| Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 and Comparisons with NHANES 1999–2000 Antonia M. Calafat, Lee-Yang Wong, Zsuzsanna Kuklenyik, John A. Reidy, and Larry L. Needham Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Abstract
Background: Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) have been used since the 1950s in numerous commercial applications. Exposure of the general U.S. population to PFCs is widespread. Since 2002, the manufacturing practices for PFCs in the United States have changed considerably. Objectives: We aimed to assess exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) , perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) , perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) , perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) , and eight other PFCs in a representative 2003–2004 sample of the general U.S. population ≥ 12 years of age and to determine whether serum concentrations have changed since the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) . Methods: By using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution–high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, we analyzed 2,094 serum samples collected from NHANES 2003–2004 participants. Results: We detected PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA in > 98% of the samples. Concentrations differed by race/ethnicity and sex. Geometric mean concentrations were significantly lower (approximately 32% for PFOS, 25% for PFOA, 10% for PFHxS) and higher (100%, PFNA) than the concentrations reported in NHANES 1999–2000 (p < 0.001) . Conclusions: In the general U.S. population in 2003–2004, PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA serum concentrations were measurable in each demographic population group studied. Geometric mean concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS in 2003–2004 were lower than in 1999–2000. The apparent reductions in concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS most likely are related to discontinuation in 2002 of industrial production by electrochemical fluorination of PFOS and related perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride compounds. Key words: biomonitoring, C8, exposure, PFCs, PFOA, PFOS, prevalence, serum. Environ Health Perspect 115:1596–1602 (2007) . doi:10.1289/ehp.10598 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 29 August 2007]
Address correspondence to A.M. Calafat, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. Telephone: (770) 488-7891. Fax: (770) 488-4371. E-mail: Acalafat@cdc.gov Supplemental Material is available online at http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2007/10598/suppl.pdf The authors thank J. Pirkle for useful discussions, and J. Tully, K. Kato, A. Wanigatunga, and J. Ekong for technical assistance. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The authors declare they have no competing financial interests. Received 25 June 2007 ; accepted 29 August 2007.
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