What Is Rh Incompatibility?
Rh incompatibility is a condition that occurs during
pregnancy if a woman has Rh-negative blood and her baby has Rh-positive
blood.
"Rh-negative" and "Rh-positive" refer to whether
your blood has Rh factor. Rh factor is a protein on red blood cells. If you
have Rh factor, you're Rh-positive. If you don't have it, you're Rh-negative.
Rh factor is inherited (passed from parents to children through the genes).
Most people are Rh-positive.
Whether you have Rh factor doesn't affect your
general health. However, it can cause problems during pregnancy.
Overview
When you're pregnantespecially during
deliveryblood from your baby can cross into your bloodstream. If you're
Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, your body will react to the baby's
blood as a foreign substance.
Your body will create antibodies (proteins) against
the baby's Rh-positive blood. These antibodies usually don't cause problems
during a first pregnancy. This is because the baby often is born before many of
the antibodies develop.
However, the antibodies stay in your body once they
have formed. Thus, Rh incompatibility is more likely to cause problems in
second or later pregnancies (if the baby is Rh-positive).
The Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and attack
the baby's red blood cells. This can lead to
hemolytic
anemia (HEE-moh-lit-ick uh-NEE-me-uh) in the baby.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which red blood
cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. Red blood cells
carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Without enough red blood cells, your
baby won't get enough oxygen. This can lead to serious problems. Severe
hemolytic anemia may even be fatal to the child.
Outlook
With prompt and proper prenatal care and screening,
you can prevent the problems of Rh incompatibility. Screening tests will allow
your doctor to find out early in your pregnancy whether you're at risk for this
condition.
If you're at risk, your doctor will carefully check
on you and your baby throughout your pregnancy and prescribe treatment as
needed.
Injections of a medicine called Rh immune globulin
can keep your body from making Rh antibodies. This medicine helps prevent the
problems of Rh incompatibility. If you're Rh-negative, you'll need this
medicine every time you have a baby with Rh-positive blood.
Other events also can expose you to Rh-positive
blood, which could affect a pregnancy. Examples include a miscarriage or
blood
transfusion. If you're treated with Rh immune globulin right after these
events, you may be able to avoid Rh incompatibility during your next
pregnancy.
Other Names for Rh Incompatibility
- Rh disease
- Rh-induced hemolytic disease of the newborn
What Causes Rh Incompatibility?
A difference in blood type between a pregnant woman
and her baby causes Rh incompatibility. The condition occurs if a woman is
Rh-negative and her baby is Rh-positive.
When you're pregnantespecially during
deliveryblood from your baby can cross into your bloodstream. If you're
Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, your body will react to the baby's
blood as a foreign substance.
Your body will create antibodies (proteins) against
the baby's Rh-positive blood. These antibodies can cross the placenta and
attack the baby's red blood cells. This can lead to
hemolytic
anemia in the baby.
Rh incompatibility usually doesn't cause problems
with a first pregnancy. The baby often is born before many of the antibodies
develop.
The condition is more likely to cause problems in
second or later pregnancies (if the baby is Rh-positive). Once you've formed Rh
antibodies against the Rh-positive red blood cells, the antibodies remain in
your body.
With each pregnancy that follows, your body
continues to make Rh antibodies. As a result, each Rh-positive baby you
conceive becomes more at risk for serious problems, such as severe hemolytic
anemia.
Who Is At Risk for Rh Incompatibility?
An Rh-negative woman who conceives a child with an
Rh-positive man is at risk for Rh incompatibility.
Rh factor is inherited (passed from parents to
children through the genes). If you're Rh-negative and the father of your baby
is Rh-positive, there's a 50 percent or more chance that the baby will have
Rh-positive blood.
Simple
blood
tests can show whether you and the father of your baby are Rh-positive or
Rh-negative.
If you're Rh-negative, your risk for problems from
Rh incompatibility is higher if you were exposed to Rh-positive blood before
the pregnancy. This may have happened during:
- An earlier pregnancy (usually during
delivery)
- A miscarriage
- An induced abortion
- A
blood
transfusion
- Bleeding during pregnancy
Certain tests also can expose you to Rh-positive
blood. Examples include amniocentesis (AM-ne-o-sen-TE-sis) and chorionic villus
(ko-re-ON-ik VIL-us) sampling (CVS).
Amniocentesis is a test that may be done during
pregnancy. Your doctor uses a needle to remove a small amount of fluid from the
sac around your baby. The fluid is then tested for various reasons.
CVS also may be done during pregnancy. For this
test, your doctor threads a thin tube through the vagina and cervix to the
placenta. He or she removes a tissue sample from the placenta using gentle
suction. The tissue sample is tested for various reasons.
Unless you were treated with the medicine that
prevents Rh antibodies (Rh immune globulin) after each of these events, you're
at risk for Rh incompatibility during current and future pregnancies.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Rh
Incompatibility?
Rh incompatibility doesn't cause signs or symptoms
in a pregnant woman. In a baby, the condition can lead to
hemolytic
anemia.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which red blood
cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. Red blood cells
contain hemoglobin (HEE-muh-glow-bin), an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen
to your body.
Without enough red blood cells and hemoglobin, the
blood can't carry enough oxygen to the body.
Hemolytic anemia can cause mild to severe signs and
symptoms in a newborn, such as jaundice and a buildup of fluid.
Jaundice is a yellowish color of the skin or whites
of the eyes. When red blood cells die, they release hemoglobin into the blood.
The hemoglobin is broken down into a compound called bilirubin, which gives the
skin and eyes a yellowish color. High levels of bilirubin can lead to brain
damage in the baby.
The buildup of fluid is a result of
heart
failure. Without enough hemoglobin-carrying red blood cells, the heart has
to work harder to move oxygen-rich blood through the body. This stress can lead
to heart failure. Heart failure can cause fluid to build up in various parts of
the body. When this occurs in a fetus or newborn, the condition is called
hydrops fetalis.
Severe hemolytic anemia can be fatal to a newborn at
the time of birth or shortly after.
How Is Rh Incompatibility Diagnosed?
Rh incompatibility is diagnosed with
blood
tests. To find out whether a baby is developing hemolytic anemia and how
serious it is, doctors may use more advanced tests, such as ultrasound.
Specialists Involved
An obstetrician will screen for Rh incompatibility.
This is a doctor who specializes in treating pregnant women. The obstetrician
also will monitor the pregnancy and the baby for problems related to hemolytic
anemia. He or she also will oversee treatment to prevent problems with future
pregnancies.
A pediatrician or hematologist treats newborns for
hemolytic anemia and related problems. A pediatrician is a doctor who
specializes in treating children. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in
treating blood diseases and disorders.
Diagnostic Tests
If you're pregnant, your doctor will order a simple
blood test at your first prenatal visit to learn whether you're Rh-positive or
Rh-negative.
If you're Rh-negative, you also may have another
blood test called an antibody screen. This test shows whether you have Rh
antibodies in your blood. If you do, it means that you were exposed to
Rh-positive blood before and you're at risk for Rh incompatibility.
If you're Rh-negative and you don't have Rh
antibodies, your baby's father also will be tested to find out his Rh type. If
he's Rh-negative like you, there's no chance that the baby has Rh-positive
blood. Thus, there's no risk of Rh incompatibility.
However, if the baby's father is Rh-positive,
there's a 50 percent or more chance that the baby has Rh-positive blood. As a
result, you're at high risk of developing Rh incompatibility.
If your baby's father is Rh-positive, or if his Rh
status can't be determined, your doctor may do a test called amniocentesis. For
this test, your doctor inserts a hollow needle through your abdominal wall into
your uterus. He or she removes a small amount of fluid from the sac around the
baby. The fluid is tested to learn whether the baby is Rh-positive.
Your doctor also may use this test to measure
bilirubin levels in your baby. Bilirubin builds up as a result of red blood
cells dying too quickly. The higher the level of bilirubin is, the greater the
baby's chances for hemolytic anemia.
If Rh incompatibility is known or suspected, you'll
be tested for Rh antibodies one or more times during your pregnancy. This test
often is done at least once at your sixth or seventh month of pregnancy.
The results from this test also can suggest how
severe the baby's hemolytic anemia has become. Higher levels of antibodies
suggest more severe hemolytic anemia.
To check your baby for hemolytic anemia, your doctor
also may use Doppler ultrasound. He or she will use this test to measure how
fast blood is flowing through an artery in the baby's head.
Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure how
fast blood is moving. The faster the blood flow is, the greater the chances for
hemolytic anemia. This is because the anemia will cause the baby's heart to
pump more blood.
How Is Rh Incompatibility Treated?
Rh incompatibility is treated with a medicine called
Rh immune globulin.
Treatment for a baby who has
hemolytic
anemia will vary depending on how severe the condition is.
Goals of Treatment
The goals of treating Rh incompatibility are to
ensure that your baby is healthy and to lower your risk for the condition in
future pregnancies.
Treatment for Rh Incompatibility
If Rh incompatibility is diagnosed during your
pregnancy, you'll receive Rh immune globulin in your seventh month of pregnancy
and again within 72 hours of delivery.
Rh immune globulin contains Rh antibodies that
attach to the Rh-positive blood cells in your blood. When this happens, your
body doesn't react to the baby's Rh-positive cells as a foreign substance. As a
result, your body doesn't make Rh antibodies. Rh immune globulin must be given
at the correct times to work properly.
Once you have formed Rh antibodies, the medicine
will no longer help. That's why a woman who has Rh-negative blood must be
treated with the medicine with each pregnancy or any other event that allows
her blood to mix with Rh-positive blood.
Rh immune globulin is injected into the muscle of
your arm or buttock. Side effects may include soreness at the injection site
and a slight fever.
Treatment for Hemolytic Anemia
Several options are available for treating hemolytic
anemia in a baby. In mild cases, no treatment may be needed. In more serious
cases, the baby may get a
blood
transfusion through the umbilical cord.
If hemolytic anemia is severe and the baby is almost
full-term, your doctor may induce labor early. This allows the baby's doctor to
begin treatment right away.
A newborn who has severe anemia may be treated with
a blood exchange transfusion. The procedure involves slowly removing the
newborn's blood and replacing it with fresh blood or plasma from a donor.
Newborns also may be treated with special lights to
reduce the amount of bilirubin in their blood. These babies may have jaundice
(a yellowish color of the skin or whites of the eyes). High levels of bilirubin
cause jaundice.
Reducing the blood's bilirubin level is important
because high levels of this compound can cause brain damage. High levels of
bilirubin often are seen in babies who have hemolytic anemia. This is because
the compound forms when red blood cells break down.
How Can Rh Incompatibility Be Prevented?
Rh incompatibility can be prevented with Rh immune
globulin, as long as the medicine is given at the correct times. Once you have
formed Rh antibodies, the medicine will no longer help.
That's why a woman who has Rh-negative blood must be
treated with Rh immune globulin during and after each pregnancy or after any
other event that allows her blood to mix with Rh-positive blood.
Early prenatal care also can help prevent some of
the problems linked to Rh incompatibility. Early prenatal care allows your
doctor to find out early whether you're at risk for the condition.
If you're at risk, your doctor can closely monitor
your pregnancy and watch for signs of hemolytic anemia in your baby. He or she
can treat the baby as needed to increase your chances of having a healthy
baby.
Living With Rh Incompatibility
If you have Rh-negative blood, injections of Rh
immune globulin can reduce your risk for Rh incompatibility in future
pregnancies. It's important to get this medicine every time you give birth to
an Rh-positive baby or come in contact with Rh-positive blood.
If you're Rh-negative, your risk for problems from
Rh incompatibility is higher if you were exposed to Rh-positive blood before
your current pregnancy. This may have happened during:
- An earlier pregnancy (usually during
delivery)
- A miscarriage
- An induced abortion
- A
blood
transfusion
- Bleeding during pregnancy
You also can be exposed to Rh-positive blood during
certain tests, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. (For more
information, see "Who Is At Risk for Rh
Incompatibility?")
Unless you were treated with Rh immune globulin
after each of these events, you're at risk for Rh incompatibility during
current and future pregnancies.
It's important to let your doctor know about your
risk early in your pregnancy. Once your doctor is aware of your risk, he or she
can carefully monitor your pregnancy and promptly treat any problems that
arise.
Key Points
- Rh incompatibility is a condition that occurs
during pregnancy if a woman has Rh-negative blood and her baby has Rh-positive
blood.
- "Rh-negative" and "Rh-positive" refer to whether
your blood has Rh factor. Rh factor is a protein on red blood cells. If you
have Rh factor, youre Rh-positive. If you dont have it, youre
Rh-negative. Rh factor is inherited (passed from parents to children through
the genes). Most people are Rh-positive.
- When youre pregnantespecially during
deliveryblood from your baby can cross into your bloodstream. If
youre Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, your body will create
antibodies (proteins) against the babys Rh-positive blood.
- These antibodies usually dont cause
problems during a first pregnancy. This is because the baby often is born
before many of the antibodies develop. However, the antibodies stay in your
body once they have formed. Thus, Rh incompatibility is more likely to cause
problems in second or later pregnancies (if the baby is Rh-positive).
- The Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and
attack the babys red blood cells. This can lead to
hemolytic
anemia in the baby.
- Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which red
blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. Without enough
red blood cells, the body wont get enough oxygen. This can lead to
serious problems or death in newborns.
- An Rh-negative woman who conceives a child with
an Rh-positive man is at risk for Rh incompatibility. If youre
Rh-negative and the father of your baby is Rh-positive, theres a 50
percent or more chance that the baby will have Rh-positive blood.
- If youre Rh-negative, your risk for Rh
incompatibility also increases if you were exposed to Rh-positive blood before
your current pregnancy. This could have happened during an earlier pregnancy, a
miscarriage, an induced abortion, a
blood
transfusion, or certain tests (such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus
sampling).
- Rh incompatibility is diagnosed with
blood
tests. To determine whether a baby is developing hemolytic anemia and how
serious it is, doctors may use more advanced tests, such as ultrasound.
- Rh incompatibility is treated with a medicine
called Rh immune globulin. If youre diagnosed with the condition during
pregnancy, youll receive Rh immune globulin in your seventh month of
pregnancy and again within 72 hours of delivery.
- Treatment for a baby who has hemolytic anemia
will vary depending on how severe the condition is.
- Rh incompatibility can be prevented with Rh
immune globulin, as long as the medicine is given at the correct times. Once
you have formed Rh antibodies, the medicine will no longer help.
- With prompt and proper prenatal care and
screening, you can prevent the problems of Rh incompatibility. Once your doctor
is aware of your risk, he or she can carefully monitor your pregnancy and
promptly treat any problems that arise.
Links to Other Information About Rh Incompatibility
NHLBI Resources
Non-NHLBI Resources
Clinical Trials
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