• tuberculin skin test positive rate
  
• quantiferon positive rate
  

• two steps tuberculin skin test
  
• active tuberculosis
  

STUDY POPULATION AND METHODS Population The study population represented individuals screened for TB over a 6-month period ending in December 2004 as part of a number of community health outreach programs based at the Center of Disease Control in Taichung, Taiwan. Changhwa Veterans Home is a government-expense veterans home with totally 519 residents in 2004. Only individuals with a properly read TST and signed informed consent were included in the study population. If a TST was positive, further evaluation for TB was advised. Anyone found to have active TB infection (12 individuals diagnosed, all from household contacts) was appropriately treated and were also included from the study. No general population low-risk controls were included in the study population. There were no other entry exclusions for the study. Before the TST was administered, a short interview including verbal consent and a BCG scar count evaluation was conducted by an experienced nurse.

The TST contained 2 tuberculin units (TU) of RT23 tuberculin with Tween 80 (0.2 ml of 1TU/0.1 ml) given intradermally on the left forearm volar surface by Mantoux technique. Validity measures such as inter-observer performance were done for TST placement or interpretation individually by two experienced nurse. A purified protein derivative-Siebert (PPD-S) dose of 5TU is roughly equivalent to the 2TU of RT23. 2TU is the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease recommended dose for RT23 TST. TST was also performed on BCG-vaccinated health care workers . After 48–72 h of injection, the TST site should be evaluated for induration and a transverse measurement was recorded. Any readings made outside of the above time period were excluded from the study. All unvaccinated subjects had their blood drawn for the QFT-RD1 the same time with applying the first TST. A TST reaction size of ≧10 mm was interpreted as a ‘positive’ TST which guided any further medical evaluation. This is the traditional cutoff point used for RT23 tuberculin in Taiwan as well as in most studies worldwide. If initial TST diameter less than 10 mm, second TST was repeated within 1-5 weeks to observe any ‘boosting phenomenon’ was possible. Statistical analysis of skin test results for each population characteristic was done at this cut-off point, with the exception of one analysis specifically done at≧18 mm in BCG-vaccinated health care workers.

Household contacts of active TB patients were presumably at highest risk for TB infection; the group was labeled ‘household contact’. No active TB cases have been reported among these residents for years.