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L-377,202
A prodrug in which a peptide is covalently conjugated with the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. This complex is hydrolyzed by the enzyme prostate-specific antigen (PSA), resulting in the formation of doxorubicin and leucine-doxorubicin. Selective targeting of these drugs to prostate tumor cells occurs because the hydrolyzing PSA enzyme is localized to the prostate gland. Doxorubicin and leucine-doxorubicin intercalate into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. These agents also produce toxic free-radical intermediates and interact with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

L-alanosine
An amino acid analogue and antibiotic derived from the bacterium Streptomyces alanosinicus with antimetabolite and potential antineoplastic activities. L-alanosine inhibits adenylosuccinate synthetase, which converts inosine monophospate (IMP) into adenylosuccinate, an intermediate in purine metabolism. L-alanosine-induced disruption of de novo purine biosynthesis is potentiated by methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) deficiency. The clinical use of this agent may be limited by its toxicity profile. MTAP is a key enzyme in the adenine and methionine salvage pathways. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

L-arginine/Korean ginseng/ Gingko biloba/damiana-based supplement
An amino acid and herbal supplement with libido-enhancing activity. L-arginine/korean ginseng/Ginkgo biloba/damiana-based supplement contains a blend of the amino acid L-arginine and the herbs Korean ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, and damiana (Turnera aphrodisiaca) in addition to 14 other vitamins and minerals. The semi-essential amino acid L-arginine is a precursor for nitric oxide (NO); Korean ginseng may enhance the conversion of L-arginine into NO by NO synthase; and Ginkgo biloba may promote microvascular circulation. This agent may increase NO production, resulting in vasodilatation and an enhanced circulation critical to sexual function and arousal. The damiana component may exert an anxiolytic effect and stimulate sexual behavior. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

L-Asnase
(Other name for: asparaginase)

L-citrulline
A non-essential amino acid. In hepatocytes, L-citrulline is synthesized in the urea cycle by the addition of carbon dioxide and ammonia to ornithine. L-citrulline is converted into L-arginine by the enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase in the presence of L-aspartate and ATP. Subsequently, L-arginine is converted to nitric oxide by nitric oxide synthase and L-citrulline is regenerated as a by-product . Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

l-gossypol
The levo-enantiomer of an orally bioavailable polyphenolic aldehyde, derived primarily from unrefined cottonseed oil, with potential antineoplastic activity. Mimicking the inhibitory BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3) domain of endogenous antagonists of Bcl-2, L-gossypol binds to and inhibits various anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This agent has greater affinity for Bcl-2 proteins than racemic gossypol. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

L-gossypol
The levo-enantiomer of an orally bioavailable polyphenolic aldehyde, derived primarily from unrefined cottonseed oil, with potential antineoplastic activity. Mimicking the inhibitory BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3) domain of endogenous antagonists of Bcl-2, L-gossypol binds to and inhibits various anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This agent has greater affinity for Bcl-2 proteins than racemic gossypol. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

L-leucovorin
The active l-isomer of the racemic mixture of the 5-formyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid. Metabolically active, l-leucovorin, also known levoleucovorin, does not require bioactivation by dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme inhibited by folic acid antagonists. This agent may enhance the effects of fluoropyrimidines by stabilizing their binding to the enzyme thymidylate synthase. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

LaBID
(Other name for: theophylline)

lactobacillus fermented extract
A proprietary dietary supplement. Lactobacillus fermented extract is made from soymilk fermented by several strains of lactobacillus and yeast via a symbiotic co-culturing technology. The composition of the agent includes amino acids, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, isoflavones, and saponins. Lactobacillus fermented extract may support healthy intestinal function. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
A live specific strain of the species, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (a subspecies of Lactobacillus casei) with probiotic activity. When administered orally, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG adheres to the mucous membrane of the intestine and may help to restore the balance of the GI microflora; promote gut-barrier functions; diminish the production of carcinogenic compounds by other intestinal bacteria; and activate the innate immune response and enhance adaptive immunity, especially during infections. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

laetrile
Originally, the name laetrile was the contraction of laevo-mandelonitrile glucoside, a cyanogenic glycoside found naturally in some plants. Over the years the meaning of laetrile has changed. There are now preparations called Laetrile where amygdalin is the major constituent. Laetrile and amygdalin are often used interchangeably, but are different agents. Cyanide and benzaldehyde are metabolites of both laetrile and amygdalin. Both metabolites may possess antineoplastic properties. Laetrile has been used as an anticancer treatment in humans worldwide, but scientific evidence does not support its effectiveness. It is not approved for use in the United States. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lamictal
(Other name for: lamotrigine)

lamivudine
A synthetic nucleoside analogue with activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV. Intracellularly, lamivudine is phosphorylated to its active metabolites, lamiduvine triphosphate (L-TP) and lamiduvine monophosphate (L-MP). In HIV, L-TP inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleoside analogue into viral DNA. In HBV, incorporation of L-MP into viral DNA by HBV polymerase results in DNA chain termination. L-TP is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases alpha and beta, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lamotrigine
A synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lanoxin
(Other name for: digoxin)

lanreotide acetate copolymer microparticles
A prolonged-release depot suspension of microparticles containing the acetate salt of lanreotide, a synthetic peptide analog of the naturally occurring somatostatin, and copolymers. Lanreotide inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH) by binding to pituitary somatostatin receptors, and may inhibit various other hormones, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the gastroenteropancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon and gastrin. This agent has a much longer duration of action than natural somatostatin and is selective towards the inhibition of growth hormone. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lanreotide long-acting aqueous gel
A long-acting aqueous gel preparation of lanreotide, a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin. Lanreotide inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH) by binding to pituitary somatostatin receptors, and may inhibit the release of various other hormones, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the gastroenteropancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon and gastrin. This agent also decreases circulating total and free insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). Lanreotide exhibits a high binding affinity for somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR-2) and a lesser binding affinity for SSTR-5. However, compared to octreotide, this agent is less potent in inhibiting the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lapatinib ditosylate
The ditosylate salt of lapatinib, a synthetic, orally-active quinazoline with potential antineoplastic activity. Lapatinib reversibly blocks phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ErbB2, and the Erk-1 and-2 and AKT kinases; it also inhibits cyclin D protein levels in human tumor cell lines and xenografts. EGFR and ErbB2 have been implicated in the growth of various tumor types. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Larodopa
(Other name for: levodopa)

laromustine
A sulfonyl hydrazine prodrug with antineoplastic activity. Laromustine releases the DNA chloroethylating agent 90CE after entering the blood stream; 90CE chloroethylates alkylates the 06 position of guanine, resulting in DNA crosslinking, strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations, and disruption of DNA synthesis. Intracellular metabolism of this agent also releases methyl isocyanate which inhibits 06-alkyl-guanine transferase, an enzyme involved with DNA repair. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

larotaxel
A semi-synthetic derivative of the taxane 10-deacetylbaccatin III with potential antineoplastic activities. Larotaxel binds to tubulin, promoting microtubule assembly and stabilization and preventing microtubule depolymerization, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. As it represents poor substrate for P-glycoprotein-related drug resistance mechanisms, this agent may be useful for treating multi-drug resistant tumors. Larotaxel penetrates the blood brain barrier. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lasix
(Other name for: furosemide)

Laudicon
(Other name for: hydromorphone hydrochloride)

leflunomide
A derivative of isoxazole used for its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. As a prodrug, leflunomide is converted to an active metabolite, A77 1726, which blocks dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, thereby preventing the expansion of activated T lymphocytes. This agent also inhibits various protein tyrosine kinases, such as protein kinase C (PKC), thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lenalidomide
A thalidomide analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Lenalidomide inhibits TNF-alpha production, stimulates T cells, reduces serum levels of the cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and inhibits angiogenesis. This agent also promotes G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of malignant cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lenograstim
A glycosylated form of a recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to an endogenous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Produced endogenously by monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, G-CSF binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, stimulating neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation and selected neutrophil functions. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lepirudin
A yeast cell-derived recombinant polypeptide related to the naturally occurring, leech-derived anticoagulant hirudin. Lepirudin directly binds to and inactivates thrombin, producing dose-dependent increases in the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT). The mechanism of action of this agent is independent of antithrombin III and is not inhibited by platelet factor 4. Natural hirudin, a family of highly homologous isopolypeptides, is produced in trace amounts by the leech Hirudo medicinalis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

leridistim
A recombinant chimeric dual G-CSF and IL-3 receptor agonist. Leridistim binds with high affinity to both the interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptors, thereby stimulating the production and maturation of neutrophils, platelets, and lymphocytes after chemotherapy. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lescol
(Other name for: fluvastatin sodium)

lestaurtinib
An orally bioavailable indolocarbazole derivative with antineoplastic properties. Lestaurtinib inhibits autophosphorylation of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), resulting in inhibition of FLT3 activity and induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress FLT3. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

letrozole
A nonsteroidal inhibitor of estrogen synthesis that resembles paclitaxel in chemical structure. As a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, letrozole selectively and reversibly inhibits aromatase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme complex found in many tissues including those of the premenopausal ovary, liver, and breast; aromatase catalyzes the aromatization of androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, the final step in estrogen biosynthesis. In estrogen-dependent breast cancers, anastrozole may inhibit tumor growth. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

leucovorin calcium
An active metabolite of folic acid (also called folinic acid and citrovorum factor), which does not require metabolism by dihydrofolate reductase, the molecular target of folate antagonist-type chemotherapeutic drugs. Leucovorin calcium counteracts the toxic effects of these medications, 'rescuing' the patient while permitting the antitumor activity of the folate antagonist. This agent also potentiates the effects of fluorouracil and its derivatives by stabilizing the binding of the drug's metabolite to its target enzyme, thus prolonging drug activity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Leukeran
(Other name for: chlorambucil)

Leukine
(Other name for: sargramostim)

leuprolide acetate
The acetate salt of a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Leuprolide binds to and activates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Continuous, prolonged administration of leuprolide in males results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and inhibition of pituitary secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to a significant decline in testosterone production; in females, prolonged administration results in a decrease in estradiol production. This agent reduces testosterone production to castration levels and may inhibit androgen receptor-positive tumor progression. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Leustatin
(Other name for: cladribine)

Leuvectin
(Other name for: IL-2 plasmid DNA/lipid complex)

levamisole hydrochloride
The orally bioavailable hydrochloride salt of the synthetic imidazothiazole derivative levamisole with anthelminthic and immunostimulating activities. In immunosuppressed states, levamisole may restore immune function by: 1) stimulating antibody formation, 2) stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation, 3) potentiatiating monocyte and macrophage phagocytosis and chemotaxis and 4) increasing neutrophil mobility, adherence, and chemotaxis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Levaquin
(Other name for: levofloxacin)

levetiracetam
A pyrrolidine with antiepileptic activity. The exact mechanism through which levetiracetam exerts its effects is unknown but does not involve inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter activity. Stereoselective binding of levetiracetam was confined to synaptic plasma membranes in the central nervous system with no binding occurring in peripheral tissue. Levetiracetam inhibits burst firing without affecting normal neuronal excitability, which suggests that it may selectively prevent hyper-synchronization of epileptiform burst firing and propagation of seizure activity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

levocarnitine
An amino acid derivative. Levocarnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

levodopa
An amino acid precursor of dopamine with antiparkinsonian properties. Levodopa is a prodrug that is converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase and can cross the blood-brain barrier. When in the brain, levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine and stimulates the dopaminergic receptors, thereby compensating for the depleted supply of endogenous dopamine seen in Parkinson's disease. To assure that adequate concentrations of levodopa reach the central nervous system, it is administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, thereby diminishing the decarboxylation and inactivation of levodopa in peripheral tissues and increasing the delivery of dopamine to the CNS. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

levofloxacin
A broad-spectrum, third-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic and optically active L-isomer of ofloxacin with antibacterial activity. Levofloxacin diffuses through the bacterial cell wall and acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase (bacterial topoisomerase II), an enzyme required for DNA replication, RNA transcription, and repair of bacterial DNA. Inhibition of DNA gyrase activity leads to blockage of bacterial cell growth. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

levonantradol
A synthetic cannabinoid analogue of delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta(9)-THC) with antiemetic and anti-analgesic properties. Although its precise mechanism of action is unknown, levonantradol appears to bind and activate the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and/or CB2. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

levonorgestrel
The levorotatory form of norgestrel and synthetic progestogen with progestational and androgenic activity. Levonorgestrel binds to the progesterone receptor in the nucleus of target cells, thereby stimulating the resulting hormone-receptor complex, initiating transcription, and increasing the synthesis of certain proteins. This results in a suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) activity and an inhibition of ovulation, as well as an alteration in the cervical mucus and endometrium. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system
A long-acting, hormone-releasing, intrauterine device consisting of a small, T-shaped, polyethylene frame and a reservoired synthetic progesterone with progestational and potential antineoplastic activities. After insertion of this system into the uterus, the device slowly and gradually releases the hormone. Levonorgestrel acts by binding to the progesterone receptor in the nuclei of target cells, resulting in transcription activation and an alteration in protein synthesis. Subsequently, luteinizing hormone (LH) activity and ovulation are suppressed. Levonorgestrel may also exhibit antiproliferative activity in endometrial tissue. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Levopa
(Other name for: levodopa)

Levoxyl
(Other name for: levothyroxine sodium)

Levulan
(Other name for: aminolevulinic acid)

Lexapro
(Other name for: escitalopram oxalate)

lexatumumab
A fully human monoclonal agonistic antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) with potential antitumor activity. Mimicking the natural ligand TRAIL, lexatumumab binds to and activates TRAIL-R2, which may trigger apoptosis in and inhibit the growth of TRAIL-R2-expressing tumor cells. TRAIL-R2, also known as death receptor 5 (DR5), is a member of the TNF receptor family and is expressed on many malignant cell types. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

liarozole fumarate
The orally active fumarate salt of the benzimidazole derivative liarozole with potential antineoplastic activity. As a retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent (RAMBA), liarozole inhibits cytochrome P450-dependent all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-4-hydroxylase, resulting in an increase in endogenous ATRA production, inhibition of cell proliferation, and induction of cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final, rate-limiting step in estrogen biosynthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

liarozole fumarate
An orally-active fumarate salt of liarozole, an agent with potential antineoplastic. As a retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent (RAMBA), liarozole fumarate inhibits cytochrome P450 dependent all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-4-hydroxylase, resulting in an increase in endogenous ATRA production, inhibition of cell proliferation, and induction of cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final, rate-limiting step in estrogen biosynthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Liazal
(Other name for: liarozole fumarate)

licorice root extract
An herbal extract derived from the root of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities. Licorice root extract contains glycoside glycyrrhizinic acid and numerous flavonoids. Glycyrrhizinic acid in licorice root extract is hydrolyzed to glycyrrhetic acid (GA); GA inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, resulting in inhibition of the conversion of cortisol to the inactive steroid cortisone and elevated cortisol levels. In addition, GA inhibits 17,20-lyase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, resulting in decreased conversions of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to androstenedione and androstenedione to testosterone. The primary antioxidant found in licorice root, the flavonoid glabridin, may inactivate or inhibit the activities of some cytochrome P450 enzymes. In tumor cells, beta-hydroxy-DHP, another flavonoid, may induce Bcl-2 phosphorylation, apoptosis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lidocaine
A synthetic aminoethylamide with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties. Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by binding to and inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses and effecting local anesthesia. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lidoderm
(Other name for: lidocaine patch 5%)

Lidothesin
(Other name for: lidocaine)

Linfolizin
(Other name for: chlorambucil)

Linomide
(Other name for: roquinimex)

lintuzumab
A humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against CD33, a cell surface antigen found on myeloid leukemia blasts and early hematopoietic progenitor cells. Lintuzumab stimulates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells expressing CD33, resulting in a decrease in tumor burden. The humanized version of this monoclonal antibody exhibits less immunogenicity and improved binding affinity compared to its murine counterpart. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lioresal
(Other name for: baclofen)

liothyronine sodium
The sodium salt form of liothyronine, a synthetic form of the levorotatory isomer of the naturally occurring thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3). Liothyronine sodium binds to nuclear thyroid receptors which then bind to thyroid hormone response elements of target genes. As a result, liothyronine sodium induces gene expression that is required for normal growth and development. Liothyronine sodium is more potent and has a more rapid action than thyroxine (T4). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lipiodol
(Other name for: ethiodized oil)

Lipitor
(Other name for: atorvastatin calcium)

Lipo-Lutin
(Other name for: therapeutic progesterone)

LipoDox
(Other name for: pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride)

liposomal amphotericin B
A liposome-encapsulated formulation of the polyene antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B produced by the bacterium Streptomyces nodosus with antifungal activity. Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, and alters cell membrane integrity, resulting in leakage of intracellular components and cell rupture. This agent may also induce oxidative damage in fungal cells and has been reported to stimulate host immune cells. Compared to amphotericin B alone, liposomal delivery of amphotericin B allows for a greater drug concentration in target tissues while decreasing systemic side effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

liposomal cytarabine
A liposomal intrathecal formulation of the antimetabolite cytarabine. As an S-phase-specific antimetabolite, cytarabine is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase to a triphosphate form which competes with thymidine for incorporation into DNA; the incorporation of cytarabine triphosphate into DNA appears to inhibit DNA polymerase and so DNA synthesis, resulting in cell death. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

liposomal daunorubicin citrate
A liposome-encapsulated form of the citrate salt of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic daunorubicin. Daunorubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. Liposomal delivery of doxorubicin citrate improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic drug effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

liposomal NDDP
A synthetic liposomal formulation of bis-neodecanoate diaminocyclohexane platinum (NDDP), a third-generation platinum complex analogue of cisplatin, with potential antineoplastic activity. After displacement of the 2 long-chain aliphatic leaving groups (neodecanoic acid), platinum diaminocyclohexane (DACH) complexes become highly reactive and alkylate macromolecules, forming both inter- and intra-strand DNA crosslinks and inhibiting DNA synthesis, which results in tumor cell cytotoxicity. Because DNA mismatch-repair (MMR) complexes do not recognize DACH–platinum adducts, DNA repair mechanisms are inhibited, overcoming limitations observed with other platinum-based agents. In addition, the liposomal encapsulation improves the bioavailability of NDDP and reduces its toxicity profile. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate
A formulation of the citrate salt of the antineoplastic anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin, encapsulated within liposomes, with antitumor activity. Doxorubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA synthesis. This agent also interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. Liposomal delivery of doxorubicin improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic drug effects while lowering the toxicity profile. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lipsomal cytarabine-daunorubicin CPX-351
A liposomal formulation containing a fixed combination of the antineoplastic agents cytarabine and daunorubicin in a 5:1 molar ratio. Lipsomal cytarabine-daunorubicin CPX-351 has been designed to provide optimal delivery of a specific ratio of cytarabine to daunorubicin, one that has been shown to be synergistic in vitro. The antimetabolite cytarabine competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis. This agent also inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in a decrease in DNA replication and repair. Daunorubicin, an intercalator and a topoisomerase II inhibitor, prevents DNA replication and inhibits protein synthesis. This agent also generates oxygen free radicals, resulting in the cytotoxic lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lisacort
(Other name for: prednisone)

Lithotabs
(Other name for: lithium carbonate)

live freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria probiotic
A probiotic containing live, cultivated, freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria with gastrointestinal (GI) protective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and potential antitumor properties. Oral administration of probiotic bacteria help maintain adequate colonization of the GI tract and modulate the composition of the normal microflora. Upon colonization of the GI tract, the probiotic bacteria form a protective barrier, interfere with the attachment of pathogenic bacteria and other harmful substances and may bind to and degrade carcinogens. This may prevent inflammation and possibly cancer. In addition, these bacteria produce lactic acid, thereby creating an acidic environment that is unfavorable for pathogens. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

live-attenuated Listeria encoding human mesothelin vaccine CRS-207
A recombinant Listeria-based cancer vaccine containing a live-attenuated strain of the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) expressing human mesothelin with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of this vaccine, Listeria invade professional phagocytes within the immune system and express mesothelin, which may activate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against mesothelin-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. In addition, the Listeria vector itself may induce a potent innate and adaptive immunity unrelated to mesothelin expression. Mesothelin is a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion and is overexpressed in many epithelial-derived cancers, including pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancers, and malignant mesotheliomas. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

LMB-1 immunotoxin
A chimeric protein consisting of the Fv portion of a monoclonal antibody attached to a fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A without its cell-binding region. LMB-1 immunotoxin targets B3, a Lewis Y-related carbohydrate epitope found on some solid tumors. The antibody attaches to the tumor cell and the exotoxin stops protein synthesis by inactivating elongation factor 2. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

LMB-2 immunotoxin
A fusion protein consisting of the Fv portion of a monoclonal antibody attached to a 38-kDa fragment of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A (with amino acids 365-380 deleted). LMB-2 immunotoxin targets the interleukin 2 receptor (also known as IL-2R or CD25) which is expressed on activated normal T and B cells and macrophages and on the cells of various hematologic malignancies. The antibody attaches to the IL-2R on the cell membrane, facilitating the entry of the exotoxin. The exotoxin moiety induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

LMB-7 immunotoxin
A single chain chimeric protein consisting of a monoclonal antibody fragment attached to a portion of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A. LMB-7 immunotoxin attaches to B3, a Lewis Y-related carbohydrate epitope on some solid tumor cells. The antibody attaches to the cell and the exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating elongation factor 2. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

LMB-9 immunotoxin
A recombinant disulfide stabilized anti-Lewis Y IgG immunotoxin containing a 38 KD toxic element derived from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and a monoclonal antibody fragment, designed to target adenocarcinomas expressing Lewis Y. LMB-9 immunotoxin attaches to tumor cells, facilitating he entry of the exotoxin. The exotoxin moiety induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lobradimil
A synthetic analog of bradykinin. Lobradimil is a potent, specific bradykinin B-2 receptor agonist that stimulates B-2 receptors expressed on the surface of brain capillary endothelial cells, thereby reversibly increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Compared to bradykinin, this agent possesses enhanced receptor selectivity, greater plasma stability, and a longer half-life. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lodine
(Other name for: etodolac)

lometrexol
A folate analog antimetabolite with antineoplastic activity. As the 6R diastereomer of 5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolate, lometrexol inhibits glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis, arresting cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. The agent has been shown to be active against tumors that are resistant to the folate antagonist methotrexate. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lomustine
A nitrosourea with antineoplastic activity. Lomustine alkylates and crosslinks DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent also carbamoylates DNA and proteins, resulting in inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and disruption of RNA processing. Lomustine is lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lonafarnib
A synthetic tricyclic derivative of carboxamide with antineoplastic properties. Lonarfanib binds to and inhibits farnesyl transferase, an enzyme involved in the post-translational modification and activation of Ras proteins. Ras proteins participate in numerous signalling pathways (proliferation, cytoskeletal organization), and play an important role in oncogenesis. Mutated ras proteins have been found in a wide range of human cancers. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lonaprisan
An orally bioavailable pentafluoroethyl derivative of a mifepristone-related steroid with antiprogestagenic activity. Lonaprisan is a pure, highly receptor-selective progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist; binding of this agent to PRs inhibits PR activation and the associated proliferative effects. Unlike many other antiprogestins such as mifepristone, this agent does not appear to convert to an agonist in the presence of protein kinase A (PKA) activators and shows high antiprogestagenic activity on both progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms PR-A and PR-B. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

loperamide hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt form of loperamide, a synthetic, piperidine derivative and opioid agonist with antidiarrheal activity. Loperamide acts on the mu-receptors in the intestinal mucosa. This leads to a decrease in gastrointestinal motility by decreasing the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle activity of the intestinal wall. This slows intestinal transit and allows for more water and electrolyte absorption from the intestines. Loperamide is not significantly absorbed from the gut and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore it has no central nervous system effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lopinavir
A protease inhibitor used against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Lopinavir competitively inhibits the HIV-1 protease, an enzyme that mediates the cleavage of Gag, Gag-Pol and Nef precursor polypeptides into their mature proteins, including protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase. Inhibition of HIV-1 protease prevents cleavage of the viral polyprotein precursor and results in the release of immature, noninfectious virions. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lorazepam
A benzodiazepine with anxiolytic, anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, anti-emetic and sedative properties. Lorazepam enhances the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid on the GABA receptors by binding to a site that is distinct from the GABA binding site in the central nervous system. This leads to an increase in chloride channel opening events, a facilitation of chloride ion conductance, membrane hyperpolarization, and eventually inhibition of the transmission of nerve signals, thereby decreasing nervous excitation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lotrimin
(Other name for: clotrimazole)

lovastatin
A lactone metabolite isolated from the fungus Aspergillus terreus with cholesterol-lowering and potential antineoplastic activities. Lovastatin is hydrolyzed to the active beta-hydroxyacid form, which competitively inhibits 3-hydroxyl-3-methylgutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition, this agent may induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell invasiveness, possibly by inhibiting protein farnesylation and protein geranylgeranylation, and may arrest cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The latter effect sensitizes tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lovenox
(Other name for: enoxaparin)

Lucanix
(Other name for: belagenpumatucel-L)

lucatumumab
A monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell surface antigen CD40 with potential antineoplastic activity. Lucatumumab binds to and inhibits CD40, thereby inhibiting CD40 ligand-induced cell proliferation and triggering cell lysis via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in cells overexpressing CD40. CD40, an integral membrane protein found on the surface of B lymphocytes, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is highly expressed in a number of B-cell malignancies. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lucentis
(Other name for: ranibizumab)

Lucorteum Sol
(Other name for: therapeutic progesterone)

Lumirem
(Other name for: ferumoxsil oral suspension)

Lumitene
(Other name for: beta carotene)

Lupron Depot-Ped
(Other name for: leuprolide acetate)

lurtotecan
A semisynthetic analogue of camptothecin with antineoplastic activity. Lurtotecan selectively stabilizes the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complex and forms an enzyme-drug-DNA ternary complex. As a consequence of the formation of this complex, both the initial cleavage reaction and religation steps are inhibited and subsequent collision of the replication fork with the cleaved strand of DNA results in inhibition of DNA replication, double strand DNA breakage and triggering of apoptosis. Independent from DNA replication inhibition, lurtotecan also inhibits RNA synthesis, multi-ubiquitination and degradation of topoisomerase I and chromatin reorganization. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Luteohormone
(Other name for: therapeutic progesterone)

lutetium Lu 177 monoclonal antibody J591
A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of prostate-specific membrane antigen linked to a beta-emitting radioisotope (lutetium-177). This radioimmunoconjugate binds to tumor cells that express the extracellular domain of prostate-specific membrane antigen, delivering beta particle radiation selectively to tumor cells expressing this antigen and so limiting the exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lutetium Lu 177-capromab
A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of capromab linked to lutetium Lu 177 via the bifunctional macrocyclic chelator methoxy-tetraazacyclododecane-tetraacetic acid (MeO-DOTA) with potential antineoplastic activity. Lutetium Lu 177-capromab binds to human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expressed on tumor cell surfaces via its capromab moiety and, upon internalization, delivers cytotoxic beta radiation directly to PSMA-expressing tumor cells. PSMA is a cell surface glycoprotein abundantly expressed by prostate epithelium and is typically overexpressed by prostate cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lutetium Lu-177-DOTA-chimeric monoclonal antibody cG250
A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the chimeric monoclonal antibody cG250 linked to the low energy beta-emitting radioisotope Lutetium 177, via the bifunctional macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA), with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of lutetium Lu-177-DOTA-chimeric monoclonal antibody cG250 binds to renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells expressing the RCC-associated antigen G250; a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation is selectively delivered to G250-expressing RCC cells upon internalization of the radioimmunoconjugate. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lutrin
(Other name for: motexafin lutetium)

LY6K/VEGFR1/VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine
A multipeptide vaccine consisting of peptides derived from lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus K (LY6K) and type I and II vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, LY6K/VEGFR1/VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine may elicit an antitumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against LY6K-expressing tumor cells and/or VEGFR-expressing vascular endothelial cells involved in tumor angiogenesis. LY6K is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that occurs singly in glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-linked cell-surface glycoproteins or as three-fold repeated domain in the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; VEGFRs are cell surface receptors that stimulate endothelial cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis upon ligand binding and receptor activation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

lycopene
A linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard ageing and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lymphazurin
(Other name for: isosulfan blue)

LymphoCide
(Other name for: epratuzumab)

lymphokine-activated killer cells
Killer cell lymphocytes activated in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAKs) are cytotoxic effector cells with an exceptionally wide target cell spectrum including normal and malignant cells of different origins. LAK cells exhibit a profound heterogeneity with regard to phenotype surface marker expression; it remains to be determined if they represent a unique cell lineage. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lymphoseek
(Other name for: 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-mannosyl-dextran)

Lyovac Cosmegen
(Other name for: dactinomycin)

Lyrica
(Other name for: pregabalin)

lyso-thermosensitive liposome doxorubicin
A temperature-sensitive liposomal formulation of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, circulating thermosensitive liposomes are activated locally by increasing the tumor temperature to 40-41 degrees Celsius using an external heat source. The elevated temperature causes compositional changes in the liposomes, creating openings that allow for the release of encapsulated doxorubicin. Compared to non-thermosensitive liposomes, lyso-thermosensitive liposomes deliver higher concentrations of a cytotoxic agent to a heat-treated tumor site while sparing normal tissues unexposed to heat treatment. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Lysodren
(Other name for: mitotane)

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