• Urinary excretion of VK metabolites at VK depletion and repletion [ Time Frame: 2 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Bone turnover markers at VK depletion and repletion [ Time Frame: 2 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Plasma triglyceride levels at VK depletion and repletion [ Time Frame: 2 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Glucose metabolism measures at VK depletion and repletion [ Time Frame: 2 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Mood assessment at VK depletion and repletion [ Time Frame: 2 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Drug: Vitamin K
phylloquinone (vitamin K1) 500 mcg daily in third month

Vitamin K has a role in bone health, but little is known about vitamin K metabolism in aging and in maintenance of bone mass. The limited understanding of vitamin K metabolism impedes the establishment of dietary recommendations for vitamin K, and the interpretation of results from clinical trials on vitamin K supplementation and bone health of women in a narrow age group. This study is the first to assess the role of dietary and other factors that influence the response to vitamin K status and bone turnover to vitamin K depletion and repletion in adults. This study also compares the absorption efficiency and body retention of vitamin K relative to current vitamin K status. Men and women [21 younger (18-40y) and 21 older (55+y)] will participate in a 62-d metabolic study, with a 5d run-in period, followed by a 28d dietary vitamin K restriction period (10 ug/d), and ending with a 28d dietary vitamin K supplementation period (500 ug/d). Coagulation times will be monitored during the dietary restriction period. Serial measurements of vitamin K status markers and of bone turnover markers will show the response of vitamin K to dietary manipulation for both age groups under identically controlled dietary conditions. Deuterium-labeled vitamin K in collards will be used to compare the absorption of vitamin K during a vitamin K-deplete state to that of a vitamin K-replete state. Vitamin K is transported in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, which may vary among individuals due to differences in adiposity and lipid homeostasis. Therefore, measurement of body composition by DXA and plasma lipids will provide insight into the role of lipids in absorption and transport of vitamin K. The findings of this study are critical for the interpretation of the epidemiologic and clinical data used to determine the protective role vitamin K may have in chronic disease prevention.