo Maggioni, M.D., Kenneth Dickstein, M.D., Steven Zelenkofske, D.O., Jeffrey D. Leimberger, Ph.D., Robert M. Califf, M.D., and Marc A. Pfeffer, M.D., Ph.D.
Background The presence of coexisting conditions has a substantialeffect on the outcome of acute myocardial infarction. Renalfailure is associated with one of the highest risks, but theinfluence of milder degrees of renal impairment is less welldefined.
Methods As part of the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial InfarctionTrial (VALIANT), we identified 14,527 patients with acute myocardialinfarction complicated by clinical or radiologic signs of heartfailure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both, and a documentedserum creatinine measurement. Patients were randomly assignedto receive captopril, valsartan, or both. The glomerular filtrationrate (GFR) was estimated by means of the four-component Modificationof Diet in Renal Disease equation, and the patients were groupedaccording to their estimated GFR. We used a 70-candidate variablemodel to adjust and compare overall mortality and compositecardiovascular events among four GFR groups.
Results The distribution of estimated GFR was wide and normallyshaped, with a mean (±SD) value of 70±21 ml perminute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area. The prevalence of coexistingrisk factors, prior cardiovascular disease, and a Killip classof more than I was greatest among patients with a reduced estimatedGFR (less than 45.0 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), and the useof aspirin, beta-blockers, statins, or coronary-revascularizationprocedures was lowest in this group. The risk of death or thecomposite end point of death from cardiovascular causes, reinfarction,congestive heart failure, stroke, or resuscitation after cardiacarrest increased with declining estimated GFRs. Although therate of renal events increased with declining estimated GFRs,the adverse outcomes were predominantly cardiovascular. Below81.0 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, each reduction of the estimatedGFR by 10 units was associated with a hazard ratio for deathand nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes of 1.10 (95 percent confidenceinterval, 1.08 to 1.12), which was independent of the treatmentassignment.
Conclusions Even mild renal disease, as assessed by the estimatedGFR, should be considered a major risk factor for cardiovascularcomplications after a myocardial infarction.
Source Information
From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (N.S.A., S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland (J.J.V.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. (E.J.V., J.D.L., R.M.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); the Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal (J.-L.R.); the Department of Cardiology, Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (H.D.W.); the Department of Cardiology, Stockholm South Hospital, Stockholm (R.N.); the Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence, Italy (A.M.); the Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital in Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway (K.D.); and Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, N.J. (S.Z.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Pfeffer at the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, or at mpfeffer{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
Chronic Renal Disease and Cardiovascular Risk
Risch L., Sagmeister M., Huber A., Cheng H., Go A. S., Chertow G. M., Hsu C.-y., Anavekar N. S., McMurray J. J.V., Pfeffer M. A.
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N Engl J Med 2005;
352:199-200, Jan 13, 2005.
Correspondence
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