| Agent Name |
DYES |
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| Alternative Name |
CLASS |
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| Formula |
varies |
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| Major Category |
Dyes |
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| Synonyms |
Aromatic amine dyes listed by IARC as known human carcinogens causing bladder cancer from dyestuffs manufacturing are 4-Aminobiphenyl, Benzidine, and 2-Naphthylamine. Listed as probable human carcinogens causing bladder cancer from the manufacture and use of dyes are Benzidine-base dyes, 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine, and ortho-Toluidine. There are also several chemicals listed as possible human carcinogens in the categories of AROMATIC AMINE DYES (Auramine, technical grade; Benzyl violet 4B; CI Basic Red 9; 2,4-Diaminoanisole; 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine; 2,6-Dimethylaniline; 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine; 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether; Disperse Blue 1; HC Blue No. 1; 4,4'-Methylenedianiline; Magenta containing CI Basic Red 9) AZO DYES (ortho-Aminoazotoluene, para-Aminoazobenzene, CI Acid Red 114, CI Direct Blue 15, Citrus red No. 2, para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene, Oil orange SS, Ponceau 3R, Ponceau MX, and Trypan blue), and INTERMEDIATES FOR MANUFACTURE OF DYES (para-Cresidine, 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine, 2-Methyl-1-nitroanthroquinone, 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline, 2-Nitroanisole, and 4,4'-Thiodianiline). [Siemiatycki, p. 327-31] |
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| Category |
Other Dyes |
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| Comments |
Over 50% of commercial dyes are azo dyes. Metalized azo dyes contain copper, chromium, or cobalt. Anthraquinone dyes are the second most important chemical class of dyes. All of the important natural red dyes are anthraquinones. Anthraquinone dyes have brightness and fastness, but they are relatively expensive. The diaryl and triaryl dyes include the subclasses of pyronine (xanthene), thiapyronine, acridine and phenazine dyes. The xanthenes include some of the most fluorescent dyes. Di- and triaryl dyes include Auramine, Malachite green, Methylene blue, Basic blue 3, and C.I. Acid Red 52. The phthaleins, e.g., Phenolphthalein and Phenol red, are usually classified as triarylmethane derivatives. Other chemical classes are Indigoid, Phthalocyanines, and Sulfur dyes. Indigoid dyes include Tyrian purple [19201-53-7] used by the Romans and Indigo [482-89-3] used to dye denim jeans. "Phthalocyanines are analogues of the natural pigments chlorophyll and heme." [[Kirk-Othmer] |
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| Restricted |
The industrial use of 2-naphthylamine and benzidine were banned in 1950 and 1962 after dyestuffs manufacturing workers were found to have a 10- to 50-fold increased risk of death from bladder cancer. [Schottenfeld, p. 1107] |
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