Recommendation 1: Clinicians should counsel all obese patients (defined as those with a body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m2) on lifestyle and behavioral modifications such as appropriate diet and exercise, and the patient's goals for weight loss should be individually determined (these goals may encompass not only weight loss but also other parameters, such as decreasing blood pressure or fasting blood glucose levels).
Recommendation 2: Pharmacologic therapy can be offered to obese patients who have failed to achieve their weight loss goals through diet and exercise alone. However, there needs to be a doctor–patient discussion of the drugs' side effects, the lack of long-term safety data, and the temporary nature of the weight loss achieved with medications before initiating therapy.
Recommendation 3: For obese patients who choose to use adjunctive drug therapy, options include sibutramine, orlistat, phentermine, diethylpropion, fluoxetine, and bupropion. The choice of agent will depend on the side effects profile of each drug and the patient's tolerance of those side effects.
Recommendation 4: Surgery should be considered as a treatment option for patients with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater who instituted but failed an adequate exercise and diet program (with or without adjunctive drug therapy) and who present with obesity-related comorbid conditions, such as hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea. A doctor–patient discussion of surgical options should include the long-term side effects, such as possible need for reoperation, gall bladder disease, and malabsorption.
Recommendation 5: Patients should be referred to high-volume centers with surgeons experienced in bariatric surgery.
