05 Sep 2002: Cat Exposure Can Protect from Asthma - But There's an Exception: It Increases Asthma Risk for Children of Asthmatic Mothers
For many years, scientists thought that cat exposure increased a child's asthma risk. Recent studies, however, have suggested that exposure to high levels of cat allergen during infancy can actually protect children against developing asthma. This week, a new study supported by two institutes of the National Institutes of Health adds another twist to the developing story.
The new study confirmed the protective effect of cat exposure for at-risk children in all but one situation: When the child's mother has asthma. If the mother has asthma, then a cat in the home actually triples the risk that a child will develop persistent wheezing - an initial indication of asthma - by age five.
Lead author Juan C. Celedón, M.D., Dr.P.H., conducted the research with primary investigator Diane R. Gold, M.D., M.P.H., and colleagues at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Mass. Details of this study will be published in the Sept. 7 issue of The Lancet. The research was supported by National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
"For years, physicians have been advising families with allergies to stay away from pets," says Dr. Celedón. "However, it appears that for a vast majority of children, being exposed to a cat early in life may be beneficial. That said, there is a subgroup of children - those whose mothers have asthma and, perhaps, those whose mothers are allergic to cats - who should probably avoid cat exposure." Children with documented cat allergy or with asthmatic symptoms triggered by a cat should also avoid cats, he adds.
The study followed 448 children with a family history of allergic diseases from birth to age five. Through periodic telephone interviews with caretakers, the researchers gathered information on the children's exposure to pets and on how often the children experienced episodes of wheezing. In addition, the researchers tested dust samples from each child's home for levels of cat allergen. The researchers then analyzed the data they collected, adjusting for factors such as sex, household income, and day-care attendance.
In the group of children with non-asthmatic mothers, those exposed to a cat were 40 percent less likely to experience persistent wheezing as compared to those with no cat exposure. This risk reduction remained consistent in each of the five years.
In the group of children with asthmatic mothers, however, those exposed to a cat were significantly more likely to wheeze as compared to those with no cat exposure. In fact, the risk of wheezing increased in each of the five years of the child's life. By the third year, the risk of wheezing doubled, and by the fifth year it more than tripled. This finding suggests that the children of asthmatic mothers become more readily sensitized to cat allergen - the first step in developing asthma - and wheeze when exposed to it.
The finding may be explained by genetic influences passed on from the mother, or it may result from environmental influences shared by mother and child, Dr. Celedón says.
The researchers plan to continue following this group of children and to test them for allergies to cats as well as other potential asthma triggers such as cockroaches and dust mites. "We are very grateful to the families for taking the time out of their busy schedules to participate in this important study," says Dr. Gold, primary investigator. "We hope to follow the children into their preteen years to see whether the cat exposure in early life remains protective against wheeze and allergy as the children of the non-asthmatic mothers grow older."
NIAID is a component of NIH. NIAID supports basic and applied research to prevent, diagnose, and treat infectious and immune-mediated illnesses, including HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, illness from potential agents of bioterrorism, tuberculosis, malaria, autoimmune disorders, asthma and allergies.
NIEHS is the component of NIH that conducts and supports research on the environmental causes and triggers of disease and our human susceptibility to them.
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