National Cancer Institute
U.S. National Institutes of Health | www.cancer.gov

NCI Home
Cancer Topics
Clinical Trials
Cancer Statistics
Research & Funding
News
About NCI
NCI Drug Dictionary
Page Options
Print This Page
Quick Links
Director's Corner
Updates from the Director

Dictionary of Cancer Terms
Cancer-related terms

NCI Drug Dictionary
Definitions, names, and links

Funding Opportunities
Research and training

NCI Publications
Order/download free booklets

Advisory Boards and Groups
Information, meetings, reports

Science Serving People
Learn more about NCI

Español
Información en español
Quit Smoking Today
NCI Highlights
Report to Nation Finds Declines in Cancer Incidence, Death Rates

High Dose Chemotherapy Prolongs Survival for Leukemia

Prostate Cancer Study Shows No Benefit for Selenium, Vitamin E

The Nation's Investment in Cancer Research FY 2009

Past Highlights
Search for
# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All

(61)Cu-ATSM
A lipophilic copper(II)bis(thiosemicarbazone) labeled with the positron-emitting isotope (61)Cu with hypoxia-selective and radioisotopic activities. With a high membrane permeability and redox potential, (61)Cu-ATSM easily enters and selectively resides in hypoxic cells. The extent of (61)Cu-ATSM retention in tissue is inversely related to the state of tissue oxygenation allowing the quantitation of tissue hypoxia with positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

1-methyl-d-tryptophan
A methylated tryptophan with anti-immunosuppressive activity. 1-methyl-d-tryptophan inhibits the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan, and may increase or maintain tryptophan levels important to T cell function. Tryptophan depletion is associated with immunosuppression involving T cell arrest and anergy. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

11C topotecan
A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata radiolabeled with carbon 11 (11C) with antineoplastic and radiotracer properties. During the S phase of the cell cycle, topotecan inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptotic cell death. Quantitation of 11C topotecan accumulated in tumor tissues by positron emission tomography (PET) may help predict responses to topotecan therapy. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

18F-FHBG
A fluorine-18-labeled acycloguanosine derivative substrate for herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk). 18F-FHBG is used as a reporter probe to image the expression of the herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) gene in gene transfer therapy. HSV1-tk and and HSV1-tk-metabolized 18F-FHBG co-localize, allowing positron emission tomography (PET) localization of HSV1-tk gene-transfected tissue and the assessment of gene transfer efficiency. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

18F-fluoromisonidazole
A radiofluorinated 2-nitroimidazole derivate with hypoxia-specific tracer activity. Misonidazole is reduced under hypoxic conditions and in reduced form covalently binds to macromolecules in hypoxic cells. 18F (fluorine-18) radiofluorination of misonidazole to form 18F-fluoromisonidazole allows radioisotopic imaging of reduced misonidazole bound to macromolecules in hypoxic cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

2-methoxyestradiol
An orally bioavailable estradiol metabolite with potential antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits angiogenesis by reducing endothelial cell proliferation and inducing endothelial cell apoptosis. This agent also inhibits tumor cell growth by binding to tubulin, resulting in antimitotic activity, and by inducing caspase activation, resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine
A radioconjugate consisting of a thymidine analogue radiolabeled with fluorine F 18, a positron emitting isotope. Phosphorylated by S-phase-specific thymidine kinase 1, 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) is trapped intracellularly by entering the salvage pathway of DNA synthesis without incorporation into DNA. 18F-FLT serves a marker of tumor cell proliferation for imaging with positron emission tomography (PET); as a marker of proliferation rather than metabolism, it is more specific to tumor tissue than 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG). This agent is metabolically stable, accumulates in the normal bone marrow and the liver, and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
A ring-substituted amphetamine derivative, structurally related to the hallucinogen mescaline, with entactogenic, neurotoxic, and motor-stimulatory activities. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces an acute, rapid enhancement in both the release of serotonin from and the inhibition of serotonin reuptake by serotonergic nerve endings in the brain. Once within the cell, MDMA depletes stores of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) via acute oxidative inactivation; in turn, depleted stores of TPH leave cell terminals open to damage from oxidative stress, possibly a source of MDMA neurotoxicity. This agent also induces norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine release and can act directly on a number of receptors, including alpha 2-adrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptors. MDMA may suppress the dyskinesia associated with long-term use of L-dopamine (L-DOPA) without affecting the efficacy of L-DOPA treatment. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

3-deazauridine
A synthetic analogue of nucleoside uridine lacking a ring nitrogen in the 3-position. 3-deazauridine inhibits cytidine synthase, thereby reducing intracellular levels of cytidine and deoxycytidine and disrupting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent may trigger apoptosis and enhance differentiation of neoplastic cells.. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

4'-iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin
An iodinated doxorubicin analogue with antiamyloid activity. 4'-Iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin (IDOX) binds with high affinity to five types of natural amyloid fibrils including immunoglobulin light chains, amyloid A, transthyretin (methionine-30 variant), ß-protein (Alzheimer), and ß2-microglobulin. This agent may inhibit fibril growth, increasing the solubility of amyloid tissue deposits and facilitating their clearance. IDOX has also been shown to insulin amyloid fibrillogenesis in vitro. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

4-hydroxytamoxifen
A tamoxifen metabolite with both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects. 4-hydroxytamoxifen has a higher affinity for the estrogen receptor than tamoxifen, and functions as an antagonist in breast cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

4-nitroestrone 3-methyl ether
A synthetic derivative of estradiol. 4-nitroestrone 3-methyl ether inhibits estrogen sulfotransferase (EST), a progesterone-induced secretory endometrial enzyme which affects estrogen receptor levels. This agent has been shown to be an effective growth inhibitor of some chemically induced animal mammary tumors. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate
A folate-based biomodulator with potential antineoplastic activity. 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHF) stabilizes the covalent binding of the fluorouracil metabolite 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate (FdUMP) to its target enzyme, thymidylate synthase, which results in inhibition of thymidylate synthase, depletion of thymidine triphosphate (TTP), a necessary constituent of DNA, and tumor cell death. Unlike leucovorin, MTHF, as the active form of folate, does not require metabolic activation and may increase the chemotherapeutic effects of fluorouracil with lower toxicity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

5-[18F]fluorouracil
The fluorine-18 (18F)-radiolabeled pyrimidine analog 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with positron-emitting activity. Upon administration, 5-[18F]fluorouracil distribution in tumor tissue may be measured with positron emission tomography (PET). The degree of 5-[18F]fluorouracil uptake in tumor tissue may help to predict the response to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy or to determine the response to other therapeutic agents used to treat 5-FU-sensitive tumors. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

5-hydroxytryptophan
An aromatic amino acid with antidepressant activity. In vivo, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is converted into 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) as well as other neurotransmitters. 5-HTP may exert its antidepressant activity via conversion to serotonin or directly by binding to serotonin (5-HT) receptors within the central nervous system (CNS). Endogenous 5-HTP is produced from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. Exogenous therapeutic 5-HTP is isolated from the seeds of the African plant Griffonia simplicifolia. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

50% oxygen/50% nitrous oxide premix
An equimolar gas mixture of oxygen (O2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) with potential analgesic activity. Upon inhalation, 50% oxygen/50% nitrous oxide premix produces rapidly reversible analgesia. The exact mechanism through which nitrous oxide exerts its analgesic effect has yet to be fully elucidated, but it it appears to be associated with the neuronal release of endogenous opioid peptides. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

6-azauridine
A synthetic triazine analogue of uridine with antimetabolite activity. 6-azauridine inhibits de novo pyrimidine synthesis and DNA synthesis and is converted intracellularly into mono, di-, and triphosphate derivatives, which incorporate into RNA and inhibit protein synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

7-cyanoquinocarcinol
A semisynthetic analogue of the Streptomyces melanovinaceus-derived tetracyclic antitumor antibiotic quinocarmycin with potential antineoplastic activity. Quinocarmycin belongs to the naphthyridinomycin/saframycin class of antitumor antibiotics. These antibiotics appear to act through DNA alkylation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

7-hydroxystaurosporine
A synthetic derivative of staurosporine with antineoplastic activity. 7-hydroxystaurosporine inhibits many phosphokinases, including the serine/threonine kinase AKT, calcium-dependent protein kinase C, and cyclin-dependent kinases. This agent arrests tumor cells in the G1/S of the cell cycle and prevents nucleotide excision repair by inhibiting the G2 checkpoint kinase chk1, resulting in apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate ointment
An ointment formulation containing the sulfate salt of 8-hydroxyquinoline in a petrolatum and lanolin base with skin-protecting activity. Upon topical application, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate exhibits antiseptic activity while lanolin moistures and softens skin. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

851B gel
A topical gel containing a peptide derived from the human papillomavirus (HPV). Application of 851B gel may stimulate the host immune system to trigger a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to cells that express HPV. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

852A
A synthetic imidazoquinoline Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist with immunostimulating and potential antitumor activities. TLR7 agonist 852A binds to and activates TLR7, thereby stimulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) through the TLR7-MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Activation of pDC results in secretion of interferon alpha, the production of proimflammatory cytokines, the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules, and enhanced T and B-cell stimulatory responses. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-mannosyl-dextran
A radiolabeled macromolecule consisting of the chelating agent diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and mannose each attached to a dextran backbone and labeled with metastable technetiumTc-99 (Tc-99m), with mannose binding and radioisotopic activities. Upon injection, the mannose moiety of 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-mannosyl-dextran binds to mannose-binding protein (MBP). As MBPs reside on the surface of dendritic cells and macrophages, this gamma-emitting macromolecule tends to accumulate in lymphatic tissue where it may be imaged using gamma scintigraphy. This agent exhibits rapid clearance from the injection site, rapid uptake and high retention within the first draining lymph node, and low uptake by the remaining lymph nodes. MBP is a C-type lectin that binds mannose or fucose carbohydrate residues, such as those found on the surfaces of many pathiogens, and once bound activates the complement system. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

[18F]-labeled substance P antagonist receptor quantifier
A radioconjugate consisting of the positron emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18 conjugated to the substance P antagonist receptor quantifier (SPA-RQ) used in radioimaging. [18F]-labeled substance P antagonist receptor quantifier is an antagonist of the neurokinin 1 (substance P) receptor (NK1R) and can function as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent for detecting NK1R-expressing cells and tissues. NK1Rs are frequently expressed on the plasma membranes of tumor cells from glioblastoma and breast and pancreatic carcinomas. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

[F-18]HX4
A 2-nitroimidazole labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18. HX4, the 2-nitroimidazole moiety of [F-18]HX4, is selectively bioreduced and bound in hypoxic tumor cells, permitting the imaging of hypoxic tumor cells with positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

abagovomab
A murine IgG1 monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody, containing a variable antigen-binding region that functionally mimics the three-dimensional structure of a specific epitope on the ovarian cancer tumor-associated antigen CA-125, with potential antineoplastic activity. With a variable antigen-binding region that acts as a surrogate antigen for CA-125, abagovomab may stimulate the host immune system to elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against CA-125-positive tumor cells, resulting in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

abarelix
A synthetic decapeptide and antagonist of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Abarelix directly and competitively binds to and blocks the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor in the anterior pituitary gland, thereby inhibiting the secretion and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the release of testosterone. As a result, this may relieve symptoms associated with prostate hypertrophy or prostate cancer, since testosterone is required to sustain prostate growth. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Abegrin
(Other name for: etaracizumab)

Abelcet
(Other name for: liposomal amphotericin B)

Aberel
(Other name for: tretinoin)

abiraterone acetate
An orally active acetate salt of the steroidal compound abiraterone with antiandrogen activity. Abiraterone inhibits the enzymatic activity of steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase (17alpha-hydrolase/C17,20 lyase complex), a member of the cytochrome p450 family that catalyzes the 17alpha-hydroxylation of steroid intermediates involved in testosterone synthesis. Administration of this agent may suppress testosterone production by both the testes and the adrenals to castrate-range levels. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Abitrexate
(Other name for: methotrexate)

Abraxane
(Other name for: paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation)

absorbable gelatin sponge
A sterile hemostatic agent composed of purified porcine-derived gelatin. In regional chemotherapy, absorbable gelatin sponge may be used to embolize arteries in the region of a tumor in order to block or retard blood flow; this blockage results in a locally increased concentration of chemotherapeutic agents delivered to the tumor when chemotherapeutic agents are infused into the embolized arterial circulation upstream of the blockage. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ABT-510
A synthetic peptide that mimics the anti-angiogenic activity of the endogenous protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). ABT-510 inhibits the actions of several pro-angiogenic growth factors important to tumor neovascularization; these pro-angiogenic growth factors include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and interleukin 8 (IL-8). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ABT-751
An orally bioavailable antimitotic sulfonamide. ABT-751 binds to the colchicine-binding site on beta-tubulin and inhibits the polymerization of microtubules, thereby preventing tumor cell replication. This agent also disrupts tumor neovascularization, reducing tumor blood flow and so inducing a cytotoxic effect. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ABT-888
A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) -1 and -2 inhibitor with chemosensitizing and antitumor activities. With no antiproliferative effects as a single agent at therapeutic concentrations, ABT-888 inhibits PARPs, thereby inhibiting DNA repair and potentiating the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents. PARP nuclear enzymes are activated by DNA single or double strand breaks, resulting in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of other nuclear DNA binding proteins involved in DNA repair; poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation contributes to efficient DNA repair and to survival of proliferating cells exposed to mild genotoxic stresses as induced by as oxidants, alkylating agents or ionizing radiation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ABVD regimen
A chemotherapy regimen consisting of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine, used alone or in combination with radiation therapy, for the primary treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

AC-T regimen
A chemotherapy regimen consisting of doxorubucin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide, followed by paclitaxel (Taxol), administered on either a dose-dense or sequential schedule and used as an adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

acadesine
A 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) riboside, a purine nucleoside analog, and a nucleotide biosynthesis precursor with B cell pro-apoptotic activity. Following cellular uptake, acadesine is phosphorylated to AICA ribotide (ZMP), which mimics 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Both AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK kinase (AMPKK) are activated by ZMP, which appears to be necessary for the induction of apoptosis. Acadesine-induced apoptosis also appears to require cytochrome c release from mitochondria and caspase activation and is p53-independent. However, the exact mechanism of acadesine-induced apoptosis is unknown. T cells are significantly less susceptible than B cells to acadesine-induced apoptosis. AMPK regulates several cellular systems including the cellular uptake of glucose, the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, protein synthesis, and the biogenesis of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and mitochondria. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

acarbose
A complex oligosaccharide used as a hypoglycemic agent in diabetes management. Acarbose inhibits enzymes required in catabolism of carbohydrates, specifically pancreatic alpha-amylase, which hydrolyzes complex starches to oligosaccharides in the lumen of the small intestine, and the membrane-bound intestinal alpha-glucosidases, which hydrolyze oligosaccharides, trisaccharides, and disaccharides to glucose and other monosaccharides in the small intestine. When acarbose is orally administered, less digestion of complex carbohydrates occur and less glucose is absorbed in the small intestine, thereby producing a smaller rise in postprandial blood glucose levels after a carbohydrate load. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Accutane
(Other name for: isotretinoin)

acetaminophen
A p-aminophenol derivative with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Although the exact mechanism through which acetaminophen exert its effects has yet to be fully determined, acetaminophen may inhibit the nitric oxide (NO) pathway mediated by a variety of neurotransmitter receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and substance P, resulting in elevation of the pain threshold. The antipyretic activity may result from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and release in the central nervous system (CNS) and prostaglandin-mediated effects on the heat-regulating center in the anterior hypothalamus. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

acetylcysteine
A synthetic N-acetyl derivative of the endogenous amino acid L-cysteine, a precursor of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione. Acetylcysteine regenerates liver stores of glutathione. This agent also reduces disulfide bonds in mucoproteins, resulting in liquification of mucus. Some evidence suggests that acetylcysteine may exert an anti-apoptotic effect due to its antioxidant activity, possibly preventing cancer cell development or growth. In addition, acetylcysteine has inhibited viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates, thereby producing antiviral activity in HIV patients. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

acetyldinaline
An orally bioavailable substituted benzamide derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Acetyldinaline inhibits histone deacetylation, which may result in histone hyperacetylation, followed by the induction of differentiation, the inhibition of cell proliferation, and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

acetylsalicylic acid
An orally administered non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent. Acetylsalicylic acid binds to and acetylates serine residues in cyclooxygenases, resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin, platelet aggregation, and inflammation. This agent exhibits analgesic, antipyretic, and anticoagulant properties. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Achromycin
(Other name for: tetracycline hydrochloride)

acitretin
An orally-active metabolite of the synthetic aromatic retinoic acid agent etretinate with potential antineoplastic, chemopreventive, anti-psoratic, and embryotoxic properties. Acitretin activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR), resulting in induction of cell differentiation, inhibition of cell proliferation, and inhibition of tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells. This agent may also inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

acivicin
A modified amino acid and structural analog of glutamine. Acivicin inhibits glutamine amidotransferases in the purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways, thereby inhibiting tumor growth in cell lines dependent on glutamine metabolism. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aclarubicin
An oligosaccharide anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces galilaeus. Aclarubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerases I and II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. Aclarubicin is antagonistic to other agents that inhibit topoisomerase II, such as etoposide, teniposide and amsacrine. This agent is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin and daunorubicin. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Acnestrol
(Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)

ACNU 50
(Other name for: nimustine)

acodazole
A synthetic imidazoquinoline with antineoplastic activity. Acodazole intercalates into DNA, resulting in disruption of DNA replication. Use of this agent has been associated with significant cardiotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

acridine carboxamide
An agent that inhibits Topoisomerase II and intercalates with a DNA hexanucleotide, causing DNA damage and inhibition of DNA replication, RNA and protein synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

acridine carboxamide
A tricyclic acridine-based (or carboxamide-based) drug with dual topoisomerase inhibitor and potential antineoplastic activities. Acridine carboxamide inhibits both topoisomerases I and II and intercalates into DNA, resulting in DNA damage, the disruption of DNA repair and replication, the inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis, and cell death. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ActHIB
(Other name for: Haemophilus influenzae b vaccine)

Actigall
(Other name for: ursodiol)

Actimmune
(Other name for: recombinant interferon gamma)

Actinex
(Other name for: nordihydroguaiaretic acid)

Actiq
(Other name for: fentanyl citrate)

Activase
(Other name for: recombinant tissue plasminogen activator)

ActiVin
(Other name for: IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract)

Actonel
(Other name for: risedronate sodium)

Actos
(Other name for: pioglitazone hydrochloride)

acyclovir
A synthetic analog of the purine nucleoside, guanosine, with potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus and other viruses. After conversion in vivo to the active metabolite acyclovir triphosphate, acyclovir competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase, incorporates into and terminates the growing viral DNA chain, and inactivates viral DNA polymerase. The greater antiviral activity of acyclovir against HSV compared to VZV is due to its more efficient phosphorylation by the thymidine kinase of HSV. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

acyclovir sodium
The sodium salt form of acyclovir, a synthetic analog of the purine nucleoside, guanosine, with potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus and other viruses. After conversion in vivo to the active metabolite acyclovir triphosphate, acyclovir competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase, incorporates into and terminates the growing viral DNA chain, and inactivates viral DNA polymerase. The greater antiviral activity of acyclovir against HSV compared to VZV is due to its more efficient phosphorylation by the thymidine kinase of HSV. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ad5CMV-p53 gene
A replication-defective adenoviral-CMV vector that encodes a wild-type p53 gene. Ad5CMV-p53 induces tumor cells that have been transfected with the vector to produce wild-type p53, a tumor suppressor gene that is deleted or mutated in a significant number of cancers. In transfected tumor cells, the wild-type p-53 gene product exerts an antitumor effect by blocking cell cycle progression at the G1/S regulation point, activating DNA repair proteins in the presence of DNA damage, and initiating apoptosis when DNA damage is irreparable. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ad5F35-LMP1/LMP2-transduced autologous dendritic cells
Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with the replication-deficient adenoviral vector Ad5F53 encoding the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transmembrane latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1/LMP2) with potential immunostimulatory activity. Vaccination with Ad5F35-LMP1/LMP2-transduced autologous dendritic cells may stimulate a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against LMP1- and LMP2-expressing tumor positive cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. LMP1 and LMP2 are expressed in various malignancies including nasopharyngeal cancer and EBV-positive Hodgkin disease. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Adanon
(Other name for: methadone hydrochloride)

Adderall XR
(Other name for: dextroamphetamine-amphetamine)

adefovir dipivoxil
An acyclic nucleotide adenine analogue with potent antiviral activity. Adefovir is activated in vivo to a diphosphate metabolite which is incorporated into viral DNA, leading to viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibition, DNA chain termination and impairment of viral replication. This agent inhibits the reverse transcriptases of hepatitis B, herpes and HIV viruses, induces natural killer cell activity, and stimulates endogenous interferon production. Viral resistance to adefovir develops at a slower rate compared to other antivirals. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adenovector encoding MDA7
A nonreplicating adenoviral vector (adenovector) encoding the melanoma differentiation-associated 7 gene (MDA7) with potential antineoplastic activity. After intratumoral injection and adenovector-mediated gene transfer of MDA7 into tumor cells, the expressed MDA7 transgene may inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce tumor cell apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adenoviral vector encoding HSV thymidine kinase
An adenoviral vector engineered to express the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene, which, when administered in conjunction with a synthetic acyclic guanosine analogue, possesses potential antineoplastic activity. Adenoviral vector encoding HSV thymidine kinase is transduced into tumor cells, sensitizing tumor cells that overexpress HSV-tk to synthetic acyclic guanosine analogues. Subsequently, a low dose of a synthetic acyclic guanosine analogue such as valacyclovir (VCV) or ganciclovir (GCV) is given, which may preferentially kill tumor cells containing the adenoviral vector and overexpressing HSV-tk. Release of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by dying tumor cells may then stimulate an antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adenovirus 5-tumor necrosis factor alpha
A recombinant agent consisting of a genetically-modified adenovirus 5 vector encoding the protein cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. TNF exhibits potent anti-tumor cytolytic properties; the adenovirus 5 vector efficiently infects tumor cells, delivering tumor-specific TNF. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adenovirus B7-1
A gene-viral vector complex comprised of an adenovirus vector and B7-1 gene targeting the CD80 antigen. Adenovirus B7-1 is used as a component in antineoplastic vaccines to elicit a cytotoxic T-cell response. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adenovirus encoding human aquaporin-1
A replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus encoding human aquaporin-1 with potential membrane water channel activity. Upon transfection of salivary glands, adenovirus encoding human aquaporin-1 (AdhAQP1) directs human aquaporin-1 (hAQP1) expression in the apical and basolateral plasma membranes of salivary secretory cells, which may result in increased saliva production. hAQP1, a water channel protein, is one of several highly conserved water channel proteins that mediate water permeability in cells of water-transporting tissues. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adenovirus encoding recombinant human endostatin
A replication-defective, recombinant oncolytic adenovirus encoding human endostatin with potential antineoplastic activity. Endostatin, a 20 kDa C-terminal proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII, is an important angiogenesis inhibitor. Upon intratumoral administration, the adenovirus infects and replicates in tumor cells. The expressed endostatin may inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis which may result in a reduction of tumor growth. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adenovirus HER2-transduced autologous dendritic cell vaccine
A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with a replication-deficient adenovirus vector encoding HER-2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, adenovirus HER2-transduced autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against HER-2-positive tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death and decreased tumor growth. HER-2, a tyrosine kinase receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) (also known as neu and ErbB2), is overexpressed by some breast, ovarian, and gastric cancers. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adenovirus vector
One of a number of genetically-engineered adenoviruses designed to insert a gene of interest into a eukaryotic cell where the gene of interest is subsequently expressed. Unlike most other vectors, adenovirus vectors have the ability to infect post-mitotic cells. Thus, these agents are especially useful for gene transfer into neuronal cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adenovirus-interferon-gamma TG1042
A replication-defective adenoviral vector encoding human interferon-gamma (IFN-g) cDNA with potential antineoplastic and immunoregulatory activities. Upon intratumoral administration, the prolonged expression of IFN-g by adenovirus-interferon-gamma TG1042 promotes a T helper type 1 (Th1-type) immune response and inhibits the Th2-mediated cytokine production observed in many cutaneous lymphomas. IFN-g also mediates interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by antigen-presenting cells (APCs); activates macrophages, cytotoxic T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells; upregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules; and stimulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Altogether, these IFN-g-mediated effects may result in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ADH-1
A small, cyclic pentapeptide vascular-targeting agent with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. ADH-1 selectively and competitively binds to and blocks N-cadherin, which may result in disruption of tumor vasculature, inhibition of tumor cell growth, and the induction of tumor cell and endothelial cell apoptosis. N-cadherin, a cell- surface transmembrane glycoprotein of the cadherin superfamily of proteins involved in calcium-mediated cell-cell adhesion and signaling mechanisms; may be upregulated in some aggressive tumors and the endothelial cells and pericytes of some tumor blood vessels. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adipose-derived regenerative cells
A population of cells derived from adipose tissue with stem cell and wound repair activities. Adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRC) consists of several cell types, such as adult stem cells, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, among others. These cells contribute to wound repair through a variety of mechanisms by promoting blood vessel growth and blocking apoptosis. In addition, ADRC can differentiate into several tissue types, such as bone, cartilage, fat, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

adozelesin
An alkylating agent that bind to the DNA minor groove in a sequence-specific manner and form covalent adducts with adenines, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and induction of apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Adriamycin
(Other name for: doxorubicin hydrochloride)

Adrucil
(Other name for: fluorouracil)

ADVEXIN
(Other name for: Ad5CMV-p53 gene)

AEE788
An orally bioavailable multiple-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. AEE788 inhibits phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinases of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGF2), resulting in receptor inhibition, the inhibition of cellular proliferation, and induction of tumor cell and tumor-associated endothelial cell apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

AEG35156
A second-generation synthetic antisense oligonucleotide with potential antineoplastic activity. AEG35156 selectively blocks the cellular expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), a pivotal inhibitor of apoptosis that is overexpressed in many tumors. This agent reduces total levels of XIAP in tumor cells, working synergistically with cytotoxic drugs to overcome tumor cell resistance to apoptosis. XIAP interferes with both the intrinsic and extrinsic program-death signaling pathways, which may render tumor cells resistant to apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Aeroseb-Dex
(Other name for: dexamethasone)

Aeroseb-HC
(Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)

aerosol sargramostim
An aerosol inhalation formulation containing a yeast-derived glycosylated recombinant form of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with potential immunostimulating activity. Sargramostim binds to specific cell surface receptors, modulating the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production. This agent also activitates neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells and promotes antigen presentation, upregulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated, lymphokine-activated killer cell function. Aerosol inhalation may help achieve high concentrations of sargramostim in the lung. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aerosolized liposomal 9-nitro-20 (S) camptothecin
An aerosolized liposomal preparation of a water-insoluble derivative of camptothecin with potential antineoplastic activity. 9-nitro-20 (S)-camptothecin and its active metabolite 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC) selectively stabilize topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes during S-phase, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery. This agent is formulated with dilauroylphosphatidylcholine and nebulized in particle sizes of 1.2-1.6 micrometer mass median aerodynamic diameter. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Affinitak
(Other name for: ISIS 3521)

aflibercept
A protein comprised of segments of the extracellular domains of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 (VEGFR1) and 2 (VEGFR2) fused to the constant region (Fc) of human IgG1 with potential antiangiogenic activity. Afilbercept, functioning as a soluble decoy receptor, binds to pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), thereby preventing VEGFs from binding to their cell receptors. Disruption of the binding of VEGFs to their cell receptors may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, and ultimately tumor regression. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Aflodac
(Other name for: sulindac)

AFP gene hepatocellular carcinoma vaccine
A cancer vaccine composed of naked plasmid DNA of the gene for the tumor-associated antigen alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a macromolecule that acts as a specific immunologic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. This agent exerts an antitumor effect by inducing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to attack AFP-expressing tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

AFP464
A synthetic lysyl prodrug of the amino-substituted flavone derivate aminoflavone with antiproliferative and antineoplastic activities. AFP464 is rapidly converted to aminoflavone in plasma. Aminoflavone activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway leading to an increase in cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) expression and, to a lesser extent, an increase in cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) expression. Subsequently, aminoflavone is metabolized to toxic metabolites by the cytochromome P450 enzymes that it induces; these toxic metabolites covalently bind to DNA, resulting in the phosphorylation of p53, the induction of the p53 downstream target p21Waf1/Cip1, and apoptosis. Pulmonary toxicity may be dose-limiting. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

AG-024322
A cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. AG-024322 selectively inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases (particularly CDK1,2 and 4), enzymes that regulate cell cycle progression. Inhibition of CDK may result in cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of DNA replication and tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

agatolimod sodium
The tricosasodium salt of a synthetic 24-mer oligonucleotide containing 3 CpG motifs with potential antineoplastic and immunostimulatory activity. Agatolimod selectively targets Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), thereby activating dendritic and B cells and stimulating cytotoxic T cell and antibody responses against tumor cells bearing tumor antigens. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Aknoten
(Other name for: tretinoin)

Alba-Dex
(Other name for: dexamethasone)

albuterol sulfate
The sulfate salt of the short-acting sympathomimetic agent albuterol, a 1:1 racemic mixture of (R)-albuterol and (S)-albuterol with bronchodilator activity. Albuterol stimulates beta2-adrenergic receptors in the lungs, thereby activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increased cAMP concentrations relax bronchial smooth muscle, relieve bronchospasms, and reduce inflammatory cell mediator release, especially from mast cells. To a lesser extent albuterol stimulates beta1-adrenergic receptors, thereby increasing the force and rate of myocardial contraction. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Aldactone
(Other name for: spironolactone)

Aldara
(Other name for: imiquimod)

aldesleukin
A recombinant analog of the endogenous cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) with immunoregulatory and antineoplastic activities. Aldesleukin binds to and activates the IL-2 receptor, followed by heterodimerization of the cytoplasmic domains of the IL-2R beta and gamma(c) chains; activation of the tyrosine kinase Jak3; and phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the IL-2R beta chain, resulting in an activated receptor complex. Various cytoplasmic signaling molecules are recruited to the activated receptor complex and become substrates for regulatory enzymes that are associated with the receptor complex. This agent enhances lymphocyte mitogenesis; stimulates long-term growth of human IL-2 dependent cell lines; enhances lymphocyte cytotoxicity; induces lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell and natural killer (NK) cell activities; and induces expression of interferon-gamma. Aldesleukin may induce T cell-mediated tumor regression in some tumor types. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alefacept
A recombinant dimeric fusion protein consisting of the extracellular CD2-binding domain of the human leukocyte function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3; CD58) linked to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with potential immunosuppressive activity. Alefacept binds to the CD2 receptor expressed on the majority of T lymphocytes, blocking the binding of endogenous LFA-3, located on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), to the CD2 receptor; the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes in response to LFA-3 binding is thus inhibited. In addition, binding of the IgG1 moiety of this agent to the Fc gamma receptor on the surface of natural killer (NK)cells may bridge NK cells and target T lymphocytes, initiating NK cell-mediated apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alemtuzumab
A recombinant DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface glycoprotein, CD52. Alemtuzumab is an IgG1 kappa with human variable framework and constant regions, and complementarity-determining regions derived from a rat monoclonal antibody. This agent selectively binds to CD52, thereby triggering a host immune response that results in lysis of CD52 + cells. CD52 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of essentially all normal and malignant B and T cells, a majority of monocytes, macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, a subpopulation of granulocytes, and tissues of the male reproductive system. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alendronate sodium
The sodium salt of alendronate, a second generation bisphosphonate and synthetic analog of pyrophosphate with bone anti-resorption activity. Alendronate sodium binds to and inhibits the activity of geranyltranstransferase (farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase), an enzyme involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Inhibition of this enzyme prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids (FPP and GGPP) that are donor substrates of farnesylation and geranylgeranylation during the post-translational modification of small GTPase signalling proteins, which is important in the process of osteoclast turnover. As a result, osteoclast activity is inhibited and bone resorption and turnover are reduced. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alfentanil hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt form of alfentanil, an ultra short-acting, synthetic, opioid agonist with analgesic and local anesthesia enhancing activity. Alfentanil hydrochloride primarily binds to and stimulates the opiate receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the actions of endogenous opioids. Stimulation of the mu-subtype opioid receptor stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex and subsequently inhibits adenylate cyclase. This results in a decrease in intracellular cAMP and leads to a reduction in the release of various neurotransmitters. The analgesic effect of alfentanil is likely due to the actions of its metabolite morphine, which induces opening of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels and blocks the opening of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels, thereby resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Alferon
(Other name for: recombinant interferon alpha-2a)

Alferon N
(Other name for: recombinant interferon alfa)

alfuzosin hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of alfuzosin, a quinazoline compound with smooth muscle-relaxing activity. Alfuzosin selectively binds to and antagonizes post-synaptic alpha1-adrenoreceptors in smooth muscle of the prostate, bladder base, bladder neck, prostatic capsule, and prostatic urethra, initiating relaxation of smooth muscle and resulting in improvement of urine flow and the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This agent also blocks alpha1-adrenoreceptors in peripheral vascular smooth muscle, resulting in vasodilatation and a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ALIMTA
(Other name for: pemetrexed disodium)

alitretinoin
An orally- and topically-active naturally-occurring retinoic acid with antineoplastic, chemopreventive, teratogenic, and embryotoxic activities. Alitretinoin binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR); these activated receptors act as transcription factors, regulating gene expression that results in the inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation, and apoptosis of both normal cells and tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Alkeran
(Other name for: melphalan)

allogeneic B7.1/HLA-A1 transfected tumor cell vaccine
An allogeneic whole cell vaccine, derived from irradiated allogenic tumor cells manipulated to express human B7.1 (CD80 antigen) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A1, with potential antitumor activity. Vaccination with allogeneic B7.1/HLA-A1 transfected tumor cell vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against similar host tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

allogeneic bone marrow-derived adult stem cells
A biologic product that consists of undifferentiated stem cells, obtained from adult bone marrow or other non-embryonic tissue sources, that are expanded in vitro and deposited in master cell banks for "off-the-shelf" use, with potential hematopoiesis-inducing and immunomodulating activities. Allogeneic adult bone marrow-derived adult stem cells are non-immunogenic due to the lack of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule expression, and so elicit no immune response upon administration. In vivo, bone marrow-derived adult stem cells are capable of maturing into a broad range of cell types and may help restore the immune system by producing multiple therapeutic molecules in response to inflammation and tissue damage. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

allogeneic CD4+ memory Th1-like T cells/microparticle-bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28
A preparation consisting of allogeneic, differentiated Th1-like T cells bound to T cell-stimulating monoclonal antibodies with potential antitumor activity. More specifically, allogeneic CD4+ memory Th1-like T cells/microparticle-bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28 are composed of a proprietary preparation of mismatched, allogeneic differentiated CD4+ memory Th1-like T cells bound to paramagnetic, epoxy-covered 4.5 micron microparticles with covalently bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies at a 2:1 bead:cell ratio. The CD4+ memory Th1-like T cells are derived from precursors found in the circulation of a normal donor. Stimulated by the microparticle-bound monoclonal antibodies, the infused T cells produce pro-inflammatory, anti-tumor cytokines such as like IFN-gamma, TNF-beta, and IL-2, disabling tumor immune avoidance mechanisms and stimulating the host immune system to both reject the infused T cells and kill tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

allogeneic dendritic cell-myeloma idiotype vaccine
A cell-based vaccine composed of allogeneic dendritic cells pulsed ex-vivo with an autologous myeloma idiotype with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, allogeneic dendritic cell-myeloma idiotype vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against myeloma cells, resulting in cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting breast cancer vaccine
An allogenic vaccine consisting of irradiated breast cancer cells transfected with the granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene. Upon vaccination, the genetically modified cells secrete GM-CSF, thereby potentiating a tumor-specific T cell response against breast cancer cell-asociated antigens. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

allogeneic LMP1-/LMP2- specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
A preparation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), specifically reactive to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane proteins (LMP) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are collected from a donor and are exposed ex vivo to dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding EBV LMP1/2 to generate LMP1/2-specific CTL which are subsequently expanded. Administration of allogeneic LMP1-/LMP2- specific CTL to patients with LMP1/2-positive tumors may result in a specific CTL response against tumor cells expressing LMP1 and LMP2, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. As tumor associated antigens (TAAs), LMP1 and LMP2 are expressed in various malignancies including nasopharyngeal cancer and EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

allogeneic tumor cell vaccine
A vaccine composed of tumor cells isolated from the tumor of one patient, killed and processed, and administered to another patient in order to stimulate cytotoxic immune responses to a similar tumor cell type. The cells found in this type of whole-cell vaccine express many cell-surface tumor-associated antigens. This vaccine is frequently administered with an adjuvant immunostimulant. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

allopurinol
A structural isomer of hypoxanthine. Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that converts oxypurines to uric acid. By blocking the production of uric acid, this agent decreases serum and urine concentrations of uric acid, thereby providing protection against uric acid-mediated end organ damage in conditions associated with excessive production of uric acid, i.e. the massive cell lysis associated with the treatment of some malignancies. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aloe vera gel
A preparation of leaf pulp from the parenchymal tissue of the plant Aloe vera (Liliaceae). Aloe vera gel contains carbohydrate polymers, such as glucomannans or pectic acid, and various vitamins and essential amino acids, as well as other organic and inorganic compounds. This agent has been used internally or externally for sunburn, skin problems, insect bites, ulcers, arthritis, constipation, and as an immune system enhancer. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Aloxi
(Other name for: palonosetron hydrochloride)

alpha fetoprotein adenoviral vector vaccine
A vaccine consisting of a recombinant adenoviral vector encoding alpha fetoprotein. After vaccination, expressed alpha fetoprotein may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express alpha fetoprotein, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alpha fetoprotein plasmid DNA vaccine
A vaccine consisting of plasmid DNA encoding alpha fetoprotein. After vaccination, expressed alpha fetoprotein may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express alpha fetoprotein, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase-expressing allogeneic lung tumor cell vaccine
An allogeneic lung cancer vaccine with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Derived from allogeneic lung tumor cells, alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase-expressing allogeneic lung tumor cell vaccine is engineered to express the murine alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT), an enzyme humans lack. GalT catalyzes the expression of foreign alpha-1,3-galactosyl (alpha-gal) carbohydrate epitopes in glycoproteins and in glycolipids on the cell membranes of the allogeneic lung tumor cells present in the vaccine, essentially producing a "xenograft". The hyperacute rejection involves pre-existing human anti-alpha-gal antibodies that bind the foreign alpha-gal epitopes expressed by the vaccine tumor cell “xenograft”, resulting in complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards endogenous lung tumor cells with unmodified carbohydrate epitopes. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase-expressing allogeneic pancreatic tumor cell vaccine
A cancer vaccine comprised of irradiated allogeneic pancreatic cancer cells transfected to express murine alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase with potential antitumor activity. Vaccination is associated with the expression of murine alpha-1,3-galactosyl (alpha-gal) carbohydrate residues on cell membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids of the vaccine pancreatic cancer cell allograft; murine alpha-gal epitopes, not present on human cells, then induce a hyperacute rejection of the vaccine pancreatic cancer cell allograft. The hyperacute rejection involves the binding of pre-existing human anti-alpha-gal antibodies (which naturally occur against gut flora) to murine alpha-gal epitopes, resulting in the rapid activation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards allograft cells. The host immune system then attacks endogenous pancreatic cancer cells, resulting in ADCC towards endogenous pancreatic cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alpha-Gal glycosphingolipids
A preparation of glycosphingolipids (GSL), containing the disaccharide epitope galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-Gal), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral injection, alpha-Gal glycosphingolipids may stimulate the immune system to mount complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses against alpha-Gal GSL, which may result in tumor cell death; these responses involve natural anti-alpha-Gal immunoglobulins (Igs). As antibodies that occur naturally due to sensitization to alpha-Gal present on symbiotic bacterial flora, anti-alpha-Gal Igs are present in unusually high amounts in human sera. GSL represent a glycolipid subtype containing the amino alcohol sphingosine; tumor-associated GSL antigens contain various oligosaccharide residues. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alprazolam
A triazolobenzodiazepine agent with anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities. Alprazolam binds to a specific site distinct from the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binding site on the benzodiazepine-GABA-A-chloride ionophore receptor complex located in the limbic, thalamic and hypothalamic regions of the central nervous system (CNS). This binding causes an allosteric modification of the receptor and enhances the affinity of GABA to the receptor leading to an increase in the frequency of chloride-channel opening events. This leads to an increase in chloride ion conductance, neuronal hyperpolarization, inhibition of the action potential and leads to a decrease in neuronal excitability. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alprostadil
The naturally occuring prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) which displays a variety of pharmacologic actions. Alprostadil is a potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow, inhibits platelet aggregation, and induces bronchodilation. Used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, this agent produces corporal smooth muscle relaxation by binding to PGE receptors, resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and the subsequent accumulation of 3'5'-cAMP. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Althose
(Other name for: methadone hydrochloride)

altretamine
A synthetic cytotoxic s-triazine derivative similar in structure to alkylating agent triethylenemelamin with antineoplastic activity. Although the precise mechanism by which altretamine exerts its cytotoxic effect is unknown, N-demethylation of altretamine may produce reactive intermediates which covalently bind to DNA, resulting in DNA damage. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alum adjuvant
An aluminum compound with immune adjuvant activity. This agent adsorbs and preciptates protein antigens in solution; the resulting precipitate improves vaccine immunogenicity by faclitating the slow release of antigen from the vaccine depot formed at the site of inoculation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ALVAC(2) melanoma multi-antigen therapeutic vaccine
A therapeutic cancer vaccine, based on a replication-defective recombinant canarypox virus (ALVAC) encoding multiple melanoma antigens, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with ALVAC(2) melanoma multi-antigen therapeutic vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount an immune response against antigen-expressing melanoma cells, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth and/or metastasis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ALVAC-hB7.1
A vaccine comprise of a canarypox viral vector that carries the gene for human B7.1 (CD80 antigen) with potential use as an autologous therapeutic cancer vaccine. Tumor cells harvested from a patient are infected with ALVAC-hB7 1, thereby producing an autologous cell line that exhibits increased expression of HLA class I and class II, CD54 (ICAM), and CD80. Increased expression of these proteins by this autologous cell line may activate an antitumor T-cell response when the modified cells are administered to the patient. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ALVAC-MART-1 vaccine
A cancer vaccine containing a replication-defective recombinant canarypox virus (ALVAC), encoding an epitope of MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the MART-1 epitope is expressed by the ALVAC vector in ALVAC-MART-1 vaccine; a host cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against MART-1-expressing tumor cells may follow, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alvespimycin hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of alvespimycin, an analogue of the antineoplastic benzoquinone antibiotic geldanamycin. Alvespimycin binds to HSP90, a chaperone protein that aids in the assembly, maturation and folding of proteins. Subsequently, the function of Hsp90 is inhibited, leading to the degradation and depletion of its client proteins such as kinases and transcription factors involved with cell cycle regulation and signal transduction. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alvimopan
A synthetic trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) piperidine with peripherally selective opioid mu receptor antagonist activity. Alvimopan is a selective and competitive antagonist at mu-opioid receptors, found in myenteric and submucosal neurons and the immune cells of the lamina propria in the human gut. Upon administration, this agent binds to mu-opioid receptors in the gut, thereby reversing opiod-related disturbances in gut motility. Alvimopan is approximately three to nine times more potent than naloxone. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

alvocidib
A synthetic N-methylpiperidinyl chlorophenyl flavone compound. As an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase, alvocidib induces cell cycle arrest by preventing phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and by down-regulating cyclin D1 and D3 expression, resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This agent is also a competitive inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate activity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

amantadine hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of amantadine, a synthetic tricyclic amine with antiviral, antiparkinsonian, and antihyperalgesic activities. Amantadine appears to exert its antiviral effect against the influenza A virus by interfering with the function of the transmembrane domain of the viral M2 protein, thereby preventing the release of infectious viral nucleic acids into host cells; furthermore, this agent prevents virus assembly during virus replication. Amantadine exerts its antiparkinsonian effects by stimulating the release of dopamine from striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals and inhibiting its pre-synaptic reuptake. This agent may also exert some anticholinergic effect through inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated stimulation of acetylcholine, resulting in antihyperalgesia. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ambien
(Other name for: zolpidem tartrate)

AmBisome
(Other name for: liposomal amphotericin B)

Amboclorin
(Other name for: chlorambucil)

Amdray
(Other name for: valspodar)

American ginseng
The aromatic root of the perennial herb Panax quinquefolius, native to eastern North America. American ginseng, used in Chinese traditional medicine and available as a nutritional supplement, is classified as an adaptogenic herb with multiple effects, many of which are regulatory in nature. It contains a complex mixture of saponin glycosides, also known as ginsenosides or panaxosides. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, this agent is reported to enhance the immune system and reduce fatigue. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Amevive
(Other name for: alefacept)

Amfebutamone
(Other name for: bupropion hydrochloride)

amifostine trihydrate
The trihydrate form of a phosphorylated aminosulfhydryl compound. After dephosphorylation of amifostine by alkaline phosphatase to an active free sulfhydryl (thiol) metabolite, the thiol metabolite binds to and detoxifies cytotoxic platinum-containing metabolites of cisplatin and scavenges free radicals induced by cisplatin and ionizing radiation. The elevated activity of this agent in normal tissues results from both the relative abundance of alkaline phosphatase in normal tissues and the greater vascularity of normal tissues compared to tumor tissues. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aminobenzoate potassium
The potassium salt form of aminobenzoate, with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activities. Aminobenzoate potassium increases oxygen uptake at the tissue level and may enhance monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, which requires oxygen as a substrate. Enhanced MAO activity maybe accountable for the prevention or regression of fibrosis, which may occur due to too much serotonin or too little MAO activity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aminocamptothecin
A water-insoluble camptothecin derivative. Aminocamptothecin binds to the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase I, thereby inhibiting repair of single-strand DNA breakages. Because the terminal lactone ring of aminocamptothecin required for the agent's antitumor activity spontaneously opens under physiological conditions to an inactive carboxy form, the drug must be administered over an extended period of time to achieve effective cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aminolevulinic acid
A topically administered metabolic precursor of protoporphyrin IX. After topical administration, aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is converted to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) which is a photosensitizer. When the proper wavelength of light activates protoporphyrin IX, singlet oxygen is produced, resulting in a local cytotoxic effect. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aminopeptidase inhibitor CHR-2797
A proprietary orally bioavailable inhibitor of the M1 family of aminopeptidases with potential antineoplastic activity. Aminopeptidase inhibitor CHR-2797 is converted intracellularly into a poorly membrane-permeable active metabolite (CHR-79888) which inhibits the M1 family of aminopeptidases, particularly puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PuSA), and leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase; inhibition of these aminopeptidases in tumor cells may result in amino acid deprivation, inhibition of protein synthesis due to a decrease in the intracellular free amino acid pool, an increase in the level of the proapoptotic protein Noxa, and cell death. Noxa is a member of the BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-only subgroup of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) protein family. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aminopterin
A synthetic derivative of pterins with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive properties. As a folate analogue, aminopterin competes for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby blocking tetrahydrofolate synthesis, and resulting in depletion of nucleotide precursors and inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aminothiadiazole
A synthetic derivative of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Aminothiadiazole competitively inhibits inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase, thereby disrupting the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of cells. This agent is also a selective human adenosine A3 receptor antagonist. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

amiodarone hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of an iodine-rich benzofuran derivative with antiarrhythmic and vasodilatory activities. As a class III antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone blocks the myocardial calcium, potassium and sodium channels in cardiac tissue, resulting in prolongation of the cardiac action potential and refractory period. In addition, this agent inhibits alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, resulting in a reduction in sympathetic stimulation of the heart, a negative chronotropic effect, and a decrease in myocardial oxygen demands. Amiodarone may cause vasodilation by stimulation of the release of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-dependent relaxing endothelial factors. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

AML mRNA plus lysate loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine
A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells loaded with separate preparations of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell lysate and AML-specific messenger RNA (mRNA) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, AML mRNA plus lysate loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine may elicit a potent cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against AML cells, resulting in tumor cell death. Autologous dendritic cells doubly-loaded with AML cell lysate and AML-specific mRNA may elicit superior primary, recall, and effector lytic immune responses compared to autologous dendritic cells loaded with tumor lysate or tumor mRNA alone. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ammoidin
(Other name for: methoxsalen)

ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
An ammonium salt with potential antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. Tetrathiomolybdate has been found to deplete systemic copper reserves through an unknown mechanism. This agent has been shown to inhibit the activities of cuproenzymes, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which may contribute to its antiangiogenic and antitumor effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ammonium trichlorotellurate
A synthetic non-toxic tellurium derivative, structurally similar to cisplatin, with immuno-modulating, antiviral, and hair growth-promoting activities. Ammonium trichlorotellurate may inhibit the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and may induce hematopoietic cells to express interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-2 receptors, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferons (INFs). This agent is also a potent inducer of IL-1 and IL-6. Accordingly, ammonium trichlorotellurate may protect against chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. In addition, this agent exhibits hair growth-promoting activity by inducing anagen production and inhibiting catagen production, resulting in the promotion of follicular keratinocyte proliferation and interference with follicular keratinocyte terminal differentiation, respectively. Accordingly, ammonium trichlorotellurate may protect against chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Amnesteem
(Other name for: isotretinoin)

amonafide dihydrochloride
The dihydrochloride salt of amonafide, an imide derivative of naphthalic acid. Amonafide intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, resulting in protein-associated strand breaks and impaired DNA and RNA synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

amonafide L-malate
The malate salt of amonafide, an imide derivative of naphthalic acid, with potential antineoplastic activity. Amonafide intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and inhibition of DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

amoxicillin
A broad-spectrum, semisynthetic aminopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Amoxicillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1A located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium
A combination of the semisynthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitor clavulanate potassium. Clavulanate potassium increases the serum half-life of amoxicillin by inhibiting beta-lactamase-mediated metabolism of amoxicillin. Amoxicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins and inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, a critical component of bacterial cell walls. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Amoxil
(Other name for: amoxicillin)

amphotericin B deoxycholate
The deoxycholate salt of amphotericin B, a polyene antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus, with antifungal activity. Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, resulting in depolarization of the membrane; alterations in cell membrane permeability and leakage of important intracellular components; and cell rupture. This agent may also induce oxidative damage in fungal cells and has been reported to stimulate host immune cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ampicillin sodium/sulbactam sodium
A combination formulation of the sodium salts of the antibiotic ampicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam with antibacterial activity. Ampicillin, a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic penicillin, binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, thereby interfering with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. As a result, the cell wall is weakened and the cell lyses. The sulbactam component irreversibly binds to bacterial beta-lactamase at or near its active site, thereby interfering with substrate binding and inhibiting bacterial metabolism of penicillin and cephalosporin beta-lactam antibiotics, effectively extending their antibiotic spectrum to include many beta-lactam-resistant bacteria. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ampligen
(Other name for: atvogen)

Amplimexon
(Other name for: imexon)

amrubicin hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of a third-generation synthetic 9-amino-anthracycline with antineoplastic activity. Amrubicin intercalates into DNA and inhibits the activity of topoisomerase II, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication, and RNA and protein synthesis, followed by cell growth inhibition and cell death. This agent has demonstrated a higher level of anti-tumor activity than conventional anthracycline drugs without exhibiting any indication of the cumulative cardiac toxicity common to this class of compounds. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

amsacrine
An aminoacridine derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Although its mechanism of action is incompletely defined, amsacrine may intercalate into DNA and inhibit topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA double-strand breaks, arrest of the S/G2 phase of the cell cycle, and cell death. This agent's cytotoxicity is maximal during the S phase of the cell cycle when topoisomerase levels are greatest. In addition, amsacrine may induce transcription of tumor promoter p53 protein and block p53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, resulting in p53-dependent tumor cell apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

anakinra
A recombinant human nonglycosylated interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Anakinra binds to the IL-1 receptor, thereby blocking the binding of the IL-1 to and activation of its receptor. Blockade of IL-1 activity may inhibit the cascade of downstream pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6, resulting in inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

anamorelin hydrochloride
The orally bioavailable hydrochloride salt of a synthetic, small-molecule ghrelin mimetic with appetite-stimulating and anabolic activities. Anamorelin binds to and stimulates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) centrally, thereby mimicking the appetite-stimulating and growth hormone-releasing effects of grhelin. Stimulation of GHSR may also reduce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and interleukin-6, which may play a direct role in cancer-related loss of appetite. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

anastrozole
A nonsteroidal inhibitor of estrogen synthesis that resembles paclitaxel in chemical structure. As a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole selectively binds to and reversibly inhibits aromatase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme complex found in many tissues including those of the premenopausal ovary, liver, and breast; aromatase catalyzes the aromatization of androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, the final step in estrogen biosynthesis. In estrogen-dependent breast cancers, anastrozole may inhibit tumor growth. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

anaxirone
A synthetic triepoxide alkylating agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Anaxirone alkylates DNA via actual or derived epoxide groups, resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis. This agent has been shown to exhibit a broad spectrum of antineoplastic activity against experimental tumors, including those resistant to other alkylating agents. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ancestim
(Other name for: recombinant human stem cell factor)

ancitabine hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of a cytarabine congener prodrug with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ancitabine is slowly hydrolyzed into cytarabine. Subsequently, cytarabine is converted to the triphosphate form within the cell and then competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA. Because the arabinose sugar sterically hinders the rotation of the molecule within DNA, DNA replication ceases, specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. Cytarabine agent also inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in a decrease in DNA replication and repair. Compared to cytarabine, a more prolonged, consistent cytarabine-mediated therapeutic effect may be achieved with ancitabine because of the slow hydrolytic conversion of ancitabine to cytarabine. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ancobon
(Other name for: flucytosine)

AndroGel
(Other name for: testosterone gel)

Android-F
(Other name for: fluoxymesterone)

Angelica sinensis root extract
An herbal extract derived from the root of the plant Angelica sinensis with possible antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, vasodilatory, estrogenic, and antitumor activities. Angelica sinensis contains volatile oils, including safrole, isosafrole, and n-butylphthalide; coumarin derivatives, including psoralens, bergapten, osthol, imperatorin, and oxypeucedanin; and ferulic acid. The coumarin derivatives in this agent may vasodilate and relax smooth muscle and may exhibit additive anticoagulant effects. Ferulic acid, a phenolic phytochemical present in plant cell walls, may neutralize free radicals such as reactive oxygen species. In addition, Angelica sinensis extract has been shown to inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of glioblastoma mutltiforme brain tumor cells through p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Angiocept
(Other name for: VEGFR-2 inhibitor peptide CT-322)

angiogenesis inhibitor GT-111
An adenovirus encoding an endothelial cell-specific, murine pre-proendothelin-1 (PPE-1) promoter and a Fas-based chimeric death receptor with potential anti-angiogenic activity. Endothelial cell-specific transcriptional control of the adenoviral vector is achieved by the use of a modified murine PPE-1 promoter that is specifically activated in PPE-1-expressing angiogenic endothelial cells residing in the tumor microvasculature. Subsequently, the Fas-c (Fas-chimeric) death receptor, containing Fas and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 (TNFR1) moieties, is expressed in angiogenic endothelial cells; endothelial cell-specific Fas-mediated apoptosis is initiated by the binding of TNF-alpha, abundant in the tumor microenvironment, to the TNFR1 moiety of the expressed Fas-c death receptor. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

angiostatin
Encoded by human PLG Gene (Plasminogen Family) and expressed in the kidney, angiostatin is an angiogenesis inhibitor present in plasma and other extracellular fluids that blocks neovascularization and mediates suppression of metastases. Containing at least three kringles, angiostatin is a 38-kD internal (serine protease) proteolytic fragment of plasminogen. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Angiozyme
(Other name for: anti-FLT-1 ribozyme)

anguidine
A trichothecene mycotoxin and potent teratogen. Anguidine inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, resulting in the death of rapidly proliferating cells. Anguidine also has been shown to both potentiate and protect against the cytotoxic effects of other drugs. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

anidulafungin
A cyclic lipopeptide echinocandin derivative with antifungal activity. Anidulafungin inhibits 1,3 beta-D-glucan synthase, an enzyme involved in fungal cell wall synthesis, resulting in cell lysis and death. This agent is active against Candida species and Aspergillus. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

aniline mustard
An alkylating mustard with antineoplastic activity. Aniline mustard forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers, resulting in depurination, base miscoding and strand scission, and crosslinking of DNA strands, all of which contribute to its cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

annamycin liposomal
A liposome-encapsulated form of the semi-synthetic doxorubicin analogue annamycin with antineoplastic activity. Annamycin intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent circumvents multidrug-resistance (MDR) transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Liposomal annamycin is less toxic and shows improved antitumor activity compared to annamycin. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ansaid
(Other name for: flurbiprofen)

Antabuse
(Other name for: disulfiram)

anti-1-amino-3-[18F ]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid
A radiotracer containing a synthetic amino acid analogue of L-leucine radiolabeled with fluorine F 18 with potential diagnostic imaging use. Similar to most amino acids, anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid ([18]FACBC) appears to enter cells through the energy-independent L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) system. As an amino acid analogue, this agent is preferentially accumulated by tumor cells due to their increased metabolic needs; however, unlike naturally occuring amino acids, this non-natural amino acid-analogue radiotracer is not metabolized. Accordingly, [18]FACBC accumulates in tumor cells and can potentially be used to image tumors using positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

anti-B4 blocked ricin immunotoxin
An immunotoxin comprised of an anti-B4 (anti-CD19) murine monoclonal antibody linked to the modified plant-derived toxin blocked ricin. The antibody moiety of anti-B4 blocked ricin immunotoxin binds to B lymphocytes that express B4; after internalization of the immunotoxin by the B4-expressing B cell, the ricin moiety cleaves the N-glycosidic bond between the ribose and adenine base at position 4324 in the B lymphocyte 28S ribosomal RNA, resulting in ribosome inactivation, inhibition of protein synthesis, and cell death. "Blocked" ricin is ricin which has been chemically modified such that the lectin binding sites of the B chain (galactose-binding sites) have been blocked by covalent attachment of affinity ligands, leaving the ribosome-inactivating activity of the ricin A chain intact. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Back to Top

1 2 3   Next >


A Service of the National Cancer Institute
Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health USA.gov