Usual Energy Intake from Solid Fats, Alcoholic Beverages & Added Sugars (SoFAAS) (kcals)
This section provides information on population distributions of energy
intakes from solid fats, alcoholic beverages and added sugars (SoFAAS). These
sources of energy comprise a major portion of the discretionary calories
consumed by the US population.
We have applied NCI's method of estimating usual intakes to data from two
recent cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES),
a nationally representative sample, to estimate means and percentiles of the
distributions of usual SoFAAS intakes for a range of sex-age groups in the US
population.
Methods
Dietary data were obtained from the 2001-2004 NHANES. The data were
collected via two 24-hour recalls from 17,889 persons 1 year of age and older.
Further information regarding the design and methodology used in the
2001-04 NHANES is available from the CDC.
Intakes reported on the recalls were translated into quantities of solid
fats, alcoholic beverages, and added sugars using the MyPyramid Equivalents
Database (MPED) 1.0, which was developed for the 2001-02 survey, and MPED 2.0
which was developed for the 2003-04 survey. This analysis does not account for
the differences in data collection and processing procedures during the
2001-2004 time period.
The NCI method of estimating usual nutrient intake
distributions was used, as SoFAAS are consumed almost every day by everyone in
the population.
Reported SoFAAS and energy intake were first mathematically transformed to
approximate normality using Box-Cox (power) transformations. Dietary recalls
tend to be different depending on whether they are the first or second report
from an individual (the "sequence") and whether the reported day was a weekday
or weekend. In this analysis, the joint distribution of Box-Cox transformed
SoFAAS and energy was modeled, correcting for sequence and weekend/weekday
effects and based on sex/age group. Means and percentiles of the distribution
of the ratio of usual SoFAAS intake to usual energy intake were then estimated.
Analyses were conducted for the entire population and for a range of sex-age
subgroups. The method uses the survey sampling weights to adjust estimates for
the complex sampling design and nonresponse.
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Results
The first table shows the mean, standard error of the mean, and percentiles of the distribution of intake for each percentage, by sex/age group. The second table provides percentile values and their standard errors.
Usual energy intake from solid fats, alcoholic beverages and added sugars (SoFAAS) (kcals): Mean (standard error) and percentiles of usual intake, 2001-2004
| Age (years) | N | Mean (SE) | Percentiles |
5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% |
Males and Females |
1-3 | 1515 | 521.3 (8.7) | 271.9 | 315.4 | 395.5 | 501.2 | 624.3 | 754.0 | 839.3 |
4-8 | 1701 | 722.5 (14.3) | 407.0 | 462.8 | 565.6 | 699.6 | 854.4 | 1012.3 | 1116.4 |
Males |
9-13 | 1061 | 937.2 (23.6) | 455.5 | 536.4 | 693.1 | 896.3 | 1138.4 | 1390.8 | 1553.7 |
14-18 | 1424 | 1105.4 (26.4) | 567.8 | 658.4 | 833.8 | 1062.5 | 1331.9 | 1607.0 | 1787.9 |
19-30 | 1100 | 1208.2 (31.2) | 632.3 | 730.0 | 921.5 | 1162.6 | 1446.7 | 1745.3 | 1935.8 |
31-50 | 1466 | 1121.7 (22.8) | 579.2 | 671.8 | 849.0 | 1079.3 | 1349.9 | 1626.8 | 1809.9 |
51-70 | 1252 | 857.1 (19.7) | 412.8 | 486.6 | 628.2 | 817.2 | 1042.9 | 1281.3 | 1434.5 |
71+ | 832 | 688.9 (15.8) | 306.8 | 368.8 | 490.9 | 651.7 | 846.8 | 1056.8 | 1199.9 |
19+ | 4650 | 1033.9 (14.1) | 465.9 | 559.6 | 742.7 | 987.8 | 1274.9 | 1569.2 | 1761.5 |
Females |
9-13 | 1112 | 764.0 (18.0) | 367.5 | 433.6 | 561.8 | 731.0 | 929.8 | 1136.0 | 1270.1 |
14-18 | 1362 | 774.5 (15.0) | 372.9 | 440.7 | 569.7 | 742.3 | 942.4 | 1152.4 | 1288.9 |
19-30 | 1325 | 816.0 (22.1) | 397.1 | 467.5 | 604.9 | 784.2 | 989.1 | 1203.4 | 1352.6 |
31-50 | 1595 | 723.4 (12.9) | 342.3 | 405.9 | 527.4 | 690.0 | 884.0 | 1084.2 | 1217.0 |
51-70 | 1284 | 572.6 (9.1) | 248.5 | 300.5 | 403.2 | 541.7 | 709.3 | 883.4 | 1000.3 |
71+ | 860 | 512.2 (10.7) | 213.7 | 260.5 | 353.4 | 482.1 | 636.8 | 804.4 | 917.4 |
19+ | 5064 | 679.4 (7.9) | 286.4 | 349.6 | 474.4 | 642.7 | 845.4 | 1055.1 | 1195.3 |
All Persons |
1+ | 17889 | 834.3 (7.2) | 340.5 | 414.0 | 561.9 | 772.6 | 1041.7 | 1339.5 | 1539.7 |
Usual energy intake from solid fats, alcoholic beverages and added sugars (SoFAAS) (kcal): Percentiles (and standard errors) of usual intake, 2001-2004
| Age (years) | Percentiles |
5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% |
Males and Females |
1-3 | 271.9 (14.6) | 315.4 (13.5) | 395.5 (11.3) | 501.2 (9.0) | 624.3 (11.2) | 754.0 (18.3) | 839.3 (23.9) |
4-8 | 407.0 (18.1) | 462.8 (16.5) | 565.6 (14.3) | 699.6 (14.1) | 854.4 (19.2) | 1012.3 (28.1) | 1116.4 (36.1) |
Males |
9-13 | 455.5 (17.8) | 536.4 (18.5) | 693.1 (19.4) | 896.3 (23.2) | 1138.4 (29.8) | 1390.8 (39.6) | 1553.7 (45.8) |
14-18 | 567.8 (22.9) | 658.4 (23.6) | 833.8 (23.5) | 1062.5 (26.4) | 1331.9 (31.2) | 1607.0 (40.2) | 1787.9 (46.6) |
19-30 | 632.3 (24.9) | 730.0 (25.8) | 921.5 (27.7) | 1162.6 (31.0) | 1446.7 (36.8) | 1745.3 (47.0) | 1935.8 (53.8) |
31-50 | 579.2 (23.7) | 671.8 (23.4) | 849.0 (22.5) | 1079.3 (23.0) | 1349.9 (26.0) | 1626.8 (34.2) | 1809.9 (41.0) |
51-70 | 412.8 (16.7) | 486.6 (16.4) | 628.2 (16.7) | 817.2 (19.1) | 1042.9 (24.5) | 1281.3 (32.8) | 1434.5 (40.5) |
71+ | 306.8 (12.3) | 368.8 (12.4) | 490.9 (12.7) | 651.7 (14.9) | 846.8 (20.4) | 1056.8 (28.1) | 1199.9 (34.3) |
19+ | 465.9 (13.1) | 559.6 (12.8) | 742.7 (12.9) | 987.8 (14.3) | 1274.9 (18.8) | 1569.2 (28.0) | 1761.5 (35.4) |
Females |
9-13 | 367.5 (14.2) | 433.6 (14.4) | 561.8 (15.5) | 731.0 (18.2) | 929.8 (21.7) | 1136.0 (27.5) | 1270.1 (32.1) |
14-18 | 372.9 (15.4) | 440.7 (15.0) | 569.7 (15.1) | 742.3 (15.3) | 942.4 (17.2) | 1152.4 (22.0) | 1288.9 (26.0) |
19-30 | 397.1 (18.5) | 467.5 (18.8) | 604.9 (20.0) | 784.2 (22.0) | 989.1 (26.0) | 1203.4 (30.5) | 1352.6 (34.3) |
31-50 | 342.3 (12.7) | 405.9 (12.6) | 527.4 (12.6) | 690.0 (13.1) | 884.0 (15.2) | 1084.2 (19.6) | 1217.0 (23.4) |
51-70 | 248.5 (10.8) | 300.5 (10.7) | 403.2 (10.0) | 541.7 (9.5) | 709.3 (10.5) | 883.4 (13.5) | 1000.3 (16.9) |
71+ | 213.7 (8.6) | 260.5 (8.6) | 353.4 (9.1) | 482.1 (10.8) | 636.8 (12.9) | 804.4 (18.2) | 917.4 (22.0) |
19+ | 286.4 (9.5) | 349.6 (9.1) | 474.4 (8.3) | 642.7 (7.7) | 845.4 (10.3) | 1055.1 (15.3) | 1195.3 (19.4) |
All Persons |
1+ | 340.5 (6.7) | 414.0 (6.4) | 561.9 (6.4) | 772.6 (7.6) | 1041.7 (9.5) | 1339.5 (14.7) | 1539.7 (21.2) |
There is no explicit recommendation for the percentage of calories coming
from solid fats, alcohol and added sugars (SoFAAS). These sources of energy
count against the discretionary calorie allowance, as do intakes in excess of
the recommended amounts of any of the food groups. Discretionary calorie
allowances in MyPyramid range from 171 to 512 calories per day, depending on the
individual's sex, age and activity level, and are highest for very active
individuals. (Note, however, that activity levels of most people in the US
population fall short of even minimum recommendations.)
Seventy-five percent or more of the individuals in each subgroup consume more
energy from SoFAAS than the maximum discretionary calorie allowance for their
sex/age subgroup. Recall that intakes of other food groups in excess of
recommendations also count against the discretionary calorie allowance.
Therefore, excessive intakes of discretionary calories are of concern for most
individuals in all sex-age groups.
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Acknowledgements
The following individuals represent the team who developed the NCI Method and produced this analysis:
- Susan M. Krebs-Smith1
- Douglas Midthune1
- Patricia M. Guenther2
- Dennis W. Buckman3
- Raymond J. Carroll4
- Laurence S. Freedman5
- Victor Kipnis1
- Amy F. Subar1
- Janet A. Tooze6
- Kevin W. Dodd1
1 National Cancer Institute
2 USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion
3 Information Management Services, Inc.
4 Texas A&M University
5 Gertner Institute for Epidemiology
6 Wake Forest University School of Medicine
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