• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

A/Cross-sectional Screening: The postpartum subjects of this protocol will be women who meet the following inclusion criteria:

• History of at least two weeks with postpartum-related mood or behavioral disturbances of at least moderate severity - that is, disturbances that are distinct in appearance and associated with a mild to moderate degree of functional impairment;
• The onset of mood symptoms occurred within three months of delivery;
• Age 20-45;
• History of normal delivery (vaginal or caesarean) within last six months;
• No prior estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of postpartum physical or emotional symptoms within the last six months;
• In good medical health.
• Subjects must be competent to comprehend the purpose of the screening process and to provide written informed consent and be willing to participate in NIMH IRB approved research protocols.
• A control group of age-matched postpartum women who meet patient selection criteria with the exception of the presence of mood or behavioral disorders will also be sought.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Subjects should have no general medical illness that is primary (i.e., appears to be causing the mood disorder);
• Current alcohol or substance use or dependence (excluding nicotine) of sufficient magnitude to require independent, concurrent treatment intervention (e.g., antabuse or opiate treatment, but not including self-help groups).
• There are few exclusion criteria for the evaluation component of this protocol; however, all women will undergo a structured diagnostic interview (see Clinical Assessment section below). Those women who will be asked to participate in the companion protocol evaluating the efficacy of estradiol administration in PPD will meet either research diagnostic criteria for minor depression with at least three core symptoms (SADS-L (79) or major depression (SCID-IV) (80) of not greater than moderate severity on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) (80)) and will not meet DSM-IV criteria # 9 (suicide) or require immediate treatment. Subjects meeting major depression with greater than moderate severity may participate in the evaluation phase of this study but will be offered a referral to an outside facility for standard antidepressant treatment (i.e., they are not candidates for participation in the IRB approved treatment protocol).

B/Longitudinal Screening:

INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR THE AT RISK PREGNANT WOMEN:

• Pregnant;
• Absence of current mood or behavioral disturbance as determined by a structured diagnostic interview;
• Past history of postpartum depression;
• In good medical health,
• Medication free.

C/Genetic Studies:

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Unaffected family members of women with PPD will be admitted for genetic studies only.

First degree relatives of women with confirmed PPD, who do not have PPD as defined in this protocol.