• Mortality [ Time Frame: 9 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Mortality [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Fever clearance time [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Coma clearance time [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• CD4 count [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• plasma HIV RNA [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Grade 3 or 4 adverse event [ Time Frame: Any ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Neurological disability [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Title: Study of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy in HIV-associated tuberculous meningitis Study design: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial with 2 parallel arms Sample size: 247 Inclusion criteria: Age 15 years or older; HIV antibody positive; clinical diagnosis of TBM.

Exclusion criteria: positive CSF Gram or India ink stain, known or suspected pregnancy; antituberculous treatment 8 to 30 days immediately prior to recruitment; previous antiretroviral therapy; laboratory contraindications to antiretroviral or antituberculous therapy; lack of consent.

Consent: Written informed consent will be sought for all patients. Verbal consent will be considered acceptable when written consent is impossible. In unconscious patients, the consent of 2 independent physicians will be considered acceptable.

Randomization: Patients will be stratified according to TBM disease severity at presentation (modified MRC grade I to III). Within each stratum, patients will be randomized to 1 of the 2 treatment arms: immediate or deferred (2 months) ART.

Antituberculous treatment: Initial therapy will be with isonazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for 3 months. After 3 months, patients will continue on rifampicin and isoniazid for a further 6 months.

Corticosteroid treatment: Dexamethasone 0.3 - 0.4mg/kg will be administered and tapered over 6 - 8 weeks, according to TBM grade.

Antiretrovira l treatment: Antiretrovirals (zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz)or identical placebo tablets will be commenced at study entry and continued for 2 months. Thereafter, all patients will received antiretrovirals.

Clinical monitoring: Patients will be assessed weekly as an inpatient for 3 months. Hospital outpatient review will occur monthly until 9 months. A final follow-up visit will take place at 12 months.

Laboratory monitoring: Routine laboratory tests will be monitored weekly as an inpatient and monthly as an outpatient. Blood samples for CD4 T-lymphocyte count and plasma HIV-1 RNA level will be monitored 3-monthly. CSF samples will be taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 months.

Radiology: Patients will have a chest radiograph performed on admission. A CT or MRI brain scan may also be performed if clinically indicated.

Adverse events: All grade 3 and 4 adverse events will be reported immediately to the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee.

Outcome measures: The primary endpoint will be mortality at 9 months. The secondary endpoints will be: mortality at 12 months; fever clearance time; coma clearance time; neurological relapse; progression to new or recurrent AIDS defining illness; any grade 3 or 4 adverse event; CD4 count response; plasma HIV-1 RNA response; neurological disability.

Data analysis: Analysis will be based on intention to treat.