| Racial Differences in Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke among Children Stephen E. Wilson,1,2 Robert
S. Kahn,2 Jane Khoury,2 and Bruce P. Lanphear2 1Division of General Internal
Medicine, University of Cincinnati, and 2Division of General
and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical
Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among U.S. children. Despite African-American children’s having a lower reported exposure to tobacco compared to whites, they suffer disproportionately from tobacco-related illnesses and have higher levels of serum cotinine than white children. The goal of this study was to test whether African-American children have higher levels of serum and hair cotinine, after accounting for ETS exposure and various housing characteristics. We investigated the level of cotinine in both hair and serum in a sample of 222 children with asthma. Using a previously validated survey for adult smokers, we assessed each child’s exposure to ETS. We collected detailed information on the primary residence, including home volume, ventilation, and overall home configuration. Despite a lower reported ETS exposure, African-American children had higher mean levels of serum cotinine (1.41 ng/mL vs. 0.97 ng/mL ; p = 0.03) and hair cotinine (0.25 ng/mg vs. 0.07 ng/mg ; p < 0.001) compared with white children. After adjusting for ETS exposure, housing size, and other demographic characteristics, serum and hair cotinine levels remained significantly higher in African-American children (ß = 0.34, p = 0.03) than in white children (ß = 1.06, p < 0.001) . Housing volume was significantly associated with both serum and hair cotinine but did not fully explain the race difference. Our results demonstrate that, despite a lower reported exposure to ETS, African-American children with asthma had significantly higher levels of both serum and hair cotinine than did white children. Identifying causes and consequences of increased cotinine may help explain the striking differences in tobacco-related illnesses. Key words: African American, asthma, cotinine, ETS, housing. Environ Health Perspect 113:362-367 (2005) . doi:10.1289/ehp.7379 available via http://dx.doi.org/ doi:10.1289/ehp.7379 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 9 December 2004]
Address correspondence to S.E. Wilson, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, French-East, Suite 275, 3202 Eden Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45267-0840 USA. Telephone: (513) 558-2763. Fax: (513) 558-2744. E-mail: Stephen.Wilson@uc.edu We thank R. Hornung and A. Leonard for their helpful comments. This work was supported by funding from a National Research Service Award (T32PE10027) , National Health Lung and Blood Institute (R01 Hl65731) , and National Institute of Child Health and Development (K23 HD40362) . The authors declare they have no competing financial interests. Received 2 July 2004 ; accepted 9 December 2004.
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