References
Aalberse RC. 2000. Structural biology of allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:228-238. [CrossRef].
Alexander M, Scow KM. 1989. Kinetics of biodegradation in soil. In: Reaction and Movement of Organic Chemicals in Soils (Sawhney BL, Brown K, eds). Soil Science Society of America Special Symposium Publication 22. Madison, WI:Soil Science Society of America, 243–269.
Anson ML. 1938. The estimation of pepsin trypsin, papain, and cathepsin with hemoglobin. J Gen Physiol 22:79-89. [CrossRef].
Astwood JD, Leach JN, Fuchs RL. 1996. Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro. Nat Biotech 14:1269-1273.
Atkins PW. 1986. The rates of chemical reactions. In: Physical Chemistry (Atkins PW, ed). New York:W.H. Freeman, 687–712.
Baderschneider B, Crevel RWR, Earl LK, Lalljie A, Sanders DJ, Sanders IJ. 2002. Sequence analysis and resistance to pepsin hydrolysis as part of an assessment of potential allergenicity of ice structuring protein type III HPLC 12. Food Chem Toxicol 40:175-184.
Bannon GA, Fu T-J, Kimber I, Hinton DM. 2003. Protein digestion and relevance to allergenicity. Environ Health Perspect 111:1122-1124.
Bannon GA, Goodman RE, Leach JN, Rice E, Fuchs RL, Astwood JD. 2002. Digestive stability in the context of assessing the potential allergenicity of food proteins. Comm Toxicol 8:271-285.
Belorgey D, Derrig S, Amouric M, Figarella C, Bieth JG. 1996. Inhibition of human pancreatin proteinases by mucus proteinase inhibitor, elgin c and aprotinin. Biochem J 313:555-560.
Bindslev-Jensen C, Briggs D, Osterballe M. 2002. Can we determine a threshold level for allergenic foods by statistical analysis of published data in the literature? Allergy 8:741-746.
Bindslev-Jensen C, Sten E, Earl LK, Crevel RWR, Bindslev-Jensen U, Hansen TK, et al. 2003. Assessment of the potential allergenicity of ice structuring protein type III HPLC 12 using the FAO/WHO 2001 decision tree. Food Chem Toxicol 41:81-87.
Boesten JJTI, Aden K, Beigel CY, Beulke S, Dust M, Dyson JS. et al. 2005. Guidance Document on Estimating Persistence and Degradation Kinetics from Environmental Fate Studies on Pesticides in EU Registration. Report of the FOCUS Work Group on Degradation Kinetics, EC Doc. Ref. Sanco/10058/2005, version 1.0. Brussels:European Commission.
Boushaba R, Kumpalume P, Slater NKH. 2003. Kinetics of whole serum and prepurified IgG digestion by pepsin for F(ab’)2 manufacture. Biotechnol Prog 19:1176-1182.
Brussock SM, Currier TC. 1990. Use of sodium dodecyl sulfanate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to quantify Bacillus thuringiensis-endotoxins. Am Chem Soc Symp 432:78-87.
Bull HB, Currie BT. 1949. Peptic hydrolysis of egg albumin. J Am Chem Soc 71:2758-2760.
Burnett GR, Wickham M, Fillary-Travis A, Robertson JA, Belton PS, Gilbert SM, et al. 2002. Interaction between protein allergens and model gastric emulsions. Biochem Soc Trans 30:916-918.
Cantu GR, Nelson JW. 1994. Densitometry: modern approaches advance an established technique. BioTechniques 16:322-327.
Chikwamba RK, Scott MP, Mejia LB, Mason HS, Wang K. 2003. Localization of bacterial protein in starch granules of transgenic maize kernels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11127-11132.
Chowdhury EH, Kuribara H, Hino A, Sultana P, Mikami O, Shimada N, et al. 2003. Detection of corn intrinsic and recombinant DNA fragments and Cry1Ab protein in the gastrointestinal contents of pigs fed genetically modified corn Bt11. J Anim Sci 81:2546-2551.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2003. Alinorm 03/34: Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Twenty-Fifth Session, 30 July 2003. Rome, Italy. Appendix III: Guideline for Conduct of Food Safety Assessments of Foods Derived from Recombinant-DNA Plants; Appendix IV: Annex on Assessment of Possible Allergenicity. Geneva:Codex Alimentarius Commission, 47–60.
Dearman RJ, Caddick H, Stone S, Kenna JG, Basketter DA, Kimber I. 2002. Immunogenic properties of rapidly digested food proteins following gavage exposure of mice: a comparison of ovalbumin with a potato acid phosphatase preparation. Food Chem Toxicol 40:625-633.
Diaz-Perales A, Blanco C, Sanchez-Monge R, Varela J, Carrillo T, Salcedo G. 2003. Analysis of alvocado allergen (Prs a 1) IgE-binding peptides generated by simulated gastric fluid digestion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:1002-1007.
Dirks CG, Pedersen MH, Platzer MH, Blindslev-Jensen C, Skov PS, Poulsen LK. 2005. Does absorption across the buccal mucosa explain early onset of food-induced allergic systemic reactions? J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:1321-1323.
Duggleby RG. 2001. Quantitative analysis of the time courses of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Methods 24:168-174. [CrossRef].
FAO/WHO (World Health Organization). 2001. Evaluation of Allergenicity of Genetically Modified Foods. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Ferreira F, Hawranek T, Gruber P, Wopfner N, Mari A. 2004. Allergenic cross-reactivity: from gene to the clinic. Allergy 59:243-267.
Fu T-J, Abbott UR, Hatzos C. 2002. Digestibility of allergens and nonallergenic proteins in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid—a comparative study. J Agric Food Chem 50:7154-7160.
Fuchs RL, Heeren RA, Gustafson ME, Rogan GJ, Bartnicki DE, Leimgruber RM, et al. 1993. Purification and characterization of microbially expressed neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) protein and its equivalence to the plant expressed protein. Biotechnology 11:1537-1542.
Gao Y, Schafer BW, Collins RA, Herman RA, Xu X, Gilbert JR, et al. 2004. Characterization of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 insecticidal crystal proteins expressed in transgenic corn plants and Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Agric Food Chem 52:8057-8065.
Garrett JB, Kretz KA, O’Donoghue E, Kerovuo J, Kim W, Barton NR, et al. 2004. Enhancing the thermal tolerance and gastric performance of a microbial phytase for use as a phosphate-mobilizing monogastric-feed supplement. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:3041-3046.
Gerberick GF, Cruse LW, Ryan CA, Hulette BC, Chaney JG, Skinner RA. 2002. Use of B cell marker (B220) to discriminate between allergens and irritants in the local lymph node assay. Toxicol Sci 68:420-428.
Goodman RE, Hefle SL, Taylor SL, van Ree R. 2005. Assessing genetically modified crops to minimize the risk of increased food allergy: a review. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 137:153-166.
Green JM. 1996. A practical guide to analytical method validation. Anal Chem 68:305A-309A.
Gustafson ME, Clayton RA, Lavrik PB, Johnson GV, Leimgruber RM, Sims SR, et al. 1997. Large-scale production and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis insecticidal protein from Escerichia coli. Appl Micriobiol Biotechnol 47:255-261.
Herman RA, Korjagin VA, Schafer BW. 2005. Quantitative measurement of protein digestion in simulated gastric fluid. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 41:175-184.
Herman RA, Schafer BW, Korjagin VA, Ernest AD. 2003. Rapid digestion of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 in simulated gastric fluid. J Agric Food Chem 51:6823-6827.
Herman RA, Scherer PN. 2003. Comparison of linear and nonlinear regression for modeling the first-order degradation of pest-control substances in soil. J Agric Food Chem 51:4722-4726.
Herman RA, Woolhiser M, Ladics G, Schafer BW, Korjagin VA, Storer N. 2004. Digestion Efficiency of Allergens and Non-allergens in Simulated Gastric Fluid. MRID# 4638801. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Hollands TR, Fruton JS. 1968. Kinetics of the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates by pepsin and by acetyl-pepsin. Biochem 7:2045-2053.
Huby RDJ, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. 2000. Why are some proteins allergens? Toxicol Sci 55:235-246.
Irvine GB, Blumsom NL, Elmore DT. 1983. The kinetics of hydrolysis of some synthetic substrates containing neutral hydrophilic groups by pig pepsin and chicken liver cathepsin D. Biochem J 211:237-242.
Jaswal SS, Sohl JL, Davis JH, Agard DA. 2002. Energetic landscapes of α-lytic protease optimizes longevity through kinetic stability. Nature 415:343-346.
Jenkins JA, Griffiths-Jones S, Shewry PR, Breiteneder H, Mills ENC. 2005. Structural relatedness of plant food allergens with specific reference to cross-reactive allergens: an in silico analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:163-170.
Kimber I, Dearman RJ. 2002. Approaches to assessment of the allergenic potential of novel proteins in food from genetically modified crops. Toxicol Sci 68:4-8.
Koppelman SJ, Nieuwenhuizen WF, Gaspari M, Knippels LM, Penninks AH, Knol EF, et al. 2005. Reversible denaturation of brazil nut 2S albumin (Ber e1) and implications of structural destabilization on digestion by pepsin. J Agric Food Chem 53:123-131. [CrossRef].
Lee S-K, Yoon S-H, Kim S-H, Choi J-H, Park H-S. 2005. Chestnut as a food allergen: identification of major allergens. J Korean Med Sci 20:573-578.
Lewis PI, Roberts SM, Handwerger S, Heeringa S, Potier K, Fu T-J, et al. 2005. Transmittal of minutes of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting: Scientific Issues Associated with the Human Health Assessment of Cry34Ab1 Protein, 1–2 March 2005, Arlington, VA. Available: www.epa.gov/sciploy/sap/2005/march/finalmar2005sapmtg.pdf [accessed 22 September 2005].
Lutz B, Wiedemann S, Einspanier R, Mayer J, Albrecht C. 2005. Degradation of Cry1Ab protein from genetically modified maize in bovine gastrointestinal tract. J Agric Food Chem 53:1453-1456.
Matthyssens GE, Simons G, Kanarek L. 1972. Study of the thermal-denaturation mechanism of hen egg-white lysozyme through proteolytic degradation. Eur J Biochem 26:449-454.
Mendelsohn M, Kough J, Vaituzis Z, Matthews K. 2003. Are Bt crops safe? Nat Biotech 21:1003-1009.
Metcalfe DD. 2005. Genetically modified crops and allergenicity. Nat Immunol 6:857-860. [CrossRef].
Metcalfe DD, Astwood JD, Townsend R, Sampson HA, Taylor ST, Fuchs RL. 1996. Assessment of allergenic potential of foods derived from genetically engineered crop plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nut 36:S165-S186.
Michaelis L, Menten ML. 1913. Die kinetik der invertinwirkung. Biochem Z 49:333-369.
Murtagh GJ, Dumoulin M, Archer DB, Alcocer MJ. 2002. Stability of recombinant 2 S albumin allergens in vitro. Biochem Soc Trans 30:913-915.
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 1997. Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of Toxicological Test Methods: A Report of the Ad Hoc Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternate Methods. NIH Publ no 97–3981. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Noda Y, Fujiwara K, Yamamoto K, Fukuno T, Segawa S-I. 1994. Specificity of trypsin digestion and conformational flexibility at different sites of unfolded lysozyme. Biopolymers 34:217-226.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2005. Guidance Document on the Validation and International Acceptance of New or Updated Test Methods for Hazard Assessment. OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 34. Report of the Joint Meeting of the Chemical Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology, 13–15 October 2004, Bethesda, MD. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Palasanthiran P, Robertson P, Ziegler JB, Graham GG. 1994. Decay of transplacental immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibodies in neonatea and infants. J Infect Dis 170:1593-1596.
Park C, Marqusee S. 2004. Probing the high energy states in proteins by proteolysis. J Mol Biol 343:1467-1476.
Poulsen LK. 2005. In search of a new paradigm: mechanism of sensitization and elicitation of food allergy. Allergy 60:549-558. [CrossRef].
Ramanathan M. 1997. A physiochemical modelling approach for estimating the stability of soluble receptor-bound tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Cytokine 9:19-26. [CrossRef].
Rawn JD. 1989. The Michaelis-Menton rate law governs enzymatic reactions. In: Biochemistry. Burlington, NC:Neil Patterson Publishers, 167–173.
Reed AJ, Kretzmer KA, Naylor MW, Finn RF, Magin KM, Hammond BG, et al. 1996. Safety assessment of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase protein expressed in delayed ripening tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem 44:388-394.
Sachdev GP, Fruton JS. 1975. Kinetic action of pepsin on fluorescent peptide substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:3424-3427.
Schnell S, Maini PK. 2000. Enzyme kinetics at high enzyme concentration. Bull Math Biol 62:483-499.
Sen M, Kopper R, Pons L, Abraham EC, Burks AW, Bannon GA. 2002. Protein structure plays a critical role in peanut allergen stability and may determine immunodominant IgE-binding epitopes. J Immunol 169:882-887.
Spiess A, Mikalunas V, Carlson S, Zimmer M, Craig RM. 1996. Albumin kinetics in hypoalbuminemic patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 20:424-428.
Stadler MB, Stadler BM. 2003. Allergenicity prediction by protein sequence. FASEB J 17:11141-11143.
Swoboda B, Breltowska-Brzeinska M, Schroeder G, Brzeinska B, Zundel G. 2001. Kinetic studies of pepsin active site model compound and porcine pepsin. J Phys Org Chem 14:103-108.
Syrovy I, Hodny Z. 1991. Staining and quantification of proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Chromatogr 569:175-196.
Tagliazucchi D, Verzelloni E, Conte A. 2005. Effect of some phenolic compounds and beverages on pepsin activity during simulated gastric digestion. J Agric Food Chem 53:8706-8713.
Takagi K, Teshima R, Okunuki H, Sawada J-I. 2003. Comparative study of in vitro digestibility of food proteins and effect of preheating on digestion. Biol Pharm Bull 26:969-973. [CrossRef].
Tal M, Silberstein A, Nusser E. 1980. Why does Coomassie Brilliant Blue R interact differently with different proteins? J Biol Chem 260:9976-9980.
Terada S, Kato T, Izumiya N. 1974. Synthesis and hydrolysis by pepsin and trypsin of a cyclic hexapeptide containing lysine and phenylalanine. Eur J Biochem 52:273-282.
Thomas K, Aalbers M, Bannon GA, Bartels M, Dearman RJ, Esdaile DJ, et al. 2004. A multi-laboratory evaluation of a common in vitro pepsin digestion assay protocol used in assessing the safety of novel proteins. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 2:87-98.
Trisch GL, Sachatello CR. 1971. Kinetic comparison of human, canine and porcine pepsins. Comp Biochem Physiol 39B:715-718.
Tzafriri AR. 2003. Michaelis-Menten kinetics at high enzyme concentrations. Bull Math Biol 65:1111-1129. [CrossRef].
U.S. Pharmacopeia. 2000. Simulated gastric fluid, TS. In: The National Formulary 9 (U.S. Pharmacopeia Board of Trustees, ed). Rockville, MD:U.S. Pharmacopeia Convention, 2235.
van Ree R. 2002. Clinical importance of non-specific lipid transfer proteins as food allergens. Biochem Soc Trans 30:910-913.
Vieths S, Reindl J, Muller U, Hoffmann A, Haustein D. 1999. Digestibility of peanut and hazelnut allergens investigated by a simple in vitro procedure. Eur Food Res Technol 209:379-388.
Yagami T, Haishima Y, Nakamura A, Osuna H, Ikezawa Z. 2000. Digestibility of allergens extracted from natural rubber latex and vegetable foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:752-762.
Last Updated: August 23, 2006