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Your search term(s) "Hormone replacement therapy" returned 29 results.

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Bone Disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 20 (Suppl 4): 43-49. October 2004.

This review article considers the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) and an increased incidence of osteoporosis (abnormal loss of bone density). Osteoporosis with osteoporotic pain syndromes, fragility fractures and osteonecrosis accounts for significant morbidity and impacts negatively on the quality of life. The author stresses that there is a need to increase awareness for IBD-associated osteoporosis. However, the best ways in which to identify at-risk patients, the epidemiology of fractures and an evidence-based rational prevention strategy remain to be established. The overall prevalence of IBD-associated osteoporosis is 15 percent, with higher rates seen in older and underweight subjects. The incidence of fractures is about 1 per 100 patient years, with fracture rates dramatically increasing with age. While old age is a significant risk factor, disease type (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) is not related to osteoporosis risk. Corticosteroid use is a major variable influencing IBD-associated bone loss; however, it is difficult to separate the effects of the corticosteroids from those of disease activity. The recommendations in IBD are similar to those for postmenopausal osteoporosis, with emphasis on lifestyle modification, vitamin D and calcium supplementation, and hormone replacement therapy. The author concludes with a brief discussion of newer therapeutic options, including bisphosphonates, osteoanabolic substance parathyroid hormone, and osteoprotegerin.

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Post Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). [La Terpia de Reemplazo Hormonal Postmenopausica (TRH)]. Arlington, VA: American College of Gastroenterology. 2004. 2 p.(EN) 1 p.(SP)

At menopause, the protective effects of estrogen are lost, increasing the risk of heart disease and thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) while causing dryness of the vaginal walls and changes of the urinary tract. This brief patient education fact sheet, from a series on common gastrointestinal (GI) and medical problems in women, considers post menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The fact sheet reviews important facts about HRT, what to expect during menopause, the use of HRT to manage some of the symptoms of menopause, the benefits of HRT, patients who are candidates for HRT treatment, risks associated with HRT, and gastrointestinal disorders that may be prevented or that may worsen with HRT. The fact sheet is available in English or Spanish.

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Female Pelvic Health and Reconstructive Surgery. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2003. 503 p.

This textbook provides comprehensive, authoritative coverage of female pelvic health and reconstructive surgery. The editors compiled contributions from many experts who specialize in the treatment of pelvic floor disorders. The text includes 27 chapters on the epidemiology and etiology of incontinence and voiding dysfunction; diagnostic evaluation of the female patient; bladder physiology and neurophysiological evaluation; diagnosis and assessment of female voiding function; radiological evaluation; urodynamic evaluation of pelvic floor dysfunction; injectable agents for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in females; transabdominal procedures for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence; transvaginal surgery for stress urinary incontinence; laparoscopic approaches to female incontinence, voiding dysfunction, and prolapse; diagnosis and management of obstruction following anti-incontinence surgery; pediatric dysfunctional voiding in females; nonsurgical treatment of urinary incontinence; sacral nerve root neuromodulation or electrical stimulation; musculoskeletal evaluation for pelvic pain; diagnosis and management of interstitial cystitis (IC); abdominal approach to apical prolapse; the types and choice of operation for repair of vaginal prolapse; colpocleisis for the treatment of vaginal vault prolapse; technique of vaginal hysterectomy; urethral diverticulum; evaluation and management of urinary fistulas; iatrogenic urological trauma; surgical treatment of rectovaginal fistulas and complex perineal defects; pessaries; menopause and hormone replacement therapy; and diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction. Each chapter includes black and white photographs and charts and concludes with a list of references. A subject index concludes the volume.

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Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy. In: Carlin, B.I. and Leong, F.C., eds. Female Pelvic Health and Reconstructive Surgery. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2003. p. 417-474.

This chapter on menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is from a textbook that provides comprehensive, authoritative coverage of female pelvic health and reconstructive surgery. The authors introduce menopause and discuss the factors that influence the age of menopause onset. They also discuss the transition to menopause; symptoms of menopause, including those of the central nervous system, skin, and genitourinary tract, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease; the use of estrogen in menopausal women for both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease; the risks of HRT, including endometrial cancer, breast cancer, venous thromboembolic events, and alternative benefits of HRT; regimens for HRT, including the supplementation with calcium and vitamin D; and alternative therapies for symptoms of menopause. The authors conclude that the menopause is a normal life event that carries with it an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The use of HRT can be beneficial in obtaining preventive health benefits. Whether a woman chooses HRT or an alternative, the decision should be based on factual information about the risks and benefits of a given treatment. 5 figures. 11 tables. 266 references.

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Osteoporosis: How Women With Diabetes Are Affected. Diabetes Forecast. 56(5): 41-42. May 2003.

Osteoporosis is a bone condition characterized by low bone mass and poor bone quality. Regardless of age or type of diabetes, many women may be experiencing bone loss, already have osteoporosis and not know it, or both. This article helps women with diabetes to know their risk factors and understand strategies to help prevent osteoporosis. The author reviews normal bone physiology and the impact of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on that bone metabolism. The author also considers how body mass index (BMI) influences bone mass density, the role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and various risk factors that can put women at risk for developing fractures.

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Hormone Replacement Therapy and Its Relationship to Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Postmenopausal Women. Diabetes Care. 25(10): 1675-1680. October 2002.

Among postmenopausal women, those with diabetes experience more cardiovascular diseases than those without diabetes. In this study, the authors examined the relationship of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with indicators of lipid and glucose metabolism using a national sample of postmenopausal women with and without diabetes. The authors used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1988 to 1994. A total of 2,786 postmenopausal women aged 40 to 74 years participated in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), had blood drawn for lipid (fats) assessment, and responded to HRT questions. The results showed that postmenopausal women with diabetes had increased dyslipidemia compared with nondiabetic women. Among diabetic women, current users of HRT had significant different lipid and glucose control levels than never users of HRT for the following variables: total cholesterol, non-HDL, apoA, fibrinogen, glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin. The authors conclude that women with diabetes and nondiabetic postmenopausal women currently taking HRT had better lipoprotein profile than never or previous users of HRT. Women with diabetes currently taking HRT had better glycemic control than never or previous users of HRT. 3 tables. 29 references.

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Hormone Replacement Therapy, Insulin Sensitivity, and Abdominal Obesity in Postmenopausal Women. Diabetes Care. 25(1): 127-133. January 2002.

This article reports on a study undertaken to determine whether insulin sensitivity differs between postmenopausal women taking estradiol, women on estrogen plus progesterone hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and women not on HRT and whether differences are explained by the differences in total or abdominal adiposity and fat deposition in the muscle. The authors studied 28 obese, sedentary postmenopausal Caucasian women. Women taking oral estrogen (n = 6) were matched for age, weight, and body mass index (BMI) with women not on HRT (n = 6). Eight women taking oral estrogen plus progesterone were matched with eight different women not on HRT for age, weight, and BMI. Maximal aerobic capacity, percentage of fat, total body fat mass, and fat-free mass (FFM) were similar between groups. Visceral fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat, sagittal diameter, and mid thigh low density lean tissue (intramuscular fat) did not differ by hormone status. Basal carbohydrate and fat utilization was not different among groups. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin did not differ by hormone use. Glucose utilization (M) was measured; postmenopausal women taking oral estrogen had a 31 percent lower M than women not on HRT. M was 26 percent lower in women taking estrogen plus progesterone than women not on HRT. M per I, the amount of glucose metabolized per unit of plasma insulin (I), an index of insulin sensitivity, was 36 percent lower in women taking estrogen compared with matched women not on HRT and 28 percent lower in women taking estrogen plus progesterone compared with matched women not on HRT. The authors conclude that postmenopausal women taking oral estrogen or those taking a combination of estrogen and HRT are more insulin-resistant than women not on HRT, even when women are of comparable total and abdominal adiposity. 1 figure. 3 tables. 49 references.

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HRT for Hearts?: Research Raises New Questions. Diabetes Forecast. 55(3): 46-48. March 2002.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has long been advocated for the prevention of osteoporosis and other symptoms associated with menopause. Until recently, HRT was also recommended for the prevention of heart disease after menopause, but a recent study has failed to confirm this benefit. This article reports on this recent research and helps readers with diabetes understand how HRT may or may not fit into their own health care situation. HRT provides a low dose of estrogen, often in combination with progesterone, another female hormone, to compensate for the loss of these hormones as a result of menopause. The author discusses how HRT works; the possible interplay between estrogen and heart disease, including the positive impact of HRT on cholesterol levels; determining risk factors for heart disease; and HRT for other symptoms of menopause. The author concludes by encouraging readers to stay informed about the latest research and to keep in mind that there are alternatives to help protect bones and the heart while treating the discomforts associated with menopause.

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Menopause: The Latest on Hormone Replacement Therapy. Diabetes Self-Management. 19(4): 90, 92, 95-97. July-August 2002.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a medical therapy option that can alleviate and treat both the short-term symptoms and some of the long-term consequences of menopause. HRT can also increase the risk for certain health problems, so a menopausal woman and her physician need to consider her individual risk factors before starting HRT. This article discusses the benefits, risks, and alternatives to HRT for women with diabetes. Other topics include common symptoms of perimenopause and menopause, the long-term consequences of menopause, the effects of menopause on diabetes, the different types of HRT, the effects of HRT on diabetes, and alternative treatments.

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Diabetes and Arterial Stiffness. In: Johnstone, M.T. and Veves, A. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Totowa, NJ: The Humana Press, Inc. 2001. p. 343-360.

While many physicians still conceive of diabetes as essentially an endocrine disease, even in light of data reinforcing the concept of diabetes as a vascular disease. There is mounting evidence that disruption of normal endothelial (the cells that line the body cavity and cardiovascular system) function and increased vascular stiffness may play an important role in the process of atherosclerosis. This chapter on diabetes and arterial stiffness is from a textbook that offers physicians practical knowledge about cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The authors focus on the association between diabetes mellitus and increased arterial stiffness, an emerging additional and important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The authors review the use of pulse wave analysis as a means of assessing arterial stiffness, and explore the possible relationship between endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness. Finally, the authors discuss novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction in diabetes, using arterial stiffness as a surrogate endpoint. Therapeutic interventions discussed include vitamin C, fish oil, blood pressure regulation, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and lipid lowering treatment. 5 figures. 1 table. 107 references.

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