Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors

DYSLIPIDEMIA

Some prospective observational studies of cholesterol or the use of cholesterol-lowering agents such as statins suggest that dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cognitive decline or dementia, but the findings are not consistent.

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Jarvik GP, Wijsman EM, Kukull WA, Schellenberg GD, Yu C, Larson EB. Interactions of apolipoprotein E genotype, total cholesterol level, age, and sex in prediction of Alzheimer's disease: A case-control study. Neurology 1995;45:1092-6.

Jick H, Zornberg G, Jick S, Seshadri S, Drachman D. Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet. 2000;356:1627-31.

Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Hanninen T, Laakso MP, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment: A population-based study. Neurology 2001;56:1683-9.

Notkola IL, Sulkava R, Pekkanen J, Erkinjuntti T, Ehnholm C, Kivinen P, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A. Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 1998;17:14-20.

Pappolla MA, Bryant-Thomas TK, Herbert D et al. Mild hypercholesterolemia is an early risk factor for the development of Alzheimer amyloid pathology. Neurology 2003;61:199-205.

Tan ZS, Seshadri S, Beiser A, Wilson PW, Kiel DP, Tocco M. D'Agostino RB, Wolf PA. Plasma total cholesterol level as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1053-7.

van Exel E, de Craen AJ, Gussekloo J, Houx P, Bootsma-van der Wiel A, Macfarlane PW, Blauw GJ, Westendorp RG. Association between high-density lipoprotein and cognitive impairment in the oldest old. Ann Neurol 2002;51:716-21.

Yaffe K, Barrett-Connor E, Lin F, Grady D. Serum lipoprotein levels, statin use, and cognitive function in older women. Arch Neurol 2002;59:378-84.