The NIH Almanac - Historical Data
Deputy Directors
Lawrence A. Tabak, Acting Principal
Deputy Director, NIH Chronology of Deputy Directors
1 Held title Director of Laboratories
and Clinics. Biographical SketchesCassius James Van Slyke, M.D.Dr. Van Slyke, first deputy director of NIH, served in that position from December 3, 1958, until his retirement on December 1, 1959. He received his M.D. in 1928 from the University of Minnesota and entered the PHS reserve corps that same year. In 1932 he was commissioned in the regular corps and from 1936 to 1944 pursued a distinguished research career at the PHS Venereal Disease Research Laboratory in Staten Island, N.Y. In 1944, he was made assistant chief, Venereal Disease Division, Washington, D.C. Dr. Van Slyke joined NIH in 1946 as chief of the newly established Research Grants Office, later renamed the Division of Research Grants, serving there until he was named director of the National Heart Institute (NHI) on August 1, 1948. He left NHI on November 30, 1952, to serve as associate director of NIH, a post he held until he was named NIH deputy director. David E. Price, M.D.Dr. Price earned his medical degree at the University of California School of Medicine at Berkeley in 1940, and served his internship at the PHS Hospital in San Francisco. In 1946, he received his doctorate in public health at Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health. Following a tour of duty in the Venereal Disease Division, PHS, he was assigned first to the DRG as assistant to the chief (1946-47) and then to the NCI as chief of the Research Grants Branch (1947-48). He returned to DRG in 1948 as chief, a post he held until he was named NIH associate director for extramural affairs (1950-52). After a series of key appointments in the Office of the Surgeon General, the Bureau of Medical Services and the Bureau of State Services, Dr. Price was named deputy director of NIH on July 1, 1960. Two years later, he was appointed deputy surgeon general, PHS. He retired from the service in 1965. After his retirement, he was associated with the Ford Foundation and the American Public Health Association. Dr. Price was director of planning of the medical institutions, the Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, until his retirement on July 1, 1980. Stuart M. Sessoms, M.D.Dr. Sessoms came to NIH in 1953 as a member of the NCI staff. From 1955 to 1957 he was assistant director of the Clinical Center. He was appointed assistant director, NCI, on January 1, 1958, prior to his appointment in November 1958 as chief of NCI's Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center. During this period, Dr. Sessoms also served as NCI associate director (1960), and associate director for collaborative research (1961) with responsibility for the institute's Virology Research Resources Branch, in addition to his duties at the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center. He became the third NIH deputy director on August 1, 1962, serving in that capacity until his retirement July 31, 1968. On retirement, he held the rank of assistant surgeon general (rear admiral) in the PHS. During his career at NIH, Dr. Sessoms was the recipient of two Meritorious Service Awards for his accomplishments as head of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center, and for "outstanding ability and achievements in the development, operation and staffing" of the Regional Medical Programs. He received his B.S. in pharmacy at the University of North Carolina in 1943 and his M.D. from the Medical College of Virginia in 1946. On retiring after 25 years of government service, Dr. Sessoms joined Duke University. On Jan. 1, 1976, he was named president of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina. G. Burroughs Mider, M.D.Dr. Mider, whose career at NIH reaches back to 1939, is well-known on the campus. Just prior to transferring to the National Library of Medicine, an NIH component, in 1968, Dr. Mider had served for 8 years as NIH director of laboratories and clinics (1960-68), in which he functioned as deputy director as well. He first came to NIH as a research fellow, NCI, in 1939. On completing the fellowship, he became an instructor in pathology and assistant professor of pathology (1941-44) at Cornell Medical College. Concurrently, he was an assistant pathologist at New York Hospital. Then came assignments as associate professor of pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine (1944-45) and research associate in surgery and professor of cancer research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (1945-52). On returning to NIH in 1952, he became NCI associate director in charge of research. In 1960 he was appointed NIH director of laboratories and clinics. In May 1968, Dr. Mider transferred to the NLM as special assistant to the director for medical program development and evaluation. The following year he was named acting deputy director, and in 1970 became NLM deputy director. In 1960, he was the recipient of a DHEW Distinguished Service Award. Dr. Mider retired from the Library on June 30, 1972, to become executive officer for the Universities Associated for Research and Education in Pathology, Inc., and the American Society of Experimental Pathology. John F. Sherman, Ph.D.Dr. Sherman was appointed deputy director of NIH on November 1, 1968, after a long career in research and research grants administration. He was designated by HEW Secretary Richardson as acting director of NIH on January 21, 1973, and served until a new director was appointed on May 29, 1973. He then returned to the position of deputy director. He came to NIH in January 1953 as a research pharmacologist in the Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, National Microbiological Institute, which became the NIAID in 1955. In July 1956, Dr. Sherman joined the staff of the NIAMD as assistant to the chief of extramural programs. He became assistant chief of the institute's extramural programs in August 1957, and deputy chief in October 1958. On July 1, 1961, he was appointed associate director for extramural programs, NINDB. He rejoined the NIAMD in 1962 as associate director for extramural programs, serving in that capacity until January 1, 1964, when he was named NIH associate director for extramural programs. Dr. Sherman received his B.S. in 1949 from Union University College of Pharmacy in Albany, N.Y., and his Ph.D. in pharmacology in 1953 from Yale University. He is the author of numerous scientific papers and articles in his field of research. In 1971, he received a DHEW Distinguished Service Award. Dr. Sherman left NIH in 1974 to become vice president of the Association of American Medical Colleges and director of the association's department of planning and policy development. Robert W. Berliner, M.D.Dr. Berliner, the first NIH deputy director for science, is an internationally renowned renal physiologist whose research in the field has contributed to understanding of the control of the excretion of sodium and potassium salts. For 12 years (1950-62), he was chief of the Laboratory of Kidney and Electroyte Metabolism, NHI, and from 1954 to 1968 served as the institute's director of intramural research. In 1968, he was appointed director of laboratories and clinics, NIH. He was named to the newly created post of deputy director for science in 1969. Prior to joining NIH in 1950, Dr. Berliner was assistant professor of medicine at Columbia University, and research associate with the New York City department of hospitals. He received his B.S. from Yale University and his M.D. from Columbia University in 1939. He served his internship and residency at the Presbyterian Hospital and Goldwater Memorial Hospital, respectively, both in New York. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1968. Other honors include the PHS Distinguished Service Award (1962), the Homer W. Smith Award (1965), the Modern Medicine Award for Distinguished Achievement (1969), and the American Heart Association's Research Achievement Award (1970). Dr. Berliner left NIH to accept appointment as dean of the Yale University Medical School in September 1973. DeWitt Stetten, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.Dr. Stetten, an eminent medical educator and researcher in metabolic diseases, was named NIH deputy director for science on March 17, 1974. He received his A.B. degree from Harvard College in 1930, and his M.D. and Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1934 and 1940, respectively. From 1934 to 1937, he took his internship and residency at Bellevue Hospital in New York. Dr. Stetten then joined the staff at Columbia University for 9 years, serving successively as assistant instructor and assistant professor of biochemistry. In 1947, he was appointed assistant professor in biological chemistry at the Harvard Medical School. From 1948 to 1954, he was chief of the division of nutrition and physiology for the Public Health Research Institute of New York City. Dr. Stetten first came to NIH in 1954 as director of the intramural research program of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases. In that capacity, he directed institute programs on basic and clinical research in diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, and disorders of the blood, bone, and liver. He left NIH in 1962 to become the first dean of the Rutgers Medical School, a position he held until his return to NIH on October 1, 1970, as director of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. The American Diabetes Association awarded Dr. Stetten the Banting Medal in 1957. In 1963, he delivered the 22nd annual NIH Lecture on the "History and Natural History of Gout." Among his many honors were the DHEW Superior Service Honor Award (1973) and the DHEW Distinguished Service Award (1977). He also received honorary D.Sc. degrees from Washington University (1974), and from the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (1976). Author of more than 100 original papers in his field of research, and coauthor of the early editions of the textbook, Principles of Biochemistry, Dr. Stetten served on the editorial boards of numerous scientific and medical journals. He was president of the Foundation for Advanced Education in the Sciences (1972-74), and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the NAS Council. He was president of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1977-79. Dr. Stetten was named senior scientific advisor to the NIH director in September 1979. Ronald W. Lamont-Havers, M.D.Dr. Lamont-Havers, internationally known rheumatologist, was appointed deputy director of NIH on August 4, 1974, after serving in an acting capacity since May 20. Prior to this appointment, he had been deputy director of the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases (1972-74), and NIH associate director for extramural research and training for 4 years (1968-72). He received his B.A. in 1942 from the University of British Columbia, Canada, and M.D. in 1946 from the University of Toronto. He took staff and residency training (1946-48) at the Vancouver General Hospital, and residency in internal medicine (1949-51) at the Queen Mary Veterans Hospital in Montreal. From 1951 to 1953, he was a fellow of the Canadian Arthritis and Rheumatism Society at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. He also received a diploma in internal medicine in 1953 from McGill University. He came to NIH in 1964 as associate director for extramural programs, NIAMD. From 1955 to 1964 he was national medical director of the Arthritis Foundation and an instructor in medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. Previously, he served as medical director of the Canadian Arthritis and Rheumatism Society, British Columbia division, Vancouver, from 1953 to 1955, and as associate medical director, Student Health Service, University of British Columbia (1948-49). Dr. Lamont-Havers, author or coauthor of numerous papers on arthritis and rheumatism, was honored in June 1973 with a DHEW Superior Service Award. He left NIH in September 1976 to become deputy for research policy and administration to the general director, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Thomas E. Malone, Ph.D.Dr. Malone, whose career at the NIH began in 1962, was named the sixth deputy director of NIH in March 1977. He earned his B.S. and M.S. degrees from North Carolina Central University in 1948 and 1949 respectively, and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1952. During the period 1950-52 he held a teaching fellowship at Harvard University. Dr. Malone was professor of zoology at N.C. Central University in Durham from 1952 to 1958. He left that position to accept a postdoctoral fellowship of the NAS National Research Council, serving as a resident research associate at Argonne National Laboratory from 1958 to 1959. He subsequently served on the faculty at Loyola University in Chicago until joining the NIH staff in 1962. He came to NIH as a member of the Grants Associates Program. After completing a year's training, he joined the staff of the National Institute of Dental Research in 1963, serving in several capacities - from 1963 to 1964 he was assistant chief of the research grants section; 1964 to 1966, deputy chief, extramural programs; and 1966 to 1967, chief, periodontal diseases and soft tissue studies, extramural programs. In 1967 Dr. Malone accepted a position as professor and chairman of the department of biology at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon. He returned to NIDR in 1969, where he was associate director for extramural programs until 1972 when he was appointed NIH associate director for extramural research and training, a position which he held until his appointment as deputy director of NIH. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine and of numerous other professional organizations in health research and administration. In June of 1971 Dr. Malone received the DHEW Superior Service Award and was honored in April 1974 with the DHEW Distinguished Service Award. In October 1975 the American College of Dentists presented him with a Certificate of Merit. He received a Senior Executive Service Presidential Merit Award in 1980 and a Senior Executive Service Presidential Distinguished Executive Rank Award in 1983. He served as a member of the U.S. Delegation to the 31st through 35th World Health Assemblies and has participated in numerous other international health activities. Upon the resignation of Dr. Fredrickson, Dr. Malone was named acting NIH director until the appointment of Dr. Wyngaarden. Robert Goldberger, M.D.A highly regarded scientist in biomedical research, Dr. Goldberger became NIH deputy director for science in September 1979. After receiving his A.B. degree from Harvard College in 1954, he attended the New York University Medical School, where he obtained an M.D. in 1958. He interned at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York, and then spent 2 years as a post- doctoral fellow at the University of Wisconsin's Institute for Enzyme Research. He came to the NIH as a research associate in the National Heart Institute in 1961, working with Dr. C. B. Anfinsen on the mechanism by which newly synthesized polypeptide chains attain three-dimensional structures characteristic of native proteins. In 1963 he was a visiting scientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Dr. Goldberger served as a biochemist in the Laboratory of Chemical Biology, NIAMD, from 1963 to 1966, when he became chief of that laboratory's Biosynthesis and Control Section. He worked on regulation of gene expression in bacteria. In 1973 he moved to the NCI's Division of Cancer Biology and Diagnosis, where, as chief of the cellular regulation section, he worked on hormonal regulation of gene expression in avian liver. Dr. Goldberger has written one book on biochemistry and has edited a multivolume treatise on biological regulation. From 1970 to 1971 he served as president of NIH's Inter-Assembly Council of the Assemblies of Scientists. He received the Superior Service Award, DHEW, in 1973 and the Meritorious Service Medal, USPHS, in 1977. At the end of June 1981, he left NIH to accept a dual position as provost of Columbia University and vice president for health sciences, and as a professor of chemistry. William F. Raub, Ph.D.Dr. Raub was appointed deputy director in August 1986. Since June 1983, he had served as deputy director for extramural research and training coordinating the development and implementation of policies affecting extramural programs. Upon the resignation of Dr. Wyngaarden, July 31, 1989, Dr. Raub was named acting NIH director. He was NIH associate director for extramural research and training previous to this appointment. He has served as associate director, National Eye Institute (1975-78), and chief, Biotechnology Resources Branch, Division of Research Resources (1969-75). He joined NIH in 1966. Dr. Raub led the effort to develop the PROPHET system, a national computer resource for pharmacologists and others who study chemical/biological interactions. PROPHET is the most nearly comprehensive set of information-handling tools for this area of science ever to be presented in a unified system, and offered as a service to the biomedical community. A graduate of Wilkes College in Wilkes-Barre, Pa., in 1961, he received his Ph.D. in 1965 from the University of Pennsylvania. Joseph E. Rall, M.D., Ph.D.Dr. Rall was appointed deputy director for intramural research in June 1983. He advised the NIH director on general scientific matters and intramural research policies and coordinated the intramural research program. With NIH since 1955, he was director of the division of intramural research at the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases for more than 20 years. Dr. Rall received his M.D. from Northwestern University School of Medicine (1945) and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota (1952). He received honorary degrees from North Central College, (1966), the Free University of Brussels (1975), and the University of Naples (1985). He was elected to the NAS in 1980 and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1985. In 1988 he was invited to become a member of the scientific advisory committee for the International Human Frontier Science Program. A member of many organizations and the coauthor of more than 160 scientific articles, his research involves thyroid hormones, iodine metabolism, and thyroid diseases. In addition to the Van Meter Prize (1950) and the Robert Williams Distinguished Leadership Award of the Endocrine Society (1983), Dr. Rall has received the Arthur S. Flemming Award (1959), the DHHS Superior Service Award (1965), and the Distinguished Service Award (1968). Katherine L. Bick, Ph.D.Dr. Bick was named NIH deputy director for extramural research in April 1987. As a principal advisor to the NIH director, she coordinated the development and implementation of policies affecting NIH extramural programs. She joined NIH in 1976 as a scientist administrator in the Neurological Disorders Program, NINCDS. In September 1983 she was appointed NINCDS deputy director, after serving in an acting capacity since February 1981. While in this position she received a PHS Special Achievement Award for sustained superior work performance. Dr. Bick received her undergraduate degree from Acadia University, Nova Scotia, and earned her Ph.D. from Brown University. She has held academic positions at Georgetown University and California State University, Northridge, and research positions at the UCLA School of Medicine and the University of Western Ontario. Among her many honors are the PHS Superior Service Award (1986), Senior Executive Service Bonus Award for Performance (1984-88), and the NIH Director's Award (1977). In 1989 she received a Presidential Senior Rank Award. Dr. Bick left NIH in April 1990. John W. Diggs, Ph.D.Dr. Diggs was appointed NIH deputy director for extramural research on July 29, 1990. He had been director of the NIAID Division of Extramural Activities since 1982. A biology major at Lane College in Jackson, Tenn., he earned his M.S. (1969) and Ph.D. (1972) in physiology from Howard University. His postdoctoral work included serving as a senior research physiologist at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Dr. Diggs joined NINDS in 1974 as a health scientist administrator and received the institute's Special Achievement Award in 1979. He received the NIH Director's Award in 1985, the Presidential Meritorious Executive Rank Award in 1987, and the PHS Superior Service Award in 1990. Included in his other honors are the Super Achiever in Science Award of Lane College National Alumni (1989), Merit Award of the District of Columbia General Hospital (1989), Outstanding Service Award of Montgomery Count Department of Health (1989), Outstanding Service Award of Maryland Congress of Parents and Teachers, Inc. (1989), the Distinguished Senior Professional Award from the Inter- national Professional Management Association (1986), and Howard's Distinguished Alumni Award (1979). He served the NIH until 1993. Lance A. Liotta, Ph.D., M.D.Dr. Liotta was named NIH deputy director for intramural research and training on July 6, 1992. He joined the Office of the Director after simultaneously serving since 1982 in three NCI Laboratory of Pathology positions: chief, tumor invasion and metastases section; lab chief; and codirector, Anatomic Pathology Residency Program. He earned his A.B. degree in general science and biology from Hiram College in Ohio, followed by his Ph.D. in biomedical engineering and biomathematics from Case Western Reserve University. In 1976 he earned his M.D. from Case Western and joined NIH as a PHS resident physician in the NCI Laboratory of Pathology. Dr. Liotta has devoted his career to the study of cancer invasion and metastasis, the major cause of cancer treatment failure. He was one of the first scientists to investigate this process at the molecular level. In 1975 he proposed that tumor cell attachment and degradation of the basement membrane (a collagenous sheath that surrounds epithelial ducts, blood vessels and nerves, and separates tissue compartments) was crucial to invasion and metastasis. He found that disruption of the basement membrane is the general hallmark of the transition from in situ to invasive cancer for all human epithelial cancers. He discovered metallo-proteinases produced by tumor cells that degrade the metastasis; TIMP-2 (Dr. William Stetler-Stevenson), a new protein that inhibits invasion and angiogenesis; laminin-binding proteins (Dr. Mark Sobel) that mediate tumor cell attachment; and autotaxin (Dr. Mary Stracke), a protein that profoundly stimulates motility. Dr. Liotta's group also developed the first synthetic compound (CAI) (Dr. Elise Kohn) that blocks cancer metastasis growth by inhibiting selected signal transduction pathways. CAI has now entered clinical phase I trials under support from the Division of Cancer Treatment. He is a member of the International Metastasis Research Society, American Association for Cancer Research, American Association of Pathologists, American Society of Cell Biology, American Society for Clinical Investigation, and the International Academy of Pathology. Dr. Liotta has received numerous awards including three PHS Commissioned Corps Medals, the Arthur S. Flemming Award, the Warner Lambert/Parke Davis Award, the Josef Steiner Prize, and the Lil Gruber Research Award. He holds more than 30 patents for his work. Jay Moskowitz, Ph.D.Dr. Moskowitz was named by the NIH director as NIH principal deputy director and NIH deputy director for science policy and technology transfer in March 1993. He voluntarily resigned in October 1993. In October 1993, Dr. Moskowitz became deputy director of the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) and acting director of NIDCD's Division of Intramural Research. He earlier served as founding and acting director of NIDCD, which was established in 1988. Dr. Moskowitz joined NIH in 1969 as a postdoctoral pharmacology research associate with the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. In 1971 he became a grants associate with the Division of Research Grants. From 1972 to 1986, Dr. Moskowitz held several administrative positions with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). As acting chief of the Special Programs and Resources Branch, NHLBI, he was responsible for planning and developing the Young Investigator Pulmonary Research Grant Program. From 1986 to 1987, Dr. Moskowitz was NIH associate director for program planning and evaluation and executive director of the NIH Centennial Observance. From 1987 to 1993, Dr. Moskowitz was NIH associate director for science policy and legislation. A graduate of Queens College, City University of New York, Dr. Moskowitz received his Ph.D. in 1969 from Brown University. He is the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including the NIH Director's Award in 1987, the PHS Superior Service Award in 1980, the Senior Executive Service Meritorious Executive Rank Award in 1989, and the DHHS Distinguished Service Award in 1991. Dr. Moskowitz left NIH in 1995. He became senior associate dean (science and technology) and professor of public health sciences at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and in 2002 was appointed associate vice president for health sciences research and professor of health policy and administration and vice dean for research and professor of medicine at Penn State College of Medicine. John D. MahoneyMr. Mahoney was named NIH deputy director for management on March 21, 1993. He became senior advisor to the NIH director on August 7, 1994. Mr. Mahoney began his career in the U.S. Public Health Service in 1970 as a budget analyst for the National Institute of Mental Health. From 1972 to 1979, he held several positions in financial and budget management with the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration. From 1979 to 1984, he was chief of the Budget Branch in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health. In this position he was responsible for planning and coordinating budget estimates for programs of the agencies of the U.S. Public Health Service, including NIH. From 1984 to 1986, Mr. Mahoney was director of the Office of Financial Management and Administrative Systems for the Health Care Financing Administration. In 1986, Mr. Mahoney was named NIH associate director for administration, responsible for advising the NIH director on administrative matters and for developing and implementing administrative policies in support of NIH's research mission. He held that position until 1993. Mr. Mahoney was also acting deputy assistant secretary for health operations from 1990 to 1991. Mr. Mahoney earned a B.A. and M.B.A. from the University of Maryland. He has received numerous awards including the Presidential Rank Award for Meritorious Service in 1990 and 1996; the General Services Administration, Excellence in Administration, Certificate of Merit in 1992; the Department's Distinguished Service Award and the PHS Special Achievement Award in 1990; the Secretary's Award for Exceptional Achievement in 1983; and the PHS Superior Service Award in 1982. Mr. Mahoney became the deputy administrator, Health Resources and Services Administration, on February 19, 1995, and retired from federal service on December 31, 1996. Since that time he has been an independent consultant to various agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services and nonprofit organizations. Ruth Kirschstein, M.D.Dr. Ruth L. Kirschstein served as the NIH Deputy Director until February 8, 2003. She also served as NIH Deputy Director between November 1993 and December 1999. On January 1, 2002, Dr. Kirschstein was named Acting Director, NIH, and continued to serve in that role (technically called Principal Deputy Director) until May 20, 2002. She also served as Acting Director, NIH between July 1993 and November 1993. Dr. Kirschstein received a B.A. degree magna cum laude in 1947 from Long Island University. She went on to earn her M.D. in 1951 from Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, LA. She interned in medicine and surgery at Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, and did residencies in pathology at Providence Hospital, Detroit; Tulane University School of Medicine; and the Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, NIH. From 1957 to 1972, Dr. Kirschstein performed research in experimental pathology at the Division of Biologics Standards (now the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA). During that time, she helped develop and refine tests to assure the safety of viral vaccines for such diseases as polio, measles, and rubella. Her work on polio led to selection of the Sabin vaccine for public use. For her role, she received the DHEW Superior Service Award in 1971. In 1972, Dr. Kirschstein became Assistant Director of the Division of Biologics Standards. That same year, when the division was transferred to the FDA as a bureau, she was appointed Deputy Director. She subsequently served as Deputy Associate Commissioner for Science, FDA. In 1974, Dr. Kirschstein was named Director of the National Institute of General Medical Services, NIH. She held that position for over nineteen years. From September 1990 to September 1991, she also served as Acting Associate Director of the NIH for research on women's health. Dr. Kirschstein has twice taken part in World Health Organization deliberations in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1965 as a member of the WHO Expert Group on International Requirements for Biological Substances, and in 1967 as a consultant on problems related to the use of live poliovirus oral vaccine. Dr. Kirschstein has received many honors and awards, including the PHS Superior Service Award, 1978; the Presidential Meritorious Executive Rank Award, 1980; election to the Institute of Medicine, 1982; the Public Health Service Equal Opportunity Achievement Award, 1983; a doctor of science, honoris causa, degree from Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, 1984; the PHS Special Recognition Award, 1985; the Presidential Distinguished Executive Rank Award, 1985; the Distinguished Executive Service Award of the Senior Executive Association, 1985; an honorary doctor of laws degree from Atlanta University, 1985; an honorary doctor of science degree from the Medical College of Ohio, 1986; the Harvey Wiley FDA Commissioner's Special Citation, 1987; selection by the Office of Personnel Management as 1 of 10 outstanding executives and organizations for its first group of "Profiles in Excellence," 1989; the Dr. Nathan Davis Award from the AMA, 1990; an honorary doctor of humane letters from Long Island University in 1991; election as a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1992; and the Public Service Award from the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in 1993. In 2000, Dr. Kirschstein received the Albert B. Sabin Heroes of Science Award from the Americans for Medical Progress Education Foundation. The following year, she received honorary degrees from Spelman College in Atlanta, GA, and from Georgetown University Medical School in Washington, DC. She was also recognized by the Anti-Defamation League, which bestowed her with their Women of Achievement Award. Michael Gottesman, M.D.A well-known and respected basic cancer researcher who has focused on multidrug resistance in human cancer cells, Dr. Gottesman was appointed NIH deputy director for intramural research (DDIR) in November 1993. He had been acting DDIR for the previous year and was acting director of the National Center for Human Genome Research from 1992 to 1993. He continues as chief of NCI's Laboratory of Cell Biology. He received his B.A. degree from Harvard College in 1966 and earned his M.D. degree at Harvard Medical School in 1970. In 1971 Dr. Gottesman came to NIH as a research associate in the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases (now NIDDK), where he worked for 3 years. He spent a year as an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School and, together with his wife, joined the permanent staff of NCI in 1976. He became chief of the molecular cell genetics section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NCI, in 1980 and chief of the Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, in 1990. At NIH, his research interests have ranged from how DNA is replicated in bacteria to how cancer cells elude chemotherapy. In the past several years—collaborating with Dr. Ira Pastan, chief of NCI's Laboratory of Molecular Biology, and others—he has identified the human gene responsible for resistance of cancer cells to many of the most common anticancer drugs and has shown that this gene encodes a protein that acts to pump anticancer drugs out of drug-resistant human cancers. This evidence supports the proposal, now widely accepted, that P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the MDR1 gene, is an energy-dependent pump, ferrying toxins or drugs out of the cell. For several years, Dr. Gottesman has been examining clinical applications of his P-gp findings using gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and reversing agents to fight multidrug resistance. Recently, his lab has extended studies of multidrug resistance in cancer to the 47 other known ABC transporters and to mechanisms of resistance to the anti-cancer drug cisplatin. His research has earned him many awards, including the Milken Family Foundation Award for Cancer Research, 1990; C.E. Alken Prize, 1991; the Rosenthal Foundation Award, 1992; and the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET) award in 1997. He was elected a fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1988, elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies in 2003, and elected to the Association of American Physicians in 2006. He received the Public Health Service Commendation, Outstanding Service and Distinguished Service awards, the NIH Director's award in 2002, and the HHS Secretary's Award for Distinguished Service in 2005. Dr. Gottesman is also a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the American Society for Cell Biology. He has served on several editorial boards including the Journal of Cell Biology, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Pharmacology, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Cancer Research, and Human Gene Therapy. He has also been involved in initiating several training and mentoring initiatives at NIH for high school, undergraduate, graduate, medical, post-baccalaureate, and postdoctoral students. As DDIR, Dr. Gottesman has created the NIH Academy (supporting post-baccalaureate students in the study of health disparities); the Graduate Partnerships Program (which permits graduate students to conduct thesis research at NIH); and loan repayment programs for biomedical researchers supported by NIH. He has institutionalized an intramural tenure-track, new fellows' training programs, the NIH Intramural Database (providing online information about all researchers and research at NIH), and other career development programs to help prepare biomedical research leaders of tomorrow. Wendy Baldwin, Ph.D.Dr. Baldwin was appointed NIH deputy director for extramural research in February 1994, after serving in an acting capacity since June 1993. She was responsible for guiding the NIH institutes and centers in the development of policies for their extramural research and research training programs. She also managed—for NIH and PHS—programs aimed at protection of human subjects in research and the proper care and use of laboratory animals in scientific studies. She has made significant scientific contributions, primarily in adolescent fertility, contraceptive practice, childbearing patterns, AIDS risk behaviors, and infant mortality. She has published widely and has served on many NIH panels and committees, including the panel on NIH research on antisocial, aggressive, and violence-related behaviors, as well as the NIH advisory committee on women's health issues. Dr. Baldwin joined NIH in 1973 as a health scientist administrator with NICHD. In 1979 she became chief of NICHD's Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch in the Center for Population Research. She was named deputy director of NICHD in 1991, a post she held until her appointment as NIH deputy director for extramural research. She earned her Ph.D. in demography in 1973 and her M.A. in 1970 from the University of Kentucky. She received her B.A. from Stetson University in 1967. Among her professional activities, she served as a temporary advisor to the WHO task force for social science research on reproductive health, on a National Academy of Sciences panel on adolescent pregnancy, and on a scientific advisory committee for demographic and health sciences. She is a past member of several editorial boards. Dr. Baldwin has received many professional awards from PHS, NIH, and outside organizations. Anthony L. ItteilagMr. Itteilag was NIH deputy director for management and chief financial officer, NIH, from January 1996 to October 2001. Mr. Itteilag began his Federal career as a management intern in the Navy Department in 1964. After positions at Navy and at ACTION, in 1975 he became Chief of the Budget Branch in the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). In 1978 he became the Director of the Division of Budget Policy and Management for the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). From 1980 to 1984, he was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Budget, DHHS, and from 1984 to 1990 he was Director of Budget at the Department of the Interior. In 1991 Mr. Itteilag became the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health (Management and Budget), PHS, DHHS. He held that position through 1995. Mr. Itteilag has a B.A. (summa cum laude) from the University of Rhode Island. He is the recipient of numerous awards including the Clifford R. Gross Award for Federal Public Service, American Society for Public Administration, (Maryland Chapter) in 2001; the Presidential Rank Award (Distinguished Senior Executive) in 1983 and 1992 and (Meritorious Senior Executive) in 1982 and 1988; the Department of the Interior Distinguished Service Award in 1991; the HHS Distinguished Service Award in 1981, 1997 (group) and 2001 (group); and the Public Health Service Exemplary Service Award in 1976. In 1980 he was corecipient of the Secretary's Exceptional Achievement Award, HHS. He also is a member of the American Society for Public Administration, the American Association for Budget and Program Analysis, the American Political Science Association, the Federal Executive Institute Alumni Association, and the Senior Executives Association. Mr. Itteilag has been a Senior Advisor to the NIH Director since October 2001. Yvonne Thompson Maddox, Ph.D. (Acting)Dr. Yvonne Thompson Maddox was named Acting Deputy Director, NIH in January 2000 and continued to serve in that role until May 20, 2002. In this position, she guided the organizations and programs within the Office of the Director, NIH and was a chief advisor to the Acting Director, NIH. In addition, Dr. Maddox is the Deputy Director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), a position she has held since 1995. Dr. Maddox received her B.S. in biology from Virginia Union University, Richmond and a Ph.D. in Physiology from Georgetown University. Following completion of the Ph.D., she served as a National Research Service Award (NRSA) Post Doctoral Fellow and as an Assistant Professor of Physiology in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at Georgetown. She studied as a Visiting Scientist at the French Atomic Energy Commission, Saclay, France, and is a graduate of the Senior Managers in Government Program of the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Dr. Maddox came to NIH in November 1985 as a health scientist administrator in the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), where she managed the Congressionally mandated clinical and basic research grants program in trauma and burn injury. Following her initial appointment, she served NIGMS in various capacities: Acting Director, Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) Program; Chief, Pharmacology and Physiological Sciences Section; and Deputy Director, Biophysics and Physiological Sciences Program. In January 1995, Dr. Maddox joined NICHD as its Deputy Director. At the NICHD, Dr. Maddox manages the institute's diverse extramural program that supports research on population issues, reproductive biology, contraception, pregnancy, child development, nutrition, developmental biology, AIDS, mental retardation, and medical rehabilitation. During her career at NIH, Dr. Maddox has received numerous honors and awards, including the Presidential Meritorious Executive Rank Award, the Public Health Service Special Recognition Award and the NIH Director's Award. She is a member of the American Physiological Society and serves on several public service and academic boards, including the Center for Development and Population Activities Advisory Board and the Robert Woods Johnson Health Policy Fellowship Advisory Board. Dr. Maddox is author or coauthor of a number of scientific articles, book chapters and conference proceedings, including the often-cited paper on a method she developed to extract peritoneal macrophages from peritoneal dialysate, "A routine clinical source of peritoneal macrophages and their release of prostaglandins in vitro," which was published in 1984. She has delivered more than 100 lectures. Charles E. Leasure, Jr.Mr. Leasure was named NIH deputy director for management on October 7, 2001. He also served as NIH's chief financial officer and was acting executive officer for the Office of the Director, NIH, from 2000 to 2004. Mr. Leasure began his career at NIH in 1965 as an employee management relations specialist in the Office of the Director. From 1966 to 1974 he held various administrative positions with the National Cancer Institute. In 1974, Mr. Leasure became the associate director for administration at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. In 1984, he was named associate director for management at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. He left that position in 1998 to become the associate director for management at the National Human Genome Research Institute. Mr. Leasure has served as chair of the Administrative Training Committee that oversees the Presidential Management Intern Program, and as a member of the NIH-wide Leadership Development Committee. He has mentored NIH employees in several programs, including the Management Cadre Program, the Presidential Management Intern Program, and the Leadership Development Program. Mr. Leasure has a B.A. from Georgetown University. He is also the recipient of the NIH Director's Award in 1996 and 2000 for his "outstanding efforts to improve the quality of life for NIH employees." He received the Presidential Meritorious Rank Award in 1994. Raynard S. Kington, M.D.Dr. Kington was appointed deputy director of NIH as of February 9, 2003. The deputy director, NIH, functions as the principal deputy director to the NIH Director and shares in the overall leadership, policy direction, and coordination of NIH biomedical research and research training programs of NIH’s 27 Institutes and Centers with a budget of almost $29 billion and 18,000 employees. Prior to this appointment, Dr. Kington had been associate director of NIH for behavioral and social sciences research since September 2000. In addition to this role, from January 2002 to November 2002, he served as acting director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Prior to coming to NIH, Dr. Kington was director of the Division of Health Examination Statistics at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). As division director, he also served as director of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), one of the nation's largest studies to assess the health of the American people. Prior to coming to NCHS, Dr. Kington was a senior scientist in the health program at the RAND Corporation. While at RAND, Dr. Kington was a co-director of the Drew/RAND Center on Health and Aging, a National Institute on Aging Exploratory Minority Aging Center. Dr. Kington attended the University of Michigan, where he received his B.S. with distinction and his M.D. He subsequently completed his residency in internal medicine at Michael Reese Medical Center in Chicago. He was then appointed a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. While at the University of Pennsylvania, he completed his M.B.A. with distinction and his Ph.D. with a concentration in Health Policy and Economics at the Wharton School and was awarded a Fontaine Fellowship. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Public Health and Preventive Medicine. In 2006, Dr. Kington was elected to membership in the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dr. Kington's research has focused on the role of social factors, especially socioeconomic status, as determinants of health. His current research includes studies of the health and socioeconomic status of black immigrants, differences in populations in willingness to participate in genetic research, and racial and ethnic differences in infectious disease rates. His research has included studies of the relationship between wealth and health status; the health status of U.S. Hispanic populations; the determinants of health care services utilization; the economic impact of health care expenditures among the elderly; and racial and ethnic differences in the use of long-term care. Norka Ruiz Bravo, Ph.D.Dr. Ruiz Bravo began her tenure as NIH deputy director for extramural research on November 16, 2003, after her appointment was announced by the Director of NIH on October 30, 2003. She oversees the NIH external grants and awards program—a portfolio totaling approximately 83% of the NIH budget—providing trans-NIH coordination and directing the development of policies, standards, guidelines, and staff training for extramural research. A biologist by training, Dr. Ruiz Bravo earned her Ph.D. degree in 1983 from Yale University. Her postdoctoral tour included completion of an NSRA Fellowship that began at the Johns Hopkins University and ended at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Research Center in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. She then held a research faculty position at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Research Center and a tenure-track faculty position at Baylor College of Medicine. In 1990, Dr. Ruiz Bravo joined the NIH as a scientific review administrator in the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) Office of Review Activities. During the years that followed, she actively pursued and was appointed to numerous special assignments. Some of these included: acting deputy director, NIGMS Division of Minority Opportunities in Research; special assistant, NIGMS Office of Extramural Activities; and, scientific review administrator at the National Center for Human Genome Research. She was concurrently a program director in the Division of Genetics and Developmental Biology, where she managed an active portfolio of grants in the field of transcriptional mechanisms. In early 1997, Dr. Ruiz Bravo transferred her scientific, managerial, and administrative expertise to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), where she served as deputy director and then acting director for the Division of Cancer Biology. She returned to the NIGMS in late 1999 as deputy associate director for extramural activities, and in 2000 was appointed associate director for extramural activities. In this role, Dr. Ruiz Bravo oversaw the $1.7 billion (FY2003) NIGMS budget for research, and research training grant programs supporting basic biomedicine. She was a principal advisor to the NIGMS director, providing counsel for strategic planning, development, and management of Institute grant activities. Involved in leadership activities trans-NIH, Dr. Ruiz Bravo currently chairs the Extramural Program Management Committee, co-chairs the Extramural Activities Working Group, and is a member of the Information Technology Working Group. The Working Groups are subcommittees of the NIH Director’s Steering Committee, the NIH’s governance body. Formerly, she participated in a variety of service committees, chaired the Office of Research Services Advisory Committee, was the chair and co-founder of the Extramural Information Systems Advisory Group at NCI and chaired the Staff Training in Extramural Programs Committee. In addition to her trans-NIH leadership activities, Dr. Ruiz Bravo co-chairs the National Science and Technology Council's (NSTC) Subcommittee on Research Business Models, a trans-agency group tasked with facilitating research by harmonizing policies and regulations across the government. She is a former member of the NSTC’s Working Group on Aligning Mechanisms with Scientific Opportunity. Dr. Ruiz Bravo is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society for Cell Biology, and the Society for Developmental Biology. Colleen BarrosMs. Barros received her M.A. in Public Administration from American University and has served in a variety of Federal administrative positions with special expertise in managing technical and scientific information systems and in R&D management. She began her career with NIH in 1979 as a Budget Analyst and served as Senior Administrative Officer in the NIH Office of the Director. In that position she was responsible for directing the efforts in establishing several new offices such as the Office of AIDS Research, the Office of Human Genome Research, the Office of Research on Minority Health and the Office of Alternative Medicine. In 1995, Ms. Barros was selected as the Associate Director for Administration in the National Institute on Aging where she received several awards for her outstanding contributions toward improving the administrative operations of both the NIH and the NIA. In addition, she participated in several trans-NIH committees and projects including serving on the NIH Information Technology Central Committee responsible for advising the NIH Director on NIH information technology issues and as the NBRSS Project Leader responsible for the development and implementation of NIH's new business system. In February of 2004, Ms. Barros joined the Office of the Director again as she took on the role of Acting Deputy Director for Management until May 30th when she was appointed Deputy Director for Management. Alan Krensky, M.D.Dr. Krensky is the first Director of the Office of Portfolio Analysis and Strategic Initiatives (OPASI) and a Deputy Director of the National Institutes of Health. For the past 23 years, he was at Stanford University where he served as the Shelagh Galligan Professor of Pediatrics, Associate Dean for Children’s Health, Associate Chair for Research, Chief of the Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology and Executive Director of the Children’s Health Initiative. A medical graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1977, he trained in pediatrics and nephrology at Boston Children’s Hospital and immunology with Steven Burakoff at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. After one year on the faculty at Harvard, he moved to Stanford as Assistant Professor of Pediatrics in 1984. He was appointed Shelagh Galligan Professor in 1995 and has been at NIH since July 8, 2007. Dr. Krensky is a member of the American Society of Clinical Investigation, Association of American Physicians, Society for Pediatric Research, American Pediatric Society, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, American Association of Immunologists and Transplantation Society. He has served as Councilor and President of the Society for Pediatric Research and Councilor and Secretary-Treasurer of the American Society of Nephrology. He has served on several Scientific Advisory Boards and holds nine patents. Dr. Krensky is a past recipient of the Society for Pediatric Research Young Investigator Award, American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Young Investigator Award, American Society of Nephrology Young Investigator Award, American Academy of Pediatrics Award for Excellence in Pediatric Research, E. Mead Johnson Award for Research in Pediatrics, and Novartis Established Investigator Award of the American Society of Transplantation. He presented the David Cornfeld Lecture at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, the David Hume Lecture at the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, the Roche Visiting Professorship at Harvard Medical School, the Robert Haslam Lecture at the Hospital for Sick Children, and the John Capp Clark lecture at the University of Pennsylvania. He has been supported by the American Heart Association Clinician-Scientist and Established Investigator Awards, the Medical Foundation Fellowship, the Joseph A. Shankman Award of the National Kidney Foundation of Massachusetts, Basil O’Connor Award of the March of Dimes, Mellon Foundation Fellowship, Burroughs Wellcome Scholar in Experimental Therapeutics and a MERIT Award from the National Institutes of Health. As Executive Director of the Children’s Health Initiative and Associate Dean for Children’s Health at Stanford, Dr. Krensky planned and implemented a $500 million investment in preeminence and sustainability of the Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford. He helped develop six centers of excellence, five multidisciplinary cores, and the recruitment of more than forty faculty. In this role, he chaired the CHI Executive Committee, was involved in fund raising and served as a liaison between the Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital and Stanford University School of Medicine. During his tenure, the endowment of the Packard Children’s Hospital increased 500%. Dr. Krensky’s research program was continuously funded by the National Institutes of Health from 1984 to his assumption of the NIH post. He has made important contributions to understanding the role of human T lymphocytes in human disease and applying this information to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to disease. He first identified the human lymphocyte function-associated antigens (1-3), the chemokine RANTES, the host defense molecule Granulysin, and the transcription factor KLF-13 (RFLAT-1). He has published more than 250 scientific articles and reviews and has served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Immunology (Associate Editor), Current Opinion in Pediatrics (Section Editor), Pediatric Nephrology (Assistant Editor), Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (Associate Editor), Pediatric Transplantation, Graft, and Annual Review of Medicine. Dr. Krensky has trained more than 46 graduate students and post-doctoral fellows in his laboratory and has a special interest in training undergraduate and high school students. Dr. Krensky has enjoyed long service with several organizations, serving as Chairman of the Experimental Immunology Study Section at the National Institutes of Health, American Heart Association National Peer Review Group, American Cancer Society Institutional Review Group, Medical Advisory Board of the National Kidney Foundation of Northern California, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Translational Research Advisory Committee, and the Steering Committee of the Immune Tolerance Network (NIH-JDRF). Sally J. Rockey, Ph.D.Dr. Sally Rockey has spent the majority of her career in the area of research administration, grants management, and Information Technology. She received her Ph.D. in Entomology (1985) from The Ohio State University and held a post doctoral appointment at the University of Wisconsin. In 1986 she joined the US Department of Agriculture’s extramural research arm, the Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service (CSREES), as a program officer for entomological grant programs. She quickly moved up in the organization and became Deputy Administrator for the Competitive Research Grants and Award Management Unit where oversaw extramural competitive research, education and extension portfolio within CSREES as well as oversaw the financial and administrative management of all CSREES grants and agreements. In 2002, Dr. Rockey became CSREES’s Chief Information Officer where she applied her breadth of government knowledge to IT by aligning state-of-the-art information technologies with the goals and objectives of CSREES. In 2005 Dr. Rockey was appointed to the position of Deputy Director of the Office of Extramural Research (OER) within the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health (NIH). OER serves as the focal point for policies and guidelines for extramural research administration within NIH where Dr. Rockey applied her experience in research and grants administration to public health. She also served as Acting Director of the Office of Research Information Systems in OER where she again used her CIO experience to oversee the eRA (electronic research administration) and OER reporting activities. Among her many other responsibilities Dr. Rockey served as the NIH Agency Extramural Research Integrity Officer managing research misconduct issues for NIH extramural programs and Directed the OER Office of Planning and Communications. In 2008 Dr. Rockey became Acting NIH Deputy Director for Extramural Research and Interim Director of OER. Rockey is a skilled public speaker and has given hundreds of presentations on extramural research priorities and policies, grantsmanship, the competitive peer review process, scientific integrity, and IT. She is active on a number of Federal intergovernmental committees related to science, research, grants management and electronic government and collaborates closely with academic and scientific communities. She has been honored by receiving the Presidential Rank Award in 2004. Dr. Rockey has actively participated in the science education of young children by giving presentations on insects to local elementary schools where she was known as the “Bug Doctor” and coordinated her local pool’s swim team. Lawrence A. Tabak, D.D.S., Ph.D.Dr. Lawrence A. Tabak was appointed as the seventh director of the NIDCR in September 2000. As Director, he provides leadership for a team of ~500 scientists, administrators and support staff with an approximate annual budget of ~ $389 million. In November 2008, Dr. Tabak was appointed as acting principal deputy director of the NIH. While serving in capacity, Dr. Tabak continues as NIDCR director. Prior to joining NIH, Dr. Tabak was the senior associate dean for research and professor of dentistry and biochemistry & biophysics in the School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Rochester in New York. A former NIH MERIT recipient, Dr. Tabak’s major research focus has been on the structure, biosynthesis, and function of mucin-glycoproteins. He continues work in this area, maintaining an active research laboratory (within NIDDK, http://intramural.niddk.nih.gov/research/faculty.asp?People_ID=1560) in addition to his administrative duties. Dr. Tabak has served actively as co-chair of the Research Teams of the Future component of the NIH Roadmap that emphasizes new ways of doing team science to catalyze additional multi- and interdisciplinary research. He is currently leading an NIH-wide initiative to enhance peer-review (http://enhancing-peer-review.nih.gov/). Dr. Tabak serves as co-chair of the NIH-wide Pain Consortium (http://painconsortium.nih.gov/). Dr. Tabak has received several honors and awards for his work, including being elected a fellow of the AAAS and a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. A native of Brooklyn, New York, He received his undergraduate degree from City College of the City University of New York, his D.D.S. from Columbia University, and both a Ph.D. and certificate of proficiency in Endodontics from the University of Buffalo. This page was last reviewed on
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