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• Sol Spiegelman Papers added
  Sol Spiegelman (1914-1983) was an American molecular biologist whose discoveries laid the foundations of recombinant DNA technology. He received the 1974 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research "for his contributions to molecular biology including techniques of molecular hybridization and the first synthesis of an infectious nucleic acid."
  (Available July 2007; press release, updated March 2008)

• Mary Lasker Papers added
  Mary Lasker (1900-1994) was co-founder of the Lasker Foundation which fosters prevention and treatment of disease by honoring excellence in basic and clinical science. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal for her work.
  (Available June 2007; press release, updated March 2008)

• Rosalind Franklin Papers added
  Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) was a British chemist and crystallographer best known for her role in the discovery of the structure of DNA. Her x-ray diffraction photos of DNA and her analysis of that data provided Francis Crick and James Watson clues crucial to building their correct theoretical model of the molecule in 1953.
  (Available February 2007; press release, updated May 2007, March 2008)

• Harold Varmus Papers added
  Harold Varmus (b. 1939) is an American physician who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovery of "the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes." Varmus became the first Nobel laureate to head the National Institutes of Health.
  (Available December 2006; press release, updated May 2007, March 2008)

• Michael Heidelberger Papers added
  Michael Heidelberger (1888-1991) was an American immunologist and the founder of immunochemistry. His work led to an expansion of the study of microorganisms, and laid a path for a new understanding of infectious diseases, their treatment, and their prevention. Heidelberger received the 1953 Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research and the 1978 Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research.
  (Available September 2006; announcement, updated December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Virginia Apgar Papers added
  Virginia Apgar (1909-1974) was an American physician best known for the Apgar Score, a simple, rapid method for assessing newborn viability. Apgar was also a leader in the emerging field of anesthesiology during the 1940s and in the new field of teratology (the study of birth defects) after 1960.
  (Available July 2006; press release, updated December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Edward D. Freis Papers added
  Edward D. Freis (1912-2005) was an American cardiologist best known as the father of the first double-blind, multi-institutional controlled clinical trial of cardiovascular drugs which demonstrated that treating hypertension with medication could dramatically reduce disability and death from stroke, congestive heart failure, and other cardiovascular diseases.
  (Available February 2006, updated July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Salvador E. Luria Papers added
  Salvador E. Luria (1912-1991) was an Italian-born bacteriologist who shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses."
  (Available September 2005; press release, updated December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Papers added
  Albert Szent-Gyorgyi (1893-1986) was a Hungarian-born biochemist who won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "his discoveries concerning the biological combustion processes" with especial reference to vitamin C and to the fumaric acid catalyst.
  (Available June 2005; press release, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Francis Crick Papers added
  Francis Crick (1916-2004) was a British theoretical biologist who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material."
  (Available February 2005; press release, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• C. Everett Koop Papers added
  C. Everett Koop (b. 1916) is an American pediatric surgeon who during a forty-year medical career pioneered important improvements in the surgical treatment of children. As U.S. Surgeon General from 1981 to 1989, he turned the office into an authoritative platform from which to educate the nation on major public health concerns including smoking, violence, and, most urgently, AIDS.
  (Available September 2004, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Wilbur A. Sawyer Papers added
  Wilbur A. Sawyer (1879-1951) was an American public health administrator who played a key role in preventive medicine and international public health during the first part of the twentieth century. He developed the first effective yellow fever vaccine, and was one of the architects of the World Health Organization.
  (Available September 2004, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Visual Culture and Health Posters added
  Images play a role in health education and disease prevention, and tell us about the history of health care and the world we live in.
  (Available November 2003, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Florence R. Sabin Papers added
  Florence R. Sabin (1871-1953) was an American anatomist and medical researcher. She received a Lasker Award in 1951 for her work in public health.
  (Available August 2003; press release, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Fred L. Soper Papers added
  Fred Soper (1893-1977), was an American epidemiologist and public health administrator who won a Lasker Award in 1946 for organizing successful campaigns to eradicate yellow fever and malaria between 1927 and 1945.
  (Available May 2003; press release, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Donald S. Fredrickson Papers added
  Donald S. Fredrickson (1924-2002) was an American physiologist and biomedical research leader who made significant contributions to medicine over the course of four decades.
  (Available October 2002; press release, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Linus Pauling Papers added
  Linus Pauling (1901-1994) was an American chemist who won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances." He also won the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize, making him the only person to win two unshared Nobel prizes.
  (Available February 2002, updated June 2002, February 2003; press release, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Reports of the Surgeon General added
  The Reports of the Surgeon General contains official reports, conference and workshop reports, and proceedings from the Office of the Surgeon General. Included are the 1964 Report on Smoking and Health, reports on AIDS, smoking, disease prevention, violence, and children's health, among others.
  (Available February 2002, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Barbara McClintock Papers added
  Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) was an American geneticist who won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the ability of genes to change position on the chromosome.
  (Available October 2001; press release, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers added
  Marshall W. Nirenberg (b. 1927) is an American biochemist who shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on deciphering the genetic code.
  (Available May 2001; press release, updated November 2002, August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Christian B. Anfinsen Papers added
  Christian Boehmer Anfinsen, Jr. (1916-1995), was an American biochemist who shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for work that helped explain the structure and composition of proteins in living cells.
  (Available November 2000; press release, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Julius Axelrod Papers added
  Julius Axelrod (1912-2004) was an American pharmacologist and neuroscientist who shared the 1970 Nobel Prize for his discovery of the actions of neurotransmitters in regulating the metabolism of the nervous system.
  (Available May 2000; press release, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Martin Rodbell Papers added
  Martin Rodbell (1925-1998) was an American biochemist and molecular endocrinologist who shared the Nobel Prize in 1994 for his discovery of G-proteins and the principles of signal transduction in cellular communication.
  (Available November 1999; press release, updated January 2000, August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Joshua Lederberg Papers added
  Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008) was an American geneticist and microbiologist who received the Nobel Prize in 1958 for "his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria."
  (Available March 1999; press release, updated January 2000, June 2000, February 2001, September 2001, November 2001, June 2002, November 2002, June 2004, May 2005; announcement, updated August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

• Profiles in Science Web site launched. Oswald T. Avery Collection added.
  Oswald T. Avery (1877-1955) was one of this country's first molecular biologists, whose findings proved that the genetic material is DNA.
  (Available September 1998; press release, updated August 1999, January 2000, November 2002, May 2005, August 2005, December 2005, July 2006, December 2006, May 2007, March 2008)

Updates

• All of the Profiles in Science collections were refreshed and updated. 80 new documents were added to existing collections: Edward D. Freis Papers (41), Oswald T. Avery Collection (19), Virginia Apgar Papers (14), Salvador E. Luria Papers (3), Harold Varmus Papers (2), and Regional Medical Programs Collection (1.) 343 transcripts of handwritten documents were added, making these documents searchable.

• All of the Profiles in Science collections were refreshed and updated. 71 new documents were added to existing collections: Oswald T. Avery Collection (45), Michael Heidelberger Papers (12), Francis Crick Papers (5), Salvador E. Luria Papers (4), Joshua Lederberg Papers (2), Marshall Nirenberg Papers (1), C. Everett Koop Papers (1), and Visual Culture and Health Posters (1.) Physical location information was added for many documents, allowing quicker retrieval for scholars using the physical collections. 370 transcripts of handwritten documents were added, making these documents searchable.

• All of the Profiles in Science collections were refreshed and updated. 447 new documents were added to the site: Joshua Lederberg Papers (443), and Oswald T. Avery Collection (4.)

• All of the Profiles in Science collections were refreshed and updated. 379 new documents were added to the site. The largest numbers of items were added to the Regional Medical Programs Collection (218), C. Everett Koop Papers (110), and Oswald T. Avery Collection (39.)

• All of the Profiles in Science collections were refreshed and updated. 653 new documents were added to the site. The largest numbers of items were added to the C. Everett Koop Papers (309), Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers (179), Francis Crick Papers (80), and Florence R. Sabin Papers (32.)

• The latest update of the Joshua Lederberg Papers includes new exhibit narrative text, and brings the total number of public documents up to 11,045.

• The latest update of the Oswald T. Avery Collection includes new exhibit narrative text, and brings the total number of public documents up to 402.

• The latest update of the Joshua Lederberg Papers brings the total number of public documents up to 10,715.

• To celebrate the inclusion of Linus Pauling's papers on Profiles in Science, the Friends of the National Library of Medicine and the American Chemical Society hosted a reception on Capitol Hill on Feb 11, 2003. Dr. Linus Pauling, Jr., oldest son of Linus Pauling, greeted the guests.

• Metadata maintenance update on the Oswald T. Avery Collection.
• The latest update of the Joshua Lederberg Papers brings the total number of public documents up to 10,307.
• The latest update of the Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers adds two new sections to the exhibit, and increases the number of documents to 271.

• More photographs and documents were added to the Linus Pauling papers.
• The latest update of the Joshua Lederberg Papers brings the total number of public documents up to 9,720.

• The latest update of the Joshua Lederberg Papers brings the total number of public documents up to 8,901.

• The latest update of the Joshua Lederberg Papers brings the total number of public documents up to 6,846. The newly released materials are drawn from two writings subseries; his published reprints, which date from 1946-1999, and articles from his Washington Post newspaper column ("Science and Man"), which date roughly from 1965-1975.

• The latest update of the Joshua Lederberg Papers brings the total number of public documents up to 6,451.

• The latest update of the Joshua Lederberg Papers brings the total number of public documents up to 3,010.
• It is now possible to search across all Profiles in Science collections, as well as limit your search to certain fields (title, author, etc.)

• The latest update of the Oswald T. Avery Collection brings the number of released documents to 300, comprising almost the whole of the Avery collection.
• The latest update of the of the Joshua Lederberg Papers brings the total of public documents to 1,372, increasing the number by a factor of six. The newly released materials are drawn from two correspondence subseries, CA, comprising materials 1925-1946, up through his work at Yale University; and CD, 1961-1978, comprising his years at Stanford University.
• The latest update of the Martin Rodbell Papers adds one photograph and slightly revises language in the "exhibit" section.