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International HapMap Project
Consortium Publishes Phase II Map of Human Genetic Variation The International HapMap Tutorial Webcast International HapMap Project OverviewThe elucidation of the entire human genome has made possible our current effort to develop a haplotype map of the human genome. The haplotype map, or "HapMap," will be a tool that will allow researchers to find genes and genetic variations that affect health and disease. The DNA sequence of any two people is 99.9 percent identical. The variations, however, may greatly affect an individual's disease risk. Sites in the DNA sequence where individuals differ at a single DNA base are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Sets of nearby SNPs on the same chromosome are inherited in blocks. This pattern of SNPs on a block is a haplotype. Blocks may contain a large number of SNPs, but a few SNPs are enough to uniquely identify the haplotypes in a block. The HapMap is a map of these haplotype blocks and the specific SNPs that identify the haplotypes are called tag SNPs. The HapMap should be valuable by reducing the number of SNPs required to examine the entire genome for association with a phenotype from the 10 million SNPs that exist to roughly 500,000 tag SNPs. This will make genome scan approaches to finding regions with genes that affect diseases much more efficient and comprehensive, since effort will not be wasted typing more SNPs than necessary and all regions of the genome can be included. In addition to its use in studying genetic associations with disease, the HapMap should be a powerful resource for studying the genetic factors contributing to variation in response to environmental factors, in susceptibility to infection, and in the effectiveness of and adverse responses to drugs and vaccines. All such studies will be based on the expectation that there will be higher frequencies of the contributing genetic components in a group of people with a disease or particular response to a drug, vaccine, pathogen, or environmental factor than in a group of similar people without the disease or response. Using just the tag SNPs, researchers should be able to find chromosome regions that have different haplotype distributions in the two groups of people, those with a disease or response and those without. Each region would then be studied in more detail to discover which variants in which genes in the region contribute to the disease or response, leading to more effective interventions. This should also allow the development of tests to predict which drugs or vaccines would be most effective in individuals with particular genotypes for genes affecting drug metabolism.
International HapMap Project Upcoming Events, Reports and Related ProjectsEvents
Meeting Reports
Related Projects
International HapMap Project PapersInternational HapMap Constortium. A second generation human haplotype
map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature, 449:851-862. 2007. [Full Text] International HapMap Constortium. Supplementary Information for: A second generation human haplotype
map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature, 449:1-38. 2007. [Full Text]
Genome-wide detection and characterization of
positive selection in human populations. Nature, 449:913-919. 2007. [Full Text] International HapMap Consortium. A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature,
437: 1229-1320. 2005. [Full Text] The International HapMap Consortium. The International HapMap Project. Nature, 426: 789-796. 2003. [Full Text] The International HapMap Consortium. Integrating ethics and science in the International HapMap Project. Nature Genetics, 5: 467-475. 2004. [Full Text] Thorisson, G.A., Smith A.V., Krishnan L., and Stein, L.D. The International HapMap Project Web site. Genome Research, 15:1592-1593. 2005. [PubMed] [Genome Research]
International HapMap Project Related PapersClark, A.G., Hubisz, M.J., Bustamante C.D., Williamson, S.H., and Nielsen, R. Ascertainment bias in studies of human genome-wide polymorphism. Genome Research, 15:1496-1502. 2005. [PubMed] Goldstein, D.B., and Cavalleri, G.L. Genomics: Understanding human diversity.
Nature, 437:1241-1242. 2005. [Full Text] [nature.com] Hinds, D.A., Stuve, L.L., Nilsen, G.B., Halperin, E., Eskin, E., Ballinger, D.G., Frazer, K.A., and Cox, D.R. Whole genome patterns of common DNA variation in three human populations. Science, 307:1072-1079. 2005. [PubMed] Myers, S., Bottolo, L., Freeman, C., McVean, G., and Donnelly, P. A fine-scale map of recombination rates and hotspots across the human genome. Science, 310:321-324. 2005. [PubMed] Nielsen, R., Williamson, S., Kim, Y., Hubisz, M.J., Clark, A.G., and Bustamante, C. Genomic scans for selective sweeps using SNP data. Genome Research, 15: 1566-1575. [PubMed] Smith, A.V., Thomas, D.J., Munro, H.M., and Abecasis, G.R. Sequence features in regions of weak and strong linkage disequilibrium. Genome Research, 15:1519-1534. 2005. [PubMed] Weir, B.S., Cardon, L.R., Anderson, A.D., Nielsen, D.M., and Hill, W.G. Measures of human population structure show heterogeneity among genomic regions. Genome Research, 15:1468-1476. 2005. [PubMed] Daly, M.J., Rioux, J.D., Schaffner, S.F., Hudson, T.J., and Lander, E.S. High-resolution haplotype structure in the human genome. Nature Genetics, 29: 229-232. 2001. [Full Text] [nature.com] Gabriel, S.B., Schaffner, S.F., Nguyen, H., Moore, J.M., Roy, J., Blumenstiel, B., Higgins, J., DeFelice, M., Lochner, A., Faggart, M., Liu-Cordero, S.N., Rotimi, C., Adeyemo, A., Cooper, R., Ward, R., Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., Altshuler, D. The Structure of Haplotype Blocks in the Human Genome. Science, 296(5576):2225-9. 2002. (Look at the supplemental data, especially Fig. 1 also.) [PubMed] Reich, D.E., Cargill, M., Bolk, S., Ireland, J., Sabeti, P.C., Richter, D.J., Lavery, T., Kouyoumjian, R., Farhadian, S.F., Ward, R., and Lander, E.S. Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nature, 411: 199-204. 2001. [Full Text] [nature.com] Goldstein, D.B., and Weale, M.E. Population genomics: Linkage disequilibrium holds the key. Curr. Biol 11, R576-579. 2001.[Full Text] To view the PDF documents on this page you will need Adobe Reader.
International HapMap Project Related Research
International HapMap Project Funding Opportunities
International HapMap Project StaffProgram Directors Jean McEwen, J.D., Ph.D. Vivian Ota Wang, Ph.D Program Analysts Christianne Bird Christopher Juenger, M.S. Address National Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of Health 5635 Fishers Lane Suite 4076, MSC 9305 Bethesda, MD 20892-9305 Phone: (301) 496-7531
Last Updated: June 19, 2008 |
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