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N. Fréry,¹ R. Maury-Brachet,² E. Maillot,¹ M. Deheeger,³ B. de Mérona,⁴ and Alain Boudou²

¹French National Institute of Public Health Surveillance, Saint-Maurice, France
²Laboratory of Ecophysiologie et Ecotoxicologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Arcachon, France
³INSERM, Paris, France
⁴Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie, Cayenne, French Guiana

Abstract

In 1994, the French National Public Health Network reported significant mercury exposure of native Amerindians in French Guiana. In 1997, a study was conducted in the Wayana community to quantify the dietary intake and to identify the fish species contributing the most to the contamination. The study was completed by an impregnation analysis based on Hg determination in hair samples. The methodology used was a detailed familial dietary study associated with Hg measurements in fish and some game. The study was conducted over 7 days in two different seasons in the four most populated Wayana villages on the upper part of the Maroni River (521 people ; 70% of the Wayana population in French Guiana) . Analysis was based on data on consumption obtained from 165 people in a 1-14 day period (i.e., 940 persons days) and involved 270 fish samples from 48 species. Total Hg and monomethylmercury (MMHg) were also determined in hair samples (235 samples for total Hg) . The results confirm mercury exposure of the Wayana population related to a diet rich in fish, which are relatively highly contaminated for certain species (up to 1.62 mg/kg fresh weight or 8.1 mg/kg dry weight in skeletal muscle) . Results from hair samples showed that 57% of the Amerindians had Hg levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) safety limit (10 µg/g) ; all those over 1 year of age had a Hg intake greater than the WHO safety limit (200 µg MMHg/week for a 60-kg male) . Hg concentrations in fish muscle were closely linked to the feeding regime and position of fish in the food webs. Overall, 14.5% of the fish collected exceeded the 0.5 mg/kg (fresh weight) safety limit. Four carnivorous species accounted for no less than 72% of the metal ingested by the Wayana families, although these represented only 28% of the consumed fish biomass. In conclusion, this study revealed excessive exposure to mercury in the Wayana population in French Guiana related to the consumption of contaminated fish. Key words: Amerindians, dietary uptake, fish, French Guiana, gold mining, hair, mercury. Environ Health Perspect 109:449-456 (2001) . [Online 1 May 2001]

http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/109p449-456frery/ abstract.html

Address correspondence to A. Boudou, Laboratory of Ecophysiologie et Ecotoxicologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, UMR CNRS 5805, Université Bordeaux 1, Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon, France. Telephone: (33) 5 56 22 39 20. Fax: (33) 5 56 54 93 83. E-mail: a.boudou@ecotox.u-bordeaux.fr

We are grateful to the authorities in French Guiana--Direction Départementale des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales, Direction des Services Véterinaires, Conseil général, Centre d'Aide et d'Intervention Technique, de Maripassoula--for their assistance during the setting up and the follow-up of the two missions. In the villages, health workers, instructors, the "Grand Man" (A. Twenké) , and all the Wayana communities participated with much enthusiasm and willingness. We also thank J.M. Jegu (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle/Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) for his assistance in determining several fish species, S. Cordier for helpful comments on the manuscript, and C. Sourceau for proofreading assistance.

This work was supported by the E.C. Feder funds, via the Prefecture de Cayenne, the French Ministry of the Environment, and the National Scientific Research Center (Programme Environnement, Vie et Sociétés, "Mercury in Guiana") .

Received 22 June 2000 ; accepted 14 November 2000.