1981 |
|
|
|
June |
On
June 5, "Pneumocystis
Pneumonia--Los Angeles," by Dr. Michael Gottlieb and
colleagues of University of California at Los Angeles, appeared
in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (vol. 30, pp. 250-52),
a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publication.
This was the first article about AIDS in the medical literature. |
|
June |
On
June 16, the first AIDS patient seen at the NIH was admitted
under Dr. Thomas Waldmanns National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Omnibus Metabolism Branch protocol. |
|
July
|
A
Task Force on Kaposis Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections
was established at the CDC under the direction of Dr. James
Curran. |
|
August |
The
CDC reported 108 cases of the new disease in the United States. |
|
September
|
On
September 15, NCI sponsored a conference in Bethesda, MD, on
Kaposis Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections. Fifty leading
clinicians attended. |
|
Fall
1981 |
Simian
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (simian AIDS) was identified
in macaques in two of NIHs Regional Primate Centers. |
|
Summer
and Fall |
Public
Health Service (PHS) agency heads discussed the new syndrome
at regularly scheduled meetings. |
|
Top |
1982 |
|
|
|
January |
On
January 15—during a snowstorm that shut down the government—the
second AIDS patient seen at NIH was admitted to the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases service (NIAID)
and was seen by Dr. Anthony S. Fauci. |
|
March
|
On
March 3, a conference on the new disease was held by the U.S.
Public Health Service (PHS) at the CDC in Atlanta. Debate centered
on whether the disease was caused by a transmissible or immune-suppressing
agent(s). |
|
March |
NIAID
intramural scientists conducted a study of adenovirus in patients
with the new disease. |
|
March
|
NCI
established an Epidemiology Working Group on Kaposi’s Sarcoma. |
|
April |
NCI
intramural researchers conducted a field study to determine
the immunological status of healthy homosexual men. |
|
April
|
NIAID
intramural scientists studied immunoregulatory defects, herpesvirus
isolates, and Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in patients
with the new disease. |
|
April |
Rep.
Henry Waxman, congressman from Los Angeles, held the first congressional
hearing on the new disease. The CDC estimated that tens of thousands
of people would be affected by the disease. |
|
June |
NIH
Clinical Center (CC) protocol approved to study etiology of
immunoregulatory defects in the new disease as a collaborative
effort among CC departments, NIAID, NCI, National Institute
of Neurological Diseases and Communicative Disorders and Stroke
(NINCDS), National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR), National
Eye Institute (NEI), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). |
|
June |
An
NIH Working Group to study the new disease was established with
representatives from each institute and liaisons from the CDC
and FDA. |
|
June |
NINCDS
investigators provided clinical appraisal of neurological symptoms
in CC protocols. |
|
June |
NINCDS
collaborated on studies of simian AIDS. |
|
June |
The
National Library of Medicine (NLM) began to compile a bibliography
on manifestations of the new disease. |
|
June |
On
June 30, persuasive evidence that the disease was caused by
an infectious agent was presented at a meeting held at the New
York Department of Health: cases had been reported in intravenous
drug users, homosexuals, hemophiliacs, and Haitians. |
|
July
15 |
The
CDC reported 413 cases of the new disease in the United States
with 155 deaths. |
|
July
27 |
At
a meeting in Washington, DC, attended by federal officials,
university researchers, community activists, and others, the
name “acquired immune deficiency syndrome,” or AIDS, was selected
for the new disease. |
|
August
|
NCI
issued a Request for Applications (RFA) for research projects
related to AIDS. Six grants for this RFA were awarded by NCI
and NIAID in May 1983. |
|
September |
The
CDC reported 593 cases of AIDS in the United States with 243
deaths. |
|
September |
The
CDC defined a case of AIDS as a disease, at least moderately
predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring
in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to
that disease. |
|
November |
The
CDC published formal recommendations for the protection of laboratory
and clinical personnel having contact with AIDS patients and
clinical specimens. The recommendations were based on those
for hepatitis B. |
|
November |
The
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) signed an
intra-agency agreement with CDC to evaluate immunological alterations
following transfusion with blood or blood products in people
with hemophilia, sickle-cell disease, and thalassemia. |
|
December |
The
CDC reported a case of AIDS caused by blood transfusion in a
previously healthy infant. |
|
December |
NIH’s
intramural study of the natural history of the immunodeficiency
and consequent opportunistic infections had enrolled 25 patients
with AIDS |
|
Top |
1983 |
|
|
|
January |
The
CDC met with blood banking organizations in Atlanta to discuss
proposals to screen out individuals at high risk for AIDS from
the blood donor pool. Self-identification through questionnaires
or interviews was proposed. |
|
January |
The
CDC reported cases of AIDS in the female sexual partners of
males with AIDS. |
|
March |
NHLBI
convened a meeting of scientific experts to formulate research
recommendations for studies on AIDS and blood transfusion. |
|
March
|
Epidemiological
evidence showed that AIDS primarily affected gay men in San
Francisco and New York City. In New Jersey, AIDS patients were
primarily intravenous drug users and Haitians, and 68 percent
of cases were in African Americans or Latinos. |
|
March |
The
CDC published guidelines adopted by the PHS requesting members
of groups having increased risk for AIDS to refrain from donating
blood. |
|
Spring
|
At
the invitation of Haitian Ministry of Health, Dr. Richard Krause,
NIAID director, led a small delegation of NIAID and CDC scientists
to Haiti to study the AIDS epidemic there and assist their clinicians. |
|
Spring
|
NIAID
hosted a major meeting of experts in Bethesda, Maryland, to
discuss possible etiologies of AIDS. Dr. Albert Sabin summarized
the meeting, urging researchers to “cast a wide net.” |
|
May |
Dr.
Luc Montagnier and his collaborators at the Pasteur Institute
reported in Science isolating a new retrovirus, LAV, associated
with AIDS; they did not claim LAV caused AIDS. |
|
June |
The
CDC reported 1,641 cases of AIDS in the United States with 644
deaths. |
|
July |
The
NIH Clinical Center issued precautions for health care workers
caring for AIDS patients. |
|
July |
NIAID
awarded contracts to the New York Blood Center and Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center to collect specimens from AIDS
patients to look for the etiologic agent. |
|
Summer |
The
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) issued several
statements seeking to calm public fears that AIDS could be contracted
casually. |
|
August
|
NIAID
began publishing an informal newsletter, the AIDS Memorandum,
through which scientists could share unpublished research findings.
This publication lasted for two years until AIDS articles were
given expedited publication by mainstream journals. |
|
August |
The
CDC reported 1,972 cases of AIDS in the United States with 759
deaths. |
|
September |
NIDR
issued recommendations to practicing dentists about precautions
they should take in managing their patients with AIDS. |
|
September |
The
CDC reported 2,259 cases of AIDS in the United States with 917
deaths. |
|
September |
On
September 12-13, The NIH Workshop on the Epidemiology of AIDS
was held at the Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza in Rockville, Maryland. |
|
September
|
NIAID
and NCI launched the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and
the San Francisco Men’s Health Study (SFMHS) to develop large,
comprehensive, longitudinal studies of populations that seemed
to be at risk of AIDS. Soon thereafter, NIAID assumed complete
responsibility for the program. |
|
October |
Projet
SIDA, a multidisciplinary study based in Kinshasa, Zaire, was
initiated jointly by NIAID, CDC, the Belgian Institute of Tropical
Medicine, and the Zairean Ministry of Health. |
|
Top |
1984 |
|
|
|
January
|
The
CDC reported 3,000 cases of AIDS in the United Sates with 1,283
deaths. |
|
January |
NHLBI
convened an Ad Hoc Working Group on AIDS and Blood Transfusions. |
|
April |
On
April 23, DHHS held a press conference where HHS Secretary Margaret
Heckler announced that Dr. Robert Gallo of NCI had found the
cause of AIDS, the retrovirus HTLV-III. She also announced the
development of a diagnostic blood test to identify HTLV-III
and expressed hope that a vaccine against AIDS could be produced
within two years. |
|
May
|
Four
papers from Dr. Gallo’s laboratory demonstrating that the HTLV-III
retrovirus was the cause of AIDS were published in Science. |
|
May |
NHLBI
awarded a contract to establish a volunteer blood donor serum
repository for HTLV-III donor/recipient studies. |
|
May |
NHLBI,
CDC, and FDA cosponsored an AIDS ethics conference. |
|
May |
NIDR
intramural investigators showed that the AIDS virus can infect
not only T4 lymphocytes but also macrophages. |
|
June |
Drs.
Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier held a joint press conference
to announce that Gallo’s HTLV-III virus and Montagnier’s LAV
were almost certainly identical. |
|
June |
The
CDC reported 4,918 cases of AIDS in the United States with 2,221
deaths. |
|
Summer |
Intensive
study of the AIDS retrovirus was launched, resulting in findings
such as: the CD4 molecule on T4 helper lymphocytes was identified
as one receptor by which the AIDS virus entered cells. Genetic
sequences of HTLV-III and LAV were determined. |
|
September |
A
meeting between NCI investigators and Burroughs Wellcome pharmaceutical
company was held to discuss plans to test potential drugs as
retrovirus inhibitors. The outcome of this meeting was research
and development of AZT, the first anti-retroviral drug approved
to treat AIDS. |
|
November |
On
November 2, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci was named NIAID director. |
|
November |
Pasteur
Institute investigators published the genetic sequence of LAV. |
|
November |
The
CDC reported 6,993 cases of AIDS in the United States with 3,342
deaths. |
|
Fall |
NIAID
held a conference at its Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Hamilton,
Montana, on potential animal models for retrovirus infections
and their relationship to AIDS. |
|
Top |
1985 |
|
|
|
January |
On
January 17, NCI scientists and their collaborators published
the genome of HTLV-III in Nature. |
|
March
|
On
March 7, the first AIDS antibody test, an ELISA-type test, was
released. |
|
April |
On
April 15-17, the first International AIDS Conference was held
in Atlanta, sponsored by NIH, CDC, and FDA; the Alcohol, Drug
Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; the Health Resources
and Services Administration; and the World Health Organization
(WHO). An international network of Collaborating Centres on
AIDS was formed. |
|
May |
The
CDC reported 10,000 cases of AIDS in the United States with
4,942 deaths. |
|
June |
The
CDC revised the case definition of AIDS to include additional
specific disease conditions and to exclude people as AIDS cases
if they had a negative result on testing for serum antibody
to HTLV-III/LAV. |
|
July |
United
Press International reported that actor Rock Hudson had AIDS. |
|
September |
Indiana
teen Ryan White, a hemophiliac suffering from AIDS, was refused
entry to school. |
|
September |
The
U.S. military services began testing for the AIDS virus among
its personnel. |
|
October |
Rock
Hudson died on October 2. He was the first major public figure
to die of AIDS. Public fear about AIDS increased dramatically. |
|
December |
Publication
of a finding that the AIDS virus is present in saliva increased
public fears about AIDS. |
|
Top |
1986 |
|
|
|
January |
The
CDC reported 16,458 cases of AIDS in the United Sates with 8,361
deaths. |
|
February |
NIAID
established a Division of AIDS. |
|
May |
The
name of the AIDS virus was changed to human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) at the suggestion of a multinational committee of
scientists. |
|
June |
At
a PHS-sponsored conference at the Coolfont Conference Center
in West Virginia, a prediction was made that in 2001, some 270,000
people in the United States would have been diagnosed with AIDS
and that 179,000 would have died. |
|
June |
NIAID
established AIDS Treatment Evaluation Units (ATEUs), which later
became AIDS Clinical Trials Units (ACTUs). |
|
July |
NHLBI
cosponsored with FDA and the NIH Office on Medical Applications
of Research a conference on the “Impact of HTLV-III Antibody
Testing on the Public Health.” |
|
October |
The
CDC reported that although the incidence of AIDS was rising
for all racial/ethnic groups and in all geographic regions of
the country, the cumulative incidence of AIDS among blacks and
Hispanics was more than three times the rate for whites. |
|
October |
Surgeon
General C. Everett Koop released his “Report on Acquired Immune
Deficiency.” |
|
December |
The
CDC reported 28,098 cases of AIDS in the United States with
15,757 deaths. |
|
Top |
1987 |
|
|
|
February
|
WHO
launched its Global Programme on AIDS |
|
March
|
The
FDA approved AZT as the first antiretroviral drug to be used
as a treatment for AIDS. |
|
March |
President
Ronald Reagan and French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac announced
a joint agreement settling the dispute arising from the discovery
of the AIDS virus, the first international agreement relating
to a biomedical research issue to be announced by heads of state. |
|
April |
FDA
approved the first Western blot blood test—a more specific HIV
diagnostic test. |
|
May |
The
CDC reported that between 1981 and 1987, nine health care workers
caring for AIDS patients and having no other risk factors had
been infected with HIV. |
|
June |
NHLBI
awarded a contract to maintain a colony of 50 chimpanzees for
studies of post-transfusion HIV infection and AIDS. |
|
August |
The
CDC reported 40,051 cases of AIDS in the United States with
23,165 deaths. |
|
August
|
The
CDC revised its definition of AIDS to place a greater emphasis
on HIV infection status. |
|
August
|
On
August 18, Dr. H. Clifford Lane and his NIAID colleagues began
the first U.S. clinical trial at NIH to test an experimental
HIV vaccine in humans. |
|
August |
NIAID
established the AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group (AVEG), a network
of clinical sites to conduct trials of experimental HIV vaccines. |
|
Fall |
The
NIH Office of the Director launched its Targeted Antiviral Program
to encourage intramural analysis of the three-dimensional structure
of HIV and to determine the shape of protein-bound drugs. |
|
October |
Cleve
Jones made the first panel for the AIDS Memorial Quilt in memory
of his friend Marvin Feldman. |
|
October |
NIAID
established 17 Clinical Study Groups (CSGs) to extend to a wider
geographical area access to clinical trials of promising AIDS
therapies. |
|
December |
The
CDC released the results of a study on the prevalence of HIV
infection in the United States, indicating a shifting emphasis
toward defining AIDS as “infection with HIV” rather than by
defining particular “indicator diseases” that characterized
late-stage AIDS. |
|
Top |
1988 |
|
|
|
January |
The
CDC updated the International Classification of Diseases codes
for HIV infection for use with U.S. morbidity and mortality
data. |
|
January |
The
CDC published guidelines developed for educational efforts to
combat AIDS. |
|
February |
On
February 12, trimetrexate was the first AIDS drug granted pre-approval
distribution status under new FDA regulations. The drug was
used to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients
who could not tolerate standard treatments. |
|
March
|
A
total of 136 countries or territories reported a total of 84,256
cases of AIDS to the WHO Global Programme on AIDS. |
|
April |
The
NIH reported that between 1981 and 1988, two workers in laboratories
producing large quantities of HIV had been infected with HIV,
and it issued biosafety recommendations for laboratories. |
|
April |
NIAID
established an AIDS reagent repository to catalogue and expedite
the availability of experimental materials used in AIDS research. |
|
April |
NIAID
funded six National Cooperative Vaccine Development Groups (NCVDGs)
to facilitate the development of an HIV vaccine. |
|
June |
The
CDC reported that a new AIDS case was reported every 14 minutes.
|
|
June |
The
brochure “Understanding AIDS,” prepared by Surgeon General C.
Everett Koop in collaboration with the CDC, was mailed to every
household in the United States. |
|
June |
NIAID
and NICHD established an epidemiologic study of HIV transmission
during pregnancy and birth, the Women and Infants Transmission
Study (WITS). |
|
August |
The
CDC reported 72,024 cases of AIDS in the United States and estimated
that 1 to 1.5 million Americans were infected with HIV. |
|
August |
NIAID’s
AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Units initiated their first study of
an experimental AIDS vaccine. |
|
September |
The
World Health Organization reported that 111,000 cases of AIDS
had been documented worldwide. Authorities at WHO placed the
actual number of cases, including those unreported, at 250,000. |
|
September |
NIDR
investigators reported that saliva inhibits transmission of
HIV. |
|
October |
AIDS
protestors, demanding a quicker approval process for drug treatments,
shut down the FDA. |
|
October |
On
October 13, NIAID established three programs: the Centers for
AIDS Research (CFARS) to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of AIDS; the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Units
(Pediatric ACTUs), a network of clinical sites to test experimental
HIV drugs in children; and the Programs for Excellence in Basic
Research (PEBRA), to develop novel strategies to determine how
HIV causes disease. |
|
November |
NIAID
established the International Collaborations in AIDS Research
(ICAR) program to encourage studies of AIDS in Africa, Mexico,
and Brazil. |
|
November |
NIAID
established the Clinical Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS
(CPCRA) to involve community physicians in AIDS research. |
|
November
|
A
CDC study revealed that 3 of every 1,000 college students are
infected with HIV. |
|
November |
The
NIH Office of AIDS Research (OAR) was established. |
|
November |
On
November 21, FDA licensed Intron A and Roferon A (human alpha
interferon injection) for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma. |
|
November |
On
November 28, FDA authorized pre-approval distribution of ganciclovir
under a treatment IND protocol for the treatment of cytomegalovirus
retinitis in AIDS patients. |
|
December |
NIAID
funds a natural history study, HATS, in male and female heterosexuals
at high risk of AIDS who are not IV drug users. The study is
modeled on the MACS. |
|
December |
On
December 1, WHO’s Global Programme on AIDS instituted the first
World AIDS Day as an annual event. |
|
December |
On
December 22, Dr. Samuel Broder was named NCI director. |