WAIS Document Retrieval[Style Manual]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access]
[DOCID:chapter_txt-15]
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15. FOOTNOTES, INDEXES, CONTENTS, AND OUTLINES
FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCE MARKS
15.1. Text footnotes follow the style of the text with the
exception of those things noted in ``Abbreviations and Letter
Symbols.'' Footnotes appearing in tabular material follow the
guidelines set forth in ``Tabular Work.''
15.2. In a publication divided into chapters, sections, or
articles, each beginning a new page, text footnotes begin with
1 in each such division. In a publication without such
divisional grouping, footnotes are numbered consecutively from
1 to 99, and then begin with 1 again. However, in supplemental
sections, such as appendixes and bibliographies, which are not
parts of the publication proper, footnotes begin with 1.
15.3. Copy preparers must see that references and footnotes
are plainly marked.
15.4. If a reference is repeated on another page, it should
carry the original footnote; but to avoid repetition of a long
note, the copy preparer may use the words ``See footnote 3 (6,
10, etc.) on p. --.'' instead of repeating the entire footnote.
15.5. Unless the copy is otherwise marked: (1) Footnotes to
12-point text are set in 8 point; (2) footnotes to 11-point
text are set in 8 point, except in Supreme Court reports, in
which they are set in 9 point; (3) footnotes to 10- and 8-point
text are set in 7 point.
15.6. Footnotes are set as paragraphs at the bottom of the
page and are separated from the text by a 50-point rule, set
flush left, with no less than 2 points of space above and below
the rule.
15.7. Footnotes to indented matter (other than excerpt
footnotes) are set full measure.
15.8. To achieve faithful reproduction of indented excerpt
material (particularly legal work) containing original
footnotes, these footnotes are also indented and placed at the
bottom of the excerpt, separated by 6 points of space. No side
dash is used. Reference numbers are not changed to fit the
numbering sequence of text footnotes.
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15.9. Footnotes must always begin on the page where they are
referenced. If the entire footnote will not fit on the page
where it is cited, it will be continued at the bottom of the
next page.\1\
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\1\ When a footnote breaks from an odd (right-hand) page to an even
(left-hand) page, the word (Continued) is set inside parentheses in
italic below the last line of the footnote where the break occurs.
A 50-point rule is used above each part of the footnote.
When a footnote break occurs on facing pages, i.e., from an even page
to an odd page, the (Continued) line is not set, but the 50-point rule
is.
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15.10. Footnotes to charts, graphs, and other illustrations
should be placed immediately beneath such illustrative
material.
15.11. A cutoff rule is not required between a chart or graph
and its footnotes.
15.12. For reference marks use: (1) Roman superior figures,
(2) italic superior letters, and (3) symbols. Superior figures
(preferred), letters, and symbols are separated from the words
to which they apply by thin spaces, unless immediately preceded
by periods or commas.
15.13. Where reference figures might lead to ambiguity (for
example, in matter containing exponents), asterisks, daggers,
etc., or italic superior letters may be used.
15.14. When symbols or signs are used for footnote reference
marks, their sequence should be (*) asterisk, ()
dagger, (=) double dagger, and (Sec. ) section mark. Should
more symbols be needed, these may be doubled or tripled, but
for simplicity and greater readability, it is preferable to
extend the assortment by adding other single-character symbols.
15.15. Symbols with established meanings, such as the percent
sign (%) and the number mark (#), are likely to cause confusion
and should not be used for reference marks.
15.16. To avoid possible confusion with numerals and letters
frequently occurring in charts and graphs, it is preferable in
such instances to use symbols as reference marks.
15.17. When items carry several reference marks, the
superior-figure reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or
similar character used for reference.
15.18. A superior reference mark follows all punctuation
marks except a dash, but falls inside a closing parenthesis or
bracket if applying only to matter within the parentheses or
brackets.
15.19. Two or more superior footnote references occurring
together are separated by thin spaces.
INDEXES AND TABLES OF CONTENTS
15.20. Indexes and tables of contents are set in the same
style as the text, except that See and see also are set in
italic.
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15.21. Where a word occurs in an index page column, either
alone or with a figure, it is set flush on the right. If the
word extends back into the leaders, it is preceded by an en
space.
Page
Explanatory diagram........................................ Frontispiece
General instructions.............................................. viii
Capitalization (see also Abbreviations)........................... 16
Correct imposition (diagram).................................. Facing 34
Legends. (See Miscellaneous rules.)
Appendixes A, B, C, and D, maps, illustrations,
and excerpts................................... In supplemental volume
15.22. For better appearance, Roman numerals should be set in
small caps in the figure columns of tables of contents and
indexes.
15.23. In indexes set with leaders, if the page numbers will
not fit in the leader line, the first number only is set in
that line and the other numbers are overrun. If the entry makes
three or more lines and the last line of figures is not full,
do not use a period at the end.
If page folios overrun due to an excessive amount of figures use
this form...................................................... 220,
224, 227, 230, 240
And this way when overrun folios make two or more lines.......... 220,
224-225, 230-240, 245, 246, 250-255,
258, 300, 320, 330, 350, 360, 370, 380,
390, 400, 410-500, 510, 520, 530, 540,
550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600-620, 630,
640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700
(For examples of item indentions in a reading column of
indexes set with leaders, see index in this Manual.)
15.24. Overrun page numbers are indented 3\1/2\ ems in
measures not over 20 picas and 7 ems in wider measures, more
than one line being used if necessary. These indentions are
increased as necessary to not less than 2 ems more than the
line immediately above or below.
15.25. When copy specifies that all overs are to be a certain
number of ems, the runovers of the figure column shall be held
in 2 ems more than the specified indention.
15.26. Examples of block-type indexes:
Example 1 Example 2
Medical officer, radiological defense, 3 Brazil--Continued
Medicolegal dosage, 44 Exchange restrictions--
Continued
Military Liaison Committee, 4 Williams mission (see
Monitoring, 58 also Williams,
Air, 62 John H., special
Personnel, 59 mission), efforts
in connection with
exchange con-
trol situation, 586-
588
Civilian, 60 Trade agreement with
Military, 59 United States,
proposed:
Sea, 61 Draft text, 558-567
Ship, 61 Proposals for:
Monitors, radiological defense, 3 Inclusion of all
clauses, 531
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15.27. In index entries the following forms are used:
Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons (not Brown & Sons, A.H.)
Brown, A.H., Co. (not Brown Co., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons Co. (not Brown & Sons Co., A.H.)
15.28. In a table of contents, where chapter, plate, or
figure is followed by a number and period, an en space is used
after the period. The periods are aligned on the right.
Page
Chapter
Introduction.....................................................i
Summary..........................................................1
Conclusions......................................................7
15.29. Subheads in indexes and tables of contents are
centered in the full measure.
15.30. In contents using two sizes of lightface type, or a
combination of boldface and lightface type, all leaders and
page numbers will be set in lightface roman type. Contents set
entirely in boldface will use boldface page numbers. All page
numbers will be set in the predominant size.
Page
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security......................... 5
Disarmament................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy................................ 7
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security......................... 5
Disarmament................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy................................ 7
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security......................... 5
Disarmament................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy................................ 7
OUTLINES
15.31. Outlines vary in appearance because there is no one
set style to follow in designing them. The width of the
measure, the number of levels required for the indentions, and
the labeling concept selected to identify each new level all
contribute to its individuality.
The following sample outline demonstrates a very basic and
structured arrangement. It uses the enumerators listed in rule
8.108 to identify each new indented level.
The enumerators for the first four levels are followed by a
period and a fixed amount of space. The enumerators for the
second four levels are set in parentheses and followed by the
same amount of fixed space.
Each new level indents 2 ems more than the preceding level
and data that runs over to the next line aligns with the first
word following the enumerator.
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Outline example:
I. Balancing a checkbook
A. Open your check register
1. Verify all check numbers
a. Verify no check numbers were duplicated
b. Verify no check numbers were skipped
B. Open your bank statement
1. Put canceled checks in sequence
2. Compare amounts on checks to those in
register
a. Correct any mistakes in register
b. Indicate those check numbers cashed
(1) Mark off check number on the statement
(a) Verify amount of check
(i) Highlight discrepancies on statement
(aa) Enter figures on back
(ii) Enter missing check numbers on back with
amounts
(aa) Identify missing check numbers in
register
(bb) Verify those check numbers were not
cashed previously
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NOTES