Skip navigation
MedlinePlus Trusted Health Information for You U.S. National Library of MedicineNational Institutes of Health
Contact Us FAQs Site Map About MedlinePlus
español Home Health Topics Drugs & Supplements Medical Encyclopedia Dictionary News Directories Other Resources

 

Medical Encyclopedia

Other encyclopedia topics:  A-Ag  Ah-Ap  Aq-Az  B-Bk  Bl-Bz  C-Cg  Ch-Co  Cp-Cz  D-Di  Dj-Dz  E-Ep  Eq-Ez  F  G  H-Hf  Hg-Hz  I-In  Io-Iz  J  K  L-Ln  Lo-Lz  M-Mf  Mg-Mz  N  O  P-Pl  Pm-Pz  Q  R  S-Sh  Si-Sp  Sq-Sz  T-Tn  To-Tz  U  V  W  X  Y  Z  0-9 

Spinal fusion

Printer-friendly versionEmail this page to a friend
Contents of this page:

Illustrations

Scoliosis
Scoliosis
Spinal fusion  - series
Spinal fusion - series

Alternative Names    Return to top

Vertebral interbody fusion; Posterior spinal fusion; Arthrodesis; Anterior spinal fusion

Definition    Return to top

Spinal fusion is surgery to correct problems in the spine bones (vertebrae). The surgery stabilizes the back by permanently placing certain bones in the spine together.

Fusing means two bones are permanently placed together so that movement between them can no longer occur.

Spinal fusion is usually done along with other surgical procedures of the spine, such as a diskectomy .

Description    Return to top

Spinal fusion surgery uses bone grafts, with or without screws, plates, cages, or other devices. The bone grafts are placed around the problem area of the spine during surgery. As the body heals itself, the graft helps join the bones together.

The most common spinal area treated is the lower (lumbar) spine. However, it can also be done on the upper (cervical) spine.

The procedure is performed while you are under general anesthesia (unconscious and pain-free). The surgeon makes a cut over the area of the spine that will be treated.

If you are having a problem in the lower spine corrected, the repair is done through a surgical cut made directly over the spine. This is called the posterior lumbar approach.

If you are having a problem in the upper spine corrected, the repair is usually done through a surgical cut in the front or side of the neck (anterior cervical spine).

If you are having a problem in the middle spine corrected, the repair is sometimes done through a surgical cut in the chest and abdomen (anterior thoracic spine).

Depending on the reason for surgery, the procedure may involve a combination of surgical cuts.

Why the Procedure is Performed    Return to top

Spinal fusion may be recommended for:

If the pain is persistent and does not respond to other treatments, surgery is considered to relieve the pressure on the nerves.

Surgery is also performed for muscle weakness that does not improve or is getting worse, and for patients having bladder or bowel problems.

Risks    Return to top

Risks for any anesthesia include the following:

Risks for any surgery include the following:

Additional risks include the following:

Outlook (Prognosis)    Return to top

While many patients have pain relief after surgery, the procedure is not always successful. Back pain sometimes returns, and more than half of patients develop sciatica.

Call your health care provider if persistent, severe back pain develops, especially if you have any numbness, loss of movement, weakness, or bowel or bladder changes.

Recovery    Return to top

You will need to stay in the hospital for several days after surgery. The repaired spine should be kept in proper position to maintain alignment. If the surgery involved a surgical cut in the chest, a chest tube may be used to drain fluid build-up. The tube is usually removed after 24 - 72 hours.

You will be taught how to move properly, how to reposition, and how to sit, stand, and walk. You'll be told to use a "log-rolling" technique when getting out of bed. This means that you move your entire body at once, and not twist the spine.

There is usually considerable pain for the first few days after surgery. You will be given pain medication, perhaps by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). You may also have a urinary catheter (tube) to collect your urine.

Because of the risk of temporary paralysis after spinal surgery, you may not be able to eat for 2 - 3 days and will be fed through an IV.

When you leave the hospital, you may need to wear a back brace or cast.

References    Return to top

Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, et al. Surgical versus nonsurgical therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:794-810.

Katz JN, Harris MB. Clinical practice. Lumbar spinal stenosis. N EnglJMed. 2008;358(8):818-825.

Chou R, Qaseem A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):478-491.

Hedequist DJ. Surgical treatment of congenital scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 2007;38(4):497-509.

Update Date: 5/12/2008

Updated by: Thomas N. Joseph, MD, Private Practice specializing in Orthopaedics, subspecialty Foot and Ankle, Camden Bone & Joint, Camden, SC. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

A.D.A.M. Logo

The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 1997-2008, A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.