Inclusion Criteria:

1. 18 years of age
2. biopsy-proven unilateral invasive breast cancer of any histology or ductal carcinoma in situ
3. patient desires or requires treatment with mastectomy
4. any patient who has undergone prior excisional biopsy of their primary breast tumor must have had margins positive for disease, or must have either mammographic or ultrasonographic evidence of probable residual disease in the breast.
5. patients receiving induction chemotherapy remain eligible for participation in the study regardless of tumor response; those with a clinical complete response remain eligible.
6. voluntarily signed informed consent. -

Exclusion Criteria:

1. male gender
2. lobular carcinoma in situ as the only cancerous histology
3. prior margin-negative excisional biopsy of primary breast tumor, with no evidence of residual disease
4. patient being treated with breast conservation therapy inability to understand the nature of the procedure pregnancy and/or active lactation