• Epithelialisation
  
• Graft integrity
  
• Resolution of inflammation
  
• Visual acuity
  
• Complications
  

• Degree of scarring
  

Ex-vivo autologous conjunctiva expansion on human amniotic membrane (HAM), followed by clinical transplantation surgery

Preparation of HAM. Human amniotic membrane (HAM) prepared for human use will be obtained from the Singapore Eye Bank. HAM will be rapidly thawed in a 37oC water bath, and washed with phosphate buffered saline. The amniotic epithelium will be removed using a combination of Dispase digestion and mechanical scraping. Complete removal of the amniotic epithelial cells will be confirmed by microscopy. The HAM is then placed on a culture plate, with the basement-membrane side up, and incubated with DMEM at 37oC in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air overnight before use.

Ex-vivo expansion of conjunctival cells on HAM. A forniceal conjunctival biopsy will be performed in patients undergoing pterygium surgery. The tissue will be cultured on the HAM either as a cell suspension or as explants, with the methods described above. The media is changed every 2 days and the culture is maintained for 2-3 weeks. The cells will form a confluent sheet and begin to stratify and differentiate. The tissue will then be raised to an air-liquid interface to promote differentiation.

Histological analysis. The conjunctival epithelial cell sheets on the amniotic membrane will be examined by light microscopy. Samples of the tissue will be fixed and processed with the use of standard histological procedures and stained with H&E and PAS reagents. Electron microscopic examination will be carried for the tissue. The sections will also be subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for cytokeratin markers.

Clinical Transplantation of cultivated conjunctival epithelial cells on HAM

Preparation of cultivated conjunctival cells on amniotic membrane Patients with various ocular surface disorders will be selected for the initial series of transplantations. All patients will undergo full counselling for informed consent for the procedures. A forniceal conjunctival biopsy will be performed on the contralateral healthy eye. PI will perform the transplantations of autologous conjunctival sheet grown on human amniotic membrane in these patients. The diseased area will be excised using the standard surgical technique. The defect will be covered with the sheet of cultured conjunctival cells on the HAM with the epithelial side up. The graft is secured to the adjacent conjunctiva with interrupted 8/0 vicryl sutures. A planotherapeutic bandage contact lens is placed to protect the tissue from lid trauma. Topical steroid and antibiotic eyedrops will be administered daily to reduce the ocular inflammation. Survival of conjunctiva on the amniotic membrane will be closely monitored and patients will be followed-up at 3 monthly intervals up to one year. During these visits, these patients will have anterior segment photographs taken and fluorescein staining to monitor the progress of healing.

Transplantations may also be carried out on selected patients with ocular surface disease, for example, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Stevens Johnson syndrome and alkali injury. For these severe conditions, this procedure may prove to be an important adjunct to other procedures, such as limbal stem cell transplantation. If the initial study is successful, a randomised clinical trial comparing this procedure with conventional conjunctival autografting and conventional amniotic membrane transplantation will be planned. Therefore if found to be successful, transplantation of cultured conjunctival cells on HAM may eventually be used as a primary procedure or as an adjunctive procedure for these visually debilitating conditions.