Taxon: Symphytum officinale L.

See also subordinate taxa:

• Symphytum officinale subsp. officinale (no accessions)
• Symphytum officinale subsp. uliginosum (no accessions)

Common names:

• boneset   (Source: Hortus 3 )
  
• comfrey   (Source: Food Feed Crops US )
  
• common comfrey   (Source: World Econ Pl )
  
• consound   (Source: Dict Rehm )
  
• healing-herb   (Source: Hortus 3 )
  
• knitbone   (Source: Pulmonaria )
  
• slippery-root   (Source: Pulmonaria )
  
• consoude officinale   (Source: Dict Rehm ) [French]
  
• grande consoude   (Source: Dict Rehm ) [French]
  
• Beinwell   (Source: Dict Rehm ) [German]
  
• echter beinwell   (Source: Pulmonaria ) [German]
  
• consolda maggiore   (Source: F Ital ) [Italian]
  
• consolda-maior   (Source: Dict Rehm ) [Portuguese]
  
• okopnik lekarstvennyi   (Source: Pulmonaria ) [Transliterated Russian]
  
• consuelda   (Source: Pulmonaria ) [Spanish]
  
• consuelda mayor   (Source: Dict Rehm ) [Spanish]
  

Economic importance:

• Environmental: ornamental; soil improver   (a green manure valued for cultivating potatoes and tomatoes in gardens fide Dict Gard; Pulmonaria 182.)
  
• Animal food: forage   (fide F ChinaEng)
  
• Materials: gum/resin; lipids   (fide Ency CNatIn)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Cooper & Johnson ed2; Lampe & McCann; H. Riedl, pers. comm. 1996, contains carcinogens)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Symphytum officinale from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View phytochemical or ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

Native:

• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Turkey
  Caucasus: Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia
  Siberia: Russian Federation - Western Siberia [w.]
  Soviet Middle Asia: Kazakhstan
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: United Kingdom
  Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Switzerland
  East Europe: Belarus; Moldova; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine
  Southeastern Europe: Bulgaria; Former Yugoslavia; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Romania
  Southwestern Europe: France; Spain

References:

• Bennett, M. 2003. Pulmonarias and the Borage family. (Pulmonaria) 181.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. (F Turk)
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2. (Glea Cron ed2)
• Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist. (L Medit)
• Gviniashvili, T. N. 1976. Kavkazskie predstaviteli roda Symphytum L. (Boraginaceae Juss.). 122–125.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR)
• Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2. (Ency CNatIn)
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. (Food Feed Crops US)
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Munro, D. B. Canadian poisonous plants information system - on-line resource. (Can Poison Pl)
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
• Wickerham, L. J. 1969. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29:158.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). (F ChinaEng)

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Symphytum officinale.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Symphytum officinale. Note: Defaults to a search by genus or species epithet if species binomial not found.

Synonyms:

• Symphytum uliginosum A. Kern. [≡ Symphytum officinale subsp. uliginosum]
  

Check other databases for Symphytum officinale L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Flora of China: Online version from Harvard University
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.
  Note: Defaults to a search by genus or species epithet if species binomial not found.

Images:

• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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