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PubMed articles by:
Marcucci, K.
Argaw, T.
Wilson, C.
Salomon, D.
Retrovirology. 2009; 6: 3.
Published online 2009 January 14. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-3.
PMCID: PMC2630988
Copyright © 2009 Marcucci et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Identification of two distinct structural regions in a human porcine endogenous retrovirus receptor, HuPAR2, contributing to function for viral entry
Katherine T Marcucci,1,3 Takele Argaw,2 Carolyn A Wilson,2 and Daniel R Salomoncorresponding author1
1Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
2Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
3Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
corresponding authorCorresponding author.
Katherine T Marcucci: marcuccik/at/email.chop.edu; Takele Argaw: takele.argaw/at/fda.hhs.gov; Carolyn A Wilson: carolyn.wilson/at/fda.hhs.gov; Daniel R Salomon: dsalomon/at/scripps.edu
Received October 16, 2008; Accepted January 14, 2009.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 
Abstract
Background
Of the three subclasses of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV), PERV-A is able to infect human cells via one of two receptors, HuPAR1 or HuPAR2. Characterizing the structure-function relationships of the two HuPAR receptors in PERV-A binding and entry is important in understanding receptor-mediated gammaretroviral entry and contributes to evaluating the risk of zoonosis in xenotransplantation.
Results
Chimeras of the non-permissive murine PAR and the permissive HuPAR2, which scanned the entire molecule, revealed that the first 135 amino acids of HuPAR2 are critical for PERV-A entry. Within this critical region, eighteen single residue differences exist. Site-directed mutagenesis used to map single residues confirmed the previously identified L109 as a binding and infectivity determinant. In addition, we identified seven residues contributing to the efficiency of PERV-A entry without affecting envelope binding, located in multiple predicted structural motifs (intracellular, extracellular and transmembrane). We also show that expression of HuPAR2 in a non-permissive cell line results in an average 11-fold higher infectivity titer for PERV-A compared to equal expression of HuPAR1, although PERV-A envelope binding is similar. Chimeras between HuPAR-1 and -2 revealed that the region spanning amino acids 152–285 is responsible for the increase of HuPAR2. Fine mapping of this region revealed that the increased receptor function required the full sequence rather than one or more specific residues.
Conclusion
HuPAR2 has two distinct structural regions. In one region, a single residue determines binding; however, in both regions, multiple residues influence receptor function for PERV-A entry.
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