Inclusion Criteria:

• Male or female subjects, 18 to 70 years of age, active duty military, beneficiary, or retiree.
• Written informed consent and written authorization for use or release of health and research study information.
• Any single unilateral upper or lower limb amputation with the presence of phantom limb pain.
• No prior history of vertebral disk disease/condition, sciatica or radiculopathy.
• Normal neurological examination.
• Degree of pain evaluated by VAS scoring a minimum of 3 cm at time of screening for entry into the study, with a minimum of three episodes per week.
• Ability to follow study instructions and likely to complete all required visits.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age less than 18 or greater than 70.
• Bilateral upper or lower limb amputation.
• Presence of traumatic brain injury - permanent or temporary impairments of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial functions with an associated diminished or altered state of consciousness – as indicated by neuropsychological screening which is currently performed routinely on patients by the TBI program at WRAMC and noted in the patient’s medical record.
• Known uncontrolled systemic disease- known cancer not in remission, known on-going infection, lupus, kidney disease requiring dialysis, any other systemic disease which might affect ability to participate in this study to its conclusion
• Concurrent participation in another investigational drug or device study for phantom limb pain or participation in the 30 days immediately prior to study enrollment.
• Any condition or situation that, in the investigator's opinion, may put the subject at significant risk, confound the study results, or interfere significantly with the subject's participation in the study.
• Significant Axis I or II diagnosis determined by a neurologist or psychiatrist in the 6 months prior to entry into the study.
• Subjects with lack of effort as determined by the neurologist or physiatrist. Subjects will be screened for effort using the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) first in order to exclude those with blatant exaggeration or malingering.